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Download This PDF File SEEING DIAN THROUGH BARBARIAN EYES Aedeen Cremin The Australian National University; [email protected] ABSTRACT (Rode 2004:326). Men are the only people shown as individ- The Late Bronze Age burial sites in the Dian region of Yun- uals while women are seen in communal situations. There do nan are known for the originality, wealth and variety of their not seem to be any family scenes and only a few images of bronze artefacts. This paper examines a set of published im- children. ages of cattle and textiles in an attempt to see the Dian world A high level of craftsmanship is evidenced early on at in its own terms. It notes the transfer of decoration between Dabona, outside the Dian area proper. The tomb contained a bronzes and textiles and considers the apotropaic nature of house-shaped coffin, 2.43 x 0.790 x 0.765 m, made of seven some items. pieces of sheet bronze, decorated on all visible surfaces (HKMH 2004:96-97). It demonstrates some of the metallur- INTRODUCTION gical accomplishments of the Dian cultures, which include It will take years for archaeologists to fully understand the lost-wax, chasing and engraving (Barnard 1996-97:7-16, 59- more than 10,000 bronze artefacts recovered from the 28 sites 61). The coffin alloy is high in copper and contains some lead excavated in the Dian region between 1995 and 2005. The as well as tin: Cu 89.6, Sn 5.02, Pb 2.25 (Pirazzoli- sites are generally coeval with the Warring States, Qin and T‟Serstevens 1974:147-148). Yunnan is rich in all these min- Western Han periods in China, with the Persian Empire and erals and also in silver and gold (Wong 1927:90-95; Trinh its Hellenistic successors in west Asia, and with the Mauryan 2009:Map 3). Empire in northern India. This paper describes the archaeo- The extraction and use of other geological resources is logical evidence for links between these regions and then shown by finds of jadeite bracelets, and beads of turquoise goes on to discuss what messages are encoded in the imagery and agate: over 1000 beads of gold, turquoise, jade, agate and of the Dian cultures. It refers mostly to images published in glass were sewn in horizontal rows onto a „jewelled quilt‟ European-language texts. found in Lijiashan tomb 47 (HKMH 2004:126-127). Organic For this paper, I am dealing only with four sites: Dabona resources included wood, used to build pile houses with (5th century/Warring States), Yangfutou and Lijiashan (both steeply pitched roofs, fibres for textile-weaving and animal Late Warring States/Early Western Han) and Shizhaishan skins. (Early to Late Western Han). The artistic overlap between Lijiashan and Shizhaishan has been noted by Pirazzoli T‟Ser- EXTERNAL CONTACTS stevens (1996-97:283). The external contacts of Yunnan have often been discussed. There is every indication that the many figural represen- There are artefactual links with the Chu of the middle Yang- tations on bronzes are based on real life and first-hand obser- zi, evidenced in the use of silk and lacquer and also in the use vation, the most obvious examples being images of local fau- of the crossbow and other weapons. The ge halberd is said to na, from insects (e.g. bees, cicadas) to large mammals. Hu- have come in via Sichuan (Chiang 2009:63-65). man behaviour can be inferred from musical instruments, The Chu kingdom‟s need for cavalry horses may well weapons, and ornaments and also from images of village life. have created the horse-trade which became so important in The grave goods support the Han observers‟ reports of a the historic period (Yang, B. 2004; Wade 2009). The claim stratified pastoral and warrior society (Huang and Wang that the indigenous Yunnan horse was extinct by 6000 BCE 1983; Lee 2002). There was clear gender differentiation (Zhang 1986 cited by Chiou-Peng 2004:306) should be 114 BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 30, 2010 viewed with caution in the absence of catastrophic natural images of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and of a zebu (Bos events. However, it is possible to accept that the idea of do- indicus), with pronounced hump and dewlaps, shown on the mesticating horses was originally brought in from central container from Shizaishan tomb 13 (“Epic in the bronzes” Asia and that this led to the subsequent domestication of local 2008:109, 125). Wade (2009:163, pl. 40) and Moore (IPPA horses. Hanoi 2009) have noted possible links with the Samon River Other domesticated animals such as longhorn cattle (Bos area of central Myanmar. Taurus) and broad-tail sheep (Ovis orientalis) indicate links There is abundant evidence of contact with the east, from with western Asia or northern India (Meadow 1996:397, 400- the Red River/Hong He (Dong Son) to the West River/Xi 402). Bruce Lincoln (1981) has analyzed East African and Jiang (Nan Yue). The presence of exotic items, such as Afri- Indo-Iranian „cattle cultures,‟ and finds an emphasis on the can ivory tusks and a pedestaled spherical silver box at masculine, on the heroic and on decorated weaponry. Such Xiangganshan, Guangdong, in the tomb of Zhao Mo (King of elements are clearly visible in the Dian images and it is rele- NanYue, 137–122 BCE), points again to possible maritime vant that cattle are only ever shown with men, not women. links with western Asia. The „petal‟ ornament on the box has Polosmak and colleagues (2009) have singled out the been used in western Asia since at least the 8th century BCE Yuezhi as possible links with western Asia. Thierry (Muscarella 1988:184, pl. 116; Young 1981, pls 68-70). A (2005:446-447) credits the historic Yuezhi with a larger terri- similar silver box has been found in Wotuo, Shandong. tory than Gansu province, extending into the Tarim and con- Bronze petal-ornament boxes are found in Dian graves: a trolling the Hetian jade market. Zhang Qian, whose mission gilded one in Lijiashan 69 (“Lijiashan excavation report” to make an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu was 2007:92, pl. 65) and two in Shizhaishan (Yang, X. 2004:vol. spread over the years 138–125 BCE, reported that they had 2 259). Figurines have been mounted onto the tops of the expanded their rule westward, taking over Daxia/Bactria Shizaishan boxes, three crouching felids on one (“Epic in the (Shiji Book 123; Thierry 2005:453-457). The alkaline-etched bronzes” 2008:7), three birds on the other (Yang, X. beads found at Lijiashan (“Lijiashan excavation report” 2004:vol. 1 pl. 30-31). 2007:pl.176) are likely to have come from Afghanistan. The All of these contacts seem to have been superseded when many turquoise and jadeite items found in the Dian tombs the Han Empire conquered Nan Yue in 112 BCE. After a may have come from the Hetian region, which had access to campaign in which Sima Qian himself took part (Shiji Book textiles of Hellenistic style in at least the 1st century BCE 130, Watson 1958:48), the Empire established a formal rela- (Wagner et al. 2009). tionship with Dian in 109 BCE (Shiji Book 116; Crespigny The relatively slight evidence for archery suggests that 1996-97:760). This may be marked by the „seal of the King there was no direct contact with the more northerly people of of Dian,‟ found in Shizhaishan Tomb 6. The set of bells in central Asia. There are similarities between the Dian horse- that tomb still has Dian-style decoration, but by the 1st centu- riders‟ short capes and shabrack saddle-cloths and those ry CE, Chinese styles were everywhere replacing the indige- shown on the appliqué hanging of Pazyryk 5 (Rudenko 1970; nous. pl. 154), but the presence of Chinese items in that same bar- row (Rudenko 1970:174-179, 304-306) indicates a possibility Seeing what the Dian craftsmen saw that Dian contacts with north-central Asia were indirect and The Dian artefacts are decorated with both abstract patterns mediated through China. Chinese silk embroidery was found and representational images. Humans and animals are shown at Pazyryk 2, now firmly dated to 300 BCE which gives a both in three-dimensional figurines and cast or engraved onto date of 250 BCE for barrow 5 (Hajdas et al. 2004:114). decorative plaques, the sides of drums, or cowrie-containers. We should not neglect the possibility of contact with They are noticeably naturalistic in style, which is very differ- western Asia by sea. The Indus Valley had been explored on ent from the schematic representations on Dong Son drums. behalf of Darius the Great, Emperor of Persia 520–486 BCE, The notion of naturalism could derive from the Chu through a and he established trading posts on the Persian Gulf variety of media, such as lacquer or textile. Contact with Chu (Herodotus IV.43). The sub-continent was thus brought into a is confirmed at Yangfutou, which is „clearly modeled on Chu maritime trading system, which linked east, and west in what graves‟ (Chiou-Peng 2008:40). Given the troubled times, it is Sherratt (2006) describes as a global system. This was obvi- possible to imagine that specialised craftsmen could have ously known in central China, since the Han expedition of come to Yunnan as slaves or refugees from Chu, or else- 122 BCE was intended to find the route to India (Shiji Book where. 123). Some items of western Asian origin could have been Whatever their origins, the Dian representations are not brought in from the south and may be recoverable through imitations and there is a genuine artistic vision at work.
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