Golden HHI Planned District
Historic Preservation Study and Evaluation
Prepared for the City of San Diego Planning Department and Historical Site Board
by CIANI AND SOMERVILLE DESIGN ASSOCIATES
Architectural and Historic Preservation Consultants
La Jolla, California April, 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUMEl
1. Introduction 1
2. Methodology 2
3. Historical Background 15
4. Evaluation 24
5. Recommendations and Conclusions 31
6. List of Maps 35
1. Bibliography and References 36
8. Acknowledgements 40
it CONTENTS OF VOLUME II HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY
Russ Blvd. B Street Broadway A Street C Street
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY
E Street Avenido Cerro Gordo 20th Street F Street Treat Street 21st Street Glendale Ave. 19th Street
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY
22nd Street 25th Street 28th Street 23rd Street 26th Street 24th Street 27th Street
iii Vicinity
k c.., .,K 'l: \[\ C; 'N '" ~ ~ '"II)
corcmado
GOLDEN HILL PLANNED DISTRICT jv 1 Introduction TIlerefore, our review of the cultural context is a summary of work by others, and is provided TIlis survey has been conducted for the City of San as an overview of the social history of the Diego Planning Department and the community of greater Golden Hill area. Golden Hill, with special consideration for the perceived goal of producing a canprehensive evalua TIlis study of the Planned District provides tion and documentation of all cultural resources an assessment of the architectural styles and located within the Golden Hill Planned District. periods of the survey area, and an evaluation TIle canpletion of this survey brings the community of significance arrong the surveyed sites, objects, a step closer to irrplerrenting the goals of the and structures. It also identifies a subset Golden Hill Planned District Ordinance. of spatial boundaries containing nore cohesive neighborhoods which we have called "subdistricts." TIle physical boundaries of our study were selected TIle survey provides a database for the City of by the City of San Diego Planning Department, and San Diego Historical site Board, the Planning are coextensive with the existing Planned District Department, and the Golden Hill Planning Comnittee of the Greater Golden Hill Planning Area. TIle to establish a program for the preservation of
focus of our report is on the structures, sites, cultural f aesthetic, and socia-economic values and cbjects contained within this context. in the Golden Hill Planned District.. 'I'o.vard that goal, we have outlined in Section 5, activi CUltural boundaries of al1 area shift and c.";ange ties and concepts for programs which could prCi!lDte with time, and their relationship to static revitalization of the Golden Hill Planned District. spatial boundaries are difficult to Clarify. W2 believe that the District has an adequate concen Because the survey area does not mincide with tration of historic features to warrant designation actual derrographic patterns, we were not able as an historic district. We have also identified
to develop a cohesive image of the social values individually significant resources which deser\~ and patterns of various groups within the survey preservation or enhancerrent with appropriate area. rreasures.
1 Methodology 2 Historical Background 3 Architectural Typology
• Victorians • Period Revivals - Spanish 1. Gothic Revival 1860·1905 and Mediterranean (see 2. Eastlake Stick 1870·1890 0 3. Italianate 1860-1890 Mission/ Spanish Category) 4. Queen Anne 1880·1900 21. English Tudor Revival 1919-1932 22. french Norman Revival 1919-1932 • Classical (Colonial) 23. Dutch Colonial Revival 1919-1932 Revival .. Prairie / International 5. Romanesque Revival 1880-1908 24. Prairie (School) 1905-1920 6. Colonial Revival 1890·1920 25. International 1920-1942 7. Classic Box 1890-1910 ~ 8. Neoclassic Rowhouse 1895-1915 • Modernes 9. Beaux-Arts Revival 1890·1930 26. Art Deco (zigzag 1920-1941 moderne) • Shingle-Craftsman 27. Streamline Moderne 1930-1945 10. Western Stick U190-1920 28. P.W.A. Moderne 1930-1941 11. Western Shingle 1890-1915 III Other 12. Craftsman House 1895-1920 29. Stucco-Box 1890-1960 (not bungalows) 30 Remnant Historic varies 13. Vernacular 1860-1920 feature (frame house)
• Bungalows ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE 14. California Bungalow 1894·1935 • 15. Craftsman Bungalow 1905-1925 A. Individually Significant Resources 16. Bunga!oid 1895·1925 B. Major Contributing Resources 11. Bungalow Court 1905·1945 • C . Contributing Resources 411 • Mission / Spanish Revivals D .Neutral Historic Structllres 18. Mission Revival 1890-1915 0 19. Spanish/Colonial Revivals 1915·1943 0 E .Neutral Non-Historic Elements 20. Mediterranean Revivals 1915·1941 0 f .Intrusive Elements
3 2 Methodology Initial Review - Review data for potential districts, or changes to The follcwing prooedure was used by Design Associates the survey area, and identify actual survey sites for the architectural/historical survey of the Golden prior to conducting detailed survey and preparation Hill Planned District. of Historic Resources Inventory forms.
CULTURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY Phase II - Detailed Survey
Phase I - The Preliminary Reconnaissance, Archival Field Observations - Research, and Initial Field Survey Conduct a door-to-docr quantitative accounting of historical and architectural assets including the Existing Research - preparation of a detailed architectural description Review published and unpublished data, prior for each structure, object, or site, and the photo survey findings and inventories, or evaluations graphyof the structure. site, object. and/or re as available. lated features vlhich contribute to its significance Windshield Survey - in the survey area. Conduct preliminary field reconnaissance of the Architectural Assessment - survey area to identify with a broad-brush approach Prepare a typology listing for each architectural potential survey sites, and to gain a sense of the type, style, and period present in the survey area. overall nature of the area. GDJDp related styles into broader categories for Mapping - mapping purposes, e.g., Victorians would include Transfer to base maps (scale 1:100) the result Italianate, Queen Arme, etc. The follcwing is a of the preliminary field reconnaissance and list of the architectural types and periods found archival research to form a concise record of in Golden Hill. Graphic illustrations of these the preliminary survey including ownership/ styles and periods are provided below. occupancy data, land use and zoning maps, and sites previously designated.
2 , .u ' l'~ ·'" il~, -~,i2 ~,- ",,,, :::::;:::r-::l ',,< ~ ~f~ =Z~-··-~ Mapl Key - See Page 3 Architectural Survey GOLDEN HILL PLANNED DISTRICT • I ' ,~:~~ ··1111'r,YLbi, I : BROADWAY r-,,----; )./ :: C': E STREET '1II_~i 'I} E STREET 'il!r'iIiiI1 ,"W,'1= ===;~ , ---,------~(::: 1 il r uJi'i -~~ Key - See Page 4 Map2 Architectural Styles L---_ GOLDEN HILL PLANNED DISTRICT IIl&O !W~\i L ili'JS HI", I, I l 19151'Ht 17 HunS"rowC".", 1905·1']45 18 MI ... lon H. .... rnl 1890·1'115 1919-1932 1905-1920 _ 1 tD\ 192{)·;'H2 26 Art Oc"" (>ill~all 1920-1'141 1930 1 ')1! m"de",,,) Mapping of Survey Area possess integrity of location and setting, design, materials and workmanship, and a feeling of asso As field work progressed, Design Associates ciation. Sites, structures andobjeets with his prepared "working maps" containing the torical integrity must remain substantially as following information: they were, and in a similar context, as it was at the ti:rre they gained significance. CaIpatible Address changes and easily reversed alterations will not Date of construction necessarily destroy integrity. condition of premises/structure Architectural style Historical, Architectural, Biographical - In Related features addition to integrity, the resource must provide significance on the grounds of historical, bio Staterrent of Significance graphical or architectural gualities. \'iTe prepared guidelines for the evaluation of sur veyed cultural resources addressing the f&ctors of significance such as: integritv and historical, Architectural Significance is possessed by struc biographical, and/or architectural significance. tures which have design elements that exemplify l~ith reference to these sta11dards, each survey tl1e rrost typical characteristics or rrethod of site, object or structure was evaluated for its construction. Significant structures make a relative significance to the corrrnuni tv and survey strong and appropriate impression representative area. A staterrent of significance was prepared of the tirre of their construction. Architectural for each resource surveyed. (See Item 19, Historic significance may also be established by association Resource Inventory fonns.) with a recognized master architect, craftsman or builder I particularly when that architeet I s farre is Factors Affecting Significance closely related to this particular style. Integrity - Significant cultural resources must Historical Significance exists where the resource contributes to broad patterns of history at The Staterrent of Significance oontains the national, state, or local levels. following components, as appropriate: Biographical Significance exists where the site A staterrent of integrity relating: or structure is associated with an important The structure to itself, design and materials person or persons, or an important event during The structure to its setting or locale the time when significant events occurred. The oondition of structure Its oontribution to neighborhood, district city, state or federal levels of significanoe A staterrent identifying the prime criteria for significance as either historical, biographical or architectural, and citing the events, per sonalities, uses, structural elerrents or rrethods of oonstruction which establish significance. The staterrent of significance should identify an appropriate level of significance according to the classifications set out in the following sections. A thorough review of the architectural description, field notes and photographs of each surveyed resource was oonducted using the canpleted survey fonns, and the final style and category naps. Each structure, site, or object was evaluat.ed, and then napped 9 Key .. ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE A . Individually Significant Resources B. Major Contributing Resources C .Contributing Resources D .Neutral Historic Structures E .Neutral Non-Historic Elements F .Intrusive Elements 11 according to its relative level of significance. or period of architecture, but not the best Classifications were grouped according to the of the rrost representative. following guidelines: Neutral Historic Structures are reversible Individually Significant Resources are out alterations and/or additions of compatible standing exarrples of a particular style of features that would elevate these elerrents architecture. '!hese are not necessarily to be contributing background features. (A contributors to a subdistrict, but are sig design review process would be useful to nificant due to their individual rrerits. guide future improvements.) Major Contributing Resources provide a major Neutral Non-Historic Elements are cornpatible visual or historical contribution to the context elerrents of the period after 1935. of the district or subdistrict. 1lley possess possible individual designation potential, Intrusive Elements are man-made features or are focal elerrents of the streetscape; or which, due to their incompatible design elerrents, they provide significant visual character scale, style, or inappropriate use, are negative (cornerstone) to the district or subdistrict. elerrents of the survey area. Contributing Resources provide a background or supportive elerrent to a subdistrict or dis trict as a whole. '!hey are not individuall y siSllliricant but, by virtue of their scale, architectural features, age, materials, etc., they contribute to the internal cohesiveness and sense of place evident within the context of the area. Essentially unaltered, these structures are also good eXClIIples of a style Key - See Page 4 Map3 Significance I..o.---GOLDEN HILL PLANNED DISTRICT In order to identify p::>tential subdistricts, the Associates oonsidered the elements of the to\VI1- following data and criteria were oonsidered: scape which outline the form and image of the comnunity. The distribution and concentration of sig nificant structures District edges are identified by several factors which establish barriers or buffer zones between Groupings of significant and contributing areas (canpa.red to the internal features of charac structures, linear rows, concentration of ter). Those factors are: buildings, special use areas, and the spaces bewteen them which act as background struc Topographical Features tures and contribute visually tc the charac Natural and physical features including gullies, ter or sense of place hills, water courses, trees, etc. Planning and development factcrs previously Man-Made Features listed. Roads, water-towers, railways, etc. Major natural features, i.e., hills, ravines, ViEWS waterways, and wildlife habitats, including Panoramas and small vignettes public and private landscaping Political and Economic Considerations Major features of the tcwnscape, i.e., prcrni Municipal boundaries, planning districts, nent ViEWS, the height and scale of street redevelopment areas, etc. features, major stands of trees and landscaping Convenience Cultural networks Barriers to extending the district due to functional lirnitations District Edges In addition to the features which describe the Cultural Bounffiries individual character of these subdistricts, Design Ethnic enclaves; social networks, etc. 13 Final Mapping 'Ihe consistency of many factors such as predominant style, size, or age, the condition of residential Mapping data is an extrerrely important tool in yards and streets; the presence or absence of out the assessrrent process. It provides a graphic standing buildings or focal structures, and pre image of the survey infonnation which can be dominant use patterns; the width of the street used to confirm visual impressions. (relative to size of hares and lots); topography and the quality of openness; the nurrber of visual After checking the accuracy of the working maps intrusions or "bastardized" hares, and, the nunt>er and forms, final maps of the architectural styles, of out-of-scale structures -- are all factors which categories, and levels of significance were can describe the character of a subdistrict. pleted (see Map Nurrbers 1, 2 and 3 respectively) . Upon the completion of this analysis District Character the subdistricts were delineated on the map of significance (see Map Number In order to establish the primary character of 3 in section Twol'Ihe inventory, the architec the subdistricts in the survey area, Design tural/historical analysis for "significance," Associates reviewed the survey findings for and the architectural/planning analysis for observable features in order to distinguish appropriate districts and subdistricts are the the potential subdistricts in the survey area. major components of this survey. In addition, reCXllll:Tlal1dations and conclusions were drawn rela Predominant lot size tive to the particular status and preservation Ccmron architectural style program for the survey area, and are discussed Average bulk-density in Section Five. Type and arrount of landscaping Condition of structure Density and intensity of use 14 3 Historical Background Tis a picture worth seeing from Golden Hill. Daniel Schuyler The Beginning -1869-1873 The Name '!he first land to be subdivided on the Hill was '!:he history of Golden Hill has played an important the Shennan Addition in 1869. '!his subdivision role in the overall developrrent of San Diego. Many is located in the southern half of the historic of the City's rrost prcrninent people built and re Golden Hill area ( this area is now known as sided on the Hill for many years. Shennan Heights or South East San Diego). Shortly thereafter, in 1870, the second section, directly '!he Hill received its narre in 1887 when Daniel north, was opened up. Both additions were irrrne Schuyler Erastus Bartlett petitioned the City diately adjacent to Horton's Additons, which \vas to nane the area Golden Hill. Schuyler wrote the to becorre the center of New Town San Diego. '!:he following p:l61l which was published in the March land in the second section, bounded by the City 1887 edition of Golden Era Magazine: Park on the north, 24th Street on the east, the alley behind G Street on the south and the alley As the sun rolls down and is lost to sight, Tinting the scene with its golden light, '!he islands dim and the fading shores, '!he ebbing tide through our harbor door, The drooping sails of an anchored fleet, '!:he shadaNY city at our feet. with the rrountains' proud peaks so lofty and still, 15 behind 15th Street on the west, was subdivided and Golden Hill was part of New 'ItMn. San Diegans by C. P. Taggart and S. S. Culverwell. Mr. Taggart had for years been living with great expectations was a bitter enemy of Alonzo Horton, and is said that the railroad would come to San Diego, making to have kept him from being elected State Senator the City the "Gateway to the Orie,,,L" 'Ihe whole in 1871. Nr. Culverwell was a developer and had City celebrated with fireworks and brass bands as built the pier at the bottom of F Street in 1868. Congress passed a bill giving a charter to the At this tirre there were several indian camps on Texas and Pacific Railway in 1871. 'Ihe terminus the Hill. These indians rroved further east to of the railroad was to be in San Diego or National the other side of the Hill when a few houses City, and both towns strived for the honor. 'Ihe were built on the weste:rn,slope. At that tilne, prospect of the railroad brought an influx of new indians were very prevalent in San Diego; their residents to the San Diego area. drums and voices could be heard at night as they chanted and danced. During the land boom of 1871, lots went form $350 a piece to $1,000 in the space of a few days. 'Ihe Neanwhile, Alonzo Horton was busy building Horton's hotels were full, and the population went from Hall, Horton's Wharf, Horton's Bank Block, Horton's 2,031 to 5,000. Gardens, Borton Plaza, Borton House (Hotel), and no less than 50 houses. A house clailned to be A Quiet Period -1873·1879 built by Borton is located at 850 22nd Street in Golden Hill. 'Ihe present owner believes that the Although the plans for the railroad spurred growth, house was rroved here from Borton Plaza, and the the project was never rrore than touch and go. On style of the house indicates that this could be B:ack Friday (September 18, 1873) the stockmarket true. crashed; this put an end to the railroad plans. San Diego's boom ended and the population fell to 'Ihere was much rivalry between Old 'ItMn San Diego 1,500. Golden Hill, with a few houses on its and New 'ItMn San Diego in the 1870s and 1880s, fringes, sat empty. A settlement of Mexican farmers 16 had sprung up on the southeasteTIl slope, near what Golden Hill was right in the middle of this land is new 28th Street between E and F Streets. A boom. The land in Golden Hill was resurveyed and nurrber of very old houses from this period are resubdivided, and many of its rrost prominent homes still located there. A few small 1870's houses were built in the 1886-1888 building spurt. Tall are also located on 19th and 20th Streets, and elegant Italianates, with bracketed COTIlices and predate the Queen Annes. The indians were still square bay windews, were complemented by the early living in the vicinity during the 1870s. version of the Queen Anne built in the 1880s. A little rrore restrained than the Queen Annes of the The Great Boom -1880-1888 1890s, these houses were built in both two-stDry and oottage versions. A good example is located at 845 In December of 1880 there were again promises of 20th Street. A fringe of Italianates and early Queen a railroad. WOrk ccmnenced on the tenninus buildings Annes dotted the westeTIl slope of the Hill at this located in National City, and on July 27,1881, the time. first train left National City for the two stations new located in San Diego. An important structure built in the neighborhood during this time was the two-stDry Italianate-style In 1887 San Diego had a population of 40,000, there stDre building still located on the COTIler of 20th were over 1,000 ship dockings, and there were 2,000 and Broadway Streets. At the sarre time, the Mexican tD 3,000 new residents arriving each rronth. StDre farming com:nunity in the southeastern corner, near rentals went for as much as $500 a rronth, and tDtal 28th, E and F Streets, had its own ccmrerical center. land sales sometimes topped $20,000 in one day (there A few of these buildings, including one relatively were 238 real estate agents in San Diego). A street unaltered two-story Italianate-style stDre at 28th car pulled by horses carre as far east as 16th Street. and B Streets, are still standing. Although this Brass bands, fireworks, balloon rides, and food and study is limited tD the northe= portion of Golden drink were offered at the sites of the new tracts Hill, it should be noted that the southern portion of land being offered for sale. had many rrore Queen Annes and Italianates built 17 during this period than the northern part. Along the horse-drawn railway and converted it to electricity the southern border of the City Park, between at a cost of $350,000. Spreckels also built a tower 19th and 20th Streets, where the City Operations at the end of the new D Street (now named Broadway) Yard is nON located, was the SWitzer fann. fuis and 25th Street line. It served as a waiting rocrn, provided the name of SWitzer Canyon to the canyon and fulfilled his idea of having a public attraction which runs north from this site. A livery stable at the end of the line. (He repeated this concept built in the l880s is still standing in the back later with the Mission Beach ArmJ.SeIreIlt Center.) fue yard at 852-858 21st street. tower beceame knCMn as "1he Cbservator;." Spreckels Steps In -1889-1895 San Diego now had 15 large business buildings and many new hares and schools. Two of these schools llie B=m of the Eighties ended quickly in 1889, were located in the Golden Hill area. In 1888 when it was rurrored that all was not well in San the Matthew Sherman School was located on 17th Diego. fue population plumrreted to 15,000. Many Street. Joseph Russ, owner of the Russ Lurrber of those remaining were retired people who did Canpany, donated lumber for a new school at 13th not want grCMth. fuey were called "geranium and A Streets in 1882. fuis school later became growers," and wanted only peace and quiet. fuese San Diego High School. people were in control of San Diego in 1889 when John D. Spreckels, the "Sugar Prince," built the In 1892, Matt Heller opened a "cash Grocerj" on wharf that saved the City of San Diego from losing the northwest comer of 11th and F Streets. This the Santa Fe Railroad line. He was ver; pro-growth, was the first of a chain of grooer; stores which and soon a fight between the Spreckels and the "gera later became part of the Safeway chain. llie Heller nium growers" ensued. family were prominent residents of Golden Hill. Matt Heller built d large home for himself on the In 1889 a program to pave the streets was instituted. northwest comer of 25th and B, and a Classical In 1894, Broadway was paved to 25th Street and graded Revival home for his son to the north. fue large out to El cajon Road. In 1893, Spreckels took over shingled Craftsman across the street to the west, 18 and the two-story Spanish Colonial duplex on the Meanv:hile, a sudden interest in the City Park, laid opposite oomer, were also built for rrerrbers of out in 1869, began to surface. Directly to the his family during later periods. north of Golden Hill, the park was occupied by small animals, snakes, birds, lizards, and a few '!he Golden Hill Land ~y was fomed in 1895 indians until the 1890s. and sold the lots between 24th and 25th and Broadway and the southern half of the block between B and C In 1890, the Park becane the site of the City Guard Streets. Golden Hill was already the site of fashion firing range. '!he sane year, '!he ladies Annex of bale upper-class horres, but the horres built between the Chanber of Conmerce planted trees along the 1895 and 1900 were even llOre elaborate. Sorce out edge of the park. Kate O. Sessions, well-kn<::Mn standing examples of the large horres built during horticulturist, leased the northwest oomer of this period are the Quartermass-Wilde House (1896) the park and, as part of her agreerrent with the at 2404 Broadway, the Frost House (1897) at 2456 Ci ty, she planted 100 new trees in the park each Broadway, the Rynearson House (1897) at 2441 E Street, year. She introduced several nEM species of trees the McKee House (1897) at 2460 B Street, and the and plants during her years at the park site, and Garretson House (1895) at 2410 E Street. Some of llOst of these are still growing. In 1902, a Park these homes were llOre Queen Anne in style (e.g., Improvement Comnittee was forrred to make plans Quartennass-lVilde). Others were Classical Revival for future landscaping and inprovements. At first, with Queen Anne elements (e.g., Rynearson House) . all funds came from the private sector, and many '!hese houses became more symmetrical, and the individuals and organizations oontributed to the classical forms and exact patterns of Greek and planting of more than 1,000 trees. Samuel Parson, Roman designs were used on several of the houses built Jr., well-known landscape architect, came from New during this period. Irving Gill, an architect whose York to formulate a long-range plan for the park. prominence was to becorre nationwide, designed several In 1903, some residents of Golden Hill, led by Matt houses in Golden Hill during the late 1890s (e.g., the Heller, began inprovements to the portion of the Rynearson and Garretson hosues noted above). All of park at the end of 25th Street. '!hey built a chil these large houses had extensive gardens. dren' s playground and planted trees. 19 Classical Revival! Craftsman Era -1900·1910 In 1900 Golden Hill still had a large number of class people, rising here and there among the undeveloped building lots near the top of the hill. larger hares, were of equally fine quality with TI:1ere were very few homes east of 25th Street. A unusual attention to detail. Craftsman houses lone Queen AIme Mansion stood at the oorner of 26th errbodied the arts and crafts nove:rent, and made and B Streets. Golden Hill soon would begin its use of all natural materials and oolors. Natural "Golden Era" of building. Classical Revival duplexes riverrock, clinker brick, shingles, wood siding, and large single-family homes rapidly filled in the pergolas, perches, and lots of windows and French spaces between the Queen AImes. Over 60 homes were doors oontributed to the Craftsman philosophy of built in 1905 alone. Cne gentle:ren from Iowa saw comnuning with nature. Q /~~ an opporttmity and built three large Revival homes at 1148, 1160, and 1168 23rd Street. He rented two of than out, and lived in the one at 1168. Several other fire hares were built along F Street. In 1901 the electric railway track was extended along Broadway to 25th Street. By 1910, the street car also went out F Street to 25th, turning north on B Street to 28th. In 1902 the residents formed one of the first Civic Improvement Associations in the nation. TI:1eir objective was to work toward the betterment of the Golden Hill neighborhood. TI:1e nieghbo:rhoods to the north of Broadway were developing into a splendid array of Craftsman style hares. TIle Craftsman hares of the middle- Bungalow Court 2556-2564 B Street 20 In 1914 D Street was changed to Broadway at the insis tence of lDuis Wilde, who nCM =ed the Quartermass House. Pan American Exposition -1909-1916 In 1909 plans were begun for the 1915 Panama Pacific Exposition to celebrate the completion The Spaces Are Filled In -1916-1935 of the Panama Canal. BecablSe the.· Exposition was to take place in City Park, the event had a great Although many praninent people were nnving to the influence on the Golden Hill neighborhood. It newer areas of San Diego as private transportation would run fran DecerrtJer 13, 1914 to the end of improved, Golden Hill in the lWenties was still 1916. Over one million dollars was raised by a very nice place to live. Period and Mediterranean public subscription. Revival fourplexes and apartments were built. Srraller horres of the middle-class people OCJW filled in rrost A one million dollar bond issue was also passed by of the large gardens and vacant lots. A reM of the voters. Cblonel D.C. Cbllier was director of two--story Period Revival fourplexes filled in the the Exposition and brought forth the idea of the Quartennass-Wilde and Frost gardens on Broadway. spanish Cblonial archltecture therre. Several bungalCM courts were built from 1905-1930. A Cb10nia1 Revival Cburt at 2556-2564 B Street is Several residents of Golden Hill were on the Exposi particularly notable. Most others were built in tion Board. A new building phase comnenced in the Mediterranean Revival style. 'Ihe bungalo;v Golden Hill, and several large apartment buildings court becarre popular, and contrasted sharply with were erected to house the participants and visitors the apartment houses of the past. to the Fair during its two year run. 'Ihe Golden View Apartments was the nnst praninent of these. Before 1920, a fire station was built on the south After the Fair was over, serne of the small Craft<;man east corner of 25th and Broadway. 'Ihough completely style Park concession stands were nnved to the edge renDdeled, the old building is still there. In 1922, of the Park to beccme private horres. the San Diego Zoo was estalished in Balboa Park. 21 East of 25th Street, a variety of bungalows were was booming and soon had a serious housing shortage. being built. Many of the large hares in Golden Hill became apart rrents and rooming houses. Rents were obviously popu The Beginning of the Decline -1930s lar with defense workers, and it became the patriotic thing to do to provide housing for the war effort. Because of the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, rrost Additions were made to existing hares, and houses of the buildings in older areas were considered a were built behind other houses. Tent cities helped risk. Banks often refused to loan rroney to pro alleviate the housing problem. A few Moderne apart spective residents, and this was a problem for rrent OJITIplexes were built, but Golden Hill was already Golden Hill. High density R-4 (multiple family) crowded with buildings ranging in age from the 1870s zoning was instituted in 1930. A cormercial to the 1930s. strip was outlined along both sides of B Street east of 25th. Hares began to fall into disrepair In 1948 the United States Supreme Court struck dcwn and became difficult to sell. By the middle 1930s the deed restrictions ccmronly used in Golden Hill Golden Hill was in a severe decline. and elsewhere. The court declared it illegal to discriminate against persons because of race, creed In contrast however, two churches in the Moderne or religion. style were built in the 1930s, and are good examples of that period of architecture. They are the Seventh Day Adventist dlurch at Broadway and 24th, and the The 94 Freeway -1950 dlristian dlurch at the corner of 22nd and C Streets. In the 1950s G Street becarre a freeway and Golden The War Years - 1940s Hill was virtually cut in half west to east. The northern section fared better than the older southern World War II brought an influx of military and section, and was in better physical condition. Seve civilian support personnel to the area. San Diego ral houses were rroved from G Street to the areas be- 22 tween 26th and 27th Streets. Several large hares into the conrnunit:y, shifting the derrographics away were derrolished west of 25th Street, and by 1960, fran its present ethnically diverse form. Pressure new large apartment buildings had been built on to redevelop Golden Hill is being felt due to its these sites. Many of the larger houses were turned close association with downtown where revitalization into group hares. Carmunes, and ff!W churches began is well underway. to nove into the area to occupy the large hares at reasonable rental rates. 'Ihe alternate life st:yles Cllange is inminent for this carrmuni t:y . 'Ihe sensi of the 60s =ntrasted sharply with the lives of tivit:y of the redeveloprrent with existing historical/ the older residents who still remained in Golden architectural resources and its setting, will deter Hill. mine the future character of Golden Hill, which has been called "San Diego' s first suburb." Restoration begins -1970.19805 In the middle of the 1970s a new interest in Golden Hill was emerging. A few interested indi viduals and professionals purchased houses and restored them. 'Ihis is be=ming rrore evident as we enter the 80s and the restoration novement accelerates. Positive zoning changes, a local Historic District, a strong neighborhood association, a neighborhood watch program, and local funding pro grams are all =ntributing to a splendid future for Golden Hill. Hcwever, Golden Hill remains in a state of flux. Young professionals and artisians are trickling 23 Evaluation 4 4 Evaluation residential neighborhood at the beginning and during develofID2Ilt of San Diego's New Town. We have selected a t:irre frane for this therre to be from 1869 to 1929. This broad span of t:irre can easily be subdivided around the turn of the century. Golden Hill experienced constant change as it developed. However, the nost distinct change occurred in the Great Bcxxn of the late 1880s and early 1890s. At that t:irre the population increased dramatically, the roads were paved, and the horse drawn railway gave way to electricity. That was The Survey Area - an expansive period of develofID2Ilt for Golden Hill, Golden Hill Planned District but the late 1890s was Golden Hill's t:irre of maturity, as evidenced by the construction of the grand horres The results of the survey support a coITllOn ilTpres and gardens. sian of the Golden Hill Planned District area - there are many older buildings of various archi tec The turn-of-the-century found Golden Hill as a tural styles and periods which collectively impart full grown residential neighborhood beginning to a sense of timas past. fill out with the nE'N architectural styles of the t:irre. By the late twenties its form was Jrore or The cohesiveness of the survey area is not esta less established. blished by a comron architectural therre or consis tent cultural context; nevertheless, an historical Inherent in our description of Golden Hill as a image exists today which is shared by many people. place, is the influence of the people who lived and OUr findings of the historical fabric suggest the worked there. The cultural context appears to have presence of a temporal theJ:re representative of a been of a prominent well-to-do gorup with shared 24 values and lifestyle, supported by working-class clear architectural style which adequately or best groups of varied social backgrotmds. 'Their views represents Golden Hill's heritage . Consequently, of Golden Hill and their use of it remained intact we are not able to recorrrrend that historic preser for a period of nearly 40 years, until the 1930s. vation efforts focus on a particular ardritectural therre. On the other hand, by not selecting a 'There are still people who reside in homes their particular theme element, we would be left to families either built or lived in during that time assurre that all old buildings or objects should period, and they have inherited the rrerrories of be saved -- thus thwarting desirable change, and that era. We were only able to study the physical interfering with the continuing forces which bring remains of that time -- the built environrrent. vitality to a place; the s~ kind of energy that 'The cultural context has changed significantly. originally created Golden Hill. Our approach has 'The residents are now generally less affluent, been to relate how Golden Hill began its culture and different ethnic groups make up the population. with the natural and historic elerrents of that 'The result is that there are new views of Golden period which remain today. Our assessment of Hill generated by diverse cultural backgrounds; the historic fabric follows. i.e., different religions, cultures, and various levels of income. 'Their ways of life are identi As discussed above, we concluded that a historic fiably different fram the original residents. temporal there exists for the entire survey area. 'Their images of Golden Hill are different. However, it can be seen from the napped information that seven neighborhoods are present within the Our report focuses on the natural and llBn-nade Planned District, and are identifiable as distinct historic features of the survey area. 'This is areas. ('These are not to be confused with the City' s a shared heritage of the current residents of designated "subareas. ") We have chosen to call Golden Hill. Our analysis of this data determines these "subdistricts" rather than neighborhoods· the cohesive elerrents which now define Golden Hill. because the latter often includes the influence of the existing cultural context which is beyond In our evaluation, we found that there is no one the scope of this study. 25 In our analysis of this data, we oonsidered the later style which resulted from a subsequent interrelationship of three envirol1ffiimtal levels period of in-filling, and Golden Hill was not (one within the other) : left with ITUlch open space between its buildings. structure (ooject) '!his was a pattern of growth oonsistent with tum site of-the-century urban developrrent in nost large District cities. '!his rrodel of "structure-site-district" was used to identify ooncentrations of similar character '!he map of styles and periods can be used to istics, as well as to note focal structures or selectively trace the developrrent pattern by nodes of interest. (No atterrpt was made to relate starting with the Victorians in the 1870s to this information to the current cultural oontext.) 1880s,and progressing to the dense urbanized We evaluated the oonsistency of the resources in area of the 1940s. More important in our archi oontrast to intrusion by non-oontributing features. tectural assessrrent was the identification of (See our Methodology for a full description of predominant styles or categories, levels of sig this process.) nificance and focal structures. We found that the predominate categories for the Golden Hill '!he maps of architectural styles and periods Planned district as a whole (in order of magnitude) depict a rather fragmented oollection of many are Classical (Cclonial) Revivals, Craftsman-Shingle historic styles. '!his is not unusual for such styles, Bungalows, Mission-Spanish Revivals, and an area, especially ocnsidering the extended Victorians. time fraJre of its developrrent. (Unlike many of San Francisoo's urbanized hills of the l860s, '!his picture is not entirely representative because Golden Hill did not have a "Gold Rush" era to of the relative spatial distribution of each style. support a rapid, horrogeneous, and stylistic For example, by canbining the Craftsman style struc developrrent.) Where oollections of one style tures with the Craftsman bungalOl'lS, the prevalence do exist, they are often interrupted by a of the Craftsman genre equals that of the Classicals. '!he Victorians have an impressive visual impact 26 as canpared to other areas in San Diego, but shear 1he =nbination of natural elements with the rela mamers Cb not answer the lirportant question of tively =nsistent scale of development is an lirpor =hesiveness. tant asset worthy of preservation: An examination of the District boundaries determined that the '!he area with the rrost consistent pattern of entire Greater Golden Hill Planning area, and the styles and representative of the overall temporal area south of Highway 94, are visually supportive therre is the western slope between 19th and 23rd of the sense of tirre and place as established by Streets. '!his area is also rrore deteriorated. the architectural heritage observed in those sur A discussion of this specific area and its focal rounding areas. features, and the other identified subdistricts On the negative side of the assessrrent is the follows in the next section. visual clutter due to lack of maintenance and general neglect of the public and private im In general, the architectural heritage of the proverrents. '!his blight has resulted from the District is very rich, and is representative outward migration to the suburbs, as well as the of a broad spectrum of building types. It financial disincentive to maintain the historic includes some of San Diego's best examples of buildings which were built below densities of grand styles employed by well-known architects the earlier zoning. working for the prominent well-to-do San Diegans, as well as the simply-crafted vernacular houses for citizens of rrodest rreans. In addition, many original buildings have been derrolished and replaced with out-of-scale, out-of Inaddition to retaining its vintage architecture, character developnent. '!hese intrusions diminish Golden Hill still provides a sense of its natural the overall visual =hesiveness of the District, setting -- its hilly topography. (One exception and =ntriliuted significantly to our =nclusion is where Broadway and C Streets were filled in that smaller subdistricts possess a lTOre consistent at the canyon between 26th and 28th Streets.) historic fabric. 27 Sub·Districts or Neighborhoods TIle foll(~dng is a description of the subdistricts Subdistrict 2 - NOrth edge of the District bO\IDded by C-Street and RussBolirevard and of the Golden Hill Planned District based on our 23rd street-to 26th streer- archival research, field reconnaissance, in-depth This is an area of larger lots and propor field survey and architectural assessrrent. tionately larger hones. TIlere is a consis tent buJ,k-density and sense of scale. In subdistrict 1 - Bo\IDded by 19th to 23rd spite of the variety of architectural styles, streets and ~ Street to RusS1iOulevarcr Entering from west of 1-5 there is an there is a 28 horres which provides a good sense of t:i.rre are important panoramas to Coronado and and plaoe. Larger lots and homes east of Point Lorna from F Street. 24th Street provide nurrerous significant visual elements to the subarea (Category Despite its intrusions, this area is of B), but lack support structures and must a better architectural quality than Subdis contend with several intrusions, e.g., trict 6 (Glendale to Treat Streets) located apartIrents and COITIlErcial strips along below Broadway. Broadway and 25th Streets respectively. Subdistrict 4 - Bounded by .the alley between C and B Streets to Russ Boulevard and from '!here is a strong t:.eI1p:)ral presense below 26th to 28th St::reets-- --.-- Broadway on E and F Streets, and also a '!his is an unassuming, comfortable middle small pocket on 25th street below the working class neighborhood. '!here is a firestation. 25th Street itself is visu oonsistent distribution of typical period ally a 60s strip oorridor. Several sub horres. '!here is a relative lack of outstan stantial structures exist along 25th Street, ding or stellar examples of architectural but they are diminished by an equal nurrber styles popular at the time this area was of intrusions and visual clutter. '!his developed. Nonetheless, the lack of intru problem is addressed in a design study sions, the consistency of age, size, site sponsored by the City Planning Departrient. plan, landscaping and single-family use describe '!he overall effect is a lack of historic/ a oertain cohesiveness in the area. It has architectural consistency resulting in a an observable character distinct from the area lack of visual irrpact. of larger horres to the west and the mixture of comrercial, residential and period horres F Street provides a solid boundary for the to the south. subarea and the District. It is an in"q:x)X'"' tant visual asset looking both to and from the Golden Hill Planned District. '!here 29 Subdistrict 5 - Between C and B Streets the consistency and density of Subdistrict to the toe of the bluff 5eICW Broadway, and from alleybehind 25th Street to 28th 4. '!here is a lack of street trees, and Street the errpty wide boulevards give a barren '!his area contains the least nurrber of surveyed look to this area. '!he historic quality sites of any neighborhood in the district. Many of the area irrproves going west, notably of the sites surveyed reveal marginal or intru around 26th and E Streets. '!here are sive structures which had a neutral or nega inpJrtant views of these hillside homes tive effect on the historic character of the Freeway 94. subarea (Category D). It is inpJrtant to ncte that some new construction on Broadway Subdistrict 7 - 28th Street to alley east between 26th and 27th may reverse that trend of 28th and C St:Ieets to A street -- with sensitive design elements. '!he exten Consists of older comrercial structures sively intruded, run-down and congested sense and good residential hares, but they relate of this area may be best remedied with selec more to the area northeast of the District. tive redeveloj:ireJ1t and design review. '!his approach would ensure design corrpatability with the few interesting period structures which de exist. Subdistrict ~ - Bcunded !?y 25th and San Luis Streets, and ~ and Broadway '!his small-scale neighborhood has wide streets, small lots, and small single-story structures. Its overall low density and sparse architectural features of any ncte limit its character to a weak representation of backgrmmd structures. It lacks the intrusions of Subdistrict 5 or 30 Recommendations and Conclusions 5 5 Recommendations take the form of redevelopnent, where consideration for design corrpatibility may be lIDre appropriate and Conclusions than preservation or restoration programs per se. '!:he survey inventories 30 architectural styles :!esearch has revealed the Golden Hill Planned bracketing a period of 65 years (1870-1935). District as a rich, if sOllEwhat tarnished, '!:he distribution of these styles is so varied oollection of period hOITes. '!:he aesthetic throughout the survey area that no particular :i:rrq:>act of the area is diminished by visual archi tectural theme is evident. However, as clutter, defe=ed maintenance, and a sense noted in Section 4 above, there still exists of carelessness in the appearance of many a strong historic temporal impression in the public or quasi-public right-of-ways. ccmmmity as a whole, with seven identifiable subdistricts or historical neighborhoods. Nonetheless, the survey area retains a healthy core of varied architectural resources capable Golden llill possesses SOllE of the rrost stellar of substantial restoration, particularly in the examples of Victorian architecture to be found older sections west of 25th Street, and north in the City, e.g., the Quartermass-Wilde; and along the border of Balboa Park at A and B Streets. also possesses good examples of simply rendered vernacular structures, e. g., the bungalows which At a minimum, the majority of Golden Hill has main housed a cross-section of socia-economic groups tained its visual character as an historic urban with their respective lifestyles. '!:his diversity ccmnunity which provides an overall sense of place still exists, but in a different cultural context. and tirre. '!:hese have not gone unnoticed; indeed, Efforts should be made to preserve representative Golden Hill shows signs of substantial renaissance! collections of all architectural categories presently found in Golden Hill. In selected areas, this renaissance could continue as a legitimate architectural and historic restor ation Process. Elsewhere in the District, it Hay For all its disparity, visual clutter and neglect, Golden Hill possesses approximately 600 structures 31 which are either significant exanples of a style could rely to be uniformly administered by the City. of architecture popular during the period of its This would ensure that owners would feel confident develop:nent, or which contribute at least to the to invest in the area. Essentially, the program historical fabric and t:enp:lral sense of the place. would provide a specific plan framework for the implementation of projects on an individual basis By nurrbers alone, Golden Hill represents an either by private property owners or the City. Plan irrq:Jortant cultural, aesthetic and historical ning and financial incentives would be provided by resource in the City of San Diego. '!here is the City to individuals and owners to implement a strong comnunity desire to preserve the charac specific goals. ter of Golden Hill. '!his may be the central asset of the commmity -- the one which will The Specific Plan part of the Revitalization Program make preservation of Golden Hill work. should focus on the need to improve Golden Hill as a self-sufficient community, containing an appro L'esign Associates recommend that the City priate proportion of corrrrercial and cultural services, of San Diego, in concert with the people of without banishing the residential uses with disruptive Golden Hill, consider the establishrrent of a changes in use. '!he connections to DcMntown, the Park, "Golden Hill Revitalization Program." '!his and the Bay should be improved along with those to would be a multiphased,. bilateral endeavor re adjacent comnuni ties. HCMever, this should be accom quiring pUblic and private involverrent. '!he plished by supporting the distinctive qualitites of basic goal of this urban revitalization program Golden Hill. would be to restore and rehabilitate this portion of Golden Hill, and to create a renewed comnunity OUr recolTITI:'mdations for such a plan do not attempt in dynamic support of DcMntown San Diego. to identify plan carp::ments as they would be deve loped in concert with a review of other planning '!his would involve the establishrrent of a cc:mpre criteria such as that contained in the existing hensive program on which individual property owners Precise Plan and Planned District. Identified 32 below are activities which we believe =uld be of neglect by absentee owners and other of implenented within the frarrework of a Golden Hill existing landscape materials. City maintenance Revitalization Program. Many of these do not of right-of-way areas =uld also be improved to require regulation, but broadly support a cornnit eliminate the major negative effects of visual !tent to the preservation goals, and =uld be clutter. Consider a landscape assessrrent district individually instituted. or an ordinance mandating yard maintenance. If premises are neglected, the City crews =uld =rre A. PurS1.E a program of enhancing the setting of in to clean up and charge the property owners with significant structures and of the Planned =sts (see Sacrarrento Old City: A Preservation District through rerroval of blighting in Program. fluences, and through the provision of up graded public improvements. E. Designate subdistricts within the Planned District as Historic Districts. Buildings with a significance B. Inititate an Outreach Program to guide grade of "c" or higher would be eligible for preser property owners in solving CCl!IIIDn problems vation incentives and benefits. involving restoration and rehabilitation, particularly as to design compatibility, F. Designate the balance of the planned District materials oonservation, and =st estima not designated "historic" as a Revitalization/ ting of property improvements. Design Review District. Otherwise, the entire survey area should be designated as historic. C. Publish a "Re-hab Right" manual outlining appropriate actions to achieve compatible G. Provide a system of incentives such as density restoration products (see City of Oakland bonuses and transfer developrrent rights (TDR) Re-hab Right). arrong subdistricts. Areas within Subdistricts 5 and 6 would be established as TDR recipient sites. D. Address the need for enhanced landscaping A cap should be established limiting overall in public and private areas, and the issue density for the planned district to existing 33 zoning capacity, but providing discretion L. Establish sinple design review guidelines as to the specific location of developrrent to encourage new developrrent to use patterns, and redevelopment. textures, materials, color and proportions which will mitigate large bulk-density . 'This H. Establish a density bonus for renovations is inp:>rtant in the TDR recipient areas, Le., to existing intrusions only when those Subdistricts 5 and 6. inprovenents are compatiable with adjacent architectural therres. ('This would encourage M. Establish an historic archaeological review the elimination of intrusions.) when excavation occurs on slope faces, Le., facing the bay and ocean where indian encamp 1. Plan for a heritage structure relocation IIEI1ts are know to have existed. program within the Planned District. If the City Operations Yard at 20th Street and N • Involve the architectural com:nuni ty in educa A Street is ever abandoned, it could becorre tional efforts to preserve notable aspects of a heritage residential PRD, or could be the built environment. considered for adaptive reuse. O. Until a c:arprehensive revitalization program J. Close selected streets to through traffic is inple=ted, the San Diego Historic Site to reinforce neighborhood enclaves. Vacate Board should consider nominations to the City's p:>rtions of streets in densely populated list of Historic sites on an individual basis. subdistricts to create cul-de-sacs or small It is our opinion that properties identified urban parks. by us as a Group B or better would be eligible for individual listing. K. P=te developrrent which respects, and is sensitive to, "the Hill," thereby enhancing the hilly topography. 34 List of Maps Vicinity iv Survey Area v Architectural Survey 4 Architectural Styles 5 Significance 12 35 Bibliography and References 7 BCOKS ~lderson~1Dore/Winter, Ed. California Design 1910, Pasadena: CalifoD1ia Design Publications, 1974. Andrews, Gregory E., Ed. Tax Incentives for Historic Preservation, 'the Preservation Press, 1980. Bemdes, Barry, San Diego Guide 1971. B1urrenson, JOM J. G., Identifying Arrerican Architecture, Merican Association for State and Local History, 1981. Adaptive Use, '!he Urban Land Institute, 1978. Booth, Olmsted, Pourade, Portrait of a Boom 'I\::wn: San Diego in the 1880s, 'lhe San Diego Historical Society, 1977. Bowsher, Alice Meriwether, Design Review in Historic Districts, National Trust for Historic Preservation, 'llie Preservation Press, 1978. ---o;o==.,.,-=-y-:,.-,-~' Preservation: 'lbward an Ethic in the 1980s, National 'l'rust for Historic Preservation, '!he Preservation Press, 1980. Brandes, Ray, San Diego, An Illustrated Histcry, 1981. ----",.------c_--=' Old and New Architecture Design Relationships, National 'rn1st for llistcric Preservation, TIle Preservation Press, 1980. Black, Sam F., Clarke, S,J., San Diego County California: 1913. Britton, ,James II, Torrorrow, AlA San Diego Chapter iliA, 1977. City of Oakland, Rehab Right, 1978. Costonis, John J. Space Adrift, University of Illinois Press, 1974. Fielding, Mantle, Dictionarr:: of Arrerican Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, corrpiled by James F. Carr, New ¥or , 1965. 36 Fitch, James Marston, Historic Preservation Curational f4anagerrent of the Built \Vorlcl, Mc.'GriiVi Hill Book Company, 1982. Gebhard, D., Winter R., A Guide to Architecture in IDs Angeles and Southenl California, peregrine Smitl1, Inc., 1977. An Illustrated Histo:ty of Southern California, Serrai-luseumLibrary, p. 171, 1890. Johl, Karen, Tirreless Treasures: San Diego's Victorian Heritage, Himd Editions, 1982. Kamerling, Bruce, Irving Gill: '!he Artist as Architect, San Diego: '!he San Diego Historical Society, 1979. Kirker, Harold, California's Architectural Frontier, Peregrine Smitll, Inc. 1973. Lancaster, Clay, Japanese Influence in America. IDs Angeles County Museum, Irving Gill 1370-1936, L.A. County Museun, 1958. IDve Syd, San Diego 1960, p. 184. McCoy, Estl1er, Five California Architects, Heinhold Publication Corporation, 1960. NcGrew, C.A., City of San Diego and San Diego County, 1922. 11cWil1 iams, Corey, Southern CalifoD1ia: An Island On me Land, pere9rine Smith, Tnc. 1972. Morgan, Neil, Blair, Tom, Yesterday's San Diego, E.A. Seeman Publications, Inc. 1976. f1umford, lewis, Roots of Contemporary American Architecture, Harocurt, Brdce iind lVodd, Inc. Murtach, J., Ardan, G.C., Historic Districts: Identification, Social Aspects and Presentation, '!he Preservation Press, 1975. Office of Planning and Pesearch, State of Califonria, Historic Preservation Element Guidelines, 1976. 31 ali ver, Shel ter in Society. Olwell, carol, A Gift to the Street, Antelope Island Press, 1976. Rudofsky, Architecture Without Architects. Schrrertz, Mildred F., New Life for Old Buildings, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982. Scully, Vincent, The Shingle Style and Stick Style. Thomas, Selma, Ed., Rehabilitation: An Alternative for Historic Industrial Buildings, Historic American Engineering Record, U.S. Government Printlng Offioe, 1978. U.S. Departrrent of the Interior, Guidelines for IDeal Surveys: A Basis for PreservationPlannin'j, U.S. Governrrent Printing offioe, 1977. Wright, Russell, Consultant - National Trust for Historic Preservation, A Guide to Delineative Edges of Historic Districts, The Preservation Press, 1976. PERIODICAlS Denman, D.V., Ross, W" "The Arts and Crafts: A Diagnosis," The Craftsman, p. 335, December 1904. Gill, Irving, cL, "The Home of the Future - The New Architecture of the lvest; ;;',1\a11 Homes For a Great Country," The Craftsman, p. 140, May 1916. Historic Preservation, April-Jnne, July-Septenber, October-December, 1976; January-March, 1977. Jonrnalof San Diego History, Vol. XX, No.4, pp. 2-4, Fall 1974. San Di~go S~1, 1890-1913. San Diego Union, various days including much of 1911-present. The Golden Era, p. 39, Septenber 1889; p. 611, September 1887. 38 'lhomas, Harlan, "possibilities of the 8ungalav as a Permanent {Melling," 'lhe Craftsman, March 1906. ADDITICW\L REFERENCES Planning Depart1rent, City of San Diego, Greater Golden Hill 1978 Precise Plan, City of San Diego, 1979. ------, Greater Golden Hill Historic District No.2, City of San Diego, 1978. / Golden Hill Planned District, City of San Diego. Sanborne Firemaps, 1921, 1923, and 1954. Ti tIe Insurance and Trust O::irpany, Cl1ain of Title, Office of County Recorder of San Diego County_ PHCJ'I03RAPHS Courtesy of San Diego Historical Society-Title Insurance and Trust Collection. 39 Acknowledgements PROJECT DIRECTOR AND PRINCIPAL RESCORCE PlANNER: Mary M. SCJIrerville ARCHITECT AND PRIN:IPAL URBAN PlANNER: Anthony A. Ciani RESEARCH AND SURVEY CONSULTANT: Diann Harsh PHOI'CGRAPHY : John Weber Mary M. Somerville Anthony A. Ciani EDITORIAL CONSULTANT: Debra Lynn Bigelow GRAPHIC ARTIST: Karen Tabor TYPESE'ITING : Central Graphics ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: Ronald Buckley, San Diego Historic Site Board Planner 40