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Zurich's Coins – a Short History Through Time

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Zurich's Coins – a Short History Through Time Zurich's Coins – a Short History through Time By Calista Fischer, © MoneyMuseum (Translated by Graham Pascoe) From the Ladies' convent Fraumünster in the Middle Ages to the introduction of the Swiss franc in the 19th century, many important steps may be observed. The coins of the free city of Zurich bear witness of that fact: they document trade and commerce in Europe of the past 1200 years. 1 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Paradeplatz Zurich – Switzerland's international metropolis of finance and trade, where countless banks have their headquarters. Billions of Swiss francs are traded at the stock exchange every day and business people from all over the world are busily crossing paths. Switzerland is cosmopolitan in Zurich where sciences and politics are also actively pursued. If you're lucky you will even meet Nobel prizewinners and federal councilors on the street. Zurich is also a cultural city, offering a wide range of events at the stately Opera House right down to the tiniest alternative armchair theatre. In short: there's a buzz to Zurich. Or as they say in French: "Zurich, c'est une grande ville dans un mouchoir" (Zurich is a big city in a handkerchief). How did the town on the Limmat River get its reputation? Was it for its central location on the blue lake or for the fresh air? Find out here how Zurich became what it is today. 2 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Regensburg – Turegum/Zurich July 21, 853 AD. The weather was oppressively hot. Everything seemed quiet in the East Frankish Empire. Everything? Well – the royal chancellery of Regensburg smelled of sealing wax. A quill was being scratched across a parchment. The swooping signature of King Louis the German decided the fate and future of the village of Turegum. Up until this moment mainly a place of pilgrimage, Zurich with one stroke of the quill belonged to Louis' daughter Hildegard. Louis was a generous father. All the royal goods in Turegum, i.e. the land and buildings, changed hands. The secure the future of his beloved daughter for good, she also received the forest between Zurich and Horgen as well as what is now the Canton of Uri. 3 von 31 www.sunflower.ch The Fraumünster Abbey Not even a king did offer such gifts every day. Yet Louis knew what he wanted from his most capable daughter: she was to establish a convent in Turegum. Besides, she also was to manage and multiply the possessions that had been given to her so generously. Hildegard courageously accomplished those tasks. The Fraumünster Abbey gives account of her achievements up to this day. Hildegard founded a small yet distinguished convent for aristocratic ladies who soon assambled a library. The Fraumünster thus became a seat of knowledge – the spiritual and cultural heart of Zurich. 4 von 31 www.sunflower.ch The New Bourse in Zurich With all due respect to culture and spiritual sustenance of the Middle Ages – there was still a long way to go until the stock exchange was built, and Zurich was still far from being a financial metropolis. So what were the nuns of the Fraumünster Abbey economically up to? Well, good old Louis had not thought it necessary at the time to grant the minting prerogative of Turegum to his daughter. This was by no means a sign of meanness or lack of confidence; Zurich was just too insignificant in the middle of the 9th century to need its own coins. 5 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Denarius, minted under Duke Herman I of Swabia (926-949) in Zurich The first person to mint coins in Zurich, by order of the German king, was Duke Hermann of Swabia. He supposedly stayed in Zurich in 929, and might have used that sojourn to have denarii struck like the one shown here. The duke most certainly paid a visit to the Fraumünster Abbey. If he didn't go there voluntarily, his wife Reginlinda would certainly have reminded him. Like many other aristocratic ladies, Reginlinda was an untiring patron of the Fraumünster Abbey. At the same time she was the abbess of the Fraumünster until her death in 958. 6 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Denarius, minted by the Fraumünster Abbey in the 11th century The year 1045 was the second significant date on Zurich's path to becoming a financial and trading metropolis. Henry III, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, visited his palatinate at the Zurich Lindenhof. The Salian seems to have enjoyed this trips to the town on the Limmat, for he visited Zurich six times during his reign. On his inaugural visit in 1045, the emperor expressed his generosity by granting several much sought-after privileges to the Fraumünster Abbey: the abbess was now allowed to strike her own coins. The coinage prerogative also included the right to hold markets and demand tolls. And, as if all this hadn't been enough, Emperor Henry elevated the abbes to imperial princess. 7 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Sechseläuten procession Coinage, market and tolls were important for a growing economy, as they were the "cash cows" of the Middle Ages. For whoever owned the minting prerogative cashed the seigniorage, and those entitled to hold a market received the tolls. With Emperor Henry's generous gift to the Fraumünster Abbey in 1045, the abbess became de jure and de facto the ruler of Zurich. Not only was she the spiritual leader, she also held the political and economic power. After knowing all this unbiased visitors to the beautiful town on the Limmat naturally ask themselves why contemporary guildsmen still exclude the "Fraumünster association" from the annual Sechseläuten procession (a festivity of the Zurich guilds marking the beginning of spring). After all, the procession only took place for the first time in 1818. 8 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Bracteate, minted by the Fraumünster Abbey after 1261 Zurich experienced its first economic height under the emperors of the House of Hohenstaufen. The power of the town's ruler, the abbess of the Fraumünster thus, grew constantly. After having received the minting, toll and market privileges in the 11th century, she 100 years later controlled a great deal more. All the business affairs, from the lucrative salt trade to the control of mills, bakeries and markets, as well as rights of lower jurisdiction, were in the hands of the noble abbess. So what did the designs of the coins issued by Abbess Mechtild of Wunneberg and Abbess Elisabeth of Wetzikon show? As they were pious Benedictines, the image had naturally to religious, and if possible directly related to the convent. This coin thus depicts Saint Felix. His sister, Saint Regula, was also illustrated on coins. Yet how did Zurich acquire its two saints? 9 von 31 www.sunflower.ch The martyrium of Felix and Regula Felix, Regula, Charlemagne, Louis the German and Hildegard – these are the foundation stones of medieval Zurich, and the substrate of which the small village of Turegum would blossom into the proud town of Zurich. Felix belonged to the legendary Theban Legion which was massacred right down to the last man in St Maurice around 300 AD. The reason for the massacre: Emperor Diocletian and his co-regent Maximian demanded of the Roman legion that it revered the imperial cult. However, the soldiers and officers of the Theban Legion were all Christians, and thus didn't want to have anything to do pagan cults. They were ready to die a martyr's death, just like their savior. Felix learned about this ominous punishment and fled to Zurich with his sister Regula. Yet Felix and Regula couldn't escape the persecution of the Christians for long. In the end they were captured, tortured and executed. 10 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Wasserkirche Many paid for their Christian belief with torture and execution. However, it wasn't enough to face death courageously to become a saint. That actually needed a lot more, namely a sign of God. And this is exactly what happened with Felix and Regula: after their heads had been chopped off on an island on the Limmat, the bodies of Felix and Regula didn't just collapse. No, the two corpses picked up their heads, crossed the wooden bridge and walked slowly uphill until they finally collapsed on a small slope. God thus revealed Himself in the village of Turegum. Subsequently this was reason enough for Christians to come on pilgrimage to Zurich. Before long the Wasserkirche (Water Church) was built on the spot of the double execution, and it soon became the most important place of pilgrimage north of the Alps. Quite a pretty legend, isn't it? Naturally Charlemagne and his grandson, Louis the German, knew about the tale and paid homage to the two saints in their manner. Charlemagne had the Grossmünster Cathedral built over their graves. And Louis' gift and order to his daughter Hildegard were due to the adoration of the two saints. You can see the execution stone on which Felix and Regula lost their lives but not their faiths, in the crypt of the Wasserkirche. 11 von 31 www.sunflower.ch Grossmünster Grossmünster, Wasserkirche and Fraumünster – Zurich's three most important churches are all linked directly to the legend of the two saints Felix and Regula. Throughout the Middle Ages pilgrims came to Zurich to pay reference to the two martyrs. This was obviously good for business, for the pilgrims needed board and lodging as well as devotional objects. Commerce was thus brisk in front and inside of the Wasserkirche. Disabled people dragged themselves to the fountain to drink of the miraculous water.
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