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The Research on Air Pollution Laws in Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration

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The Research on Air Pollution Laws in Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration 2016 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering (SEEE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-408-0 The Research on Air Pollution Laws in Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration Based on High Frequency AQI Data Qiu-ling HU* and Zhe YANG School of International Business, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an Shaanxi, China, 710119 *Corresponding author Keywords: High frequency AQI data, Guanzhong urban agglomeration, AQI hour index, VAR model, Associated rules. Abstract. Based on high frequency data of AQI and contaminants, this paper makes researches including general situation of air pollution, fluctuation rules of air quality in one day and associated rules of air pollution between cities by using statistical analysis methods like the hour index of AQI and building the VAR model. The conclusions are as following: firstly, it is obvious that air pollution which often manifests as pollution of particulates has a seasonal effect and a clustering property. Secondly, different seasons have different air quality fluctuation rules in one day. However, with no consideration of the phase position diversity of graphs, intraday fluctuation rules of air quality in one season are similar to those in other seasons. Thirdly, the deterioration of air condition of one city can cause the deterioration of air condition of other cities, and the peak of this influence appears in one day generally, and the influence weakens with the increase of spatial distance. Introduction Air pollution harms human health and sustainable development of environment and economy. However, urban air pollution is very serious in China. As the main form of promoting urbanization, the city agglomeration causes a higher risk of pollution threat because of its agglomeration effect. The researches on air pollution in urban agglomeration in China are mainly concentrated in Beijing Tianjin Hebei Urban Agglomeration, Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration and Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration [1,2]. There are a few of researches concerning the air pollution in Guanzhong urban agglomeration. However, for Guanzhong urban agglomeration, we have not found the researches based on the hour frequency data. In this paper, through the analysis of the hour frequency AQI (Air Quality Index) data and the pollutant concentration data, we expect to dig out multiple levels of air pollution laws in this city group and provide a scientific basis for air pollution control in this region. Literature Review In recent years, researchers have made analysis of the characteristics and reasons of air pollution from several perspectives. Kassomenos P, Vardoulakis S and Chaloulakou analyzed the sources and seasonal characteristics of particulate pollution in three European cities [3]; Kimbrough Sue, Baldauf Richard W and Hagler Gayle S W had the analysis of the impact of seasonal changes on local air quality in Las Vegas city [4]; Zhou HJ, He J and Zhao BY analyzed the distribution characteristics of the particulate matter in Baotou city in the pollution season [5]; Xu JS, Xu HH and Xiao H have made the research of composition characteristics and sources of the aerosol in varying degrees of pollution period in Ningbo city [6]. In terms of methodology, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and principal component analysis have been widely used to study the air pollution problem. Azid A, Juahir H and Toriman ME forecasted the air pollution level by using the method of principal component analysis and artificial neural network; Assareh N, Prabamroong T and Manomaiphiboon K made a statistical analysis of the amount of ozone in the eastern region of Thailand from 1997 to 2012 during dry seasons [7,8]; In addition, neural network, fuzzy mathematics, support vector machine and modern econometric model method have also been applied to different degrees, such as Bai Y, Li Y and Wang XX based on back-propagation neural network model to analyze and predict the atmospheric pollutant concentration; Kaburlasos VG, Athanasiadis IN and Mitkas PA estimated the ozone content by applying the method of fuzzy reasoning [9,10]. With the advent of the high frequency air quality data, some researchers try to use the data mining method to study the associated rules between different air pollutants. Jia Jin used data mining and other methods to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of atmospheric complex pollution [11]. These studies provide a methodological basis for the study of air pollution in the Guanzhong urban agglomeration based on high frequency AQI data. Study Region and Data Study Region The study region of this paper is Guanzhong urban agglomeration which includes five cities. They are Xi'an, Xianyang, Tongchuan, Baoji and Weinan. Guanzhong urban agglomeration locates at the alluvial plain formed by Weihe River and Jinghe River. It is at a low altitude and is surrounded by northern mountains and Qinling Mountains in the south [12]. For Guanzhong urban agglomeration, this kind of unique topographic feature leads to a relatively closed system in which the mutual influence of air pollution between different cities is very obvious. Because of the closed nature of the system, pollution within the system is difficult to dissolve. In seasons prone to generate air pollution, this leads to a phenomenon that air pollution in this area is easy to accumulate. Therefore, the scope of the air pollution is wide, the degree of it is deep and the duration of it is long. Additionally, according to relevant research data and the experience of living in this area, we got a general conclusion that air pollution situation in Guanzhong urban agglomeration is not optimistic. Data In this paper, the data of AQI and the concentration data of SO 2, CO, NO 2, O 3, PM 2.5 and PM 10 are collected from a website (http://www.pm25.in) which collects and integrates relevant data from the website of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China in real time. The range of the sample data is from 0 o’clock on January 2nd, 2015 to 23 o’clock on December 31st, 2015. And we chose the minimum error method of cubic interpolation to fill up a few missing data after comparing several common interpolation methods. The AQI which is divided into six grades in China is a dimensionless index for quantitative description of the status of air quality, moreover, the bigger the value, the more serious the air pollution is. In addition, we adopt the season division standard that spring is from March to May, and so on, for other seasons. Statistical Analysis of Air Pollution in Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration In this part, we will analyze statistical rules of air pollution in GuanZhong urban agglomeration from two aspects—general situation of air quality and the intraday fluctuation of air quality. General Situation of Air Quality Analysis Based on AQI Time Series. Figure 1 is the AQI sequence diagrams in five cities. In Figure 1, the line of moderate pollution means that AQI reaches level four (151), and the line of mean value measures the average level of air quality in one year of that city. According to Figure 1, we find that AQI sequence diagrams of the five cities have similar wave characteristics. And the following laws are listed: Firstly, annual average AQI values of five cities are between 87.70 and 94.83. Though the difference is not dramatic, all of them are higher than the national average of 79.36. This reflects that the overall air quality in Guanzhong urban agglomeration is not good. Secondly, the period that five city AQI value more than the "moderate pollution line" are mainly occurred in spring and winter, generally, the AQI level in summer and autumn is low. It shows obvious seasonal characteristics that air quality in winter and spring is worse than that in summer and autumn; Air pollution will be concentrated in a certain period of time, showing a "clustering property". Thirdly, the AQI value of five cities always reaches to peaks or valleys at the same period. A typical example is that five cities have appeared four serious polluted weathers during 7700th hour to 8700th hour. This similarity reflects that there are association rules of air pollution between the five cities. Note: L1 is the moderate pollution line means that the AQI value reaches level four; L2 is the line of mean value which measures the average level of air quality in one year of that city. Figure 1. AQI sequence diagrams of five cities. Analysis Based on Primary Pollutants. According to the Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index (HJ 633-2012), the primary pollutant is the pollutant which has the largest IAQI when the AQI is higher than 50. The statistical results of three main primary pollutants in 8736 hours of five cities are shown in Table 1. And the seasonal distribution of “AQI<50” (means that the air quality is good) and three main primary pollutants is shown in Table 2. From Table 1 and Table 2, we can get the following laws: Table 1. Percent of each primary pollutant in five cities (%). Xi'an Xianyang Tongchaun Baoji Weinan O3 1.15 0.41 0.27 0.44 0.46 PM 2.5 25.59 39.81 42.66 40.73 41.79 PM 10 73.27 59.76 57.07 58.83 57.73 The primary pollutant that appears most in the year is PM 10 which mainly appears in spring, summer and autumn, while in Xi'an, PM 10 as the primary pollutant accounted for as high as 73.27% throughout the year. After PM 10 , the second major pollutant is PM 2.5 which mainly appears in spring, autumn and winter. In addition, O3 mainly appears in summer, and O3 pollution in Xi'an is the most serious among five cities.
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