Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128

AustralasianAustralasian JournalJournal ofof HerpetologyHerpetology

Hoser, R. T. 2020. 3 new tribes, 3 new subtribes, 5 new genera, 3 new subgenera, 39 new species and 11 new subspecies of mainly small ground-dwelling frogs from Australia. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128.

ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online)

ISSUEISSUE 51,51, PUBLISHEDPUBLISHED 1010 OCTOBEROCTOBER 20202020 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online)

Hoser,Hoser, R.R. T.T. 2020.2020. 33 newnew tribes,tribes, 33 newnew subtribes,subtribes, 55 newnew genera,genera, 33 newnew subgenera,subgenera, 3939 newnew speciesspecies andand 1111 newnew subspeciessubspecies ofof mainlymainly smallsmall ground-dwell-ground-dwell- inging frogsfrogs fromfromHerpetologyHerpetology Australia.Australia. AustralasianAustralasian JournalJournal ofof 50-51:1-128.50-51:1-128.

ISSUEISSUE 51,51, PUBLISHEDPUBLISHED 1010 OCTOBEROCTOBER 20202020 Australasian Journal of Herpetology 67

CONTINUED FROM AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without OF HERPETOLOGY ISSUE 50 ... distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is Etymology: P. semimarmorata burrelli subsp. nov. is moderately to slightly granular, rarely coarsely named in honour of Roly Burrell, formerly of Ultimate granular. Females are the larger sex (derived from Reptile Suppliers, Burton (Adelaide), South Australia, Cogger 2014 with errors corrected). Australia, for services to herpetology over many Distribution: Most of Queensland and adjoining decades, including through captive breeding of large parts of north-west New South Wales and the top numbers of sought after reptiles for the Australian pet third of the Northern Territory, possibly extending to trade, thereby reducing collecting pressure on wild Western Australia. animals. Burrell has also run one of Adelaide’s best Etymology: The new subgenus Oxyodella subgen. known snake catcher businesses for some decades. nov. is named in honour of a deceased Great Dane A NEW SUBGENUS WITHIN CRINIA TSCHUDI, dog, named Oxyuranus or “Oxy” for short. This 1838 “Noble” “family member” loyally guarded the wildlife OXYODELLA SUBGEN. NOV. research and conservation facility here in Australia LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD9E973A-9F29- from thieves, 24/7 for 8 years until his death from 4EFA-8745-A75248EB057B heart disease in 2012 and it is appropriate his Type species: Crinia (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov.. services to science be recognized. The “della”, suffix Diagnosis: Frogs in the subgenus Oxyodella reflects the Latin word for noble or distinguished, as subgen. nov. a subgenus of Crinia are readily this dog was! separated from all other Crinia species (all other Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923 is also a well known subgenera, being Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: genus name for a group of highly venomous elapid Crinia georgiana Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, snakes in Australasia, after which the dog was 1853, type species: Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, originally named. Tylerdella Wells and Wellington, 1985, type species: Content: Crinia (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov, (type Ranidella remota Tyler and Parker, 1974, species); C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov.; C. Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, 1977); C. and Littlejohn, 1994, type species: Bryobatrachus (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov.. nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and CRINIA (OXYODELLA) OXEYI SP. NOV. Littlejohn,1994 and Lowingdella subgen. nov., type LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1F1C1FEE-83F5- species Crinia (Lowingdella) lowingae sp. nov.), by 41C1-BF3B-A5F63DC867D7 the following unique suite of characters: Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Queensland Belly is coarsely granular; adults have more-or-less Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen distinct dermal fringes on the toes; hind side of thighs number J29359 collected from Annan River, 5.7 km is not bright red or pink; neither sex has a median south on the Cooktown-Lakeland Downs Road, far line on the throat; throat of breeding male is white or north Queensland, Australia, Latitude -15.6833 S., grey; chin only dark; white pectoral spots tiny, Longitude 145.1667 E. This government-owned inconspicuous or absent; belly of female is white and facility allows access to its holdings. speckled with grey; tympanum tiny but distinct; belly Paratype: A preserved specimen at the Queensland whitish, with at most a few scattered darker grey (not Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen black) flecks; adults usually less than 18 mm (body number J29491 collected from Annan River, 5.7 km length) and lacking a broad well-defined dark brown south on Cooktown-Lakeland Downs Road, far north vertebral zone finely edged with white as the upper Queensland, Australia, Latitude -15.6833 S., edge of a wide creamish-beige band running along Longitude 145.1667 E. the upper flank. Diagnosis: The three species Crinia (Oxyodella) The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated oxeyi sp. nov. from the wet tropics of north from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the Queensland and nearby parts of eastern Cape York following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial Peninsula, C. crottyi sp. nov. from Townsville / frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and Charters Towers and nearby areas south along the southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. Queensland Coast and C. sloppi sp. nov. from the Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal Gulf of Carpentaria region (all in Australia) have until foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, now been treated as northern populations of the but present as very small clusters or short rows in putative species C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and Ingram, 1977), with a type locality of Charleville, free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). South-west Queensland, Australia. Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or The four species are readily separated from one tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. another as follows: Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not 1/ C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits 1977) is a frog with a generally mud brown to greyish Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 68 Australasian Journal of Herpetology brown dorsum with indistinct markings. Behind the Vanderduys (2012) on page 137 at bottom left. eyes is an indistinct dark brown triangle, the tip (at 4/ / C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. is readily separated the posterior end) in turn meeting a broad dark patch from the other three species by the following which has flankward extensions giving an ill-defined characters: A dark reddish-brown frog with ill-defined lighter v-shaped patch in the neck region. Behind the markings on the dorsum. The anterior of the snout, second dark patch is a wide lighter, beige to grey from the top of the eyes foreward is light brown. zone followed by another indistinct broad darker band Behind that is a single large area of chocolate brown, across the lower back, with light colouration beyind the being equivalent to the two dark areas and that to the anal region. Mid to lower flanks are whitish intervening light v-shape seen in C. (Oxyodella) and without any obvious markings. There is no deserticola. Behind the large dark area is a broad obvious colour or flush of colour in the area of the band of medium brown followed by more chocolate upper arm pit. brown which occupies most of the rear of the upper There is no obvious dark patch or marking behind the body, save for a small ill-defined lighter triangle in the eye. Upper surface of the thigh is light grey with ill- centre of this zone, with the tip pointing posteriorly. defined dark grey bands. The entirety of the area from the side of the snout, The tadpole has two upper rows of teeth and three posterior to the eye and the flanks is a distinctive lower rows (depicted in Liem and Ingram, 1977) on lead grey colour. There is no obvious square or page 256, Fig 1 F. shape of any form behind the eye. C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, 1977) Markings on the forelimbs are indistinct, but on the is depicted in life in Anstis (2013) on page 545 at top upper surfaces of the hindlimbs are a distinctive left and Cogger (2014) on page 76 at bottom right. combination of chocolate brown and charcoal black 2/ C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is readily separated cross bands. The dorsum is smooth save for from the other three species by the following scattered blunt orange coloured tubercles of characters: There is an obvious and well defined and moderate to large size, being most prominent on the well bounded, dark marking or patch, more-or-less upper flanks and adjacent dorsum. rectangular in shape and deflecting downwards at the Upper surfaces of the upper arms are a light brown posterior end, situated behind the eye. Dark makings colour. on the dorsum are well defined. The skin on the A photo of C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. in life, taken dorsum has a large number of blunt tubercles across by Matt Clancy of Victoria can be found online at: the surface. The upper surface of the upper arm has https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ a well defined and obvious orange patch. The upper 24330380469/ surface of the upper thigh is also orange in colour, Photos of all four preceding species can also be with thick dark brown cross-bands. Darker markings found online at: on the otherwise pale lower forelimbs are obvious. http://www.flickr.com Tadpoles have one row of upper teeth and three rows by typing in the search term “Crinia deserticola”. of lower teeth as shown in Anstis (2013) on page 547 The four preceding species constitute the entirety of at bottom. the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov.. C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is depicted in life on Frogs in the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov. a page 545 of Anstis (2013) at right top and centre. subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all 3/ C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. is readily separated other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being from the other three species by the following Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana characters: Most of the dorsum is beige in colour, Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: with well-defined medium brown markings on the Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and upper body. Besides the preceding, the dorsum is Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota characterised by the presence of large irregular Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, patches of bright yellow overlaying the other sections, Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type this character alone separating this species from the species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, other three. Other than a slight and barely Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Lowingdella discernable peppering, there is no obvious or well- subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Lowingdella) marked rectangle or patch behind the eye. lowingae sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of Many specimens have tiny orange spots and characters: Belly is coarsely granular; adults have tubercles scattered across the dorsum, in particular more-or-less distinct dermal fringes on the toes; hind on the head between the eyes. side of thighs is not bright red or pink; neither sex Upper arm either has a yellow patch on the upper has a median line on the throat; throat of breeding surface, or at least a yellow flush. There are either no male is white or grey; chin only dark; white pectoral markings or no obvious markings on the lower spots tiny, inconspicuous or absent; belly of female is forelimbs. white and speckled with grey; tympanum tiny but C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. in life is depicted in distinct; belly whitish, with at most a few scattered Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 69

darker grey (not black) flecks; adults usually less Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, than 18 mm and lacking a broad well-defined dark Australia, specimen numbers J65549, J65685, brown vertebral zone finely edged with white as the J66086, J66087, J66088, J66089, J66091, upper edge of a wide creamish-beige band running J82311,J82312, J82313, J68241, J68242, J94433 along the upper flank. and J94434 all collected from Townsville, The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated Queensland, Australia, Latitude -19.2417 S., from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the Longitude 146.7583 E. following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial Diagnosis: The three species Crinia (Oxyodella) frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and oxeyi sp. nov. from the wet tropics of north southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. Queensland and nearby parts of eastern Cape York Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal Peninsula, C. crottyi sp. nov. from Townsville / foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, Charters Towers and nearby areas south along the but present as very small clusters or short rows in Queensland Coast and C. sloppi sp. nov. from the some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and Gulf of Carpentaria region (all in Australia) have until free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). now been treated as northern populations of the Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or putative species C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. Ingram, 1977), with a type locality of Charleville, Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not South-west Queensland, Australia. evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits The four species are readily separated from one are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without another as follows: distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is 1/ C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, moderately to slightly granular. Females are the 1977) is a frog with a generally mud brown to greyish larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors brown dorsum with indistinct markings. Behind the corrected). eyes is an indistinct dark brown triangle, the tip (at Distribution: Crinia (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. the posterior end) in turn meeting a broad dark patch occurs in the wet tropics of north Queensland and which has flankward extensions giving an ill-defined nearby parts of eastern Cape York Peninsula. lighter v-shaped patch in the neck region. Behind the Etymology: The new species Crinia (Oxyodella) second dark patch is a wide lighter, beige to grey oxeyi sp. nov. is named in honour of a deceased zone followed by another indistinct broad darker band Great Dane dog, named Oxyuranus or “Oxy” for across the lower back, with light colouration beyind short. This “family member” loyally guarded the that to the anal region. Mid to lower flanks are whitish wildlife research and conservation facility here in and without any obvious markings. There is no Australia from thieves, 24/7 for 8 years until his death obvious colour or flush of colour in the area of the from heart disease in 2012 and it is appropriate his upper arm pit. services to science be recognized. The spelling There is no obvious dark patch or marking behind the “oxeyi” is deliberate and chosen to ensure there is no eye. Upper surface of the thigh is light grey with ill- risk of any homonym with other species names being defined dark grey bands. created or already created. The tadpole has two upper rows of teeth and three Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923 is also a well known lower rows (depicted in Liem and Ingram, 1977) on genus name for a group of highly venomous elapid page 256, Fig 1 F. snakes in Australasia, after which the dog was C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, 1977) originally named. is depicted in life in Anstis (2013) on page 545 at top I should also mention that designation of the scientific left and Cogger (2014) on page 76 at bottom right. names “oxeyi”, “crotty” and “sloppi” are also made in 2/ C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is readily separated view of the fact they are short and easy to remember from the other three species by the following and are part of my overall intent to make science and characters: There is an obvious and well defined and nomenclature more user friendly and available to as well bounded, dark marking or patch, more-or-less wide an audience as possible. rectangular in shape and deflecting downwards at the CRINIA (OXYODELLA) CROTTYI SP. NOV. posterior end, situated behind the eye. Dark makings LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB988E5E-EDE2- on the dorsum are well defined. The skin on the 414F-AA30-E908EA9C2BA1 dorsum has a large number of blunt tubercles across Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Queensland the surface. The upper surface of the upper arm has Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen a well defined and obvious orange patch. The upper number J66090 collected from Townsville Common, surface of the upper thigh is also orange in colour, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -19.2417 with thick dark brown cross-bands. Darker markings S., Longitude 146.7583 E. This facility allows access on the otherwise pale lower forelimbs are obvious. to its holdings. Tadpoles have one row of upper teeth, three rows of Paratypes: 14 preserved specimens at the lower teeth as seen in Anstis (2013), p. 547 bottom.

C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is depicted in life on the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov.. page 545 of Anstis (2013) at right top and centre. Frogs in the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov. a 3/ C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. is readily separated subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all from the other three species by the following other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being characters: Most of the dorsum is beige in colour, Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana with well-defined medium brown markings on the Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: upper body. Besides the preceding, the dorsum is Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and characterised by the presence of large irregular Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota patches of bright yellow overlaying the other sections, Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, this character alone separating this species from the Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type other three. Other than a slight and barely species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, discernable peppering, there is no obvious or well- Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Lowingdella marked rectangle or patch behind the eye. subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Lowingdella) Many specimens have tiny orange spots and lowingae sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of tubercles scattered across the dorsum, in particular characters: Belly is coarsely granular; adults have on the head between the eyes. more-or-less distinct dermal fringes on the toes; hind Upper arm either has a yellow patch on the upper side of thighs is not bright red or pink; neither sex surface, or at least a yellow flush. There are either no has a median line on the throat; throat of breeding markings or no obvious markings on the lower male is white or grey; chin only dark; white pectoral forelimbs. spots tiny, inconspicuous or absent; belly of female is C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. in life is depicted in white and speckled with grey; tympanum tiny but Vanderduys (2012) on page 137 at bottom left. distinct; belly whitish, with at most a few scattered darker grey (not black) flecks; adults usually less 4/ / C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. is readily separated than 18 mm and lacking a broad well-defined dark from the other three species by the following brown vertebral zone finely edged with white as the characters: A dark reddish-brown frog with ill-defined upper edge of a wide creamish-beige band running markings on the dorsum. The anterior of the snout, along the upper flank. from the top of the eyes foreward is light brown. Behind that is a single large area of chocolate brown, The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated the being equivalent to the two dark areas and from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the intervening light v-shape seen in C. (Oxyodella) following unique suite of characters: deserticola. Behind the large dark area is a broad Small terrestrial frogs that are found in most parts of band of medium brown followed by more chocolate Australia and southern New Guinea, except brown which occupies most of the rear of the upper extremely arid areas. Maxillary teeth present. A large body, save for a small ill-defined lighter triangle in the frontoparietal foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are centre of this zone, with the tip pointing posteriorly. usually absent, but present as very small clusters or short rows in some species. The tongue is small, The entirety of the area from the side of the snout, narrow, oval and free from behind (as in not adhering posterior to the eye and the flanks is a distinctive at the rear). Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, lead grey colour. There is no obvious square or indistinct or tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be shape of any form behind the eye. fringed. Parotoid and flank glands are either absent Markings on the forelimbs are indistinct, but on the or not evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of upper surfaces of the hindlimbs are a distinctive digits are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly combination of chocolate brown and charcoal black without distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. cross bands. The dorsum is smooth save for Belly is moderately to slightly granular. Females are scattered blunt orange coloured tubercles of the larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors moderate to large size, being most prominent on the corrected). upper flanks and adjacent dorsum. Distribution: Crinia (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. Upper surfaces of the upper arms are a light brown occurs from Townsville / Charters Towers and nearby colour. areas south along the Queensland Coast. A photo of C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. in life taken Etymology: The new species Crinia (Oxyodella) by Matt Clancy of Victoria can be found online at: crottyi sp. nov. is named in honour of a deceased https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ Great Dane /Rottweiler Cross named Crotalus (AKA 24330380469/ Crotty), himself named after a North American genus Photos of all four preceding species can also be of Pitviper, Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758, in recognition of found online at: nearly 13 years services in guarding our valuable http://www.flickr.com wildlife breeding and research facility. by typing in the search term “Crinia deserticola”. The four preceding species constitute the entirety of

CRINIA (OXYODELLA) SLOPPI SP. NOV. from the other three species by the following LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2245953-1303- characters: There is an obvious and well defined and 45E7-BEE3-D1461D17E418 well bounded, dark marking or patch, more-or-less Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Queensland rectangular in shape and deflecting downwards at the Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen posterior end, situated behind the eye. Dark makings number J27223 collected from Wills Creek, Karumba on the dorsum are well defined. The skin on the Rd, Normanton, Queensland, Australia, Latitude - dorsum has a large number of blunt tubercles across 17.5667 S., Longitude 140.9667 E. This government- the surface. The upper surface of the upper arm has owned facility allows access to its holdings. a well defined and obvious orange patch. The upper Paratypes: 1/ Nine preserved specimens at the surface of the upper thigh is also orange in colour, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, with thick dark brown cross-bands. Darker markings Australia, specimen numbers J27221, J27222, on the otherwise pale lower forelimbs are obvious. J27224, J67813, J67827, J70677, J75740, J84199 Tadpoles have one row of upper teeth and three rows and J84200 all collected from immediately adjacent of lower teeth as shown in Anstis (2013) on page 547 to Normanton, Queensland, Australia, Latitude - at bottom. 17.655 S., Longitude 141.1319 E. 2/ Two preserved C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is depicted in life on specimens at the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, page 545 of Anstis (2013) at right top and centre. Queensland, Australia, specimen numbers J55814 3/ C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. is readily separated and J55815, both collected from 1.6 km south of from the other three species by the following Burketown, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -17.7167 characters: Most of the dorsum is beige in colour, S., Longitude 139.55 S. with well-defined medium brown markings on the Diagnosis: The three species Crinia (Oxyodella) upper body. Besides the preceding, the dorsum is oxeyi sp. nov. from the wet tropics of north characterised by the presence of large irregular Queensland and nearby parts of eastern Cape York patches of bright yellow overlaying the other sections, Peninsula, C. crottyi sp. nov. from Townsville / this character alone separating this species from the Charters Towers and nearby areas south along the other three. Other than a slight and barely Queensland Coast and C. sloppi sp. nov. from the discernable peppering, there is no obvious or well- Gulf of Carpentaria region (all in Australia) have until marked rectangle or patch behind the eye. now been treated as northern populations of the Many specimens have tiny orange spots and putative species C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and tubercles scattered across the dorsum, in particular Ingram, 1977), with a type locality of Charleville, on the head between the eyes. South-west Queensland, Australia. Upper arm either has a yellow patch on the upper The four species are readily separated from one surface, or at least a yellow flush. There are either no another as follows: markings or no obvious markings on the lower 1/ C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, forelimbs. 1977) is a frog with a generally mud brown to greyish C. (Oxyodella) crottyi sp. nov. in life is depicted in brown dorsum with indistinct markings. Behind the Vanderduys (2012) on page 137 at bottom left. eyes is an indistinct dark brown triangle, the tip (at 4/ / C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. is readily separated the posterior end) in turn meeting a broad dark patch from the other three species by the following which has flankward extensions giving an ill-defined characters: A dark reddish-brown frog with ill-defined lighter v-shaped patch in the neck region. Behind the markings on the dorsum. The anterior of the snout, second dark patch is a wide lighter, beige to grey from the top of the eyes foreward is light brown. zone followed by another indistinct broad darker band Behind that is a single large area of chocolate brown, across the lower back, with light colouration beyind the being equivalent to the two dark areas and that to the anal region. Mid to lower flanks are whitish intervening light v-shape seen in C. (Oxyodella) and without any obvious markings. There is no deserticola. Behind the large dark area is a broad obvious colour or flush of colour in the area of the band of medium brown followed by more chocolate upper arm pit. brown which occupies most of the rear of the upper There is no obvious dark patch or marking behind the body, save for a small ill-defined lighter triangle in the eye. Upper surface of the thigh is light grey with ill- centre of this zone, with the tip pointing posteriorly. defined dark grey bands. The entirety of the area from the side of the snout, The tadpole has two upper rows of teeth and three posterior to the eye and the flanks is a distinctive lower rows (depicted in Liem and Ingram, 1977) on lead grey colour. There is no obvious square or page 256, Fig 1 F. shape of any form behind the eye. C. (Oxyodella) deserticola (Liem and Ingram, 1977) Markings on the forelimbs are indistinct, but on the is depicted in life in Anstis (2013) on page 545 at top upper surfaces of the hindlimbs are a distinctive left and Cogger (2014) on page 76 at bottom right. combination of chocolate brown and charcoal black 2/ C. (Oxyodella) oxeyi sp. nov. is readily separated cross bands. The dorsum is smooth save for Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 72 Australasian Journal of Herpetology scattered blunt orange coloured tubercles of larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors moderate to large size, being most prominent on the corrected). upper flanks and adjacent dorsum. Distribution: Crinia (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. is Upper surfaces of the upper arms are a light brown only known from the Gulf of Carpentaria in colour. Queensland, Australia but may include populations to A photo of C. (Oxyodella) sloppi sp. nov. in life taken the west into the Northern Territory, Australia. by Matt Clancy of Victoria can be found online at: Etymology: The new species Crinia (Oxyodella) https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ sloppi sp. nov. is named in honour of an eight year 24330380469/ old as of 2020 (born August 2012) Great Dane dog, Photos of all four preceding species can also be named Slopp. This “family member” loyally guarded found online at: the wildlife research and conservation facility here in http://www.flickr.com Australia from thieves, 24/7 for 8 years and it is by typing in the search term “Crinia deserticola”. appropriate his services to science be recognized. The four preceding species constitute the entirety of A SECOND NEW SUBGENUS WITHIN CRINIA the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov.. TSCHUDI, 1838 Frogs in the subgenus Oxyodella subgen. nov. a LOWINGDELLA SUBGEN. NOV. subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF3BA4F6-AC21- other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being 4F99-845E-FBA53B8E7216 Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana Type species: Crinia (Lowingdella) lowingae sp. Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: nov.. Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and Diagnosis: Frogs in the subgenus Lowingdella Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota subgen. nov. a subgenus of Crinia are readily Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, separated from all other Crinia species (all other Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type subgenera, being Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, Crinia georgiana Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Lowingdella 1853, type species: Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Lowingdella) Tylerdella Wells and Wellington, 1985, type species: lowingae sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of Ranidella remota Tyler and Parker, 1974, characters: Belly is coarsely granular; adults have Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, more-or-less distinct dermal fringes on the toes; hind and Littlejohn, 1994, type species: Bryobatrachus side of thighs is not bright red or pink; neither sex nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and has a median line on the throat; throat of breeding Littlejohn,1994 and Oxydella subgen. nov., type male is white or grey; chin only dark; white pectoral species Crinia (Oxydella) oxeyi sp. nov.), by the spots tiny, inconspicuous or absent; belly of female is following unique suite of characters: Dorsum is white and speckled with grey; tympanum tiny but mainly smooth, but with scattered tubercles and distinct; belly whitish, with at most a few scattered carbuncles. Moderately granular belly, finely granular darker grey (not black) flecks; adults usually less throat; tiny adult size of 20 mm snout-vent or less; than 18 mm and lacking a broad well-defined dark adult with more or less dermal fringes on the toes; brown vertebral zone finely edged with white as the hind side of thighs is not bright pink or red. upper edge of a wide creamish-beige band running In males, the throat of the breeding male is white or along the upper flank. grey, chin only dark (or has some darkening on it, The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated near the centre, sides of mouth or both and gular from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the area is noticeably darker than the lighter belly beyond following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial or if not so, then bounded by a somewhat distinctive frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and white line running across the belly between the front southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. legs and commonly a white medial line running from Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal the snout, along the mid section of the gular region foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, and often the entire length of the belly; white pectoral but present as very small clusters or short rows in spots inconspicuous or absent. Belly of female is some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and uniform and whitish (not immaculate or ivory white), free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). sometimes speckled with grey. Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or In both sexes the markings on the belly are indistinct tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. as opposed to bold in other subgenera. Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not The palm of the hand is smooth. evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits Belly a light greyish or white with grey (sometimes are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without brownish) mottling, peppering or blotches in some distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is form (as in not immaculate white) and no black moderately to slightly granular. Females are the

markings of any sort on the belly; tympanum obscure Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Australian but distinct. Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated specimen number R.165529 collected from 2.5km from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the along Digger’s Camp Road in Yuraygir National Park, following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial New South Wales, Australia, Latitude -29.8292 S., frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and Longitude 153.2719 E. This government-owned southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. facility allows access to its holdings. Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal Paratypes: 1/ A preserved specimen at the foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, but present as very small clusters or short rows in Australia, specimen number R.165524, collected at some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and the Double Crossing Creek, Pacific Hwy. South free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). Woolgoolga, New South Wales, Australia, Latitude - Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or 30.1361 S., Longitude 153.1930 E. 2/ A preserved tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. specimen at the Australian Museum, Sydney, New Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not South Wales, Australia, specimen number R.183128 evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits collected at Red Rock, New South Wales, Australia, are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without Latitude -29.983 S., Longitude 153.233 E. distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is Diagnosis: The two species Crinia (Lowingdella) moderately to slightly granular. Females are the lowingae sp. nov. from coastal swamps in a region larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors between Woody Head and Coffs Harbour in New corrected). South Wales and C. (Lowingdella) stevebennetti sp. Distribution: South-east Australia in an arc generally nov. from coastal swamps south of Port Macquarie to including the moist parts of south-east Queensland, as far south as the central coast of New South Wales the adjoining coast of Queensland and northern New have both until now been generally treated as South Wales and the Murray Darling Basin, including southern populations of C. (Lowingdella) tinnula most of New South Wales, northern Victoria and (Straughan and Main, 1956), with a type locality of south-east South Australia. Rose Creek, Beerburum, (between Brisbane and the Etymology: Lowingdella subgen. nov. is named in Sunshine Coast) in South-east Queensland, honour of Vicki Lowing of Rockbank, Victoria, Australia, being a species inhabiting coastal swamps Australia, better known as the Crocodile lady for her from south-east Queensland and far northern New work over some decades educating people about South Wales. Crocodiles. This has included correcting the That more than one species had been lumped under devasatingly damaging message put out by the Steve the label C. tinnula has been known for many years. and Terri Irwin business via their TV shows, their Read et al. (2001) showed species level genetic message being that you can be a rich and famous distinctions between a putative population of C. hero by attacking and abusing crocodiles for the tinnula from Myall Lakes, National Park, just north of purposes of cheap entertainment and making a fast Newcastle, New South Wales and what they called income. an undescribed species from Coffs Harbour, New In 2020, the Victorian Wildlife Department has South Wales. conducted numerous raids on Lowing’s facility at With these two species being allopatric and clearly Rockback with a view to ending her good work with morphologically divergent from south-east crocodiles as it allegedly impedes and competes with Queensland C. tinnula (being the type for the genus), the Irwin business and that of the Melbourne Zoo / it is somewhat scandalous that with all the money Zoos Victoria business, who also send the anti- ostensibly being spent by the NSW State conservation message to people that Crocodiles are Government on scientific research on wildlife, with to be feared and loathed. literally hundreds of so-called scientists on the Both see Lowing as a competitor in the “crocodile government gravy train payroll, that these two business” and would prefer to have themselves seen vulnerable species have remained effectively as the only “experts” in the Crocodile space and the quarantined from science by being unnamed for two income stream this brings them. decades. Content: Crinia (Lowingdella) lowingae sp. nov. (type Hence, while taking pleasure in bringing two new species); C. (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov.; species to the attention of the global scientific C. (Lowingdella) parinsignifera (Main, 1957); C. community, I must state that I would have preferred (Lowingdella) stevebennetti sp. nov.; C. (Lowingdella) someone else had done this task 20 years earlier! tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956). The three species, C. (Lowingdella) tinnula CRINIA (LOWINGDELLA) LOWINGAE SP. NOV. (Straughan and Main, 1956), C. lowingae sp. nov. LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6C29885D-CF99- and C. stevebennetti sp. nov. are readily separated 43D8-942A-3BE0EA5C02EF from one another as follows: Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 74 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

1/ C. tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956), is a frog well-defined pattern on upper labial area. There is with distinctive dorsal pattern, including well-defined usually a dark orange-red-stripe down middle of yellowish-white line on the rear upper lip region, back. No numerous tiny black specks are on the numerous tiny black specks are on the upper parts of upper parts of upper forelimbs. upper forelimbs. In males, the belly is peppered The venter of males is characterised by a mainly heavily grey, with a distinctive thin white line running white gular region and a belly that is mainly whitish down the medial line from the snout, under the throat but with a patchwork of semi-distinctive dark to level with the forearms. This is broken by a thin brownish grey markings away from the medial line white cross line running to the forelimbs and the extending to the flanks. Unique to males of this longitudinally running white line runs posterior to this species is the presence of numerous bright yellow point to the end of the body. Most of the gular area is spots on a greyish brown background on the mainly white, although with heavy peppering on the undersurfaces of the upper arms and upper edges. hindlimbs. In both sexes, there are distinct dark brown markings Under the body, running from the snout to the rear is interposed with white or light brown markings on the a thick wide line of whitish-yellow, and a somewhat upper labial area. Most specimens (but not all) have thinner, but still thick whitish-yellow line running to the a dark orange-red stripe down the middle of back. Iris axila of each forearm. is reddish. Darkening of the gular region is restricted to the sides C. tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956) is depicted on of the broad median line and not the jawline as seen page 141 of Vanderduys (2012) in the bottom two in C. tinnula. It is also in the form of marbling rather images, Anstis (2013) on page 587 (top two images) than peppering. and Cogger (2014) on page 86, in bottom two images A photo of the dorsum of C. stevebennetti sp. nov. in (dorsum and venter of male). life is depicted online at: 2/ C. lowingae sp. nov. is separated from the other https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ two species by having an ill-defined dorsal pattern. 3914008567/ Colour is whitish grey under eye and there are no and well defined markings on upper labial area. https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ There is usually no dark orange-red-stripe down the 3558441336/ middle of the back. and Iris is brown. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pokerchampdaniel/ Ventrally, males have a completely greyish gular 3568281077/ region, with an indistinct row of somewhat merged A photo of the ventral surface of a male is depicted in tiny white dots forming a line down the centre to the Anstis (2013) on page 587 at bottom right. level of the upper arms. The line ends here as does the greyish colour. The belly of the frog is otherwise The three preceding species are separated from the whitish, but not an immaculate colour, being lightly other two members of the subgenus Lowingdella flecked or specked with a semi-translucent grey. subgen. nov., namely C. (Lowingdella) parinsignifera (Main, 1957) and C. (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov. Undersides of limbs are greyish purple. by the presence in one form or other of a median There is no discernable line under the belly running white line down the centre of the throat, versus an between the arms. absence. In both sexes there is a brown iris, and ill defined Frogs in the subgenus Lowingdella subgen. nov. a dorsal pattern. subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all Colour is whitish grey under eye and there are no other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being well defined markings on upper labial area. Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana Usually there is no dark orange-red-stripe down Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: middle of the back. Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and A dorsal shot of C. lowingae sp. nov. is depicted in Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota life at: Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type 27624337911 species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, and venter of a male at: Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Oxydella https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Oxydella) oxeyi 27086354354/ sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of characters: Dorsum is mainly smooth, but with scattered 3/ C. stevebennetti sp. nov. is similar in most tubercles and carbuncles. Moderately granular belly, respects to C. tinnula but is separated from that finely granular throat; tiny adult size of 20 mm snout- species as follows: Orange-yellow iris and well vent or less; adult with more or less dermal fringes on defined dorsal pattern; beige under eye. Moderate to

the toes; hind side of thighs is not bright pink or red. Paratypes: Two preserved specimens at the In males, the throat of the breeding male is white or Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, grey, chin only dark (or has some darkening on it, Australia, specimen numbers R.147106 and near the centre, sides of mouth or both and gular R.148261 collected from Tea Gardens, New South area is noticeably darker than the lighter belly beyond Wales, Australia, Latitude -32.6467 S., Longitude or if not so, then bounded by a somewhat distinctive 152.1644 E. white line running across the belly between the front Diagnosis: The two species Crinia (Lowingdella) legs and commonly a white medial line running from lowingae sp. nov. from coastal swamps in a region the snout, along the mid section of the gular region between Woody Head and Coffs Harbour in New and often the entire length of the belly; white pectoral South Wales and C. (Lowingdella) stevebennetti sp. spots inconspicuous or absent. Belly of female is nov. from coastal swamps south of Port Macquarie to uniform and whitish (not immaculate or ivory white), as far south as the central coast of New South Wales sometimes speckled with grey. have both until now been generally treated as In both sexes the markings on the belly are indistinct southern populations of C. (Lowingdella) tinnula as opposed to bold in other subgenera. (Straughan and Main, 1956), with a type locality of The palm of the hand is smooth. Rose Creek, Beerburum, (between Brisbane and the Belly a light greyish or white with grey (sometimes Sunshine Coast) in South-east Queensland, brownish) mottling, peppering or blotches in some Australia, being a species inhabiting coastal swamps form (as in not immaculate white) and no black from south-east Queensland and far northern New markings of any sort on the belly; tympanum obscure South Wales. but distinct. That more than one species had been lumped under The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated the label C. tinnula has been known for many years. from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the Read et al. (2001) showed species level genetic following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial distinctions between a putative population of C. frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and tinnula from Myall Lakes, National Park, just north of southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. Newcastle, New South Wales and what they called Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal an undescribed species from Coffs Harbour, New foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, South Wales. but present as very small clusters or short rows in With these two species being allopatric and clearly some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and morphologically divergent from south-east free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). Queensland C. tinnula (being the type for the genus), Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or it is somewhat scandalous that with all the money tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. ostensibly being spent by the NSW State Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not Government on scientific research on wildlife, with evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits literally hundreds of so-called scientists on the are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without government gravy train payroll, that these two distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is vulnerable species have remained effectively moderately to slightly granular. Females are the quarantined from science by being unnamed for two larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors decades. corrected). Hence, while taking pleasure in bringing two new Distribution: Crinia (Lowingdella) lowingae sp. nov. species to the attention of the global scientific appears to be restricted to coastal swamps in a community, I must state that I would have preferred region between Woody Head and south along the someone else had done this task 20 years earlier! coast to about Coffs Harbour in New South Wales The three species, C. (Lowingdella) tinnula Etymology: As for the subgenus Lowingdella (Straughan and Main, 1956), C. lowingae sp. nov. subgen. nov.. and C. stevebennetti sp. nov. are readily separated from one another as follows: CRINIA (LOWINGDELLA) STEVBENNETTI SP. NOV. 1/ C. tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956), is a frog with distinctive dorsal pattern, including well-defined LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C1924BB-B69A- yellowish-white line on the rear upper lip region, 4AB1-AA8A-4604B59DB8F1 numerous tiny black specks are on the upper parts of Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Australian upper forelimbs. In males, the belly is peppered Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, heavily grey, with a distinctive thin white line running specimen number R.165449 collected from Myall down the medial line from the snout, under the throat Quays Estate, Tea Gardens, New South Wales, to level with the forearms. This is broken by a thin Australia, Latitude -32.6467 S., Longitude 152.1644 white cross line running to the forelimbs and the E. This government-owned facility allows access to longitudinally running white line runs posterior to this its holdings. point to the end of the body. Most of the gular area is

Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 76 Australasian Journal of Herpetology mainly white, although with heavy peppering on the undersurfaces of the upper arms and upper edges. hindlimbs. In both sexes, there are distinct dark brown markings Under the body, running from the snout to the rear is interposed with white or light brown markings on the a thick wide line of whitish-yellow, and a somewhat upper labial area. Most specimens (but not all) have thinner, but still thick whitish-yellow line running to the a dark orange-red-stripe down the middle of back. Iris axila of each forearm. is reddish. Darkening of the gular region is restricted to the sides C. tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956) is depicted on of the broad median line and not the jawline as seen page 141 of Vanderduys (2012) in bottom two in C. tinnula. It is also in the form of marbling rather images, Anstis (2013) on page 587 (top two images) than peppering. and Cogger (2014) on page 86, in bottom two images A photo of the dorsum of C. stevebennetti sp. nov. in (dorsum and venter of male). life is depicted online at: 2/ C. lowingae sp. nov. is separated from the other https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ two species by having an ill-defined dorsal pattern. 3914008567/ Colour is whitish grey under eye and there are no and well defined markings on upper labial area. https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ There is usually no dark orange-red-stripe down the 3558441336/ middle of the back. and Iris is brown. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pokerchampdaniel/ Ventrally, males have a completely greyish gular 3568281077/ region, with an indistinct row of somewhat merged A photo of the ventral surface of a male is depicted in tiny white dots forming a line down the centre to the Anstis (2013) on page 587 at bottom right. level of the upper arms. The line ends here as does The three preceding species are separated from the the greyish colour. The belly of the frog is otherwise other two members of the subgenus Lowingdella whitish, but not an immaculate colour, being lightly subgen. nov., namely C. (Lowingdella) parinsignifera flecked or specked with a semi-translucent grey. (Main, 1957) and C. (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov. Undersides of limbs are greyish purple. by the presence in one form or other of a median of There is no discernable line under the belly running white line down the centre of the throat, versus an between the arms. absence. In both sexes there is a brown iris, and ill defined Frogs in the subgenus Lowingdella subgen. nov. a dorsal pattern. subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all Colour is whitish grey under eye and there are no other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being well defined markings on upper labial area. Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana Usually there is no dark orange-red-stripe down Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: middle of the back. Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and A dorsal shot of C. lowingae sp. nov. is depicted in Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota life at: Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type 27624337911 species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, and venter of a male at: Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Oxydella subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Oxydella) oxeyi https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of characters: 27086354354/ Dorsum is mainly smooth, but with scattered 3/ C. stevebennetti sp. nov. is similar in most tubercles and carbuncles. Moderately granular belly, respects to C. tinnula as defined above, but is finely granular throat; tiny adult size of 20 mm snout- separated from that species as follows: Orange- vent or less; adult with more or less dermal fringes on yellow iris and well defined dorsal pattern; beige the toes; hind side of thighs is not bright pink or red. under eye. Moderate to well-defined pattern on upper In males, the throat of the breeding male is white or labial area. There is usually a dark orange-red-stripe grey, chin only dark (or has some darkening on it, down middle of back. No numerous tiny black specks near the centre, sides of mouth or both and gular are on the upper parts of upper forelimbs. area is noticeably darker than the lighter belly beyond The venter of males is characterised by a mainly or if not so, then bounded by a somewhat distinctive white gular region and a belly that is mainly whitish white line running across the belly between the front but with a patchwork of semi-distinctive dark legs and commonly a white medial line running from brownish grey markings away from the medial line the snout, along the mid section of the gular region extending to the flanks. Unique to males of this and often the entire length of the belly; white pectoral species is the presence of numerous bright yellow spots inconspicuous or absent. Belly of female is spots on a greyish brown background on the Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 77

uniform and whitish (not immaculate or ivory white), Longitude 149.0833 E. sometimes speckled with grey. Diagnosis: Until now Crinia (Lowingdella) maateni In both sexes the markings on the belly are indistinct sp. nov. from coastal Queensland, south of about as opposed to bold in other subgenera. Rockhampton, including east flowing drainage The palm of the hand is smooth. basins, and nearby coastal parts of northern New Belly a light greyish or white with grey (sometimes South Wales, has been treated as a northern brownish) mottling, peppering or blotches in some population of Crinia (Lowingdella) parinsignifera form (as in not immaculate white) and no black (Main, 1957), with a distribution otherwise centred on markings of any sort on the belly; tympanum obscure the Murray Darling Basin in south-west Queensland, but distinct. New South Wales, northern Victoria and south-east The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated South Australia, including the type locality of from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the Kingston on Murray, South Australia. following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial The east coast specimens are sufficiently divergent frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and to be treated as a separate species in line with other southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. frog taxa similarly affected by the Great Dividing Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal Range in this same region as seen for example in foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, Ranaster salmini (Steindachner, 1867) from the but present as very small clusters or short rows in Murray Darling basin and R. snakemansbogensis some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and Hoser, 2020, which were shown to be different free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). species based on morphology and previously Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or published genetic studies as cited by Hoser (2020). tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. C. maateni sp. nov. is most readily separated from C. Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not parinsignifera by the presence of two or more large evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits and extended lines of folded skin running are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without longitudinally down the mid-back in a wavy line on distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is either side of the central median. moderately to slightly granular. Females are the By contrast most specimens of C. parinsignifera have larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors a dorsum punctuated by large tubercles or at best corrected). small and irregular folds of skin. Distribution: Crinia (Lowingdella) stevebennetti sp. C. maateni sp. nov. has a dorsum that consists more- nov. appears to be restricted to coastal swamps in a or-less of a pattern incorporating reasonably well- region between Port Macquarie and south to the defined longitudinal lines running down the sides of central coast region of New South Wales. the top of the dorsal surface and near striped pattern Etymology: C. stevebennetti sp. nov. is named in in the central region of the back as well, versus an honour of Steve Bennett of Narre Warren South, obviously blotched appearance on the mid dorsum Victoria, Australia in recognition of valuable and an irregular light zone on the sides of the dosum, contributions to herpetology by way of assisting not appearing as any sort of line. myself in numerous research projects over more than Spines on the upper surface of the middle hind legs three decades. He has also worked extensively in the are large and close together in C. maateni sp. nov., relevant region immediately north of Newcastle in versus well spaced apart in C. parinsignifera. Upper New South Wales which is where this species first surface of upper arm in C. maateni sp. nov. is light became known. orange, versus light yellow in C. parinsignifera (as CRINIA (LOWINGDELLA) MAATENI SP. NOV. seen in the image of a specimen of that species from LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:311C6908-A58F- Kangaroo Ground, Victoria published with this paper 46BF-B8D8-20FC3A1FF05A on the front cover of Australasian Journal of Holotype: A preserved specimen in the Queensland Herpetology Issue 51). In C. maateni sp. nov. the Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen dark patch behind the eye is prominent and well number J33313 collected from Mimosa Creek, defined, versus usually (but not always), not so in C. Blackdown Tableland, Queensland, Australia, parinsignifera (again as seen in the image of a Latitude -23.7833 S., Longitude 149.0833 E. This specimen of that species from Kangaroo Ground, government-owned facility allows access to its Victoria published with this paper on the front cover holdings. of Australasian Journal of Herpetology Issue 51). Paratypes: 16 preserved specimens in the C. maateni sp. nov. usually has a reddish or Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, chocolate brown dorsum, versus usually yellowish- Australia, specimen numbers J33314- J33329 brown in C. parinsignifera. collected from Mimosa Creek, Blackdown Tableland, Photos of C. maateni sp. nov. in life can be found in Queensland, Australia, Latitude -23.7833 S., Anstis (2013) on page 564 at top right and online at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 78 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

8471986011/ In males, the throat of the breeding male is white or and grey, chin only dark (or has some darkening on it, https://www.flickr.com/photos/smacdonald/ near the centre, sides of mouth or both and gular 15087966295/ area is noticeably darker than the lighter belly beyond Photos of C. parinsignifera in life can be found in or if not so, then bounded by a somewhat distinctive Anstis (2013) on page 565 bottom left, Cogger (2014) white line running across the belly between the front on page 80 at top and online at: legs and commonly a white medial line running from the snout, along the mid section of the gular region https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ and often the entire length of the belly; white pectoral 3838947107/ spots inconspicuous or absent. Belly of female is and uniform and whitish (not immaculate or ivory white), https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ sometimes speckled with grey. 3095373682/ In both sexes the markings on the belly are indistinct and as opposed to bold in other subgenera. https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ The palm of the hand is smooth. 15026834515/ Belly a light greyish or white with grey (sometimes and brownish) mottling, peppering or blotches in some https://www.flickr.com/photos/136643623@N03/ form (as in not immaculate white) and no black 28073098163/ markings of any sort on the belly; tympanum obscure and the front cover of Australasian Journal of but distinct. Herpetology Issue 51. The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated C. (Lowingdella) parinsignifera (Main, 1957) and C. from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov. are depicted side by following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial side in Vanderduys (2012) on page 138, with C. frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and parinsignifera on the right and C. maateni sp. nov. on southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. the left. Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal C. (Lowingdella) parinsignifera (Main, 1957) and C. foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov. are separated from but present as very small clusters or short rows in the three other species in the subgenus Lowingdella some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and subgen. nov., namely Crinia (Lowingdella) lowingae free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). sp. nov. from coastal swamps in a region between Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or Woody Head and Coffs Harbour in New South tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. Wales, C. (Lowingdella) stevebennetti sp. nov. from Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not coastal swamps south of Port Macquarie to as far evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits south as the central coast of New South Wales and are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without C. (Lowingdella) tinnula (Straughan and Main, 1956) distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is from coastal south-east Queensland and the very far moderately to slightly granular. Females are the north-east of New South Wales by the absence in larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors one form or other of a median white line down the corrected). centre of the throat, versus a presence. Distribution: Crinia (Lowingdella) maateni sp. nov. is Frogs in the subgenus Lowingdella subgen. nov. a found in coastal Queensland, south of about subgenus of Crinia are readily separated from all Rockhampton, including east flowing drainage other Crinia species (all other subgenera, being basins, such as the Fitzroy River System, and nearby Crinia Tschudi, 1839, type species: Crinia georgiana coastal parts of northern New South Wales, Tschudi, 1838, Ranidella Girard, 1853, type species: Australia. Crinia signifera Girard, 1853, Tylerdella Wells and Crinia (Lowingdella) parinsignifera (Main, 1957) is Wellington, 1985, type species: Ranidella remota confined to west-flowing drainage basins of the Tyler and Parker, 1974, Bryobatrachus Rounsevell, Murray-Darling Basin in Queensland, New South Ziegeler, Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn, 1994, type Wales, Victoria and South Australia, Australia and species: Bryobatrachus nimbus Rounsevell, Ziegeler, south of the Great Dividing Range in the outer Brown, Davies, and Littlejohn,1994 and Oxydella northern suburbs of Melbourne (e.g. Kangaroo subgen. nov., type species Crinia (Oxydella) oxeyi Ground). sp. nov.), by the following unique suite of characters: Potentially contrary to the preceding, C. maateni sp. Dorsum is mainly smooth, but with scattered nov. are found in the Barakula State Forest in south- tubercles and carbuncles. Moderately granular belly, east Queensland, north-west of Miles in South-east finely granular throat; tiny adult size of 20 mm snout- Queensland. vent or less; adult with more or less dermal fringes on Etymology: Named in honour Frits Maaten, former the toes; hind side of thighs is not bright pink or red. co-owner (with Andy Stevens) of a successful wildlife

conservation business in the form of the Monbulk Anstis 2013). Animal Kingdom in Victoria, Australia in the 1970’s The identification of C. merceicai sp. nov. as a and 1980’s. They were victims of their own success divergent species from C. georgiana was confirmed and as a result had their enterprise shut down at by Edwards (2007), who found each diverged from gunpoint by the State Government wildlife one another about 1.5 MYA. department who also happened to own a The western form of the two species, being C. dysfunctional animal abusing zoo down the road from georgiana from near Perth and found along the the Maaten’s. south-west coast of Western Australia to about That facility, the loss-making Healesville Sanctuary, Albany, Western Australia (including King George’s besides having a shocking record with respect to Sound) is a frog with a mainly pinkish brown dorsum wildlife keeping and even public safety, only or alternatively has a distinct charcoal coloured hue continues to operate as a business enterprise in some southern populations and as a rule a because the suffering Victorian taxpayer bails out generally whitish venter. their never ending financial mismanagement. The second, morphologically divergent species, C. But when competitor and government regulator are merceicai sp. nov. is readily separated from the the same entity (State Government Wildlife preceding species by being generally yellowish brown Department owns and controls Healesville (usually) to light chocolate brown, with a yellowish Sanctuary), there is no place for a successful and white venter, which has extensive markings and properly run wildlife conservation business such as spots overlaying tubercles, especially anteriorly. that owned and operated by Maaten and Stevens. C. merceicai sp. nov. has a yellow-brown iris, versus The wildlife department and their Healesville light orange in C. georgiana. Sanctuary saw Maaten and Stevens as taking clients The upper lip below the eye is always striped in C. they thought they have a right to own. Maaten and merceicai sp. nov., versus striped or spotted in C. Stevens also managed to breed species of wildlife georgiana. The broken red or orange line running that staff at Healesville Sanctuary were incapable of around the top of the eye is prominent in C. breeding. They saw Maaten and Stevens as stealing georgiana versus not so, or absent in C. merceicai favourable publicity that they would otherwise liked to sp. nov.. have had. Dorsal pattern in both species varies in both sexes By shutting down the Monbulk Animal Kingdom at and may be with or without obvious dorsal striping. gunpoint, the Healesville Sanctuary were given their long desired monopoly in the zoo business space The three available synonyms for C. georgiana with a east of Melbourne, Australia. type locality of King George’s Sound (Albany), Western Australia, were checked. That situation remains the case, more than two decades later in year 2020. Pterophrynus affinis Günther, 1864, is depicted with his description and that specimen is clearly of the CRINIA (CRINIA) MERCEICAI SP. NOV. western form, similar in appearance to the female LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61237DD7-9967- depicted on page 554, centre right of Anstis (2013). 4E8B-BBF9-5EE6A9316B29 The two frogs described by Cope, both with a given Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Western type locality of Western Australia, namely Crinia Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, insignata Cope, 1866 and C. stolata Cope, 1867, Australia, specimen number R97665 collected from both conform to common colour variants of the Hellfire Bay, Cape Le Grand National Park, Western western form, C. insignata probably coming from Australia, Australia, Latitude -34.0167 S., Longitude near Perth and C. stolata matching the charcoal form 122.1833 E. This government-owned facility allows from Denmark, Western Australia. access to its holdings. As a result, there is no available name for the eastern Paratypes: Two preserved specimens at the form of the putative species as recognised to date Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western and it is herein named Crinia merceicai sp. nov.. Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R97633 and C. merceicai sp. nov. from Esperance is depicted in R67734 collected from Hellfire Bay, Cape Le Grand life online at: National Park, Western Australia, Australia, Latitude - http://esperancewildlife.blogspot.com/2008/05/ 34.0167 S., Longitude 122.1833 E. quacking-frog-crinia-georgiana.html Diagnosis: Until now, C. merceicai sp. nov. found (several images). along the southern coast of Western Australia from C. georgiana in life is depicted in Tyler et al. (1994), Cape Arid in the east, west to about Cheyne Bay, and Anstis (2013) on page 554 (all images) and Cogger then extending inland towards the Darling Range (2014) on page 79 top left. near the south-side of Perth in Western Australia, but away from the coast has been treated as an eastern Both C. merceicai sp. nov. and C. georgiana are population of putative Crinia georgiana Tschudi, readily separated from all other species in the genus 1838, as currently recognized (sensu Cogger 2014 or Crinia Tschudi, 1838 (including all subgenera) by the

Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 80 Australasian Journal of Herpetology following unique suite of characters: Belly granular; others from Western Australia, meaning that the best adults sometimes with lateral seams but without placement for that taxon is within Geocrinia and the distinct dermal fringes on the toes; hind side of thighs remaining quite divergent West Australian species bright pink or red. should in turn be placed in a new genus, herein The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 is readily separated named Wellingtondella gen. nov.. from all other Australasian Myobatrachidae by the Morphological and biological evidence as summed up following unique suite of characters: Small terrestrial in Anstis (2013) confirms the preceding contention. frogs that are found in most parts of Australia and Based on the preceding Hesperocrinia is herein southern New Guinea, except extremely arid areas. retained as a subgenus, within Geocrinia. Maxillary teeth present. A large frontoparietal All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella foramen in adults. Vomerine teeth are usually absent, gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian but present as very small clusters or short rows in frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the some species. The tongue is small, narrow, oval and following unique suite of characters: free from behind (as in not adhering at the rear). Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth Horizontal pupil. Tympanum is hidden, indistinct or posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; tiny. Fingers without webbing, but may be fringed. prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth Parotoid and flank glands are either absent or not are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large evident externally. Phlanges are simple, tips of digits frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal are not or very slightly dilated, but certainly without pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; distinct discs. No dermal brood pouches. Belly is outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller moderately to slightly granular. Females are the than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood larger sex (derived from Cogger 2014 with errors pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is corrected). no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed Distribution: C. merceicai sp. nov. is found along the and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack southern coast of Western Australia from Cape Arid distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly in the east, west to about Cheyne Bay and then smooth or slightly granular. extending inland towards the Darling Range near the Frogs in the subgenus Hesperocrinia Wells and south-side of Perth (Harvey and Waroona area) in Wellington, 1985, herein treated as a complex of Western Australia, but otherwise away from the coast three species, two of which are formally named in this (see Fig. 3.2 on page 73 of Edwards (2007) for paper for the first time, are separated from other detail). species in the nominate subgenus of Geocrinia and Etymology: C. merceicai sp. nov. is named in honour the genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having toes of Dave Merceica of the Sunshine Coast, with slight terminal expansions and with distinct Queensland, Australia, previously of Bacchus Marsh subarticular tubercles; inner finger and inner toe not and Hillside in Victoria, an avid reptile keeper for reduced, the latter being about two thirds the length many years in recognition of his services to other of the second toe and a belly that is brown, yellow- herpetologists and wildlife research as part of his brown or green-grey in colour. long-term conservation ethic, including through Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the considerable logistical support for a number of species within Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having regional herpetological societies in Australia. the inner finger and inner toe highly reduced, the WELLINGTONDELLA GEN. NOV. latter being not more than half the length of the LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0DEB71F2-77D2- second toe and the inner finger with at most a single 436C-937A-3349B280A208 very short phalanx. Type species: Crinia rosea Harrison, 1927. The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn Diagnosis: Until now, most authors including Anstis separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia by having (2013) and Cogger (2014) have treated the genus toes without terminal expansions of any sort and Geocrinia Blake, 1973, type species Pterophrynus without subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely laevis Günther, 1864 as including species from indistinct. south-east and south-west Australia, largely being Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated within two more-or-less separate lineages. from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes Wells and Wellington (1985) transferred all Western without any terminal expansions and without Australian species to their newly erected genus subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely Hesperocrinia Wells and Wellington, 1985, with a indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the type species of Crinia leai Fletcher, 1898. latter being about two thirds the length of the second However molecular studies (e.g. Read et al. 2001) toe. have shown Crinia leai Fletcher, 1898 to be more Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from closely related to the east Australian species than the Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles.

Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from collected from the Shannon Area, Western Australia, Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed Latitude -34.8194 S., Longitude 116.3025 E. This calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding government-owned facility allows access to its tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 holdings. and Roberts et al. 1990). Paratypes: Four preserved specimens, at the The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R86438, victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly R86439, R86440 and R29145 all collected from near named subspecies for the first species and two new Broke Inlet, Western Australia Latitude -34.8667 S., subspecies for the second. Longitude 116.35 E. The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type Diagnosis: Until now, both Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) have been treated as two distinct south-eastern brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) populations of the putative species G. leai (Fletcher, brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. 1898). However Edwards (2007), found species-level The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. divergences between the three allopatric populations. rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba As they are also morphologically divergent and (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea evolving as separate species, it is appropriate that all (Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and three are formally identified and named as done in Roberts, 1989). this paper. This means two species are formally Distribution: Wellingtondella gen. nov. is confined to named for the first time. wetter parts of far south-west Western Australia. The three species consititute the entirety of the Etymology: Wellingtondella gen. nov. is named in subgenus Hesperocrinia Wells and Wellington, 1985 honour of Cliff Ross Wellington of Ramornie, New as defined in this paper, the genus (or subgenus) South Wales, Australia, (about 485 km north of concept being new and different from that of the Sydney), previously of Woy Woy, New South Wales, original authors, Wells and Wellington (1985). Australia in recognition of his immense services to The type locality of Crinia leai Fletcher, 1898 (now herpetology in Australia. While best known for his co- placed in Geocrinia Blake, 1973, with a type species authorship of landmark publications Wells and of Pterophrynus laevis Günther, 1864) is Bridgetown Wellington (1984 and 1985) his contributions to and Pipe Clay Creek (near Jarrahdale), Western herpetology go well beyond these papers both before Australia, Australia and hence this taxon represents and since the time they were published, including the western population of the subgenus numerous other important published works and Hesperocrinia. services to conservation. The putative species Crinia michaelseni Werner, They include his petioning the ICZN to stamp out the 1914 was synonymised with with G. leai (Fletcher, nefarious and dishonest practice of taxonomic 1898) by Cogger et al. (1983) and that taxon had a vandalism and numerous conservation programs for type locality of Donnybrook, Western Australia, which rare and threatened species in New South Wales, along with the type of G. leai is of the western especially in relation to frogs. population of the subgenus Hesperocrinia. Wellington was also the first herpetologist in the In other words the newer name is not available for world to demonstrate the significance of toxic the two populations herein referred to as Geocrinia chemicals in waterways inhibiting the spread of (Hesperocrinia) brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. Chytrid fungus and thereby inadvertently helping brianbarnetti sp. nov.. vulnerable species of frogs evade extinction caused The distribution of each of the three species is laid by the same fungus. This included several species out in Fig, 5.2 of Edwards (2007) at top of page 125. from the Sydney and Blue Mountains regions of New The three species as identified by Edwards (2007) in South Wales. Fig 5.2 from west to east, using the taxonomy and Content: Wellingtondella rosea (Harrison, 1927) nomenclature of this paper are G. laevis (AKA (type species); W. alba (Wardell-Johnson and Western lineage), occurring north and west of Roberts, 1989); W. lutea (Main, 1963); W. vitellina Warren and Donnelly, Western Australia, G. (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989). brettbarnetti sp. nov. being restricted to the Shannon- GEOCRINIA (HESPEROCRINIA) BRETTBARNETTI Gardner River catchment (AKA Shannon-Gardner SP. NOV. lineage) and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. from Walpole LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0693EF78-5757- eastwards along the southern coast and nearby 4673-95A9-1886C703C687 hinterland east to Two People’s Bay of Western Holotype: A preserved male specimen at the Australia, Australia (AKA south-east coastal lineage). Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Edwards (2007) at bottom of page 125 gave Australia, Australia, specimen number R166532 sequence divergences for each of the three species Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 82 Australasian Journal of Herpetology indicating 2-3 million years divergence from one on page 89 bottom and Anstis (2013) page 600 at top another. right. They are separated from one another as follows: G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is depicted in Anstis (2013) G. leai is a generally yellowish to yellowish-brown page 600 at top left, middle right and middle bottom. coloured frog (adults) characterised by a semi- Colour images of all three species G. leai, G. distinct dorsal pattern consisting of a dark greyish- brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. in brown or brown mid-dorsal stripe running down the life can be found online at: http://www.flickr.com by mid back being as wide as the distance between the typing in the search string “Geocrinia leai”. eyes. The boundary between this and the lighter Frogs in the subgenus Hesperocrinia Wells and upper flanks is not distinct. The mid dorsal area is Wellington, 1985, herein treated as a complex of also punctuated by small, raised irregular dark three species, two of which are formally named in this tubercular spots, slightly more prevelant near the mid paper for the first time, are separated from other outer edges. The flanks, while unicolour have a small species in the nominate subgenus of Geocrinia and number of semidistinct dark brown spots of small size Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having toes with slight on the lower flanks. Upper surfaces of the fore and terminal expansions and with distinct subarticular hind limbs have limited dark flecks or markings, tubercles; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the themselves only semidistinct, tending to form broken latter being about two thirds the length of the second indistinct crossbands on the upper surfaces of the toe and a belly that is brown, yellow-brown or green- hind limbs. Iris is orange to red in colour. Crown grey in colour. across and between the eyes is yellow to orange Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the brown. species within Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. is a mainly grey frog both the inner finger and inner toe highly reduced, the dorsally and on the sides, with strong russet flushes latter being not more than half the length of the on the upper sides of the dorsum and on the upper second toe and the inner finger with at most a single surfaces of the upper arm (essentially brown) and to very short phalanx. a lesser extent on the upper surfaces of the hind The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn limbs (where it is a flush over grey and darker cross- separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia by having bands on the upper surfaces of the hind leg. Iris is toes without terminal expansions of any sort and chocolate brown. The upper surfaces of the back without subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely legs are grey and darker spots forming crossbands indistinct. are also obvious. Crown across and between the Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated eyes is light grey brown to chocolate brown. from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is a well-marked frog with a without any terminal expansions and without well-defined yellow or orange crown across and subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely between the eyes, a dark, usually unicolour mid- indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the dorsal stripe expanded to the width of between the latter being about two thirds the length of the second eyes, which in some specimens is broken by a lighter toe. mid-dorsal line down the mid section of most of the Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from back. The wide mid dorsal stripe is bounded on the Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls outer edge by a light (often near white boundary) at and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles. the leading edge of yellowish (brown or orange) Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from upper flank in turn bounded by a fairly well- Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed demarcated lower flank, which is dark brown in calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding colour. Iris is yellow to brownish-yellow. tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 In both G. leai and G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. the and Roberts et al. 1990). metamorphasing tadpole is generally greyish in The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. colour, without obvious dorsal markings or laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. colouration. By contrast these tadpoles in G. victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly brianbarnetti sp. nov. are well marked dorsally with named subspecies for the first species and two new bright orange-red on a beige background. The subspecies for the second. orange-red is particularly prominent on the upper The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type limbs and the mid-dorsal line. species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, Anstis (2013) outlines various other differences 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) between the tadpoles of both G. leai and G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) brianbarnetti sp. nov. which she identifies as brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. “southern” form of G. leai. The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. Photos of G. leai can be found in Storr, Smith and rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba Johnstone (1994), plate 2, image 2, Cogger (2014) (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 83

(Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and 1898). However Edwards (2007), found species-level Roberts, 1989). divergences between the three allopatric populations. All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella As they are also morphologically divergent and gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian evolving as separate species, it is appropriate that all frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the three are formally identified and named as done in following unique suite of characters: this paper. This means two species are formally Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth named for the first time. posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; The three species consititute the entirety of the prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth subgenus Hesperocrinia Wells and Wellington, 1985 are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large as defined in this paper, the genus (or subgenus) frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal concept being new and different from that of the pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; original authors, Wells and Wellington (1985). outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller The type locality of Crinia leai Fletcher, 1898 (now than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood placed in Geocrinia Blake, 1973, with a type species pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is of Pterophrynus laevis Günther, 1864) is Bridgetown no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed and Pipe Clay Creek (near Jarrahdale), Western and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack Australia, Australia and hence this taxon represents distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly the western population of the subgenus smooth or slightly granular. Hesperocrinia. Distribution: G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. is restricted to The putative species Crinia michaelseni Werner, the Shannon-Gardner River catchment (AKA 1914 was synonymised with with G. leai (Fletcher, Shannon-Gardner lineage of Edwards 2007) and due 1898) by Cogger et al. (1983) and that taxon had a to the very restricted distribution, must be regarded type locality of Donnybrook, Western Australia, which as a vulnerable or threatened species, meaning along with the type of G. leai is of the western habitat where it occurs should be both protected and population of the subgenus Hesperocrinia. proactively managed. In other words the newer name is not available for Etymology: The species G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. is the two populations herein referred to as Geocrinia named in honour of Brett Barnett of Sunshine, (Hesperocrinia) brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. Victoria, Australia, who like (and often with) his father brianbarnetti sp. nov.. Brian Barnett has devoted his life to furthering The distribution of each of the three species is laid herpetology in Australia, including through active out in Fig, 5.2 of Edwards (2007) at top of page 125. management of the Victorian Herpetological Society The three species as identified by Edwards (2007) in in many administrative and logistical roles over many Fig 5.2 from west to east, using the taxonomy and decades, including managing security and many nomenclature of this paper are G. laevis (AKA large, successful and at times difficult to manage, Western lineage), occurring north and west of reptile breeder expos at the Melbourne Warren and Donnelly, Western Australia, G. Showgrounds. brettbarnetti sp. nov. being restricted to the Shannon- GEOCRINIA (HESPEROCRINIA) BRIANBARNETTI Gardner River catchment (AKA Shannon-Gardner SP. NOV. lineage) and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. from Walpole LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DD12BE1C-20DA- eastwards along the southern coast and nearby 4E09-9B52-5DEFEC217F42 hinterland east to Two People’s Bay of Western Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Western Australia, Australia (AKA south-east coastal lineage). Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Edwards (2007) at bottom of page 125 gave Australia, specimen number R120057 collected from sequence divergences for each of the three species 6 KM west of Albany, Western Australia, Australia, indicating 2-3 million years divergence from one Latitude -35.0333 S., Longitude 117.8167 E. This another. government-owned facility allows access to its They are separated from one another as follows: holdings. G. leai is a generally yellowish to yellowish-brown Paratypes: Seven preserved specimens at the coloured frog (adults) characterised by a semi- Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western distinct dorsal pattern consisting of a drak Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R116137- greyish0brown or brown mid-dorsal stripe running R116143 all collected from 8 KM west of Albany, down the mid back being as wide as the distance Western Australia, Australia, Latitude -35.0167 S., between the eyes. The boundary between this and Longitude 117.7916 E. the lighter upper flanks is not distinct. The mid dorsal Diagnosis: Until now, both Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) area is also punctuated by small, raised irregular brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. dark tubercular spots, slightly more prevelant near have been treated as two distinct south-eastern the mid outer edges. The flanks, while unicolour have populations of the putative species G. leai (Fletcher, a small number of semidistinct dark brown spots of Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 84 Australasian Journal of Herpetology small size on the lower flanks. Upper surfaces of the terminal expansions and with distinct subarticular fore and hind limbs have limited dark flecks or tubercles; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the markings, themselves only semidistinct, tending to latter being about two thirds the length of the second form broken indistinct crossbands on the upper toe and a belly that is brown, yellow-brown or green- surfaces of the hind limbs. Iris is orange to red in grey in colour. colour. Crown across and between the eyes is yellow Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the to orange brown. species within Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. is a mainly grey frog both the inner finger and inner toe highly reduced, the dorsally and on the sides, with strong russet flushes latter being not more than half the length of the on the upper sides of the dorsum and on the upper second toe and the inner finger with at most a single surfaces of the upper arm (essentially brown) and to very short phalanx. a lesser extent on the upper surfaces of the hind The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn limbs (where it is a flush over grey and darker cross- separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia by having bands on the upper surfaces of the hind leg. Iris is toes without terminal expansions of any sort and chocolate brown. The upper surfaces of the back without subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely legs are grey and darker spots forming crossbands indistinct. are also obvious. Crown across and between the Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated eyes is light grey brown to chocolate brown. from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is a well-marked frog with a without any terminal expansions and without well-defined yellow or orange crown across and subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely between the eyes, a dark, usually unicolour mid- indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the dorsal stripe expanded to the width of between the latter being about two thirds the length of the second eyes, which in some specimens is broken by a lighter toe. mid-dorsal line down the mid section of most of the Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from back. The wide mid dorsal stripe is bounded on the Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls outer edge by a light (often near white boundary) at and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles. the leading edge of yellowish (brown or orange) Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from upper flank in turn bounded by a fairly well- Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed demarcated lower flank, which is dark brown in calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding colour. Iris is yellow to brownish-yellow. tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 In both G. leai and G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. the and Roberts et al. 1990). metamorphasing tadpole is generally greyish in The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. colour, without obvious dorsal markings or laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. colouration. By contrast these tadpoles in G. victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly brianbarnetti sp. nov. are well marked dorsally with named subspecies for the first species and two new bright orange-red on a beige background. The subspecies for the second. orange-red is particularly prominent on the upper The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type limbs and the mid-dorsal line. species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, Anstis (2013) outlines various other differences 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) between the tadpoles of both G. leai and G. brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) brianbarnetti sp. nov. which she identifies as brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. “southern” form of G. leai. The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. Photos of G. leai can be found in Storr, Smith and rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba Johnstone (1994), plate 2, image 2, Cogger (2014) (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea on page 89 bottom and Anstis (2013) page 600 at top (Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and right. Roberts, 1989). G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is depicted in Anstis (2013) All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella page 600 at top left, middle right and middle bottom. gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian Colour images of all three species G. leai, G. frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the brettbarnetti sp. nov. and G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. in following unique suite of characters: life can be found online at: http://www.flickr.com by Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth typing in the search string “Geocrinia leai”. posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; Frogs in the subgenus Hesperocrinia Wells and prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth Wellington, 1985, herein treated as a complex of are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large three species, two of which are formally named in this frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal paper for the first time, are separated from other pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; species in the nominate subgenus of Geocrinia and outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having toes with slight than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 85

pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is and most prominent. While there is often a russet no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed sheen or semidistinct ill-defined russet or brown and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack markings on the dorsum, there are no obvious and distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly well-defined orange blotches or spots on smooth skin smooth or slightly granular. on the sides of the back and/or upper flanks (as seen Distribution: G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is restricted to in G. laevis laevis). The iris is yellow or yellowish. the region from Walpole eastwards along the The dorsum has an obvious greyish wash southern coast and nearby hinterland, east to Two throughout. People’s Bay of Western Australia, Australia (AKA G. laevis laevis by contrast has a smooth dorsum, or south-east coastal lineage according to Edwards sometimes has very few and widely scattered tiny 2007). tubercles at the rear of the dorsum. There are Etymology: The species G. brianbarnetti sp. nov. is obvious and well-defined medium to large orange named in honour of Brian Barnett of Sunshine, blotches or spots on smooth skin on the sides of the Victoria, Australia, who like (and often with) his son back and/or upper flanks (not seen in G. laevis Brett Barnett has devoted his life to furthering grampiansensis subsp. nov.). The iris is brown or herpetology in Australia, including through active brownish. The dorsum is not covered with numerous management of the Victorian Herpetological Society usually orange-tipped tubercles, those on the sides of in many roles over many decades. the back and upper flanks being largest and most Two other family members, Lani (former wife of Brian prominent as seen in G. laevis grampiansensis Barnett) and Tye (AKA Taipan), younger son of Brian subsp. nov.. There is no obvious greyish wash Barnett are also formally recognized herein for their throughout the upper surface of the dorsum as seen major contributions to herpetology and have in G. laevis grampiansensis subsp. nov.. previously had species formally named in their The underside of the chin in G. laevis laevis is mainly honour. white, versus heavily peppered greyish in G. laevis GEOCRINIA LAEVIS GRAMPIANSENSIS SUBSP. grampiansensis subsp. nov.. The belly of G. laevis NOV. grampiansensis subsp. nov. is also heavily peppered LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FEF2295D-DD04- throughout versus boldly marked with black and white 4A1E-A354-4D4F3D8FF3DB in G. laevis laevis. Holotype: A preserved male specimen at the Photos of G. laevis grampiansensis subsp. nov. in life National Museum of Victoria, Melvourne, Victoria, can be seen online at: Australia, specimen number D23575 collected from https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ Forest Lodge, Grampians, Victoria, Australia, 8743396751/ Latitude -37.17 S., Longitude 142.35 E. This and government-owned facility allows access to its https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ holdings. 8743399897 Paratypes: Fourteen preserved specimens at the and National Museum of Victoria, Melvourne, Victoria, https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Australia, specimen numbers D23576, D23577, 3445319297/ D23578, D23579, D23580, D23581, D24314, and D68570, D68571, D68572, D72234, D72235, https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ D72236, D72237 all collected from The Grampians, 8744513418/ Victoria, Australia. A photo of the venter of this species can be seen Diagnosis: Until now, the G. laevis grampiansensis online at: subsp. nov. from the Grampians region of Victoria https://www.flickr.com/photos/whawha88/ has been treated as nominate G. laevis Günther, 13162642714/ 1864, with a type locality of Tasmania. Photos of G. laevis laevis in life can be seen in Anstis However both forms are morphologically divergent (2013) on page 595 at top and geographically separated (allopatric) and therefore warrant taxonomic separation. and online at: While they are probably separate species, the newly https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ named form is herein conservatively named as a 33642728361/ subspecies in the absence of a molecular basis to and separate the forms (as in no comparative molecular https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ study has been done). 33772084545/ G. laevis grampiansensis subsp. nov. is separated G. laevis laevis dorsal and ventral views can be seen from G. laevis by having a dorsum covered with in Cogger (2014) on page 88 in the bottom two numerous (usually orange-tipped) tubercles, those on images. the sides of the back and upper flanks being largest G. laevis (both subspecies) are separated from the Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 86 Australasian Journal of Herpetology morphologically similar species G. victoriana are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large (Boulenger, 1888) (all three subspecies as defined in frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal this paper), by having a mating call that is a cra-a-a- pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; a-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, etc, sound, outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller versus cr-r-rack, cr-r-rack, cr-r-raxk, pip, pip, pip, pip- than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood pip-pip-pip-pip-pip-pip. pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is G. laevis and G. victoriana constitute the entirety of no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed the (nominate) subgenus Geocrinia, within the genus and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack Geocrinia Blake, 1973. distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the smooth or slightly granular. species within the morphologically similar genus Distribution: G. laevis grampiansensis subsp. nov. Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having the inner finger is presently only known from the Grampians in and inner toe highly reduced, the latter being not western Victoria. Populations assigned to putative G. more than half the length of the second toe and the laevis from southern Victoria appear to be inner finger with at most a single very short phalanx. morphologically divergent from both the Grampians The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn and Tasmanian animals, but more similar to the separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia (the only Grampians taxon and may ultimately be referred to it. other subgenus within Geocrinia) by having toes Images of these frogs can be found in Anstis (2013) without terminal expansions of any sort and without on page 595 at bottom and page 596 (all four subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely images). indistinct. It is likely that true G. laevis laevis is in fact confined Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated to Tasmania and immediately offshore islands. from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes Etymology: G. laevis grampiansensis subsp. nov. is without any terminal expansions and without named with reference to the location it is known to subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely occur, being the Grampians, a mountainous region, indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the which is mainly a National Park, in south-western latter being about two thirds the length of the second Victoria, away from the southern coast. toe. GEOCRINIA VICTORIANA OTWAYSENSIS SUBSP. Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from NOV. Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:712D150E-DFEA- and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles. 4655-9AD8-900A5251B87D Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from Holotype: A preserved female specimen at the Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed National Museum of Victoria, Melvourne, Victoria, calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding Australia, specimen number D47155 collected from tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 Old Wonga Road, Otway Ranges, Victoria, Australia, and Roberts et al. 1990). Latitude -38.45 S., Longitude 143.53 E. This The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. government-owned facility allows access to its laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. holdings. victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly Paratype: A preserved female specimen at the named subspecies for the first species and two new National Museum of Victoria, Melvourne, Victoria, subspecies for the second. Australia, specimen number D43397 collected from The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type 10.5 km south-east of Irrewillipe, Victoria, Australia, species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, Latitude -38.48 S., Longitude 143.5 E. 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) Diagnosis: Until now, Geocrinia victoriana brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) otwaysensis subsp. nov. from the Otway Ranges brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. area of Victoria, has been treated as a divergent The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. population of Geocrinia victoriana (Boulenger, 1888) rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba with a type locality of Warragul, south-east of (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Putative G. victoriana (Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and occurs across wetter parts of southern and eastern Roberts, 1989). Victoria, excluding alpine regions, with the distribution All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella becoming fragmented as one moves west of gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian Melbourne, being generally confined to higher and frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the wetter areas. In East Gippsland, east of Bairnsdale, following unique suite of characters: Victoria, the subspecies G. victoriana logani subsp. Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth nov. occurs in coastal and near coastal areas to the posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; New South Wales border and north along the coast prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth to at least Eden, New South Wales. Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 87

The population from the Otway Ranges is well-known and online at: to be morphologically divergent from others in https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ Victoria, including those in the Ballarat region, which 33489508005/ by distance is proximal to the Otways region, but Geocrinia victoriana victoriana in life from east of separated from it by a relatively flat region. While it Melbourne, Victoria, Australia is depicted online at: is most likely that full species-level recognition is https://www.flickr.com/photos/jono-dashper/ appropriate for this population, no comparative 44487345251/ molecular studies on populations of G. victoriana and across Victoria have been published and so in this https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ paper I have conservatively named the Otways 41643684182/ population and similarly divergent East Gippsland and population as new subspecies. The name Crinia froggatti Fletcher, 1891 applies to https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ specimens from Buninyong and Gong Gong, near 26275046344/ Ballarat in Victoria and so cannot be used for the G. victoriana logani subsp. nov. is depicted in life Otways population or that from east Gippsland. With online at: no available names, the Otways population is https://www.flickr.com/photos/68921296@N06/ formally named Geocrinia victoriana otwaysensis 13709439403/ subsp. nov. and the east Gippsland population is and named G. victoriana logani subsp. nov.. https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ Geocrinia victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov. is 25483347914/ readily separated from all other Geocrinia victoriana and (herein identified as Geocrinia victoriana victoriana or https://www.flickr.com/photos/akashsherping/ G. victoriana logani subsp. nov.) by having numerous 13795350524/ expanded spots across the dorsum and flanks. The and condition of expanded spots is sometimes seen in https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ nominate Geocrinia victoriana victoriana (but not G. 5717539060/ victoriana logani subsp. nov.) but when this is the case, the expanded spots are either small (instead of G. laevis (both subspecies) are separated from the medium or large), or if large, there is only one or two morphologically similar species G. victoriana present, as opposed to many. (Boulenger, 1888) (all three subspecies as defined in this paper), by having a mating call that is a cra-a-a- From the dorsal view, pre-metamorphasing tadpoles a-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, etc, sound, of G. victoriana victoriana and G. victoriana logani versus cr-r-rack, cr-r-rack, cr-r-raxk, pip, pip, pip, pip- subsp. nov. are a dark greyish-black in colour, versus pip-pip-pip-pip-pip-pip in G. victoriana. a strongly peppered light brown in G. victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov.. G. laevis and G. victoriana constitute the entirety of G. victoriana logani subsp. nov. is similar in most the (nominate) subgenus Geocrinia, within the genus respects to G. victoriana victoriana as defined above, Geocrinia Blake, 1973. but is separated from that subspecies by the Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the following characters: no enlarged spots on the species within the morphologically similar genus dorsum; posession of a well defined dorsal pattern Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having the inner finger consisting of two, sometimes broken, dark brown and inner toe highly reduced, the latter being not stripes, sometimes formed by blotches and at other more than half the length of the second toe and the times as a continuous line, running from behind each inner finger with at most a single very short phalanx. eye, down the back to the posterior. The central The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn region between is a lighter brown. Upper flanks are separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia (the only light brown and lower flanks darker, but the other subgenus within Geocrinia) by having toes demarcation of each zone is not always well defined. without terminal expansions of any sort and without Venter is light. On the upper surfaces of both hind subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely and fore-limbs, dark markings on a lighter indistinct. background are well-defined, which is not the case in Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated G. victoriana victoriana. The upper labial region and from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes front of snout has numerous small darker markings without any terminal expansions and without on a lighter background, versus only a few large dark subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely markings over a light background in G. victoriana indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the victoriana. latter being about two thirds the length of the second G. victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov. in life is toe. depicted in Anstis (2013) on page 610 (all photos) Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from

Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls 149.15 E. This government-owned facility allows and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles. access to its holdings. Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from Paratypes: Four preserved specimens at the Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding Australia, specimen numbers D2196, D24201, tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 D24245 and D24266 all from within 10 km of the type and Roberts et al. 1990). locality (Cann River, Victoria). The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. Diagnosis: Until now, G. victoriana logani subsp. laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. nov. from East Gippsland, Victoria (east of victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly Bairnsdale) and also found in nearby New South named subspecies for the first species and two new Wales on the far south coast, at least as far north as subspecies for the second. Eden in New South Wales, has been treated as a The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type divergent and disjunct population of Geocrinia species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, victoriana (Boulenger, 1888) with a type locality of 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) Warragul, south-east of Melbourne, Victoria, brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) Australia. brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. The population from the Otway Ranges is well-known The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. to be morphologically divergent from others in rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba Victoria, including those in the Ballarat region, which (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea by distance is proximal to the Otways region, but (Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and separated from it by a relatively flat region. While it is Roberts, 1989). most likely that full species-level recognition is All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella appropriate for this population, no comparative gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian molecular studies on populations of G. victoriana frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the across Victoria have been published and so in this following unique suite of characters: paper I have conservatively named the Otways Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth population and similarly divergent East Gippsland posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; population as new subspecies. prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth The name Crinia froggatti Fletcher, 1891 applies to are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large specimens from Buninyong and Gong Gong, near frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal Ballarat in Victoria and so cannot be used for the pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; Otways population or that from east Gippsland. With outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller no available names, the Otways population is than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood formally named Geocrinia victoriana otwaysensis pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is subsp. nov. and the east Gippsland population is no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed named G. victoriana logani subsp. nov.. and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack Geocrinia victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov. is distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly readily separated from all other Geocrinia victoriana smooth or slightly granular. (herein identified as Geocrinia victoriana victoriana or G. victoriana logani subsp. nov.) by having numerous Distribution: Geocrinia victoriana otwaysensis expanded spots across the dorsum and flanks. The subsp. nov. appears to be a disjunct population condition of expanded spots is sometimes seen in restricted to the Otway Ranges area in coastal south- nominate Geocrinia victoriana victoriana (but not G. west Victoria, Australia. Populations found east of victoriana logani subsp. nov.) but when this is the Ararat, across the north of Melbourne and including case, the expanded spots are either small (instead of most of eastern Victoria and far south-east New medium or large), or if large, there is only one or two South Wales are of the nominate subspecies present, as opposed to many. Geocrinia victoriana Victoriana. From the dorsal view, pre-metamorphasing tadpoles Etymology: The subspecies Geocrinia victoriana of G. victoriana victoriana and G. victoriana logani otwaysensis subsp. nov. is named in recognition of subsp. nov. are a dark greyish-black in colour, versus where the population is found. a strongly peppered light brown in G. victoriana GEOCRINIA VICTORIANA LOGANI SUBSP. NOV. otwaysensis subsp. nov.. LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9BC9EF8B-74F0- G. victoriana logani subsp. nov. is similar in most 48A7-AF74-FD5980763FED respects to G. victoriana victoriana as defined above, Holotype: A preserved specimen at the National but is separated from that subspecies (and in turn G. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov.) by the following specimen number D24265 collected from Cann River, characters: no enlarged spots on the dorsum; Victoria, Australia, Latitude -37.57 S., Longitude posession of a well defined dorsal pattern consisting

of two, sometimes broken, dark brown stripes, inner finger with at most a single very short phalanx. sometimes formed by blotches and at other times as The nominate subgenus of Geocrinia is in turn a continuous line, running from behind each eye, separated from subgenus Hesperocrinia (the only down the back to the posterior. The central region other subgenus within Geocrinia) by having toes between is a lighter brown. Upper flanks are light without terminal expansions of any sort and without brown and lower flanks darker, but the demarcation subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely of each zone is not always well defined. Venter is indistinct. light. On the upper surfaces of both hind and fore- Frogs within Wellingtondella gen. nov. are separated limbs, dark markings on a lighter background are from Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having toes well-defined, which is not the case in G. victoriana without any terminal expansions and without victoriana. The upper labial region and front of snout subarticular tubercles, or if present, extremely has numerous small darker markings on a lighter indistinct; inner finger and inner toe not reduced, the background, versus only a few large dark markings latter being about two thirds the length of the second over a light background in G. victoriana victoriana. toe. G. victoriana otwaysensis subsp. nov. in life is Geocrinia (both subgenera) are separated from depicted in Anstis (2013) on page 610 (all photos) Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having diphasic calls and online at: and terrestrial egg deposition with aquatic tadpoles. https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ Wellingtondella gen. nov. in turn is separated from 33489508005/ Geocrinia (both subgenera) by having simpler pulsed Geocrinia victoriana victoriana in life from east of calls and terrestrial egg deposition with nonfeeding Melbourne, Victoria, Australia is depicted online at: tadpoles confined to a terrestrial nest (Roberts, 1993 https://www.flickr.com/photos/jono-dashper/ and Roberts et al. 1990). 44487345251/ The subgenus Geocrinia includes the species G. and laevis (Günther, 1864) as type species, and G. https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ victoriana (Boulenger, 1888), including a newly 41643684182/ named subspecies for the first species and two new and subspecies for the second. https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ The subgenus Hesperocrinia includes the type 26275046344/ species Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) leai (Fletcher, G. victoriana logani subsp. nov. is depicted in life 1898) as type species, Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) online at: brettbarnetti sp. nov. and Geocrinia (Hesperocrinia) brianbarnetti sp. nov. all from south-west Australia. https://www.flickr.com/photos/68921296@N06/ 13709439403/ The genus Wellingtondella gen. nov. includes W. rosea (Harrison, 1927) as type species, W. alba and (Wardell-Johnson and Roberts, 1989), W. lutea https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ (Main, 1963) and W. vitellina (Wardell-Johnson and 25483347914/ Roberts, 1989). and All of Geocrinia, Hesperocrinia and Wellingtondella https://www.flickr.com/photos/akashsherping/ gen. nov. are separated from all other Australasian 13795350524/ frog species within the Myobatrachidae by the and following unique suite of characters: https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Tongue does not adhere to the floor of the mouth 5717539060/ posteriorly; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; G. laevis (both subspecies) are separated from the prevomer is much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth morphologically similar species G. victoriana are present but tiny; maxillary teeth present. A large (Boulenger, 1888) (all three subspecies as defined in frontoparietal foramen is present in adults. Horizontal this paper), by having a mating call that is a cra-a-a- pupil; tympanum is indistinct or hidden; a-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, cra-a-ack, etc, sound, outer metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller versus cr-r-rack, cr-r-rack, cr-r-raxk, pip, pip, pip, pip- than the inner metatarsal tubercle. No dermal brood pip-pip-pip-pip-pip-pip in G. victoriana. pouches; first finger is normal or if vestigial, there is G. laevis and G. victoriana constitute the entirety of no dorsolateral skin fold; Terminal phlanges pointed the (nominate) subgenus Geocrinia, within the genus and not T-shaped; tips of fingers and toes lack Geocrinia Blake, 1973. distinct discs, being not, or very slightly dilated; belly Frogs in the genus Geocrinia are separated from the smooth or slightly granular. species within the morphologically similar genus Distribution: G. victoriana logani subsp. nov. is Wellingtondella gen. nov. by having the inner finger found in East Gippsland, Victoria commencing east and inner toe highly reduced, the latter being not of Bairnsdale and also found in nearby New South more than half the length of the second toe and the Wales on the far south coast, at least as far north as Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 90 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Eden in New South Wales. coast, the most northern museum voucher specimen Etymology: The subspecies G. victoriana logani being 20 km north of Coffs Harbour Latitude -30.083 subsp. nov. is named in honour of Clinton Logan of S., Longitude 153.200 E. Genoa, Victoria, in recognition of his services to Where each species occurs they are usually herpetology over many years (with grateful thanks to abundant and easily found by collectors, either during his wife, Debbie), including assisting with relevant or after rain. fieldwork and studies on this subspecies and other Paracrinia lenhoseri sp. nov., P. funki sp. nov. and P. frogs in the same region over many years, both by haswelli are readily separated from one another as myself and other respected Victorian (Australia) follows: herpetologists, including in particular Rob Valentic. P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is the only species of the trio to PARACRINIA LENHOSERI SP. NOV. have numerous well defined large tubercles scattered LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:641431A9-EE8A- across the dorsum that have distinctive salmon 45E5-B458-BD50C01489FE tipped tubercles, at least sometimes surrounded by Holotype: A preserved specimen at the National black. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is further separated from the specimen number D22285, collected 1.6 km North- other two species by well defined and prominent east of Bittern, Victoria, Australia, Latitude -38.3 S., large salmon coloured blotches or markings on the Longitude 145.18 E. This government-owned facility upper surfaces of the hind limbs. allows access to its holdings. Both P. lenhoseri sp. nov. and P. haswelli have well Paratypes: Nine preserved specimens at the defined black marks of some form on the back, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, versus ill defined in P. funki sp. nov.. Australia, specimen numbers D22286- D22293, P. funki sp. nov. is separated from both P. lenhoseri D44333-D44334 all collected 1.6 km North-east of sp. nov. and P. haswelli by having a Bittern, Victoria, Australia, Latitude -38.3 S., premetamorphasing tadpole that lacks prominent Longitude 145.18 E. black blotches on the muscle of the tail as seen in Diagnosis: Until now, both Paracrinia lenhoseri sp. the other two species. nov. and P. funki sp. nov. have been treated as P. funki sp. nov. has a dark snout tip, versus light in populations of P. haswelli (Fletcher, 1894), with a both P. lenhoseri sp. nov. and P. haswelli. type locality of Jervis Bay in New South Wales, In case it was missed in the above, P. haswelli is Australia. Numerous field surveys by myself across separated from the other two species by the unique the entire known range of putative P. haswelli from combination of not having numerous well defined south-east of Melbourne, along the southern large tubercles scattered across the dorsum that Victorian coastline, into southern New South Wales have distinctive salmon tipped tubercles, at least and along the coast to the mid north coast of New sometimes surrounded by black; a light snout tip; a South Wales, including inspection of many hundreds premetamorphasing tadpole that has prominent black of live specimens of all sex and age as well as blotches on the muscle of the tail. tadpoles at various stages of development has P. haswelli in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on page confirmed that apparently allopatric populations are 626 in all images, Cogger 2014 on page 100 at divergent and in need of species-level recognition. bottom, and online at: The type form appears to be found from about https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ Ourimbah on the New South Wales Central coast, 18226091658/ Latitude 33.2154 S., Longitude 151.225 E., being and about 78 km north of the Sydney Central Business https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ District, south along the NSW coast to the Corunna 16391846764/ State Forest on the New South Wales South Coast, Latitude -36.2799 S., Longitude 150.1261 E. and https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is found from about Kiah in the 3557615613/ Bega Valley of far southern New South Wales, and Latitude -37.15 S., Longitude 149.85 E., across https://www.flickr.com/photos/126237772@N07/ southern Victoria to the lower Mornington Peninsula, 19747508771/ Latitude -38.3 S., Longitude 145.18 E., south-east of Melbourne, Australia. and P. funki sp. nov. occurs north of Newcastle New https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ South Wales (NSW), along the NSW North coast at 17014263685/ least as far north as Nabiac, New South Wales, P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is seen in life in images online Latitude -32.1235 S., Longitude 152.3987 E., with at: further unconfirmed reports and isolated specimens https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ found further north on the New South Wales north 24670657915/ Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 91

and before retiring back to the United Kingdom in his final https://www.flickr.com/photos/127392361@N04/ years, in recognition of his countless contributions to 31472328583/ herpetology over a period spanning more than 3 and decades. https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ PARACRINIA FUNKI SP. NOV. 13708519635/ LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2ECE1824-846D- P. funki sp. nov. is depicted in life online at: 46DF-B941-530B746E24FE https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Australian 3914787034/ Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and specimen number R.184425 collected 3.5 km along the Old Aerodrome Road, Nabiac, New South Wales, https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ Australia, Latitude -32.1235 S., Longitude152.3987 9966826943/ E. This government-owned facility allows access to The three preceding species, forming the entirety of its holdings. the genus Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, 1976 are Paratypes: 1/ Four preserved specimens at the readily separated from all other Myobatrachidae frogs Australian Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, by the following unique suite of characters: Australia, specimen numbers R.184426, R.184427, Average adult size 35 mm in length. Maxillary teeth R.184428 and R.184438 all collected 3.5 km along present. A large frontoparietal foramen in adults. the Old Aerodrome Road, Nabiac, New South Wales, Vomerine teeth are present, although stated as Australia, Latitude -32.1235 S., Longitude152.3987 absent in the original genus description of Paracrinia. E. 2/ Three preserved specimens at the Australian They are in two short rows behind the level of the Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, choanae. Iris golden brown. Head as long as broad specimen numbers R.158044, R.158057 and and slightly depressed; snout somewhat pointed. R.158061 all collected 1 km north north-west of Big Tongue is small, narrow, oval and free at the rear. Gibber Headland, Myall Lakes National Park, New Pupil horizontal. Indistinct tympanum. Toes fringed South Wales, Australia, Latitude -32.4814 S., and without webbing. Phlanges simple, tips of fingers Longitude 152.4055 E. not or only slightly dilated. Terminal phlanges are Diagnosis: Until now, both Paracrinia funki sp. nov. pointed and not T-shaped. No dermal brood and P. lenhoseri sp. nov. have been treated as pouches. Paratoid glands and flank glands either populations of P. haswelli (Fletcher, 1894), with a absent or not visible externally. Belly slightly granular. type locality of Jervis Bay in New South Wales, Dorsal skin smooth or with tubercles, the amount and Australia. Numerous field surveys by myself across size of tubercles varying depending on species, the entire known range of putative P. haswelli from locality and individual frog. south-east of Melbourne, along the southern Dorsal colouration beige to brown above, often with a Victorian coastline, into southern New South Wales strong grey tinge, with irregular darker flecks and and along the coast to the mid north coast of New often with a faint, broad darker band along the middle South Wales, including inspection of many hundreds of the back, that commences between or behind the of live specimens of all sex and age as well as eyes. Some specimens have a narrow pale vertebral tadpoles at various stages of development has stripe, most prominent on the posterior half of the confirmed that apparently allopatric populations are body. There is a black band from the nostril to the divergent and in need of species-level recognition. eye, below the supratympanic ridge to the flanks. The type form appears to be found from about Venter is pale brown with paler spots. There is a Ourimbah on the New South Wales Central coast, bright orange-red patch on the base of each arm, Latitude 33.2154 S., Longitude 151.225 E., being groins and hindside of the thighs (modified from about 78 km north of the Sydney Central Business Cogger 2014). District, south along the NSW coast to the Corunna Tadpoles of both P. haswelli and P. funki sp. nov. are State Forest on the New South Wales South Coast, depicted on pages 627 and 628 of Anstis (2013). Latitude -36.2799 S., Longitude 150.1261 E. Distribution: P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is found from P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is found from about Kiah in the about Kiah in the Bega Valley of far southern New Bega Valley of far southern New South Wales, South Wales, Latitude -37.15 S., Longitude 149.85 Latitude -37.15 S., Longitude 149.85 E., across E., across southern Victoria to the lower Mornington southern Victoria to the lower Mornington Peninsula, Peninsula, Latitude -38.3 S., Longitude 145.18 E., Latitude -38.3 S., Longitude 145.18 E., south-east of south-east of Melbourne, Australia, generally south Melbourne, Australia. or east of the summit of the Great Dividing Range. P. funki sp. nov. occurs north of Newcastle New Etymology: P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is named in honour South Wales, along the NSW North coast at least as of my late father, Leonard (Len) Donald Hoser, born far north as Nabiac, New South Wales, Latitude - in the UK, who spent over 30 years in Australia 32.1235 S., Longitude 152.3987 E., with further Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 92 Australasian Journal of Herpetology unconfirmed reports and isolated specimens found 24670657915/ further north on the New South Wales north coast, and the most northern Australian museum voucher https://www.flickr.com/photos/127392361@N04/ specimen being 20 km north of Coffs Harbour 31472328583/ Latitude -30.083 S., Longitude 153.200 E. and Where each species occurs they are usually https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ abundant and easily found by collectors. 13708519635/ Paracrinia lenhoseri sp. nov., P. funki sp. nov. and P. P. funki sp. nov. is depicted in life online at: haswelli are readily separated from one another as https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ follows: 3914787034/ P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is the only species of the trio to and have numerous well defined large tubercles scattered across the dorsum that have distinctive salmon https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ tipped tubercles, at least sometimes surrounded by 9966826943/ black. The three preceding species, forming the entirety of P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is further separated from the the genus Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, 1976 are other two species by well defined and prominent readily separated from all other Myobatrachidae frogs large salmon coloured blotches or markings on the by the following unique suite of characters: upper surfaces of the hind limbs. Average adult size 35 mm in length. Maxillary teeth Both P. lenhoseri sp. nov. and P. haswelli have well present. A large frontoparietal foramen in adults. defined black marks of some form on the back, Vomerine teeth are present, although stated as versus ill defined in P. funki sp. nov.. absent in the original genus description of Paracrinia. They are in two short rows behind the level of the P. funki sp. nov. is separated from both P. lenhoseri choanae. Iris golden brown. Head as long as broad sp. nov. and P. haswelli by having a and slightly depressed; snout somewhat pointed. premetamorphasing tadpole that lacks prominent Tongue is small, narrow, oval and free at the rear. black blotches on the muscle of the tail as seen in Pupil horizontal. Indistinct tympanum. Toes fringed the other two species. and without webbing. Phlanges simple, tips of fingers P. funki sp. nov. has a dark snout tip, versus light in not or only slightly dilated. Terminal phlanges are both P. lenhoseri sp. nov. and P. haswelli. pointed and not T-shaped. No dermal brood In case it was missed in the above, P. haswelli is pouches. Paratoid glands and flank glands either separated from the other two species by the unique absent or not visible externally. Belly slightly granular. combination of not having numerous well defined Dorsal skin smooth or with tubercles, the amount and large tubercles scattered across the dorsum that size of tubercles varying depending on species, have distinctive salmon tipped tubercles, at least locality and individual frog. sometimes surrounded by black; a light snout tip; a Dorsal colouration beige to brown above, often with a premetamorphasing tadpole that has prominent black strong grey tinge, with irregular darker flecks and blotches on the muscle of the tail. often with a faint, broad darker band along the middle P. haswelli in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on page of the back, that commences between or behind the 626 in all images, Cogger 2014 on page 100 at eyes. Some specimens have a narrow pale vertebral bottom, and online at: stripe, most prominent on the posterior half of the https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ body. There is a black band from the nostril to the 18226091658/ eye, below the supratympanic ridge to the flanks. and Venter is pale brown with paler spots. There is a https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ bright orange-red patch on the base of each arm, 16391846764/ groins and hindside of the thighs (modified from and Cogger 2014). https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Tadpoles of both P. haswelli and P. funki sp. nov. are 3557615613/ depicted on pages 627 and 628 of Anstis (2013). and Distribution: P. funki sp. nov. occurs north of https://www.flickr.com/photos/126237772@N07/ Newcastle New South Wales (NSW), along the NSW 19747508771/ North coast at least as far north as Nabiac, New and South Wales, Latitude -32.1235 S., Longitude https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ 152.3987 E., with further unconfirmed reports and 17014263685/ isolated specimens found further north on the New P. lenhoseri sp. nov. is seen in life in images online South Wales north coast, the most northern at: Australian museum voucher specimen being 20 km https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ north of Coffs Harbour Latitude -30.083 S., Longitude

153.200 E. logical step to take when I was reviewing the Etymology: P. funki sp. nov. is named in honour of taxonomy of the group and hence this formal Dr. Richard Funk of Mesa, Arizona, USA, previously description. of Florida, USA, in recognition of a lifetime’s services The three species are readily separated as follows: and contributions to herpetology and wildlife Metacrinia nichollsi is readily separated from both conservation in general, in particular with regard to other species by the presence of numerous closely- veterinary medicine and procedures. spaced large blunt, irregularly shaped tubercles on METACRINIA BETTYSWILEAE SP. NOV. the middle and lower flanks. By contrast both other LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC305EAA-911A- two species have relatively smooth skin on the mid 4A20-AF1B-CEA50A62B3B4 and lower flanks with widely spaced small pointed Holotype: A preserved 18 mm (snout-vent length / tubercles that are mainly light tipped and encircled by body length) adult specimen at the Western dark in M. bettyswileae sp. nov. and mainly not light Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, tipped and encircled by dark in M. Australia, specimen number R123330 collected from wilhelminahughesae sp. nov.. Mount Shadforth, Western Australia, Australia, While all three species have a dorsum covered with Latitude -34.9678 S., Longitude 117.2797 E. This large blunt tubercles, bumps and welts, those which government-owned facility allows access to its form folds in a linear arrangement are either absent holdings. or very limited in M. nichollsi and M. Paratype: A preserved specimen at the Western wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. but prominent in M. Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, bettyswileae sp. nov.. Australia, specimen number R123331 collected from The dorsum of both M. nichollsi and M. bettyswileae Mount Shadforth, Western Australia, Australia, sp. nov. is generally dark grey or brown, often heavily Latitude -34.9678 S., Longitude 117.2797 E. overlain with red, brown or orange, wheras the Diagnosis: The until now monotypic genus dorsum of M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. is usually Metacrinia Parker, 1940, with the type species distinctly lighter in colour, being mainly beige, light Pseudophryne nichollsi Harrison, 1927 known only brown or a light brownish grey. from south-west Western Australia, is split into three M. nichollsi commonly has an obvious small to species, each being morphologically and genetically medium tympanum, usually of irregular diamond divergent. shape, although specimens without an obvious Three genetically divergent populations in south-west tympanum are also common. In both M. bettyswileae Australia were identified by Edwards (2007). sp. nov. and M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. Only the western, population, identified by her as the absence of a (visible) tympanum appears to be the main population, has an available name, being type usual state. form for the species Metacrinia nichollsi (Harrison, Metacrinia nichollsi in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) 1927), with a type locality of Pemberton, Western on page 617 at top right and middle right and online Australia. See Fig. 4.2 on page 101 of Edwards at: (2007), for exact distributions of each species as https://www.flickr.com/photos/fins72/38930714251/ identified herein. and A second population from the south coast from https://www.flickr.com/photos/fins72/27153941029/ Walpole in the west to Albany in the east in southern M. bettyswileae sp. nov. is depicted in life in Anstis Western Australia, identified by Edwards (2007) as (2013) on page 617 at top left and online at: the “Southcoastal Lineage” is formally named as a https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ new species, M. bettyswileae sp. nov. as is another 30766600206/ outlier population confined to the Stirling Range and National Park north-east of this area, identified by Edwards (2007) as the “Stirling Range Lineage”, https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ formally named herein as M. wilhelminahughesae sp. 27485527484/ nov.. and Edwards (2007) gave various time date estimates for https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ the divergences of each population, but at page 108 29903436420/ estimated the populations of the three clades (named and herein as species) diverged from one another 2.6 to https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ 3.4 million years before present. While recognizing 29934015530/ each as distinct lineages, she did not formally name and any. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ Morphological and genetic divergence of each 30573912057/ lineage, made species level recognition the only and

Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 94 Australasian Journal of Herpetology https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ from south-west Western Australia, is split into three 28099931805/ species, each being morphologically and genetically and divergent. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ Three genetically divergent populations in south-west 43698034250/ Australia were identified by Edwards (2007). and Only the western, population, identified by her as the https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53473984 main population, has an available name, being type form for the species Metacrinia nichollsi (Harrison, and 1927), with a type locality of Pemberton, Western https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41152903 Australia. See Fig. 4.2 on page 101 of Edwards and (2007), for exact distributions of each species as https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43023607 identified herein. The three preceding species within the genus A second population from the south coast from Metacrinia Parker, 1940, constituting the entirety of Walpole in the west to Albany in the east in southern the genus are readily separated from all other Western Australia, identified by Edwards (2007) as Australasian Myobatrachidae frogs by the following the “Southcoastal Lineage” is formally named as a unique suite of characters: A small stubby toad-like new species, M. bettyswileae sp. nov. as is another froglet whose hindlimb when adpressed reaches well outlier population confined to the Stirling Range beyond the tympanum. A large frontoparietal foramen National Park north-east of this area, identified by in adults. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum may be Edwards (2007) as the “Stirling Range Lineage”, present or absent. Tongue small and narrowly oval; formally named herein as M. wilhelminahughesae sp. prevomer much reduced or absent; tongue does not nov.. adhere to the floor of the mouth at the rear; outer Edwards (2007) gave various time date estimates for metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller than the divergences of each population, but at page 108 the inner metatarsal tubercle. No maxillary teeth; no estimated the populations of the three clades (named terminal discs on fingers or toes; belly granular. A herein as species) diverged from one another 2.6 to fold of skin extends back from each eyelid. There is a 3.4 million years before present. While recognizing bright orange, yellow or red glanular spot at the base each as distinct lineages, she did not formally name of each forelimb. Similar spotting is in front of the any. thighs and the hind limbs. Males often have darker Morphological and genetic divergence of each throats (adapted from Cogger 2014). lineage, made species level recognition the only Distribution: M. bettyswileae sp. nov. is confined to logical step to take when I was reviewing the the south coast of south-western Australia from taxonomy of the group and hence this formal Walpole in the west to Albany in the east in Western description. Australia, Australia. The three species are readily separated as follows: Etymology: M. bettyswileae sp. nov. is named in Metacrinia nichollsi is readily separated from both honour of Betty Swile of Sunnyside, Athlone, Cape other species by the presence of numerous closely- Town, South Africa for services to primate welfare. spaced large blunt, irregularly shaped tubercles on METACRINIA WILHELMINAHUGHESAE SP. NOV. the middle and lower flanks. By contrast both other LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB6FD8A6-6AA1- two species have relatively smooth skin on the mid 49F5-97CE-9910AE10F8DD and lower flanks with widely spaced small pointed Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Western tubercles that are mainly light tipped and encircled by Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, dark in M. bettyswileae sp. nov. and mainly not light Australia, specimen number R141980, collected from tipped and encircled by dark in M. Bluff Knoll, Stirling Range National Park, Western wilhelminahughesae sp. nov.. Australia, Australia, Latitude -34.3747 S., Longitude While all three species have a dorsum covered with 118.2381 E. This government-owned facility allows large blunt tubercles, bumps and welts, those which access to its holdings. form folds in a linear arrangement are either absent Paratypes: Ten preserved specimens at the Western or very limited in M. nichollsi and M. Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. but prominent in M. Australia, specimen numbers R141981, R141982, bettyswileae sp. nov.. R141983, R141984, R141985, R141986, R36436, The dorsum of both M. nichollsi and M. bettyswileae R38696, R47774, R47775 all collected from the sp. nov. is generally dark grey or brown, often heavily Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia, overlain with red, brown or orange, wheras the Australia. dorsum of M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. is usually Diagnosis: The until now monotypic genus distinctly lighter in colour, being mainly beige, light Metacrinia Parker, 1940, with the type species brown or a light brownish grey. Pseudophryne nichollsi Harrison, 1927 known only M. nichollsi commonly has an obvious small to Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 95

medium tympanum, usually of irregular diamond of each forelimb. Similar spotting is in front of the shape, although specimens without an obvious thighs and the hind limbs. Males often have darker tympanum are also common. In both M. bettyswileae throats (adapted from Cogger 2014). sp. nov. and M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. Distribution: M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. is absence of a (visible) tympanum appears to be the confined to the Stirling Range National Park of usual state. southern Western Australia, Australia, away from the Metacrinia nichollsi in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) south coastal strip. on page 617 at top right and middle right and online Etymology: M. wilhelminahughesae sp. nov. is at: named in honour of Wilhelmina Hughes (AKA https://www.flickr.com/photos/fins72/38930714251/ Winnie) of Silverton, Cape Town, South Africa for and services to primate welfare. https://www.flickr.com/photos/fins72/27153941029/ A NEW SUBGENUS WITHIN UPEROLEIA GRAY, M. bettyswileae sp. nov. is depicted in life in Anstis 1841. (2013) on page 617 at top left and online at: QUASIUPEROLEIA SUBGEN. NOV. https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:323B9966-627C- 30766600206/ 452C-9147-48BC020DADEA and Type species: Pseudophryne mjobergii Andersson, https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ 1913. 27485527484/ Diagnosis: The genus Uperoleia Gray, 1841, as and defined by Cogger (2014), has been an established https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ genus-level concept for decades as seen by an 29903436420/ essentially identical concept by Cogger et al. (1983). and Since 1983, only Wells and Wellington (1985) have provided a dissenting position, breaking up the genus https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ as accepted, three ways, splitting off two of the more 29934015530/ morphologically divergent groups. and A molecular phylogeny for the genus as recognized https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ by Cogger et al. (1983) and all other authors since, 30573912057/ excluding Wells and Wellington was produced by and Catullo and Keogh (2014). It showed the species https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ within the putative genus Hosmeria Wells and 28099931805/ Wellington, 1985, type species Uperoleia marmorata and laevigata Keferstein, 1867, to have diverged from https://www.flickr.com/photos/wacrakey/ other species within putative Uperoleia about 17 MYA 43698034250/ (see Fig. 5 on page 114). On this basis, the eastern and Australian clade is herein recognized as a genus separate from Uperoleia, comprising the species H. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53473984 laevigata (Keferstein, 1867), H. fusca (Davies, and McDonald and Corben, 1986), H. martini (Davies and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41152903 Littlejohn, 1986), H. shuddafakup sp. nov. and H. and tyleri (Davies and Littlejohn, 1986). https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/43023607 The genus name Prohartia Wells and Wellington, The three preceding species within the genus 1985, type species: Pseudophryne fimbrianus Parker, Metacrinia Parker, 1940, constituting the entirety of 1926 is herein accepted as a valid subgenus within the genus are readily separated from all other Uperoleia on the basis of the molecular results of Australasian Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Catullo and Keogh (2014). This showed a divergence unique suite of characters: A small stubby toad-like of just under 10 MYA from the nominate group of froglet whose hindlimb when adpressed reaches well species within the genus, Uperoleia Gray, 1841, type beyond the tympanum. A large frontoparietal foramen species U. marmorata Gray, 1841 by monotypy. in adults. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum may be The genus name Glauertia Loveridge, 1933, type present or absent. Tongue small and narrowly oval; species Glauertia russelli Loveridge 1933 by prevomer much reduced or absent; tongue does not monotypy is closely related to U. marmorata and is adhere to the floor of the mouth at the rear; outer therefore treated as a synonym of Uperoleia. metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller than Catullo and Keogh (2014) found a divergence the inner metatarsal tubercle. No maxillary teeth; no between relevant species being less than 8 MYA. terminal discs on fingers or toes; belly granular. A Two species within putative Uperoleia were shown by fold of skin extends back from each eyelid. There is a Catullo and Keogh (2014), to be closely related to bright orange, yellow or red glanular spot at the base Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 96 Australasian Journal of Herpetology one another and yet 11 MYA divergent from all other HOSMERIA SHUDDAFAKUP SP. NOV. species in the genus Uperoleia. Pseudophryne LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C51C2B3-1C94- mjobergii Andersson, 1913 and the closely related U. 47D6-9A52-1EA06A8A0087 micromeles Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 form the Holotype: A preserved male specimen at the entirety of the subgenus Quasiuperoleia subgen. nov. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, These two species are readily separated from all Australia, specimen number J86589 collected from other species in the genus Uperoleia Gray, 1841, Thanes Creek, Durikai State Forest, west of including subgenus Prohartia Wells and Wellington, Warwick, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -28.2881 1985, as well as species in the genus Hosmeria S., Longitude 151.6964 E. This government-owned Wells and Wellington, 1985, by the following suite of facility allows access to its holdings. characters: Adults about 25 mm, body length; toes Paratype: A preserved female specimen at the fringed with basal webbing; internarial distance Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, greater than eye-naris distance; skin moderately to Australia, specimen number J86606 collected from very warty above; very prominent parotoid glands Thanes Creek, Durikai State Forest, west of and one or other of: 1/ A few maxillary teeth present Warwick, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -28.2881 (U. micromeles), or 2/ Maxillary teeth present in a S., Longitude 151.6964 E. series and the presence of a distinctive tubercle or Diagnosis: Until now, Hosmeria shuddafakup sp. flap on the heel (U. mjobergi). nov. has been treated as a Queensland, or northern Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and population of H. laevigata (Keferstein, 1867), with a Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated type locality of Randwick (Sydney), New South from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Wales. suite of characters: The genetic study of Clulow et al. (2016) indicated Tongue is small oval and free at the rear; prominent that the northern population of putative “Uperoleia parotoid glands; bright red or orange spots in the laevigata” had species-level divergence from the type groin and back of the knee; there is often a pale, population from further south. Morphological white, yellow or brown patch on the upper arm before evidence confirms this contention and so that taxon it joins the body; maxillary teeth may be present or is named as a new species herein. absent; frontparietal foramen may be present or The two species are separated from one another as absent; prevomer is much reduced or absent; follows: vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges are simple H. laevigata has a dorsum covered with numerous and tips of digits not dilated; inner and outer tightly spaced, small, but prominent orange tipped metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally tubercles that are pointed, but of somewhat irregular developed. shape and in prominent rows on the upper surfaces of the hind legs. The background colour of the upper Distribution: Uperoleia Gray, 1841 is found in most flanks are of a similar greyish brown to the dorsum. parts of continental Australia, with one species The oversized parotoid glands on the back of the known to extend to southern New Guinea near Cape head are more-or-less diamond-shaped but with York, Queensland. rounded edges. Quasiuperoleia subgen. nov. is found in the Pilbara H. shuddafakup sp. nov. has tubercles on the region of Western Australia, to the southern edge of dorsum, but these are moderately, as opposed to the Kimberley bioregion, extending across the tightly-spaced and whereas most if not all are northern Arid zone into the mid-central region of the orange-tipped in H. laevigata, this is not the case for Northern Territory, Australia. H. shuddafakup sp. nov., where some, but not most Both described species are closely related. are orange-tipped. The orange tipped tubercles do Catullo and Keogh (2014) estimated a divergence of not strongly contrast with the greyish or brown 1.22 MYA between both species, based on samples dorsum in H. shuddafakup sp. nov., which is the case from across the ranges of both taxa. for H. laeviagata. There is a fairly obvious Etymology: Quasi- means, “apparently but not demarcation between the darker dorsum and the really”, “seemingly”, or “being partly or almost”, with lighter surface of the upper flank in H. shuddafakup reference to the fact that the said species are almost sp. nov. again in contrast to the state in H. Uperoleia. laeviagata. Content: Uperoleia (Quasiuperoleia) mjobergii The oversized parotoid glands on the back of the (Andersson, 1913) (type species); U. head are more-or-less oval-shaped. (Quasiuperoleia) micromeles Tyler, Davies and Adult male H. laevigata has a generally blackish Martin, 1981. under throat region, versus whitish, but heavily peppered or marbled with black in H. shuddafakup sp. nov.

Images of H. shuddafakup sp. nov. in life can be Distribution: H. shuddafakup sp. nov. occurs in found in Vanderduys (2012) on page 172 at bottom south-east Queensland, north of the ranges on the and online at: NSW, Queensland border, extending at least as far https://www.flickr.com/photos/smacdonald/ north as the Blackdown Tableland National Park. 3201846955/ The distributional limits of H. laevigata is not known, and but believed to include most of New South Wales https://www.flickr.com/photos/rocknvole/6256767734/ east of the flat regions to the west of that state, Images of H. laevigata in life can be found on page extending into far north-east Victoria. 87 of Tyler (1992), on page 125 of Cogger (2014), Etymology: In mid 2019, I was camping in Paul bottom left, Anstis (2013) on page 724 (all images) Woolf’s borrowed car (see etymology for Bufonella and online at: woolfi sp. nov.) by a swamp with a Gidhabal elder of https://www.flickr.com/photos/shaneblackfnq/ the local Aboriginal tribe from Warwick in south-east 15152188723/i Queensland, when a frog next to our parked car and made a penetrating nasal buzz lasting just under half a second and being repeated every 2-3 seconds. He https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ yelled out “shuddafakup”. The froglet I then caught 15121247017/ making this noise is of this taxon and hence the and name. https://www.flickr.com/photos/12742129@N07/ HOSMERIA SHIREENSBOGENSIS SP. NOV. 49103585128/ LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D2010B70-2F80- and 4AD7-9382-EA518001075C https://www.flickr.com/photos/jono_hooper/ Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Australian 27874378436/ Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Both H. shuddafakup sp. nov. and H. laevigata are specimen number R.184120 collected at Heaton Rd separated from all other species within the genera Dam, Wattagan State Forest, New South Wales, Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Hosmeria Wells and Australia, Latitude -32.9934 S., Longitude 151.4455 Wellington, 1985 by the following suite of characters: E. This government-owned facility allows access to Dorsum is grey, olive or brown, with blackish spots, its holdings. bars or reticulations, usually of irregular form; Paratypes: Three preserved specimens at the including a light triangular patch on the head between Australian Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, the eyes and towards the snout (sometimes darker Australia, specimen numbers R.138913, R.138914 edged); and obscure blotches or bands on the limbs, and R.138915 all collected at the corner of Mount in particular the hindlimbs. Maxillary teeth present in Faulk and Heaton Rds, Awaba State Forest, New a well-developed series; two moderate metatarsal South Wales, Australia, Latitude -32.9944 S., tubercles, that are not strongly compressed; no Longitude 151.4455 E. tubercle or flap on the heel; toes fringed and without Diagnosis: Until now, H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. a trace of webbing; chest and abdomen are pale with of New South Wales and South-east Queensland has a strong purplish tinge, especially at the distal parts, been treated as conpsecific with H. fusca (Davies, with at most sparse peppering of darker pigment on McDonald and Corben, 1986), with a type locality of the otherwise whitish ventral surface; the entire Eungella, Queensland and restricted to that general ventral surfaces are smooth, not granular; adult body part of Australia, (mid-eastern Queensland). length of 25 mm or more and the presence of large well-developed oversized parotoid glands. Their ranges abut at the Conondale Range in south- east Queensland (north of Brisbane), with H. Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and shireensbogensis sp. nov. being distributed fairly Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated continuously south of there to the Sydney region in from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following New South Wales in coastal and near coastal areas, suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at and H. fusca north of there, being patchily distributed the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or as far north as the type locality in wetter hilly areas orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there and immediate environs. is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth Adult H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. are readily may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may separated from H. fusca by the presence of a yellow be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or colour inside the thigh (see for example the image in absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil Cogger 2014 at page123), versus reddish orange in rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges colour in H. fusca. Enlarged tubercles on the dorsum are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and of H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. are mainly tipped outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally orange, versus mainly tipped brown in H. fusca. developed. H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. in life is depicted in

Anstis (2013) on page 715 (all images), Cogger Etymology: In mid 2019, I was doing fieldwork on (2014) on page 123, top right and online at: the New South Wales north coast just before visiting https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ a pair of well-known herpetologists, Richard Wells 29280611284/ and Cliff Ross Wellington at a venue somewhere and between Brisbane and Sydney. https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ My wife Shireen Hoser was able to relieve herself at 16992321511/ a public toilet and because it predated the Covid-19 and pandemic, there was still toilet paper available for her to wipe her bottom. While she was relieving her https://www.flickr.com/photos/ianbool/10393353633/ bowels of Paul Woolf’s cooking from the previous few and nights (see etymology for Bufonella woolfi sp. nov.), I https://www.flickr.com/photos/ianbool/10876665173/ jumped a fence and located several specimens of An image of H. fusca in life can be found online at: this frog species. They were hiding under some https://www.flickr.com/photos/reptileshots/ rubbish next to a flooded swamp. In Australia a 24091161397/ swamp is commonly also referred to as a “bog”. Both H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. and H. fusca are Because the place became known as “Shireen’s Bog” separated from all other species within the genera because she also did a “bog” there, it is appropriate Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Hosmeria Wells and that the species be known as H. shireensbogensis Wellington, 1985 by the following suite of characters: sp. nov.. Maxillary teeth are present in a well developed UPEROLEIA (UPEROLEIA) JADEHARRISAE SP. series; there is no tubercle or flap on the heel; the NOV. chest and abdomen are strongly pigmented; parotoid LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6DC0091A-03A7- glands are moderate and they are not or scarcely 426D-B647-4F6F9BC8B627 raised above the surface of the head and neck; there Holotype: A preserved specimen at the South is an absence of two rows of distinctive whitish-yellow Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, tubercles along the upper surface of the forearms Australia, specimen number R23834 collected from and the tubercles on the dorsum are not yellow- 5.8 km east of Victoria River, on the Victoria Highway, tipped (as seen in the morphologically similar Northern Territory, Australia, Latitude -15.60 S., Uperoleia (Prohartia) altissima Davies, Watson, Longitude 131.15 E. This government-owned facility McDonald, Trenerry and Werren, 1993). allows access to its holdings. Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Paratype: A preserved specimen at the South Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Australia, specimen number R23835 collected from suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at 12.9 km east of Victoria River, on the Victoria the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or Highway, Northern Territory, Australia, Latitude -15.60 orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there S., Longitude 131.23 E. is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the Diagnosis: Uperoleia jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth keilleri sp. nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov. have until now may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may all been treated as putative U. borealis Tyler, Davies be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or and Martin, 1981, with a type locality of Lake Argyle absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil Tourist Village, East Kimberley District, Western rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges Australia, Australia. However these taxa are all are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and morphologically distinct from U. borealis of the type outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally form and the evidence of Catullo and Scott Keogh developed. (2014) indicates species-level genetic divergences of Distribution: H. shireensbogensis sp. nov. occurs each as well. The four populations also conform with from New South Wales, north of the Sydney other similarly constrained taxa in the Kimberley/ metropolitan area, along the coast and nearby Victoria River regions of north-west Australia in terms ranges to South-east Queensland at the Conondale of distributions shaped by historical placement of Range north of Brisbane. From there, H. fusca escarpments and drainage basins, including those (Davies, McDonald and Corben, 1986) is patchily during of ice-age maxima. distributed as far north as the type locality (Eungella, U. borealis Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 is near Mackay, Queensland) in wetter hilly areas and effectively confined to the Ord River drainage system immediate environs. The two species may be of far north-east Western Australia. sympatric where their ranges abut. U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is presently only known from Molecular evidence published by Catulla and Scott the collection sites of holotype and paratype near the Keogh (2014) at Fig. 3. indicates species level Victoria River in the Northern Territory and is divergence between the two species as identified presumably constrained to that region. It appears to herein. Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 99

be more similar to U. borealis than the following two colour type of appearance, even though the back is species. also predominatntly covered with blackish pigment. U. keilleri sp. nov. is effectively restricted to the The extremely large parotoid glands of U. lowryi sp. Fitzroy River basin in the south-west Kimberley nov. are not with blackish pigment, but instead beige District and some smaller systems to the north along with about four irregular shaped orangeish blotches the coast, as far north as the Prince Regent River, with blackish peppering at the outer edges, north-west, Western Australia. By contrast the parotoid glands of U. keilleri sp. nov. U. lowryi sp. nov. is similar in most respects to U. are somewhat smaller and of the same blackish keilleri sp. nov. and appears to be found only on colour as the rest of the dorsum. Bigge Island, north-west Kimberley (the type locality) U. lowryi sp. nov. is further separated from U. keilleri and adjacent parts of the mainland in the north-west sp. nov., U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by Kimberley District of Western Australia. having well defined blotches or cross-bands on the The three preceding newly named species are upper surfaces of fore and hind limbs, superimposed separated from U. borealis as follows: on otherwise beige or yellowish surfaces. U. lowryi U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. and U. borealis are of similar sp. nov. is unlike U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and colouration. Both have a generally reddish-brown U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. in that the lower flanks have dorsum, with underlying indistinct darker markings. small scattered darker spots or blotches on an The parotoid glands are light brown to orange in otherwise lighter background. In U. keilleri sp. nov., colour and of different colour to the surrounding U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. the flanks pigment. The dorsum is generally granular, with a grade from the darker dorsal colour to lighter, near small number of larger and blunt tubercles most white at the lower edge and without spots, blotches, common in an irregular line down each side of the or other obvious markings. back, which are not at all distinct due to being the All of U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and U. same colour as surrounding skin. jadeharrisae sp. nov. have tiny pink markings U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has fingers that are not between the eye and the upper axilla of the forearm, fringed, versus fringed slightly in U. borealis. which are distinct in U. keilleri sp. nov. and indistinct U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has parotoid glands glands in the other two species. These markings are absent that rise abruptly from the surrounding skin, versus in U. lowryi sp. nov.. not so in U. borealis. U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has U. borealis in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on page virtually no webbing on the toes, versus slight 705 in all images and Eipper and Rowland (2018) webbing in U. borealis. page 93 at bottom, and online at: U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is also notably different to U. https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ borealis in that the dorsum has bold blackspots or 16359750469/ markings encircling brown tipped tubercles, and bold and black or purplish-black markings on the upper https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ surfaces of the legs, which are not seen in U. 8507485347/ borealis and Contrary to reports in the literature (e.g. Davies https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ 1987), both U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. 16600750347/ do have a mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the and snout and running backwards down the dorsum), being of moderate thickness, but it is of similar colour https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ to the dorsum and very indistinct. 15307440612/ U. keilleri sp. nov. is readily separated from both U. U. keilleri in life is depicted online at: borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by being a https://www.flickr.com/photos/angusmcnab/ generally charcoal blackish coloured frog. A very thin 5977205014/ red mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and and running backwards down the dorsum), is https://www.flickr.com/photos/78180980@N02/ present, which against the charcoal black 7650841344/ background colour of the dorsum, readily separates A specimen morphologically similar to U. lowryi in life this species from U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. from Home Valley Station, Kimberleys, Western nov. as well as U. lowryi sp. nov.. Australia is depicted online at: In turn U. lowryi sp. nov. is separated from U. keilleri https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertwhyte/ sp. nov. by having a very thin white or yellow mid- 14176359167/ vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and All of U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri running backwards down the dorsum), and a dorsum sp. nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov. are separated from all which is mottled and marbled beige and charcoal in other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 colour, giving the frog a somewhat whitish or marble Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 100 Australasian Journal of Herpetology and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the UPEROLEIA (UPEROLEIA) KEILLERI SP. NOV. following suite of characters: Dorsum with numerous LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA772094-AA2E- tubercles, venter smooth; venter whitish, with grey 4D88-8FCA-3BD27EF3BF6B stippling on the throat. Flanks not obviously speckled Holotype: A preserved adult female specimen (29 with brown and white. Thigh, groin and behind knee mm long and 2.2. grams) at the Western Australian markings are orange or reddish. Fourth finger is Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, equal to second. Minimal webbing on toes, being less specimen number R171529 collected from the than half webbed, and toes with broad fringes. Harding Range, West Kimberley District, Western Maxillary teeth absent; metatarsal tubercles are small Australia, Australia, Latitude -16.3231 S., Longitude but prominent. 124.7589 E. This government-owned facility allows I note that previously published keys for the species access to its holdings. U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri sp. Paratypes: Nine preserved specimens at the nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov., all defined by the relevant Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western authors as “U. borealis” are erroneous and will not Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R171516- separate the relevant species from others in the R171522, R171528 and R171529 all collected from genus Uperoleia as defned by them (e.g. Cogger the type locality of the Harding Range, West 2014, who erroneously states on page 119 “no Kimberley District, Western Australia, Australia, indication of pale vertebral stripe” for U. borealis, Latitude -16.3231 S., Longitude 124.7589 E. even though his depicted specimen on page 121 Diagnosis: Uperoleia keilleri sp. nov., U. does in fact have one). jadeharrisae sp. nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov. have until Mentioning of one or more errors in Cogger (2014), now all been treated as putative U. borealis Tyler, should not in any way detract from the overall quality Davies and Martin, 1981, with a type locality of Lake and utility of this magnificent work (and Argyle Tourist Village, East Kimberley District, predecessors) by Cogger and one should realise that Western Australia, Australia. However these taxa are a work of this magnitude, will by definition have all morphologically distinct from U. borealis of the numerous errors for a variety of reasons and type form and the evidence of Catullo and Scott regardless of the best possible intentions by the Keogh (2014) indicates species-level genetic author. divergences of each as well. The four populations Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and also conform with other similarly constrained taxa in Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated the Kimberley/Victoria River regions of north-west from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Australia in terms of distributions shaped by historical suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at placement of escarpments and drainage basins, the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or including those during of ice-age maxima. orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there U. borealis Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 is is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the effectively confined to the Ord River drainage system upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth of far north-east Western Australia. may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is presently only known from be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or the collection sites of holotype and paratype near the absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil Victoria River in the Northern Territory and is rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges presumably constrained to that region. It appears to are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and be more similar to U. borealis than the following two outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally species. developed. U. keilleri sp. nov. is effectively restricted to the Distribution: U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is presently Fitzroy River basin in the south-west Kimberley only known from the collection sites of holotype and District and some smaller systems to the north along paratype near the Victoria River in the Northern the coast, as far north as the Prince Regent River, Territory and is presumably constrained to that north-west, Western Australia. region. U. lowryi sp. nov. is similar in most respects to U. Etymology: U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is named in keilleri sp. nov. and appears to be found only on honour of Jade Leigh Harris of remote Rocklands, in Bigge Island, north-west Kimberley (the type locality) the general area of Mitchell’s Plain in southern Africa and adjacent parts of the mainland in the north-west in recognition of services to welfare of elderly Kimberley District of Western Australia. Africans in remote places and assisting this author in The three preceding newly named species are locating a large number of Cape Cobras Naja nivea separated from U. borealis as follows: Linnaeus, 1758 and other species of fauna in the informal local rubbish tip situated at the west side of U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. and U. borealis are of similar the road at the corner of Jakes Gerwel Drive and colouration. Both have a generally reddish-brown Cape Flats Road. dorsum, with underlying indistinct darker markings.

The parotoid glands are light brown to orange in otherwise lighter background. In U. keilleri sp. nov., colour and of different colour to the surrounding U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. the flanks pigment. The dorsum is generally granular, with a grade from the darker dorsal colour to lighter, near small number of larger and blunt tubercles most white at the lower edge and without spots, blotches, common in an irregular line down each side of the or other obvious markings. back, which are not at all distinct due to being the All of U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and U. same colour as surrounding skin. jadeharrisae sp. nov. have tiny pink markings U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has fingers that are not between the eye and the upper axilla of the forearm, fringed, versus fringed slightly in U. borealis. which are distinct in U. keilleri sp. nov. and indistinct U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has parotoid glands glands in the other two species. These markings are absent that rise abruptly from the surrounding skin, versus in U. lowryi sp. nov.. not so in U. borealis. U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has U. borealis in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on page virtually no webbing on the toes, versus slight 705 in all images and Eipper and Rowland (2018) webbing in U. borealis. page 93 at bottom, and online at: U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is also notably different to U. https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ borealis in that the dorsum has bold blackspots or 16359750469/ markings encircling brown tipped tubercles, and bold and black or purplish-black markings on the upper https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ surfaces of the legs, which are not seen in U. 8507485347/ borealis. and Contrary to reports in the literature (e.g. Davies https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ 1987), both U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. 16600750347/ do have a mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the and snout and running backwards down the dorsum), being of moderate thickness, but it is of similar colour https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ to the dorsum and very indistinct. 15307440612/ U. keilleri sp. nov. is readily separated from both U. U. keilleri in life is depicted online at: borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by being a https://www.flickr.com/photos/angusmcnab/ generally charcoal blackish coloured frog. A very thin 5977205014/ red mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and and running backwards down the dorsum), is https://www.flickr.com/photos/78180980@N02/ present, which against the charcoal black 7650841344/ background colour of the dorsum, readily separates A specimen morphologically similar to U. lowryi in life this species from U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. from Home Valley Station, Kimberleys, Western nov. as well as U. lowryi sp. nov.. Australia is depicted online at: In turn U. lowryi sp. nov. is separated from U. keilleri https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertwhyte/ sp. nov. by having a very thin white or yellow mid- 14176359167/ vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and All of U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri running backwards down the dorsum), and a dorsum sp. nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov. are separated from all which is mottled and marbled beige and charcoal in other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 colour, giving the frog a somewhat whitish or marble and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the colour type of appearance, even though the back is following suite of characters: Dorsum with numerous also predominatntly covered with blackish pigment. tubercles, venter smooth; venter whitish, with grey The extremely large parotoid glands of U. lowryi sp. stippling on the throat. Flanks not obviously speckled nov. are not with blackish pigment, but instead beige with brown and white. Thigh, groin and behind knee with about four irregular shaped orangeish blotches markings are orange or reddish. Fourth finger is with blackish peppering at the outer edges, equal to second. Minimal webbing on toes, being less By contrast the parotoid glands of U. keilleri sp. nov. than half webbed, and toes with broad fringes. are somewhat smaller and of the same blackish Maxillary teeth absent; metatarsal tubercles are small colour as the rest of the dorsum. but prominent. U. lowryi sp. nov. is further separated from U. keilleri I note that previously published keys for the species sp. nov., U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri sp. having well defined blotches or cross-bands on the nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov., all defined by the relevant upper surfaces of fore and hind limbs, superimposed authors as “U. borealis” are erroneous and will not on otherwise beige or yellowish surfaces. U. lowryi separate the relevant species from others in the sp. nov. is unlike U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and genus Uperoleia as defned by them (e.g. Cogger U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. in that the lower flanks have 2014, who erroneously states on page 119 “no small scattered darker spots or blotches on an indication of pale vertebral stripe” for U. borealis, Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 102 Australasian Journal of Herpetology even though his depicted specimen on page 121 Australia, Australia. However these taxa are all does in fact have one). morphologically distinct from U. borealis of the type Mentioning of one or more errors in Cogger (2014) in form and the evidence of Catullo and Scott Keogh this or any other paper by myself (or differences of (2014) indicates species-level genetic divergences of opinion on taxonomy), should not in any way detract each as well. The four populations also conform with from the overall quality and utility of this magnificent other similarly constrained taxa in the Kimberley/ work (and predecessors) by Cogger and one should Victoria River regions of north-west Australia in terms realise that a work of this magnitude, will by definition of distributions shaped by historical placement of have numerous errors for a variety of reasons and escarpments and drainage basins, including those regardless of the best possible intentions by the during of ice-age maxima. author. U. borealis Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 is Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and effectively confined to the Ord River drainage system Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated of far north-east Western Australia. from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is presently only known from suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at the collection sites of holotype and paratype near the the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or Victoria River in the Northern Territory and is orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there presumably constrained to that region. It appears to is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the be more similar to U. borealis than the following two upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth species. may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may U. keilleri sp. nov. is effectively restricted to the be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or Fitzroy River basin in the south-west Kimberley absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil District and some smaller systems to the north along rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges the coast, as far north as the Prince Regent River, are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and north-west, Western Australia. outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally U. lowryi sp. nov. is similar in most respects to U. developed. keilleri sp. nov. and appears to be found only on Distribution: U. keilleri sp. nov. is effectively Bigge Island, north-west Kimberley (the type locality) restricted to the Fitzroy River basin in the south-west and adjacent parts of the mainland in the north-west Kimberley District and some smaller systems to the Kimberley District of Western Australia. north along the coast, as far north as the Prince The three preceding newly named species are Regent River, north-west, Western Australia. This separated from U. borealis as follows: includes inland parts of the Fitzroy River basin and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. and U. borealis are of similar tributaries. colouration. Both have a generally reddish-brown Etymology: U. keilleri sp. nov. is named in honour of dorsum, with underlying indistinct darker markings. Darren Keiller, a well known snake controller based in The parotoid glands are light brown to orange in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, for services to wildlife colour and of different colour to the surrounding conservation and public safety spanning many years. pigment. The dorsum is generally granular, with a UPEROLEIA (UPEROLEIA) LOWRYI SP. NOV. small number of larger and blunt tubercles most LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B2E7BD53-74C4- common in an irregular line down each side of the 48E4-BBC2-555EB388B352 back, which are not at all distinct due to being the Holotype: A preserved 14 mm long specimen at the same colour as surrounding skin. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has fingers that are not Australia, Australia, specimen number R165840 fringed, versus fringed slightly in U. borealis. collected from Bigge Island, West Kimberley District, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has parotoid glands glands Western Australia, Australia, Latitude -14.4833 S., that rise abruptly from the surrounding skin, versus Longitude 125.1667 E. This government-owned not so in U. borealis. U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. has facility allows access to its holdings. virtually no webbing on the toes, versus slight Paratypes: Two preserved specimens at the webbing in U. borealis. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. is also notably different to U. Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R165841 and borealis in that the dorsum has bold blackspots or R165842 collected from Bigge Island, West markings encircling brown tipped tubercles, and bold Kimberley District, Western Australia, Australia, black or purplish-black markings on the upper Latitude -14.4833 S., Longitude 125.1667 E. surfaces of the legs, which are not seen in U. Diagnosis: Uperoleia lowryi sp. nov., U. keilleri sp. borealis. nov. and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. have until now all Contrary to reports in the literature (e.g. Davies been treated as putative U. borealis Tyler, Davies 1987), both U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. and Martin, 1981, with a type locality of Lake Argyle do have a mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the Tourist Village, East Kimberley District, Western Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 103

snout and running backwards down the dorsum), and being of moderate thickness, but it is of similar colour https://www.flickr.com/photos/126002448@N02/ to the dorsum and very indistinct. 15307440612/ U. keilleri sp. nov. is readily separated from both U. U. keilleri in life is depicted online at: borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by being a https://www.flickr.com/photos/angusmcnab/ generally charcoal blackish coloured frog. A very thin 5977205014/ red mid-vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and and running backwards down the dorsum), is https://www.flickr.com/photos/78180980@N02/ present, which against the charcoal black 7650841344/ background colour of the dorsum, readily separates this species from U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. A specimen morphologically similar to U. lowryi in life nov. as well as U. lowryi sp. nov.. from Home Valley Station, Kimberleys, Western Australia is depicted online at: In turn U. lowryi sp. nov. is separated from U. keilleri sp. nov. by having a very thin white or yellow mid- https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertwhyte/ vertebral stripe (commencing from the snout and 14176359167/ running backwards down the dorsum), and a dorsum All of U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri which is mottled and marbled beige and charcoal in sp. nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov. are separated from all colour, giving the frog a somewhat whitish or marble other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 colour type of appearance, even though the back is and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the also predominatntly covered with blackish pigment. following suite of characters: Dorsum with numerous The extremely large parotoid glands of U. lowryi sp. tubercles, venter smooth; venter whitish, with grey nov. are not with blackish pigment, but instead beige stippling on the throat. Flanks not obviously speckled with about four irregular shaped orangeish blotches with brown and white. Thigh, groin and behind knee with blackish peppering at the outer edges, markings are orange or reddish. Fourth finger is By contrast the parotoid glands of U. keilleri sp. nov. equal to second. Minimal webbing on toes, being less are somewhat smaller and of the same blackish than half webbed, and toes with broad fringes. colour as the rest of the dorsum. Maxillary teeth absent; metatarsal tubercles are small but prominent. U. lowryi sp. nov. is further separated from U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. by I note that previously published keys for the species having well defined blotches or cross-bands on the U. borealis, U. jadeharrisae sp. nov., U. keilleri sp. upper surfaces of fore and hind limbs, superimposed nov. and U. lowryi sp. nov., all defined by the relevant on otherwise beige or yellowish surfaces. U. lowryi authors as “U. borealis” are erroneous and will not sp. nov. is unlike U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and separate the relevant species from others in the U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. in that the lower flanks have genus Uperoleia as defned by them (e.g. Cogger small scattered darker spots or blotches on an 2014, who erroneously states on page 119 “no otherwise lighter background. In U. keilleri sp. nov., indication of pale vertebral stripe” for U. borealis, U. borealis and U. jadeharrisae sp. nov. the flanks even though his depicted specimen on page 121 grade from the darker dorsal colour to lighter, near does in fact have one). white at the lower edge and without spots, blotches, Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and or other obvious markings. Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated All of U. keilleri sp. nov., U. borealis and U. from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following jadeharrisae sp. nov. have tiny pink markings suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at between the eye and the upper axilla of the forearm, the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or which are distinct in U. keilleri sp. nov. and indistinct orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there in the other two species. These markings are absent is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the in U. lowryi sp. nov.. upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may U. borealis in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on page be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or 705 in all images and Eipper and Rowland (2018) absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil page 93 at bottom, and online at: rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and 16359750469/ outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally and developed. https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ Distribution: U. lowryi sp. nov. appears to be found 8507485347/ only on Bigge Island, north-west Kimberley (the type and locality) and adjacent parts of the mainland in the https://www.flickr.com/photos/88708273@N03/ north-west Kimberley District of Western Australia in 16600750347/ a region approximately bound by Kalumburu in the

Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 104 Australasian Journal of Herpetology north and Augustus Island in the south and drainage warty bumps on the back, as opposed to including basins flowing westwards from the adjoining surrounding skin in U. crassa. As already noted, the mainland. contrast between these darker spots (in this species) Etymology: U. lowryi sp. nov. is named in honour of and the lighter areas is minimal, versus strong Andrew Lowry of Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia, for contrast between larger dark blotches (as opposed to services to wildlife conservation and herpetology just spots) and pale interspace in U. crassa. spanning several decades. The mainly dull coloured parotoid glands are smaller UPEROLEIA (UPEROLEIA) SHANESCARFFI SP. in size than in U. crassa being mainly greyish in NOV. colour and the lighter top section, while marked beige LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5566E830-1D4B- with an orange flush, is barely distinct from the 4556-A5FF-9BFCE4A0C395 surrounding skin. The upper surface of the upper arm Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Australian has a well defined orange patch on it (usually larger Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and more prominent in females). The upper lip area specimen number R.184324 collected from is mainly grey. Mornington station, Kimberley District, Western Orange spotting at the tips of tubercles scattered Australia, Latitude -17.5108 S., Longitude 126.1068 across the dorsum and upper flanks in U. crassa is E. This government-owned facility allows access to prominent. These spots are either absent, heavily its holdings. reduced or indistinct in U. shanescarffi sp. nov.. Paratypes: Three preserved specimens at the U. shanescarffi sp. nov. from the type locality is Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, depicted in life in Anstis (2013) on page 709 (top Australia, specimen number R.184325-7 collected right), with U. crassa from the type locality of that from Mornington station, Kimberley District, Western species depicted in Anstis (2013) on page 709 in the Australia, Latitude -17.5108 S., Longitude 126.1068 three other photos. E. U crassa in life is also depicted in Cogger (2014) on Diagnosis: Until now, U. shanescarffi sp. nov. has page 134 bottom right, Eipper and Rowland (2018) been treated as a population of U. crassa Tyler, on page 94 (top) and online at: Davies and Martin, 1981 with a type locality of https://www.flickr.com/photos/ianbool/50209194586/ Mitchell Plateau, north-west Kimberley division of and Western Australia. However it is sufficiently https://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisjolly1989/ distinctive and biogeographically divergent to be 24600138628/ recognized as a separate species. Both U. shanescarffi sp. nov. and U. crassa are U. shanescarffi sp. nov. appears to be confined to a readily separated from all other species within the region broadly corresponding to the Fitzroy River genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Hosmeria Wells system in the south and south-west Kimberley and Wellington, 1985 by the following suite of division of Western Australia. U. crassa as herein characters: Diamond-shaped iris. No obvious mid recognized appears to be confined to a region north- vertebral stripe, save for some scattered raised west of here with drainages flowing west and not orange-tipped tubercles more-or-less along the mid meeting the Fitzroy River system, even in times of dorsal line running though an area of beige or cream glacial maxima and lowest sea levels. It appears that without intruding darker blotches seen elsewhere on the relevant region was sufficiently arid in recent the dorsum, in U. crassa (but not in any way in U. geological time frames to keep the populations apart. shanescarffi sp. nov.); no maxillary teeth. Ventral The two species U. shanescarffi sp. nov. and U. surface slightly granular, whitish and without darker crassa are separated as follows: In U. crassa the markings. Inner leg red (U. crassa) or dark orange dorsum is a pale beige colour and well marked with (U. shanescarffi sp. nov.). prominent dark brown blotches and prominent Toes slightly fringed and less than half webbed; orange-tipped tubercles on dorsal and upper lateral Thigh and groin markings red; fourth finger longer surfaces. The upper surface of the upper arm is than second. cream or light yellow. The oversized paratoid gland is Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and cream to beige, and often with a strong orange flush. Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated Upper lip area is mainly cream. from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following U. shanescarffi sp. nov. is a very different looking suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at frog. The colouration of the dorsum is generally dull the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or and with no well defined markings. There is no strong orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there contrast between dark and light makings on the back. is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the The dark pigment is reduced in darkness and upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth intensity and the light is similarly darkened, making may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may the frog a generally dull greyish brown colour. Dark be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or pigment is also reduced in area to only include the absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 105

rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges (darker) in colour, speckled and slightly granular are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and ventral surface and high-pitched rasp as an outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally advertisement call (modified from Doughty and developed. Roberts, 2008). Distribution: U. shanescarffi sp. nov. appears to be Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and confined to a region broadly corresponding to the Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated Fitzroy River system in the south and south-west from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Kimberley division of Western Australia. U. crassa as suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at herein recognized appears to be confined to a region the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or north-west of here with drainages flowing west and orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there not meeting the Fitzroy River system, even in times is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the of glacial maxima and lowest sea levels. It appears upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth that the relevant region was sufficiently arid in recent may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may geological time frames to keep the populations apart. be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or Etymology: U. shanescarffi sp. nov. is named in absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil honour of Shane Scarff of Heckenberg, a suburb in rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges south-western Sydney, in the state of New South are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and Wales, Australia, known for his snake breeding outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally enterprise called Shane’s Aussie Pythons, for developed. services to wildlife conservation in Ausrtralia. Distribution: At the present time U. micra divergans UPEROLEIA (UPEROLEIA) MICRA DIVERGANS subsp. nov. is only known from Katers Island, SUBSP. NOV. Western Australia, Australia, Latitude 14.2656 S., LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:82066330-A9B4- Longitude; 125.3122 E in the north-east Kimberley 4618-810A-AD5832232705 division of Western Australia. However it almost Holotype: A preserved adult male specimen at the certainly also occurs on the adjoining mainland of the Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western same region in association with the relevant drainage Australia, specimen number R164897 collected from systems and presumably constrained by drier Katers Island, Western Australia, Australia, Latitude intermediate zones. 14.2656 S., Longitude; 125.3122 E. Etymology: The subspecies name “divergans” refers Paratype: A preserved adult male specimen at the to this taxon being morphologically divergent from the Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western nominate form. The spelling is deliberate and Australia, specimen number R164898 collected from intentional, is chosen to avoid creating any potential Katers Island, Western Australia, Australia, Latitude homonyms and should not be changed. 14.2656 S., Longitude; 125.3122 E. UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) MARGWEEKSAE SP. Diagnosis: The subspecies Uperoleia micra NOV. divergans subsp. nov. is similar in most respects to LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F8C9E380-10D3- the nominate form of Uperoleia micra Doughty and 457C-9AC1-108DAAF0F846 Roberts, 2008, but is readily separated from that Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Museum and subspecies by having slightly lighter dorsal Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern colouration, being generally medium brown, rather Territory, Australia, specimen number R35075 than dark brown to charcoal in colour and by the collected at McMillans Road, Berrimah, Northern presence of inguinal glands that are an intense Territory, Australia, Latitude -12.438 S., Longitude orange-red colouration. 130.9533 E. This government-owned facility allows Both U. micra divergans subsp. nov. and Uperoleia access to its holdings. micra micra (the nominate form) are readily Paratypes: Two preserved specimens at the separated from all other species within the genera Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Hosmeria Wells and Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, specimen Wellington, 1985 by the following suite of characters: numbers R20706 and R20705 collected from Stage A small body size, presence of maxillary 3, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, teeth, broadly exposed frontoparietal fontanelle, Australia, Latitude -13.083 S., Longitude 132.15 E. slightly tubercular skin on dorsum and upper limbs, Diagnosis: Until now, both Uperoleia margweeksae moderately conspicuous parotoid and inguinal glands sp. nov. and U. grantturneri sp. nov. have been and less developed coccygeal glands, toes basally treated as populations of the widely distributed taxon webbed, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle U. lithomoda Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 with a perpendicular to foot, light to dark brown or charcoal type locality of Spillway Bridge, 11.5 km north-east of coloured dorsal surfaces with small darker spots, Lake Argyle Tourist Village, Western Australia, loreal and lateral zone stippled with bluish-white dots, Australia. pale orange-red femoral patches, sometimes intense Specimens consistent with this putative species are Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 106 Australasian Journal of Herpetology found in a band from the East Kimberley district in U. grantturneri sp. nov.) (N=92) (Davies 1987), Western Australia, across the Northern Territory and making this a distinctively large taxon in the complex. to the western edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Females are also relatively larger in U. margweeksae Mophologically divergent specimens from the top end maximus subsp. nov. as compared to in the other of the Northern Territory in the region of Darwin and species (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and Arnhemland are herein treated as the new species U. U. grantturneri sp. nov.). margweeksae sp. nov.. U. grantturneri sp. nov. comes across as a The morphologically divergent, geographically distinctively whiteish coloured frog. disjunct whitish coloured specimens from the eastern The base colour of the dorsum is whitish, yellow, edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the drier western creamy or beige overlaid with a fairly distinctive parts of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland are herein randomised pattern of dark orange-brown blotches formally named U. grantturneri sp. nov.. and spots. In addition to this there are scattered The three species are readily separated from one orange tipped tubercles mainly on the dorsum and another as follows: U. lithomoda is charactaerised by with other tiny ones on the upper flanks. having a dorsum covered with close spaced large Like in U. lithomoda, there is a thick, sometimes blunt tubercles, sometimes lighter at the highest broken fold of skin along the upper flank, but point. The flanks are brown with numerous tiny, because it is surrounded by similarly coloured yellow, yellow-white tubercles. In males there is a thick and cream or beige skin, it is not seen as an abvious fold prominent broken white fold of skin demarcating the line as in U. lithomoda, where the whitish line is dorsum and the upper flank, commencing on the sharply demarcated from the adjoining chocolate- upper parotoid gland and extending to near the rear brown skin. The dorsum of U. grantturneri sp. nov. is leg. The pigment on either side of this fold is heavily covered with blunt warts, being not as chocolate brown, with the raised blunt tubercles densely packed as seen in U. lithomoda, but more so being reddish brown, but not particularly well defined than seen in U. margweeksae sp. nov.. in terms of colour. U. margweeksae sp. nov. has a bluish-grey iris, A thin, well-defined white or yellow vertebral line runs versus reddish brown in the other two species. from the tip of the snout to about level with the front U. lithomoda has mainly reddish-brown flanks. limbs, at which point it terminates. Anterior of snout is U. margweeksae sp. nov. has mainly greyish flanks. mainly grey. U. grantturneri sp. nov. has mainly whitish flanks. U. margweeksae sp. nov. is readily separated from Premetamorphasing tadpoles of U. lithomoda when U. lithomoda by having a dorsum that is more-or-less viewed from above are a dull greyish background smooth but with scattered and relatively pointed colour, with indistinct darker grey mottling on the tubercles across the dorsum, these becoming tiny on body and a slight darkening at the end of the tail. The the upper flanks. Where in male U. lithomoda there is muscle tissue of the tail is lightly peppered black top a thick and prominent broken white fold of skin and bottom consistently along the length. demarcating the dorsum and the upper flank, this is At the same stage and view U. margweeksae sp. reduced so as to be barely discernable. The nov. tadpoles are yellowish in colour with well-defined reduction is both in the fold itself (no longer as an aras of black pigment. The tip of the snout has a obvious fold) and in colouration in that there is a distinctive short yellow/white bar extending to slight lightening of the zone to yellowish (rather than between the nostrils, the same bar being barely a well defined colour change), but not in any way as distinct in U. lithomoda at the same life stage. The tail a distinctive white and broken line at the top of the tip is heavily pigmented black. The muscle tissue of flank as seen in U. lithomoda. Some of the scattered the tail is heavily peppered black top and bottom tubercles on the dorsum of U. margweeksae sp. nov. consistently along the length. are brightly and distinctly orange-tipped, which is not At the same stage and view U. grantturneri sp. nov. seen in U.lithomoda. tadpoles are generally a light grey colour when The subspecies U. margweeksae maximus subsp. viewed from above and with only limited, but distinct, nov. occurring only on Groote Eylandt, is readily dark blackish flecks or markings, although like in U. separated from U. margweeksae sp. nov., margweeksae sp. nov. the darker markings or flecks U.lithomoda and U. grantturneri sp. nov. by being the are strongly contrasting. The tip of the tail is heavily only taxon in the complex which has significent pigmented black in similar manner to U. amounts of dark peppering and pigment on the margweeksae sp. nov., however in contrast to both ventral surfaces. U. lithomoda and U. margweeksae sp. nov. the The average snout-vent length (body length) of male muscle tissue of the tail is characterised with U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov. is relatively scattered large black spots, as opposed to a huge, being 24.6 mm (N=10), versus a range of 19.0- consistent and continuous blackening of the upper 21.9 mm for all other species and subspecies in the surface. complex (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and U. lithomoda in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 107

page 727 at top left, top right and middle right, Tyler, Etymology: U. margweeksae sp. nov. is named in Smith and Johnstone (1994) on plate 20, at top, and honour of Marg Weeks of Croydon Hills (North online at: Croydon), Victoria, Australia, sometimes known as https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ the “Gorilla Doctor” in recognition of her many years 8486378849/ of service to the female waxing and hair removal U. margweeksae sp. nov. is depicted in life in Anstis industry, including her specialty of removing hair from (2013) on pages 727 bottom right and 728 top left, people’s feet. Cogger (2014) on page 125, bottom right and online UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) MARGWEEKSAE at: MAXIMUS SUBSP. NOV. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ryanfrancis/ LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:822D768C-1321- 32451097512/ 486F-B47C-A94F08C67B4D and Holotype: A preserved specimen at the South https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 49485781717/ specimen number R25467 collected from 2.7 km east U. grantturneri sp. nov. is depicted in life online at: of Angurugu Airport, Groote Eylandt, Northern https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ Territory, Australia, Latitude -13.97 S., Longitude 32481012315/ 136.47 E. This government-owned facility allows and access to its holdings. https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ Paratypes: Four preserved specimens at the South 6835095601/ Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, U. lithomoda, U. margweeksae sp. nov., and U. specimen numbers R25468- R25471 collected from grantturneri sp. nov. are readily separated from all 2.7 km east of Angurugu Airport, Groote Eylandt, other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 Northern Territory, Australia, Latitude -13.97 S., and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the Longitude 136.47 E. following suite of characters: Large parotoid glands Diagnosis: Until now, both Uperoleia margweeksae usually tending to be creamish or cream on the upper sp. nov. and U. grantturneri sp. nov. have been surfaces; venter is cream, except for a blackish rim treated as populations of the widely distributed taxon below the lower jaw; ventral surface is slightly to U. lithomoda Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 with a coarsely granular; belly and abdomen pale with at type locality of Spillway Bridge, 11.5 km north-east of most some sparsely scattered stippling of darker Lake Argyle Tourist Village, Western Australia, pigment; inner thigh is orange (U. lithomoda and U. Australia. grantturneri sp. nov.) or pinkish (U. margweeksae sp. Specimens consistent with this putative species are nov.). Toes without fringes and without or at most a found in a band from the East Kimberley district in trace of basal webbing; Maxillary teeth absent. Western Australia, across the Northern Territory and Internarial distance is less than eye-naris distance. to the western edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Outer metatarsal tubercle is larger than the inner, Mophologically divergent specimens from the top end with both being small but conspicuous; of the Northern Territory in the region of Darwin and Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Arnhemland are herein treated as the new species U. Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated margweeksae sp. nov.. from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following The morphologically divergent, geographically suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at disjunct whitish coloured specimens from the eastern the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the drier western orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there parts of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland are herein is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the formally named U. grantturneri sp. nov.. upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth The three species are readily separated from one may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may another as follows: U. lithomoda is charactaerised by be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or having a dorsum covered with close spaced large absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil blunt tubercles, sometimes lighter at the highest rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges point. The flanks are brown with numerous tiny, are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and yellow-white tubercles. In males there is a thick and outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally prominent broken white fold of skin demarcating the developed. dorsum and the upper flank, commencing on the Distribution: U. margweeksae sp. nov. appears to upper parotoid gland and extending to near the rear be confined to the tropical north of the Northern leg. The pigment on either side of this fold is Territory in the region of Darwin and Arnhemland and chocolate brown, with the raised blunt tubercles presumably extends further east to Groote Eylandt being reddish brown, but not particularly well defined (see description of subspecies from Groote Eylandt in terms of colour. below). A thin, well-defined white or yellow vertebral line runs Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 108 Australasian Journal of Herpetology from the tip of the snout to about level with the front U. lithomoda has mainly reddish-brown flanks. limbs, at which point it terminates. Anterior of snout is U. margweeksae sp. nov. has mainly greyish flanks. mainly grey. U. grantturneri sp. nov. has mainly whitish flanks. U. margweeksae sp. nov. is readily separated from Premetamorphasing tadpoles of U. lithomoda when U. lithomoda by having a dorsum that is more-or-less viewed from above are a dull greyish background smooth but with scattered and relatively pointed colour, with indistinct darker grey mottling on the tubercles across the dorsum, these becoming tiny on body and a slight darkening at the end of the tail. The the upper flanks. Where in male U. lithomoda there is muscle tissue of the tail is lightly peppered black top a thick and prominent broken white fold of skin and bottom consistently along the length. demarcating the dorsum and the upper flank, this is At the same stage and view U. margweeksae sp. reduced so as to be barely discernable. The nov. tadpoles are yellowish in colour with well-defined reduction is both in the fold itself (no longer as an aras of black pigment. The tip of the snout has a obvious fold) and in colouration in that there is a distinctive short yellow/white bar extending to slight lightening of the zone to yellowish (rather than between the nostrils, the same bar being barely a well defined colour change), but not in any way as distinct in U. lithomoda at the stage. The tail tip is a distinctive white and broken line at the top of the heavily pigmented black. The muscle tissue of the tail flank as seen in U. lithomoda. Some of the scattered is heavily peppered black top and bottom consistently tubercles on the dorsum of U. margweeksae sp. nov. along the length. are brightly and distinctly orange-tipped, which is not At the same stage and view U. grantturneri sp. nov. seen in U.lithomoda. tadpoles are generally a light grey colour when The subspecies U. margweeksae maximus subsp. viewed from above and with only limited, but distinct, nov. occurring only on Groote Eylandt, is readily dark blackish flecks or markings, although like in U. separated from U. margweeksae sp. nov., margweeksae sp. nov. the darker markings or flecks U.lithomoda and U. grantturneri sp. nov. by being the are strongly contrasting. The tip of the tail is heavily only taxon in the complex which has significent pigmented black in similar manner to U. amounts of dark peppering and pigment on the margweeksae sp. nov., however in contrast to both ventral surfaces. U. lithomoda and U. margweeksae sp. nov. the The average snout-vent length (body length) of male muscle tissue of the tail is characterised with U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov. is relatively scattered large black spots, as opposed to a huge, being 24.6 mm (N=10), versus a range of 19.0- consistent and continuous blackening of the upper 21.9 mm for all other species and subspecies in the surface. complex (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and U. lithomoda in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on U. grantturneri sp. nov.) (N=92) (Davies 1987), page 727 at top left, top right and middle right, Tyler, making this a distinctively large taxon in the complex. Smith and Johnstone (1994) on plate 20, at top, and Females are also relatively larger in U. margweeksae online at: maximus subsp. nov. as compared to in the other https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ species (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and 8486378849/ U. grantturneri sp. nov.). U. margweeksae sp. nov. is depicted in life in Anstis U. grantturneri sp. nov. comes across as a (2013) on pages 727 bottom right and 728 top left, distinctively whiteish coloured frog. Cogger (2014) on page 125, bottom right and online The base colour of the dorsum is whitish, yellow, at: creamy or beige overlaid with a fairly distinctive https://www.flickr.com/photos/ryanfrancis/ randomised pattern of dark orange-brown blotches 32451097512/ and spots. In addition to this there are scattered and orange tipped tubercles mainly on the dorsum and https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ with other tiny ones on the upper flanks. 49485781717/ Like in U. lithomoda, there is a thick, sometimes U. grantturneri sp. nov. is depicted in life online at: broken fold of skin along the upper flank, but https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ because it is surrounded by similarly coloured yellow, 32481012315/ cream or beige skin, it is not seen as an abvious fold and line as in U. lithomoda, where the whitish line is https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ sharply demarcated from the adjoining chocolate- 6835095601/ brown skin. The dorsum of U. grantturneri sp. nov. is heavily covered with blunt warts, being not as U. lithomoda, U. margweeksae sp. nov. (nominate densely packed as seen in U. lithomoda, but more so form and other subspecies from Groote Eylandt, than seen in U. margweeksae sp. nov.. namely U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov.), and U. grantturneri sp. nov. are readily separated from all U. margweeksae sp. nov. has a bluish-grey iris, other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 versus reddish brown in the other two species.

and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen following suite of characters: Large parotoid glands number J85141 collected near Normanton, 40km E usually tending to be creamish or cream on the upper of Chillagoe turnoff, Queensland, Australia, Latitude - surfaces; venter is cream, except for a blackish rim 17.3157 S., Longitude 141.5153 E. below the lower jaw; ventral surface is slightly to 4/ Two preserved specimens in the Queensland coarsely granular; belly and abdomen pale with at Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen most some sparsely scattered stippling of darker numbers J64934 and J64938 collected at Marsupial pigment; inner thigh is orange (U. lithomoda and U. Ck, via Croydon, Queensland, Australia, Latitude - grantturneri sp. nov.) or pinkish (U. margweeksae sp. 18.2 S., Longitude 142.3 E. nov.). Toes without fringes and without or at most a 5/ Five preserved specimens in the Queensland trace of basal webbing; Maxillary teeth absent. Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen Internarial distance is less than eye-naris distance. numbers J65967, J65968, J65969, J88211 and Outer metatarsal tubercle is larger than the inner, J88212 all collected from the Georgetown-Croydon with both being small but conspicuous; Road, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -18.2436 S., Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Longitude 142.7164 E. Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated 6/ Two preserved specimens in the Queensland from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at numbers J88811 and J88812 both collected at the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or Lagoon Creek, Westmoreland Station, Latitude -17.5 orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there S., Longitude 138.1 E. is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the Diagnosis: Until now, both U. grantturneri sp. nov. upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth and Uperoleia margweeksae sp. nov. have been may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may treated as populations of the widely distributed taxon be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or U. lithomoda Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981 with a absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil type locality of Spillway Bridge, 11.5 km north-east of rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges Lake Argyle Tourist Village, Western Australia, are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and Australia. outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally Specimens consistent with this putative species are developed. found in a band from the East Kimberley district in Distribution: U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov. Western Australia, across the Northern Territory and is only known from Groote Eylandt, Northern to the western edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Territory, Australia and is believed to be an insular Mophologically divergent specimens from the top end subspecies. of the Northern Territory in the region of Darwin and Etymology: U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov. Arnhemland are herein treated as the new species U. is named in reflection of the greater size of the adults margweeksae sp. nov.. of this subspecies as compared to the nominate form The morphologically divergent, geographically and other closely related species. disjunct whitish coloured specimens from the eastern UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) GRANTTURNERI SP. edge of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the drier western NOV. parts of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland are herein LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A43BD3AA-2F5F- formally named U. grantturneri sp. nov.. 4F57-A19F-502B39217662 The three species are readily separated from one Holotype: A preserved specimen in the Queensland another as follows: U. lithomoda is charactaerised by Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen having a dorsum covered with close spaced large number J75722 collected from Forsayth-Georgetown blunt tubercles, sometimes lighter at the highest Road, Queensland, Australia, Latitude -18.3656 S., point. The flanks are brown with numerous tiny, Longitude 143.5228 E. This government-owned yellow-white tubercles. In males there is a thick and facility allows access to its holdings. prominent broken white fold of skin demarcating the Paratypes: 1/ A preserved specimen in the dorsum and the upper flank, commencing on the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, upper parotoid gland and extending to near the rear Australia, specimen number J75729 collected from leg. The pigment on either side of this fold is Forsayth-Georgetown Road, Queensland, Australia, chocolate brown, with the raised blunt tubercles Latitude -18.3656 S., Longitude 143.5228 E. being reddish brown, but not particularly well defined 2/ A preserved specimen in the Queensland in terms of colour. Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, specimen A thin, well-defined white or yellow vertebral line runs number J77533 collected from Kendall River, from the tip of the snout to about level with the front Queensland, Australia, Latitude -13.7422 S., limbs, at which point it terminates. Anterior of snout is Longitude 142.1267 E. mainly grey. 3/ A preserved specimen in the Queensland U. margweeksae sp. nov. is readily separated from Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 110 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

U. lithomoda by having a dorsum that is more-or-less viewed from above are a dull greyish background smooth but with scattered and relatively pointed colour, with indistinct darker grey mottling on the tubercles across the dorsum, these becoming tiny on body and a slight darkening at the end of the tail. The the upper flanks. Where in male U. lithomoda there is muscle tissue of the tail is lightly peppered black top a thick and prominent broken white fold of skin and bottom consistently along the length. demarcating the dorsum and the upper flank, this is At the same stage and view U. margweeksae sp. reduced so as to be barely discernable. The nov. tadpoles are yellowish in colour with well-defined reduction is both in the fold itself (no longer as an aras of black pigment. The tip of the snout has a obvious fold) and in colouration in that there is a distinctive short yellow/white bar extending to slight lightening of the zone to yellowish (rather than between the nostrils, the same bar being barely a well defined colour change), but not in any way as distinct in U. lithomoda at the stage. The tail tip is a distinctive white and broken line at the top of the heavily pigmented black. The muscle tissue of the tail flank as seen in U. lithomoda. Some of the scattered is heavily peppered black top and bottom consistently tubercles on the dorsum of U. margweeksae sp. nov. along the length. are brightly and distinctly orange-tipped, which is not At the same stage and view U. grantturneri sp. nov. seen in U.lithomoda. tadpoles are generally a light grey colour when The subspecies U. margweeksae maximus subsp. viewed from above and with only limited, but distinct, nov. occurring only on Groote Eylandt, is readily dark blackish flecks or markings, although like in U. separated from U. margweeksae sp. nov., margweeksae sp. nov. the darker markings or flecks U.lithomoda and U. grantturneri sp. nov. by being the are strongly contrasting. The tip of the tail is heavily only taxon in the complex which has significent pigmented black in similar manner to U. amounts of dark peppering and pigment on the margweeksae sp. nov., however in contrast to both ventral surfaces. U. lithomoda and U. margweeksae sp. nov. the The average snout-vent length (body length) of male muscle tissue of the tail is characterised with U. margweeksae maximus subsp. nov. is relatively scattered large black spots, as opposed to a huge, being 24.6 mm (N=10), versus a range of 19.0- consistent and continuous blackening of the upper 21.9 mm for all other species and subspecies in the surface. complex (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and U. lithomoda in life is depicted in Anstis (2013) on U. grantturneri sp. nov.) (N=92) (Davies 1987), page 727 at top left, top right and middle right, Tyler, making this a distinctively large taxon in the complex. Smith and Johnstone (1994) on plate 20, at top, and Females are also relatively larger in U. margweeksae online at: maximus subsp. nov. as compared to in the other https://www.flickr.com/photos/23031163@N03/ species (U. margweeksae sp. nov., U.lithomoda and 8486378849/ U. grantturneri sp. nov.). U. margweeksae sp. nov. is depicted in life in Anstis U. grantturneri sp. nov. comes across as a (2013) on pages 727 bottom right and 728 top left, distinctively whiteish coloured frog. Cogger (2014) on page 125, bottom right and online The base colour of the dorsum is whitish, yellow, at: creamy or beige overlaid with a fairly distinctive https://www.flickr.com/photos/ryanfrancis/ randomised pattern of dark orange-brown blotches 32451097512/ and spots. In addition to this there are scattered and orange tipped tubercles mainly on the dorsum and https://www.flickr.com/photos/58349528@N02/ with other tiny ones on the upper flanks. 49485781717/ Like in U. lithomoda, there is a thick, sometimes U. grantturneri sp. nov. is depicted in life online at: broken fold of skin along the upper flank, but https://www.flickr.com/photos/14807473@N08/ because it is surrounded by similarly coloured yellow, 32481012315/ cream or beige skin, it is not seen as an abvious fold and line as in U. lithomoda, where the whitish line is https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ sharply demarcated from the adjoining chocolate- 6835095601/ brown skin. The dorsum of U. grantturneri sp. nov. is U. lithomoda, U. margweeksae sp. nov. (including the heavily covered with blunt warts, being not as single subspecies), and U. grantturneri sp. nov. are densely packed as seen in U. lithomoda, but more so readily separated from all other species within the than seen in U. margweeksae sp. nov.. genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and Hosmeria Wells U. margweeksae sp. nov. has a bluish-grey iris, and Wellington, 1985 by the following suite of versus reddish brown in the other two species. characters: Large parotoid glands usually tending to U. lithomoda has mainly reddish-brown flanks. be creamish or cream on the upper surfaces; venter U. margweeksae sp. nov. has mainly greyish flanks. is cream, except for a blackish rim below the lower U. grantturneri sp. nov. has mainly whitish flanks. jaw; ventral surface is slightly to coarsely granular; Premetamorphasing tadpoles of U. lithomoda when belly and abdomen pale with at most some sparsely Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 111

scattered stippling of darker pigment; inner thigh is Diagnosis: U. minima dispar subsp. nov. is similar in orange (U. lithomoda and U. grantturneri sp. nov.) or most respects to nominate U. minima with a type pinkish (U. margweeksae sp. nov.). Toes without locality of the Mitchell Plateau Region of the North- fringes and without or at most a trace of basal east Kimberley, Western Australia, but separated webbing; Maxillary teeth absent. Internarial distance from that taxon by having a dorsum and upper flanks is less than eye-naris distance. Outer metatarsal that are dark brown, heavily infused with a leaden tubercle is larger than the inner, with both being small grey colour and with closely scattered light brown but conspicuous; tubercles of varying size, versus a similar colouration, Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and but with minimal grey infusion and generally lighter all Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated over the dorsum. Fingers of U. minima dispar subsp. from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following nov. are mainly dark in colour on top versus mainly suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at light (yellowish blotches or wash) in nominate U. the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or minima minima. orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there Both forms of U. minima are readily separated from is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the all other species within the genera Uperoleia Gray, upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth 1841 and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may the following suite of characters: Internarial distance be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or less than eye-naris distance. No maxillary teeth. Toes absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil without fringing or web. Two large metatarsal rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges tubercles. Dorsum is generally drab in colour with are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and little evidence of formation of colour pattern save for outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally numerous small, irregularly shaped and poorly developed. defined darker blotches across the dorsum. The Distribution: U. grantturneri sp. nov. appears to be dorsum and upper flanks are covered in closely confined to the eastern edge of the Gulf of scattered light brown tubercles of varying size. Bright Carpentaria and the drier, mainly western parts of red patches in the groin and behind the knee. Venter Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. whitish, but suffused with grey on the throat, chest Etymology: U. grantturneri sp. nov. is named in and lower flanks. Skin is moderately granular on the honour of Grant Turner of Innisfail, North belly. Moderate-sized parotoid glands. Average adult Queensland, Australia, formerly of Bundoora, size is about 20-26 mm (snout-vent). Victoria, Australia, in recognition of a lifetime of Frogs in the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and significant contributions to herpetology in Australia, Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985, are separated through numerous major scientific works and also from all other Myobatrachidae frogs by the following recognizing his invaluable (always unpaid and difficult suite of characters: Tongue is small oval and free at for him) assistances to myself, Rob Valentic and the rear; prominent parotoid glands; bright red or other herpetologists in numerous extremely intensive orange spots in the groin and back of the knee; there and demanding fieldwork projects across Victoria in is often a pale, white, yellow or brown patch on the the late 1980’s and 1990’s. upper arm before it joins the body; maxillary teeth UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) MINIMA DISPAR may be present or absent; frontparietal foramen may SUBSP. NOV. be present or absent; prevomer is much reduced or LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FEA212C1-EE72- absent; vomerine teeth are small or absent; pupil 41ED-8CB0-4A27BAAAAB12 rhomboidal; tympanum is hidden; terminal phlanges are simple and tips of digits not dilated; inner and Holotype: A preserved male specimen (snout-vent outer metatarsal tubercles are more or less equally 26 mm, weight 1.3 grams) at the Western Australian developed. Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, specimen number R169936 collected from the Distribution: U. minima dispar subsp. nov. is known Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, which prior to 2020 only from the area of the type locality being the were known as the King Leopold Ranges, Western Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, which prior to 2020 Australia, Australia, Latitude -17.4943 S., Longitude were known as the King Leopold Ranges, Western 125.7537 E. This government-owned facility allows Australia, Australia, Latitude 17.4943 S., Longitude access to its holdings. 125.7537 E. Paratypes: Two preserved specimens at the Etymology: In Latin “dispar” means different, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western referring to the subtle differences between the two Australia, Australia, specimen numbers R169934 and UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) GEDYEI SP. NOV. R169935 collected from the Wunaamin Miliwundi LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F6A45E8-C7F1- Ranges, which prior to 2020 were known as the King 4EB6-849F-313BB8CC5690 Leopold Ranges, Western Australia, Australia, Holotype: A preserved specimen (whole animal, Latitude 17.4943 S., Longitude 125.7537 E. cleaned and stained in ethanol) at the Museum of

Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, overlaid with scattered darker blotches or spots. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, specimen number Paler blotches or spots are on the parotoid glands, MCZ Herp A-106605, collected from near Morehead, which are smaller in size than some other members Western Province, Papua New Guinea, Latitude - of the genus. Dorsum is more-or-less smooth with 8.7137 S., Longitude 141.6416 E. This facility allows numerous moderately spaced, moderately sized access to its holdings. tubercles, with relatively indistinct, but lighter tips. Diagnosis: The species Uperoleia gedyei sp. nov. Reddish-orange patches in the groin and behind only presently known from southern Papua New each knee. Cream or dirty white below, in turn Guinea near the Irian Jaya border is similar in most peppered with dark grey or brown. Venter, smooth or respects to U. mimula Davies, McDonald and slightly granular, except in U. rossignolii sp. nov. Corben, 1986, type locality of Lakefield Ranger where it is coarsely granular. Station, far north Queensland, which it would Distribution: Uperoleia gedyei sp. nov. is only known otherwise be identified as and has been to date (e.g. from the type locality and environs, being near Davies 1987, Cogger 2014). Morehead, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, It is readily distinguished from that species, U. Latitude -8.7137 S., Longitude 141.6416 E. mimula from the eastern side of Cape York in far Diagnosis: The species Uperoleia gedyei sp. nov. is north Queensland, being found from Torres Strait to named in honour of Andrew Gedye of Bentley Park, a at least as far south as the Paluma Range and suburb of Cairns, North Queensland, Australia, potentially south as far as Mackay and the new formerly of Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia, a well species U. rossignolii sp. nov., previously treated as known breeder of rare and threatened species of a population of U. mimula, currently only known from snakes, in recognition of contributions to herpetology Townsville Town Common, Townsville, by the in Australia spanning some decades. He has also presence of extremely prominent and raised inguinal conducted herpetological fieldwork in Papua New and femoral patches, which are not seen in either Guinea in recent years. species or for that matter in the morphologically UPEROLEIA (PROHARTIA) ROSSIGNOLII SP. similar species U. lithomoda Tyler, Davies and Martin, NOV. 1981, U. grantturneri sp. nov. and U. margweeksae LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB296CE3-258B- sp. nov. (including subspecies). 4229-A60D-E0F31CBEFA9A U. rossignolii sp. nov. is separated from each of U. Holotype: A preserved specimen at the South mimula and U. gedyei sp. nov. by having coarsely Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, granular ventral skin, versus only slightly granular in Australia, specimen number R29628 collected from the other two species, as well as a unique crescentric Townsville Town Common, Townsville, Queensland, indentation on the anterior edge of the nasals not Australia. This government-owned facility allows seen in either of the other two species. The access to its holdings. frontoparietal fontanelle is poorly exposed in U. Paratypes: 12 preserved specimens at the South rossignolii sp. nov. versus moderately to well Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, exposed in both U. mimula and U. gedyei sp. nov.. Australia, specimen numbers R29629-R29640 U. rossignolii sp. nov. is depicted in life, showing collected from Townsville Town Common, Townsville, diagnostic characters online at: Queensland, Australia. https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ Diagnosis: Uperoleia rossignolii sp. nov. and U. 6955419823/ gedyei sp. nov. have both until now been treated as and aberrant populations at the southern and northern https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ extremities of the known range of the putative 8516088374/ species U. mimula Davies, McDonald and Corben, and: 1986, type locality of Lakefield Ranger Station, far https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ north Queensland. 8514973181/ The species Uperoleia gedyei sp. nov. only presently All of U. mimula, U. gedyei sp. nov. and U. rossignolii known from southern Papua New Guinea near the sp. nov. are readily separated from all other species Irian Jaya border is similar in most respects to U. within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and mimula which it would otherwise be identified as and Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the has been to date (e.g. Davies 1987, Cogger 2014). following suite of characters: Outer metatarsal It is readily distinguished from that species, U. tubercle is large, raised and conspicuous and inner mimula from the eastern side of Cape York in far one also well developed. Internarial distance is less north Queensland, being found from Torres Strait to than the eye-naris distance. No maxillary teeth. Toes at least as far south as the Paluma Range and fringed and with a small amount of basal webbing. potentially south as far as Mackay and the new Dorsal body pattern usually not well developed, but species U. rossignolii sp. nov., previously treated as generally drab and consisting of a light background a population of U. mimula, currently only known from

Townsville Common, by the presence of extremely MIXOPHYES (QUASIMIXOPHYES) HOSERAE prominent and raised inguinal and femoral patches, JACKYAE SUBSP. NOV. which are not seen in either species or for that matter LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0FFABA9C-5F7F- in the morphologically similar species U. lithomoda 433A-A21F-EC900C65115C Tyler, Davies and Martin, 1981, U. grantturneri sp. Holotype: A preserved male specimen at the nov. and U. margweeksae sp. nov. (including National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, subspecies). Australia, specimen number D43725, collected from U. rossignolii sp. nov. is separated from each of U. 46.7 km North of Cann River, East Gippsland, mimula and U. gedyei sp. nov. by having coarsely Victoria, Australia. Latitude -37.3 S., Longitude granular ventral skin, versus only slightly granular in 149.18 S. This facility allows access to its holdings. the other two species, as well as a unique crescentric Paratypes: Five preserved specimens at the indentation on the anterior edge of the nasals not National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, seen in either of the other two species. The Australia, specimen numbers D43726, D43729, frontoparietal fontanelle is poorly exposed in U. D43742, D43743 and D43744 all from roughly 47 km rossignolii sp. nov. versus moderately to well North of Cann River, East Gippsland, Victoria, exposed in both U. mimula and U. gedyei sp. nov.. Australia. Latitude -37.3 S., Longitude 149.18 S. U. rossignolii sp. nov. is depicted in life, showing Diagnosis: Until 2020 Mixophyes (Quasimixophyes) diagnostic characters online at: hoserae Hoser, 2020 had been treated as a southern https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ population of the well-known species M. 6955419823/ (Quasimixophyes) balbus Straughan, 1968. and All three species in the subgenus Quasimixophyes https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ Hoser, 2020 are separated from the nominate 8516088374/ subgenus of Mixophyes Günther, 1864 by having a and: grey (not whitish) upper lip and areas of darker https://www.flickr.com/photos/euprepiosaur/ pigment being prominent on the upper lip, versus a 8514973181/ pale creamy-white upper lip without obvious darker All of U. mimula, U. gedyei sp. nov. and U. rossignolii blotches in Mixophyes. sp. nov. are readily separated from all other species The subgenus Feremixophyes Hoser, 2020 is readily within the genera Uperoleia Gray, 1841 and separated from the other two subgenera within Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985 by the Mixophyes Günther, 1864, namely Mixophyes and following suite of characters: Outer metatarsal Quasimixophyes Hoser, 2020 by the following two tubercle is large, raised and conspicuous and inner characters: The length of the inner metatarsal one also well developed. Internarial distance is less tubercule is approximately half the length of the first than the eye-naris distance. No maxillary teeth. Toes toe versus nearly equal to the length in the other two fringed and with a small amount of basal webbing. subgenera and the webbing between the toes Dorsal body pattern usually not well developed, but extends to the second most distal joint of the fourth generally drab and consisting of a light background toe. The web extends to the third most distal joint of overlaid with scattered darker blotches or spots. the fourth toe in the other two subgenera and to the Paler blotches or spots are on the parotoid glands, terminal disc of the fourth toe in Oxyslop gen. nov.. which are smaller in size than some other members Feremixophyes Hoser, 2020 can be separated from of the genus. Dorsum is more-or-less smooth with Paramixophyes Hoser, 2016 by having a few or no numerous moderately spaced, moderately sized scattered dark spots on the side versus a broad zone tubercles, with relatively indistinct, but lighter tips. of numerous dark spots on the side. Reddish-orange patches in the groin and behind Feremixophyes can also be distinguished from each knee. Cream or dirty white below, in turn Oxyslop Hoser, 2020 by the absence of an peppered with dark grey or brown. Venter, smooth or uninterrupted narrow vertebral stripe extending from slightly granular, except in U. rossignolii sp. nov. between the eyes to just above the vent. where it is coarsely granular. Within Quasimixophyes Hoser, 2020 the species M. Distribution: Uperoleia rossignolii sp. nov. is only (Quasimixophyes) fleayi Corben and Ingram, 1987 is currently known from the type locality being the separated from the other two species M. Townsville Town Common, Townsville, Queensland, (Quasimixophyes) balbus Straughan, 1968 and M. Australia. (Quasimixophyes) hoserae Hoser, 2020 by having Etymology: Uperoleia rossignolii sp. nov. is named well-defined dark cross bands on the limbs, which in honour of Federico Rossignoli of Hurtbridge, also widen posteriorly to form dark triangles that are Victoria, Australia, previously of North Ringwood, visible from below, as well as an evenly spaced Victoria, Australia, in recognition of his services to series of conspicuous black spots or blotches on the herpetology and wildlife conservation spanning some side, versus ill-defined cross bands on the forelimbs decades. and only moderately well-defined on the upper hind Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 114 Australasian Journal of Herpetology limbs in the other two species and dark spots or subspecies M. hoserae hoserae Hoser, 2020 is found blotches on the side being either infrequent and north of the Kangaroo Valley. irregular (in M. balbus Straughan, 1968) or absent (in Etymology: Named in honour of my daughter, Jacky M. hoserae Hoser, 2020). Indigo Hoser, who as of late 2020 was aged 19, in M. balbus is further separated from M. hoserae by recognition of services to wildlife conservation in her having a broad, irregular, or broken band or patches first 19 years of life, including assisting in Scientific forming a band, running down the middle of the back. Research projects in various locations around the This is not the case for M. hoserae. world, and educating the public via the Reptile Party The subspecies M. hoserae jackyae subsp. nov. is and Snake Catcher (TM/R) businesses. found south of Ulladulla, along the coast and nearby MYOBATRACHINI TRIBE NOV. ranges of New South Wales, Australia to just south of LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:86EEB328-06CB- the Victorian border in East Gippsland, whereas the 4104-978A-A223B88356CE allopatric nominate subspecies M. hoserae hoserae Type genus: Myobatrachus Schlegel, 1850. Hoser, 2020 is found north of the Kangaroo Valley. Diagnosis: Frogs within genera in the tribe M. hoserae jackyae subsp. nov. is separated from Myobatrachini tribe nov. are separated from all other nominate M. hoserae hoserae by having a noticeably species within the family Myobatrachidae by the thickened black bar anterior to and posterior to the following unique suite of characters: Tongue not eye, running along the upper margin from behind the adhering to the floor of the mouth at the rear; tongue nostril, over the eye, the top of the ear and posterior is small and/or narrowly oval. Maxillary teeth absent. to it. The same bar is noticeably thinner in both M. Prevomer is much reduced or absent; outer hoserae hoserae and M. balbus. metatarsal tubercle if present is much smaller than The darker banding on the upper surfaces of the the inner metatarsal tubercle; no terminal discs on forearms is wider than the lighter interspaces, in fingers or toes (Genera: Myobatrachus Schlegel, contrast to both M. hoserae hoserae and M. balbus, 1850; Bufonella Girard, 1853; Crottyphryne gen. nov.; where the lighter interspaces are wider. This banding Kankanophryne Heyer and Liem, 1976; Metacrinia also extends all the way across the top of the forearm Parker, 1940; Oxyphryne gen. nov.; Pseudophryne in M. hoserae jackyae sp. nov. as opposed to not Fitzinger, 1843; Sloppophryne gen. nov.), or: as for doing so in both M. hoserae hoserae and M. balbus. previous except for the following: Lacking vomerine Adult M. hoserae jackyae subsp. nov. is a teeth; maxillary teeth present; a massive pectoral distinctively pinkish brown coloured frog on the girdle; reduced digits; colourless and translucent skin dorsum, with underparts whitish with a slight pinkish on the snout tip; no extensive areas of dark pigment tinge. The upper lip beneath the eye is heavily on the ventral surface. The skin around the body darkened, with dark blackish pigment, dark peppering forms a loose sac which extends to the elbow and or both. knee (Genus: Arenophryne Tyler, 1976). Lower flanks of M. hoserae jackyae subsp. nov. are a Distribution: Most parts of the southern half of whitish pink in colour, versus yellowish in both M. mainland Australia and Tasmania, except extremely hoserae hoserae and M. balbus. flat arid zones. Both M. fleayi and M. balbus have a prominent Content: Myobatrachus Schlegel, 1850 (type genus); silvery white to blue crescent on top of the iris, Arenophryne Tyler, 1976; Bufonella Girard, 1853; whereas this is either indistinct or absent in M. Crottyphryne gen. nov.; Kankanophryne Heyer and hoserae sp. nov. (both subspecies). Liem, 1976; Metacrinia Parker, 1940; Oxyphryne gen. An image of living M. hoserae can be found on page nov.; Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843; Sloppophryne 29 of Hoser (1989) in the top image or alternatively in gen. nov.. Anstis (2013) on page 425 at top right in amplexus. OXYPHRYNEINA SUBTRIBE NOV. An image of living M. balbus can be seen in Anstis LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB3734E1-8F71- (2013) on page 425 in the top left image and bottom 4EAA-91EA-6992EF1039F3 right image. Type genus: Oxyphryne gen. nov. Images of living M. fleayi in life can be found in Anstis Diagnosis: Frogs in the subtribe Oxyphryneina (2013) at page 440 (top three images). subtribe nov. are readily separated from the nominate An image of living M. hoserae jackyae subsp. nov. subtribe Myobatrachina subtribe nov. by having short can be seen online at: limbs that are more-or less normal, the adpressed https://canberra.naturemapr.org/Species/15417 hindlimb reaching the tympanic region or beyond and Distribution: The subspecies M. hoserae jackyae a smooth ventral surface. subsp. nov. is found south of Ulladulla, along the Frogs within genera in the tribe Myobatrachini tribe coast and nearby ranges of New South Wales, nov. are separated from all other species within the Australia to just south of the Victorian border in East family Myobatrachidae by the following unique suite Gippsland, whereas the allopatric nominate of characters: Tongue not adhering to the floor of the

mouth at the rear; tongue is small and/or narrowly SPICOSPINAINA SUBTRIBE NOV. oval. Maxillary teeth absent. Prevomer is much LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:13FF82AF-7BB7- reduced or absent; outer metatarsal tubercle if 4E5C-9D84-B98C351006B8 present is much smaller than the inner metatarsal Type genus: Spicospina Roberts, Horwitz, Wardell- tubercle; no terminal discs on fingers or toes Johnson, Maxon and Mahony, 1997. (Genera: Myobatrachus Schlegel, 1850; Bufonella Frogs in the subtribe Spicospinaina subtribe nov. Girard, 1853; Crottyphryne gen. nov.; are readily separated from species within the Kankanophryne Heyer and Liem, 1976; Metacrinia nominate subtribe Uperoleiaina subtribe nov., the Parker, 1940; Oxyphryne gen. nov.; Pseudophryne only other tribe within Uperoleiaini tribe nov. and all Fitzinger, 1843; Sloppophryne gen. nov.), or: as for other Myobatrachidae species by the following previous except for the following: Lacking vomerine unique suite of characters: Tongue not adhering to teeth; maxillary teeth present; a massive pectoral the floor of the mouth at the rear; tongue is small girdle; reduced digits; colourless and translucent skin and/or narrowly oval; prevomer much reduced or on the snout tip; no extensive areas of dark pigment absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or absent. Dermal on the ventral surface. The skin around the body brood pouches absent. Parotoid present and evident forms a loose sac which extends to the elbow and externally; no prevomer or vomerine teeth; terminal knee (Genus: Arenophryne Tyler, 1976). phlanges pointed, not T-shaped. Tips of fingers and The nominate subtribe Myobatrachina subtribe nov. is toes lack distinct discs. First finger is normal, or if also formally defined within this diagnosis. vestigial, there is no dorsolateral skin fold. No outer Distribution: Most parts of the southern half of metatarsal tubercle. Maxillary teeth present. No loose mainland Australia and Tasmania, except extremely sac of skin around the body; very dark brown or black flat arid zones. above; throat, chest and feet bright orange; belly and Content: Oxyphryne gen. nov. (type genus); undersides of limbs are bright blue, overlain with a Bufonella Girard, 1853; Crottyphryne gen. nov.; blackish reticulum Kankanophryne Heyer and Liem, 1976; Species within the subtribe Uperoleiaina subtribe nov. Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843; Sloppophryne gen. are in turn separated from all species within nov.. Uperoleiaini tribe nov. (only the monotypic species, UPEROLEIAINI TRIBE NOV. Spicospina flammocaerulea Roberts, Horwitz, LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BEAA6AB-8585- Wardell-Johnson, Maxon and Mahony, 1997) and all 4AD2-97F9-F75E293268D3 other Myobatrachidae by the following unique suite of Type genus: Uperoleia Gray, 1841. characters: Tongue not adhering to the floor of the Diagnosis: Species within the genera within the tribe mouth at the rear; tongue is small and/or narrowly Uperoleiaini tribe nov. are readily separated from all oval; prevomer much reduced or absent; vomerine other species within the family Myobatrachidae by the teeth vestigial or absent. Inner and outer metatarsal following unique suite of characters: tubercles more or less equally developed. Tongue not adhering to the floor of the mouth at the The nominate subtribe Uperoleiaina subtribe nov. is rear; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; prevomer also formally defined within this diagnosis. much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or Content: Spicospina Roberts, Horwitz, Wardell- absent, and one or other of the following unque Johnson, Maxon and Mahony, 1997 (monotypic). suites of characters: 1/ Inner and outer metatarsal WELLINGTONDELLAINI TRIBE NOV. tubercles more or less equally developed (subtribe LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:171D5B31-A64A- Uperoleiaina subtribe nov.), or: 2/ Dermal brood 4E37-8DD0-9B6600ABBE98 pouches absent. Parotoid glands present and evident Type genus: Wellingtondella gen. nov. externally; no prevomer or vomerine teeth; terminal Diagnosis: Species within the tribe phlanges pointed, not T-shaped. Tips of fingers and Wellingtondellaini tribe nov. are readily separated toes lack distinct discs. First finger is normal, or if from all other species within the family vestigial, there is no dorsolateral skin fold. No outer Myobatrachidae by the following unique suite of metatarsal tubercle. Maxillary teeth present. No loose characters: sac of skin around the body; very dark brown or black Tongue not adhering to the floor of the mouth at the above; throat, chest and feet bright orange; belly and rear; tongue is small and/or narrowly oval; prevomer undersides of limbs are bright blue, overlain with a much reduced or absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or blackish reticulum (subtribe Spicospinaina subtribe absent. maxillary teeth present; small terminal discs nov.), absent; terminal phlanges are pointed, not T-shaped, Distribution: Most parts of mainland Australia. and one or other of the following three suites of Content: Uperoleia Gray, 1841 (type genus); characters: 1/ Dermal inguinal brood pouches Hosmeria Wells and Wellington, 1985; Spicospina present in males; first finger vestigial; a faint to Roberts, Horwitz, Wardell-Johnson, Maxon and conspicuous dermal skin fold that extends back from Mahony, 1997. the supratympanic region, often sharply demarcating Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 116 Australasian Journal of Herpetology the contrasting dorsal and lateral colours (Genus (Genera Wellingtondella gen. nov., Geocrinia Blake, Assa Tyler, 1972), or 2/ No dermal brood pouches 1973). present; first finger normal, or if vestigial, there is no The nominate subtribe Wellingtondellaina subtribe dorsol-lateral skin fold. Vomerine teeth, small but nov. is also formally defined within this diagnosis. present. Belly smooth (Genera Wellingtondella gen. Distribution: Coastal areas of south-east Australia, nov., Geocrinia Blake, 1973), or 3/ Vomerine teeth extending from south-east of Melbourne, Victoria present and conspicuous, behind the level of the (The Mornington Peninsula), along the coast and choanae; Granular belly. Parotoid glands and flank nearby range areas to the lower north coast of New glands are absent or not evident externally. Toes South Wales, north of Newcastle and south of the broadly fringed (Genus Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, Queensland border. 1976 forming the subtribe Paracriniaina subtribe Content: Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, 1976 (herein nov.). treated as including at least three species). Distribution: Wetter parts of south-east and south- CRINIAINI TRIBE NOV. west Australia, extending as far north as south-east LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA86A910-CAA8- Queensland in the east. 4A34-BAEB-B1BC7B924176 Content: Wellingtondella gen. nov. (type genus); Type genus: Crinia Tschudi, 1838. Geocrinia Blake, 1973; Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, 1976. Diagnosis: Species of frogs within the tribe Criniaini tribe nov. are readily separated from from all other PARACRINIAINA SUBTRIBE NOV. species within the family Myobatrachidae by the LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DAF69A89-4A03- following unique suite of characters: Tongue not 4247-96B1-3EF4C01EB6D4 adhering to the floor of the mouth at the rear; tongue Type genus: Paracrinia Heyer and Liem, 1976. is small and/or narrowly oval; prevomer much Diagnosis: Species within the subtribe Paracriniaina reduced or absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or subtribe nov. are separated from all other species absent. maxillary teeth present; small terminal discs within tribe Wellingtondellaini tribe nov. and from all absent; terminal phlanges are pointed, not T-shaped. other species within the family Myobatrachidae by the No vomerine teeth, although sometimes rarely following unique suite of characters: Tongue not present, but if so, then very inconspicuous and in the adhering to the floor of the mouth at the rear; tongue form of small clusters or short rows. Tympanum is small and/or narrowly oval; prevomer much usually hidden or otherwise indistinct. Skin on belly is reduced or absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or coarsely granular. Parotoid glands and flank glands absent. maxillary teeth present; small terminal discs are absent or not evident externally. A large absent; terminal phlanges are pointed, not T-shaped. frontoparietal foramen in adults. Toes without fringes, Vomerine teeth present and conspicuous, behind the or if present only narrow. level of the choanae; Granular belly. Parotoid glands The genus Crinia Tschudi, 1838 as defined herein and flank glands are absent or not evident externally. includes six well-defined and divergent subgenera, Toes broadly fringed (Genus Paracrinia Heyer and as defined elsewhere in this paper, especially with Liem, 1976 forming the entirety of the subtribe respect of those newly named ones, that all may Paracriniaina subtribe nov.). ultimately warrant being split into full genera. Species within the subtribe Wellingtondellaina Distribution: Most of mainland Australia, including subtribe nov. are separated from all other species Tasmania, except for the most arid regions. Known within the only other subtribe in the tribe, being from southern New Guinea near the closest area to Paracriniaina subtribe nov. and from all other species the Cape York Peninsula. within the family Myobatrachidae by the following Content: Crinia Tschudi, 1838 (monotypic as unique suite of characters: Tongue not adhering to identified herein, but including defined subgenera). the floor of the mouth at the rear; tongue is small REFERENCES CITED and/or narrowly oval; prevomer much reduced or Agassiz, L. 1846. Nomenclator Zoologicus Continens absent; vomerine teeth vestigial or absent. maxillary Nomina Systematica Generum Animalium tam teeth present; small terminal discs absent; terminal Viventium quam Fossilium, . . . Fasicle 12 (Indicem phlanges are pointed, not T-shaped, and one or other Universalem). Soloduri: Jent et Gassmann. of the following two suites of characters: 1/ Dermal inguinal brood pouches present in males; first finger Ananjeva, N. B., Borkin, L. J., Darevsky, I. S. and vestigial; a faint to conspicuous dermal skin fold that Orlov, N. L. 1988. Dictionary of Amphibians and extends back from the supratympanic region, often Reptiles in Five Languages. Amphibians and sharply demarcating the contrasting dorsal and Reptiles. Russky Yazyk Publishers, Moscow, USSR. lateral colours (Genus Assa Tyler, 1972), or 2/ No Andersson, L. G. 1916. Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs dermal brood pouches present; first finger normal, or Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910- if vestigial, there is no dorsol-lateral skin fold. 1913. IV. Batrachians. Kongliga Svenska Vomerine teeth, small but present. Belly smooth Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 52:1-26.

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Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2(2):660-684. knowledge of Australian reptiles and fishes. Annals Frank, N. and Ramus, E. 1995. Complete Guide to and Magazine of Natural History, 3(20):45-68. Scientific and Common Names of Amphibians and Günther, A. C. L. G. 1869 (1868). First account of Reptiles of the World. N. G. Publishing Inc., species of tailless batrachians added to the collection Pottsville, Pennsylvania, USA. of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, F., Bain, R. H., Society of London 1868:478-490. Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sá, R. O., Channing, Harrison, L. 1927. Notes on some Western A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Australian Frogs, with descriptions of new species. Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P. E., Drewes, R. Records of the Australian Museum 15:277-287. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. and Harrison, P. A. and Littlejohn, M. J. 1985. Diphasy in Wheeler, W. C. 2006. 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Kotabi Publishing, Overland from Adelaide to King George’s Sound in Doncaster, Victoria, 3108, Australia:280 pp. the Years 1840-1. Volume 1: 405-411. T. and W. Boone. London, UK. Hoser, R. T. 2007. Wells and Wellington - It’s time to bury the hatchet. Calodema Supplementary Paper Guibé, J. 1950 (1948). Catalogue des Types 1:1-9. d’Amphibiens du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, France. Hoser, R. T. 2009. Creationism and contrived science: A review of recent python systematics Günther, A. 1858. Catalogue of the Batrachia papers and the resolution of issues of taxonomy and Salienata in the Collection of the British Museum, nomenclature. Australasian Journal of Herpetology London. British Museum, UK:xvi+160 pp. 2:1-34. (3 February). Günther, A. C. L. G. 1864. Third contribution to our Hoser, R. T. 2012a. Exposing a fraud! Afronaja knowledge of batrachians from Australia. Wallach, Wüster and Broadley 2009, is a junior Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London synonym of Spracklandus Hoser 2009! Australasian 1864:46-49. Journal of Herpetology 9 (3 April 2012):1-64. Günther, A. C. L. G. 1867. Additions to the Hoser, R. T. 2012b. Robust taxonomy and

Hoser 2020 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 50-51:1-128. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 120 Australasian Journal of Herpetology nomenclature based on good science escapes harsh Hoser, R. T. 2017. The inevitable break-up of the fact-based criticism, but remains unable to escape an Australian legless lizard genera Delma Gray, 1831 attack of lies and deception. Australasian Journal of and Aprasia Gray, 1839, formal descriptions of 13 Herpetology 14:37-64. well-defined Pygopodid species, as well as a further Hoser, R. T. 2013. The science of herpetology is built improvement in Pygopodid taxonomy and on evidence, ethics, quality publications and strict nomenclature. Australasian Journal of Herpetology compliance with the rules of nomenclature. 35:3-32. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 18:2-79. Hoser, R. T. 2018. Six new species of Dwarf Goanna, Hoser, R. T. 2015a. Dealing with the “truth haters” ... Worrellisaurus Wells and Wellington, 1984 from a summary! Introduction to Issues 25 and 26 of Australia. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 37:24- Australasian Journal of Herpetology. Including “A 37. timeline of relevant key publishing and other events Hoser, R. T. 2019a A new species of Philocryphus relevant to Wolfgang Wüster and his gang of Fletcher, 1894 (Amphibia: Myobatrachidae) from thieves.” and a “Synonyms list”. Australasian Journal north-east Victoria and south-east New South Wales. of Herpetology 25:3-13. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 39:6-8. Hoser, R. T. 2015b. The Wüster gang and their Hoser, R. T. 2019b. 11 new species, 4 new proposed “Taxon Filter”: How they are knowingly subspecies and a subgenus of Australian Dragon Lizard in the genus Tympanocryptis Peters, 1863, publishing false information, recklessly engaging in with a warning on the conservation status and long- taxonomic vandalism and directly attacking the rules term survival prospects of some newly named taxa. and stability of zoological nomenclature. Australasian Australasian Journal of Herpetology 39:23-52. Journal of Herpetology 25:14-38. Hoser, R. T. 2019c. Richard Shine et al. (1987), Hoser, R. T. 2015c. Best Practices in herpetology: Hinrich Kaiser et al. (2013), Jane Melville et al. (2018 Hinrich Kaiser’s claims are unsubstantiated. and 2019): Australian Agamids and how rule Australasian Journal of Herpetology 25:39-52. breakers, liars, thieves, taxonomic vandals and law Hoser, R. T. 2015d. PRINO (Peer reviewed in name breaking copyright infringers are causing reptile only) journals: When quality control in scientific species to become extinct. Australasian Journal of publication fails. Australasian Journal of Herpetology Herpetology 39:53-63. 26:3-64. Hoser, R. T. 2020a. Three new species of frog in the Hoser, R. T. 2015e. Rhodin et al. 2015, Yet more lies, genus Limnodynastes Fitzinger, 1843 from east misrepresentations and falsehoods by a Australia, two new Platyplectron Peters, 1863 band of thieves intent on stealing credit for the species from east Australia and three new species of scientific works of others. Australasian Journal of Ranaster Macleay, 1878 from north Australia. Herpetology 27:3-36. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 43:3-14. Hoser, R. T, 2015f. Comments on Spracklandus Hoser, R. T. 2020b. The inevitable reassessment of Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, ELAPIDAE): the Australasian frog genera Mixophyes Günther, request for confirmation of the availability of the 1864 and Taudactylus Straughan and Lee, 1966, generic name and for the nomenclatural resulting in the formal descriptions of two new validation of the journal in which it was published families, new subfamilies and tribes, three new (Case 3601; see BZN 70: 234-237; comments BZN genera, 2 new subgenera, 1 new species and 2 new 71:30-38, 133-135). (unedited version) Australasian subspecies. Australasian Journal of Herpetology Journal of Herpetology 27:37-42. 43:15-26. Hoser, R. T. 2016a. Two new species of frogs in the Hoser, R. T. 2020c. For the first time ever! An genus Adelotus Ogilby, 1907 from Queensland overdue review and reclassification of the Australia (Anura: Limnodynastidae). Australasian Australasian Tree Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Journal of Herpetology 33:55-56. Pelodryadidae), including formal descriptions of 12 Hoser, R. T. 2016b. A redefinition of the Australian tribes, 11 subtribes, 34 genera, 26 subgenera, 62 frog genus Platyplectrum Günther, 1863, dividing the species and 12 subspecies new to science. genus into two and including the description of two Australasian Journal of Herpetology 44-46:1-192. new species from mid Western Australia and far Hoser, R. T. 2020d. A new species of the Australian North Queensland. Australasian Journal of Bandy Bandy Vermicella Gray, 1841 (Serpentes: Herpetology 33:57-59. Elapidae) from north-west Australia. Australasian Hoser, R. T. 2016c. New frogs of the genus Journal of Herpetology 47:39-41. Mixophyes Günther, 1864 from Eastern Queensland, Hoser, R. T. 2020e. Four new species of frog in the and New South Wales, Australia (Anura: genus Assa from eastern Australia. Australasian Myobatrachidae). Australasian Journal of Journal of Herpetology 47:57-63. Herpetology 33:60-64. Hoser, R. T. 2020f. A new species of Tree Frog in the

genus Shireenhoserhylea Hoser, 2020 from north tropischen Amerika. Nachrichten von der Georg- Queensland, Australia. Australasian Journal of Augusts-Universität und der Königl. Gesellschaft der Herpetology 49:7-8. Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 18:342-361. Howitt, A. W., Lucas, A. H. S. and Dendy, A. 1891. A Keferstein, W. 1868. Ueber die Batrachier visit to Lake Nigothoruk and the Mount Wellington Australiens. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 34(1):251- District, Gippsland. Victorian Naturalist. Melbourne 290. 8:17-40. Kluge, A. G. 1976. Phylogenetic relationships in the Ingram, G. J. and Corben, C. J. 1975. A new species lizard family Pygopodidae: an evaluation of theory, of Kyarranus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from methods and data. Miscellaneous Publications, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (152):1- Museum 17:335-339. 72. Ingram, G. J. and Corben, C. J. 1994. Two new Knowles, R., Mahony, M. J., Armstrong, J. and species of broodfrogs (Pseudophryne) from Donnellan, S. C. 2004. Systematics of the sphagnum Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum frogs of the genus Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) 37:267-272. in eastern Australia, with the description of two new Ingram, G. J., Nattrass, A. E. O. and Czechura, G. V. species. Records of the Australian Museum 56:57- 1993. Common names for Queensland frogs. 74. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33:221-224. Lawrence, J. P., Mahony, M. and Noonan, B. P. 2018. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature Differential responses of avian and (ICZN) 1991. Decision of the Commission: mammalian predators to phenotypic variation in Three works by Richard W. Wells and C. Ross Australian Brood Frogs. PLoS ONE 13(4): Wellington: proposed suppression for nomenclatural e0195446. (online) at: https://doi.org/10.1371/ purposes. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature journal.pone.0195446 48(4):337-338. Liem, D. S. S. and Ingram, G. J. 1977. Two new Iverson, J. B., Thomson, S. A. and Georges, A. 2001. species of frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae, Validity of taxonomic changes for turtles proposed by Pelodryadidae) from Queensland and New South Wells and Wellington. Journal of Herpetology 35:361- Wales. Victorian Naturalist. Melbourne 94:255-262. 368. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria Kaiser, H. 2012a. SPAM email sent out to numerous naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, recipients on 5 June 2012. species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, Kaiser, H. 2012b. Point of view. Hate article sent as locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii attachment with SPAM email sent out on 5 June Salvii, Holmiae. 10th Edition:824 pp. 2012. Littlejohn, M. J. 1957. A new species of frog of the Kaiser, H. 2013. The Taxon Filter, a novel mechanism genus Crinia. Western Australian Naturalist 6:18-23. designed to facilitate the relationship between Littlejohn, M. J. 1958. A new species of frog of the taxonomy and nomenclature, vis-à-vis the utility of genus Crinia Tschudi from South Eastern Australia. the Code’s Article 81 (the Commission’s plenary Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South power). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 70(4) Wales 83:222-226. December 2013:293-302. Littlejohn, M. J. 2008. Geographic variation in the Kaiser, H. 2014a. Comments on Spracklandus Hoser, advertisement call of Crinia signifera (Anura : 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, ELAPIDAE): request for Myobatrachidae) on Kangaroo Island and across confirmation of the availability of the generic name southern south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in of Zoology 56:223-232. which it was published. Bulletin of Zoological Littlejohn, M. J. and Martin, A. A. 1964. The Crinia Nomenclature, 71(1):30-35. laevis complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in south- Kaiser H. 2014b. Best Practices in Herpetological eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology Taxonomy: Errata and Addenda. Herpetological 12:70-83. Review, 45(2):257-268. Littlejohn, M. J. and Martin, A. A. 1965. A new Kaiser, H., Crother, B. L., Kelly, C. M. R., Luiselli, L., species of Crinia (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from O’Shea, M., Ota, H., Passos, P., Schleip, W. D. and South Australia. Copeia 1965:319-324. Wüster, W. 2013. Best practices: In the 21st Century, Loveridge, A. 1933a. Four new crinine frogs from Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable Australia. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society Only When supported by a body of Evidence and of Natural History 8:55-60. Published via Peer-Review. Herpetological Review Loveridge, A. 1933b. A new genus and three new 44(1):8-23. species of crinine frogs from Australia. Occasional Keferstein, W. M. 1867. Über einige neue oder Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 8:89- seltene Batrachier aus Australien und dem 94.

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Using Morphological Characters. MSc Thesis, works by Richard W. Wells and C. Ross Wellington. Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee (Case 2531, see BZN 44: 116-121). Bulletin of State University, USA. 59 pp. Zoological Nomenclature 44(4):257-261. Peters, W. C. H. 1863. Eine Übersicht der von Hrn. Shea, G. M. 1988. Nomenclatural notes on two frogs Richard Schomburgk an das zoologische Museum from south-eastern Australia. Victorian Naturalist. eingesandten Amphibien, aus Buchsfelde bei Melbourne 105:152-153. Adelaide in Südaustralien. Monatsberichte der Shea, G. M. 2005. The type locality of the sphagnum Königlichen Preussische Akademie des frog Philoria loveridgei (Anura: Myobatrachidae). Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1863:228-236. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51:524. Pyron, R. A. and Wiens, J. J. 2011. A large-scale Shea, G. M. and Kraus, F. 2007. 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Werner, F. 1914. Amphibia. Michaelsen, W. and 609. Hartmeyer, R. (eds.), Die Fauna Südwest- Zaczek, Z. 2019. Former PM Kevin Rudd says Australiens, Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest- Australia should drastically increase its population to australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Volume 4, Part 50 MILLION to make sure nation can defend itself in 10: 403-426. Jena, Gustav Fischer. the face of threats from China. Daily Mail (Australia) Wüster, W. 2020. Hate post on ICZN List server (27 November), published online at: https:// posted on 6 May 2020 at 7:44 AM UK time. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7729689/Kevin- Young, J. E., Tyler, M. J. and Kent, S. A. 2005. Rudd-says-Australia-increase-population-50- Diminutive new species of Uperoleia Grey (Anura: MILLION-defend-China.html Myobatrachidae) from the vicinity of Darwin, Northern CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Territory, Australia. Journal of Herpetology 39:603- None.

Crinia signifera from Kooweerup, Victoria.

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ISSUE 51, PUBLISHED 10 OCTOBER 2020

Covers: Issue 50: Crinia signifera from Kooweerup, Victoria. Covers: Issue 51: Crinia parainsignifera from Kangaroo Ground, Victoria. Photos of frogs and habitat by Author, Raymond Hoser. AustralasianAustralasian JournalJournal ofof HerpetologyHerpetology

ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online)

ISSUE 51, PUBLISHED 10 OCTOBER 2020