DOCSLIB.ORG

Architecture As Environmental Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Architecture As Environmental Medicine 188 84lH ACSA ANNUAL MEETING DESlGNlDESlGN STUDIO 1996 Architecture as Environmental Medicine PHILLIP G.MEAD Newschool of Architecture INTRODUCTION under Caesar Augustus, because a portion of his book The Ten Books on Architecture is devoted in depth to military breach- What is the practice of architecture? How does the public ing machines and fortification design. perceive what we do and how does that differ from the way Vitruvius, as a military engineer, was essentially a castle we view ourselves? Are we artists whose ultimate goal is to maker; thus his thinking was protective in nature. Architects express the "spirit of the age" or are we plan coordinators who add a touch of zeitgeist here and there for effect. As are, in a way, castle makers who provide protection from the creators concerned with the influence buildings and land- elements, casualties, and criminal activities. Shelter, our scapes have on the public's well being and as licensed primary form of protection, is a form of preventative medi- professionals sworn to secure the health, safety and welfare cine. Likewise our skin protects our bodies from countless of the public, it's time to acknowledge a part of us that we numbers of parasitic viruses and germs. But Vitruvius' have failed to recognize or promote, that of "environmental thdung wasn't limited to protection alone; it also included physicians." Our history is rich with medical associations. ideas of sustainability (not the kind of sustainability that The first recorded architect,Irnhotep (designer ofbgZoser's focuses on responsible ecological energy production and pyramid) was also aphysician who after his death became the consumption, but sustainability as biological nourishment). god ofhealing. Some of our most revered works: The Love11 His secondary duties as a military engineer consisted of Houses, Richards Medical Laboratories, The Salk Institute finding healthy sites with clean water, air and vegetation for and the recently completed Neuroscience Institute in La Jolla, the set-up of military camps. For the remainder of this paper, were designed in collaboration with the medical community. this idea of sustainability and protection will include the If we recognize the church as a spiritual as well as physical physical as well as psychological and spiritual qualities in healer (most hospitals before the 20th century were run by design. churches) then our collaboration as builders of the houses of healing is extensive. Site Throughout history, architects have examined and em- Both protective and sustainable thinking are inherent with ployed: 1. the properties of site, 2. the art of placement, and Vitruvius' declaration in the Ten Books on Architecture that 3. the qualities of light and air to improve our health and the first priority of site design is health.' He recommends not quality of life. Thls re-examination of the historical writings building structures or cities on a valley floor or near marshes and projects that have embraced environmental health issues because bad air and swamp creatures dwell there. (The (physically, psychologically and spiritually) from ancient Asian art of placement, Feng Shui, makes a similar Marcus Vitruvius to Richard Neutra, and from recommendation in not only avoiding the hill bottom but also Christopher Alexander to the Building Codes, indicates that the top to avoid harsh winds. Vitruvius advises that once a we have contemplated health-conscious design for thousands site is chosen, cattle should graze the area for a "sufficient of years. Understandingthls history can help students develop time" after which a few should be slain to see if their livers responsible design convictions and furthermore act as a have an unhealthy discoloration. If so, then like a good springboard for research and design methodology. scientist, the architect should examine other cattle to deter- mine whether the site is ~nhealthy.~(Can soils tests today SITE, PLACEMENT, LIGHT AND AIR claim to do the same)? Protective and Sustainable Thinking Vitruvius also advises how to find and classify sites with The first theorist to address environmental health issues was health-restoring springs, declaring that sulk springs cure Marcus Vitmvius Pollio. Although little is known oflritruvius, pains in sinews and aluminous springs aid in the treatment of it is speculated that he was a high ranlung military engineer paralysis.' Today we still recognize the medicinal benefits of 84TH ACSA ANNUAL MEETING DESlGNlDESlGN STUDIO 1996 189 hot springs. Cracks and fissures in the earth, where gases and Language, which is an orderly listing of sustainable arrange- springs emerge, are places where religious healings also tend ments or "patterns." Although many consider A Pattern to occur which explains the presence of temples in these areas. Language an insult to artistic expression, its prescriptions are Throughout the centuries one religious temple has been generally backed up with scientific data or first hand observa- replaced by another, according to the dominating religion of tion, and its "patterns" (minus its construction details) are the time, on these same sacred ground^.^ flexible enough to accommodate a variety of expressions. As Even in America, Christian buildings now have replaced most of us know, and as Alexander will adrmt, A Pattern Native American healing sites. An example ofhscan be found Language is not the last word on healthy design; but it is not near San Bernardino at Arrowhead Springs located a few a bad start. hundred yards from the San Andreas Fault. It was fmt used by Native Americans as a place of healing, but, after the Anglo- Light Americans took over the region, a bath house was erected The use of light as a regenerative and purifying agent has long which claimed to cure many ailments. Through misrnanage- been recognized in health conscious design, particularly in the ment the business died, but today a religious retreat center design of temples, houses and hospitals. In the placement of called Campus Crusade for Christ occupies the site. temples, Vitruvius suggests that they face the west so that the worshipper can behold the morning sun when viewing the Placement temple and its priest.' This theatrical maneuver is a reminder The correct placement of paths and buildings with the of the regenerative role of the sun with its life-giving light. A appropriate arrangement of their parts has been a strong western orientation is archetypical, for it occurs not only in concern in the history of environmental medicine. In ancient Roman temples but also in Ancient American temples and America and Europe, environmental shamans placed plazas, Early Christian to Gothic cathedral design. Greek mythology avenues and buildings in relation to sacred geographical and reinforces the perception of light as a healer by worshipping celestial features to help nature regenerate and heal itself so Apollo and his son Aesculapius as healers. Christianity sees that, in the end, civilizations would not go h~ngry.~In Asia Jesus as the "light of the world." the ancient art of placement, Feng Shui, prescribes sustain- Abbot Sugier, the father of Gothic church design, took the able and protective advice for the correct placement of regenerative role of light one step Merwith his design of buildings and components relative to each other and to the St. Denis outside Paris. In the 1 loo's, St. Denis was the first natural environment. cathedral to extensively use stained glass. Abbot Sugier's The Ten Books on Architecture also recommends the writings show that the immaterial can be reached by way of correct placement of temples. The Temple of Mars, Vitruvius the material in the contemplation of certain pieces of art; advises, should be placed outside the walls of the city so that mainly art using reflective gems. These "small lamps," as he Mars can act as an advanced guard to protect the town from writes, can help the individual towards redemption and thus enemy attack. His advice on the placement of Vulcan's spiritual healing.8 His fondness for reflective gems in the temple outside the city walls, foreshadows today's fire codes.6 decoration of his art then carried over into his idea of installing Apparently Vulcan's ceremonial fues occasionally got out of large stained glass windows in St. Denis. control and spread to surrounding buildings. One could say Eight hundred years later, Christian Shakers in America that Vitruvius' concern with fire containment, through correct also looked to light as an aid to redemption. placement, has evolved into the complexity of today's build- Shaker Eldress Arelia Mace wrote, "Good and evil are typi- ing and fire codes. Since fire is the number one catastrophe fied by light and darkness. Therefore we bring light into a dark that plagues our buildings and since fires are known to kill and room, the darkness disappears, and insomuch as the soul is maim thousands of people each year, it is imperative that filled with good, .... evil will disappear." Shaker communal students develop a respect for the codes instead of regarding houses, even barns and chicken coops are well lit with many them as a shackle to artistic creativity. Like the building large windows and sophisticated skylights. Interiors are codes, our own body's genetic code is full of contingency painted white and trimmed with dark blue. Even interior plans for the prevention and containment of disease. Despite hallways and closets borrow light from adjacent rooms by the complexity of instructions in our genetic code, it does not inside window^.^ appear to have compromised the richness and beauty of our The purifying effect of light was also recognized by the species. Just as our own genetic code has evolved into a highly medical community around the turn of this century at the complex and redundant information system, we can only discovery that sunlight could kill bacteria.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Introduction to Architectural Theory Is the First Critical History of a Ma Architectural Thought Over the Last Forty Years
    a ND M a LLGR G OOD An Introduction to Architectural Theory is the first critical history of a ma architectural thought over the last forty years. Beginning with the VE cataclysmic social and political events of 1968, the authors survey N the criticisms of high modernism and its abiding evolution, the AN INTRODUCT rise of postmodern and poststructural theory, traditionalism, New Urbanism, critical regionalism, deconstruction, parametric design, minimalism, phenomenology, sustainability, and the implications of AN INTRODUCTiON TO new technologies for design. With a sharp and lively text, Mallgrave and Goodman explore issues in depth but not to the extent that they become inaccessible to beginning students. ARCHITECTURaL THEORY i HaRRY FRaNCiS MaLLGRaVE is a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of ON TO 1968 TO THE PRESENT Technology, and has enjoyed a distinguished career as an award-winning scholar, translator, and editor. His most recent publications include Modern Architectural HaRRY FRaNCiS MaLLGRaVE aND DaViD GOODmaN Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968 (2005), the two volumes of Architectural ARCHITECTUR Theory: An Anthology from Vitruvius to 2005 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005–8, volume 2 with co-editor Christina Contandriopoulos), and The Architect’s Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity, and Architecture (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). DaViD GOODmaN is Studio Associate Professor of Architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology and is co-principal of R+D Studio. He has also taught architecture at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design and at Boston Architectural College. His work has appeared in the journal Log, in the anthology Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, Alternatives, and in the Northwestern University Press publication Walter Netsch: A Critical Appreciation and Sourcebook.
    [Show full text]
  • OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY of HISTORIC RESOURCES
    OLMSTED TRACT; Torrance, California 2011 – 2013 SURVEY OF HISTORIC RESOURCES II. HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT A. Torrance and Garden City Movement: The plan for the original City of Torrance, known as the Olmsted Tract, owes its origins to a movement that begin in England in the late 19th Century. Sir Ebenezer Howard published his manifesto “Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898 where he describes a utopian city in which man lives harmoniously together with the rest of nature. The London suburbs of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were the first built examples of garden city planning and became a model for urban planners in America. In 1899 Ebenezer founded the Garden City Association to promote his idea for the Garden City ‘in which all the advantages of the most energetic town life would be secured in perfect combination with all the beauty and delight of the country.” His notions about the integration of nature with town planning had profound influence on the design of cities and the modern suburb in the 20th Century. Examples of Garden City Plans in America include: Forest Hills Gardens, New York (by Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr.); Radburn, New Jersey; Shaker Heights, Ohio; Baldwin Hills Village, in Los Angeles, California and Greenbelt, Maryland. Fredrick Law Olmsted is considered to be the father of the landscape architecture profession in America. He had two sons that inherited his legacy and firm. They practiced as the Olmsted Brothers of Brookline Massachusetts. Fredrick Law Olmsted Junior was a founding member of The National Planning Institute of America and was its President from 1910 to 1919.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historic Subdivision of South Park
    The Historic 8ubdivision of oouth Park J! :l .~~ ,..., ,, ...,,,.,., -:'/ / · ~ ,_•·s=D:.......__ _....:::::~~~;;;;;_~-'// ., illi .\ ; fl \.-~-·.t ?,·(~;.....•~;::-•. :~'~t;~" ··... =-··· . ~ . ~u~c~·r:s~l,!'..,,. \~ ~< -~-~ :~)--~r-~~tJ!Ff.~~-=-/ . ~\'·i?., ~-~~/,,: P.O. Box 3571 ~-.:..- . ~;:ch~+",;, ~> -, ' ' ,,-~~~1~r~_ ;&~ ~i1 · l'.: San Diego , California 92163 ·4· ·;4, l! f'7 '/ ; "i . t:. ..; ' -~-:t.. (619) 297-9327 -"--h ,.:l.: l .J ·, • ·. ~ ' ~~~L~~:~ --~~i¥';".:·~r~f!":-·-~ 1 :; ......J. -._.- ...-... .,... .lp- ~-~-~~.2.i.. - - . ---· :.. '~~~~ - ~ ~~} ~ave Our tteril88e Or(janisalion &OliO presents The llisloric8ubdivision of 8outh Park A selected lislin8 of Iiislorically and Archileclurally &i8niftcanl liomes in cooperalion with ooulh Park Maintenance and E>eautificalionCommillee a commillee of the Grealer Golden !iii! Community Developmenl Corporation with support of a 8ranl from the Cily of &n Die8o Commissionof Arls 0 Cullure Table of Contents Foreword .................... ....................... ................................. ............ 1 South Park, San Diego, California .............................. ................ .. 2 Builders and Architects .................... .................... .......................... 3 The Historic Subdivision of South Park ........................... .......... .. 6 Our cover is reproduced from an article on South Park homes printed in the San Diego Union, January 1, 1912. ii iii foreword by Suzanne Lawrence President of SOHO For over twenty-three years Save Our Heritage Organisation
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Preservation Study and Evaluation
    Golden HHI Planned District Historic Preservation Study and Evaluation Prepared for the City of San Diego Planning Department and Historical Site Board by CIANI AND SOMERVILLE DESIGN ASSOCIATES Architectural and Historic Preservation Consultants La Jolla, California April, 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUMEl 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology 2 3. Historical Background 15 4. Evaluation 24 5. Recommendations and Conclusions 31 6. List of Maps 35 1. Bibliography and References 36 8. Acknowledgements 40 it CONTENTS OF VOLUME II HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY Russ Blvd. B Street Broadway A Street C Street CONTENTS OF VOLUME III HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY E Street Avenido Cerro Gordo 20th Street F Street Treat Street 21st Street Glendale Ave. 19th Street CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV HISTORIC RESOURCE INVENTORY 22nd Street 25th Street 28th Street 23rd Street 26th Street 24th Street 27th Street iii Vicinity k c.., .,K 'l: \[\ C; 'N '" ~ ~ '"II) corcmado GOLDEN HILL PLANNED DISTRICT jv 1 Introduction TIlerefore, our review of the cultural context is a summary of work by others, and is provided TIlis survey has been conducted for the City of San as an overview of the social history of the Diego Planning Department and the community of greater Golden Hill area. Golden Hill, with special consideration for the perceived goal of producing a canprehensive evalua­ TIlis study of the Planned District provides tion and documentation of all cultural resources an assessment of the architectural styles and located within the Golden Hill Planned District. periods of the survey area, and an evaluation TIle canpletion of this survey brings the community of significance arrong the surveyed sites, objects, a step closer to irrplerrenting the goals of the and structures.
    [Show full text]
  • VIS 128A: Special Topics: American Architecture
    VIS 128A: Special Topics: American Architecture Visual Arts Department Winter 2013 University of California, San Diego Lecture: TuTh 9:30-10:50 HSS 1330 Dr. Ann Woods: e-mail: [email protected] Office hours: Tu 11:00-12:00 at Mandeville lounge near Espresso coffee cart Course Description: The class will offer a survey of American architecture, with special focus on the development of the city of San Diego and its architectural, social and political history. Issues of historic preservation will be covered. Required Texts: Leland Roth, American Architecture: A History, (Boulder: Icon Press, 2003); San Diego Modernism Historic Context Statement, pdf. available on TED. Optional: Dirk Sutro, San Diego Architecture From Missions to Modern, (San Diego: Architectural Foundation, 2002) Geisel Library two hour reserve: Roth, American Architeture; Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses, (New York: Knopf, 1984); Arts Reference section: Sutro, San Diego Architecture From Missions to Modern Online images: Artstor provides a database of study images. It can be accessed from campus computers, or from off campus via UCSD’s proxy server. Go to http://www.artstor.org/info/ and click on Enter Here (at upper right). You will need to register, supplying your email address and a personal password. Once you have registered, use the Find bar at upper left to go to Unlock password-protected folder. Click and enter your personal information and the folder password: amerarchit Class Requirements and Grading: Class attendance and reading of the required texts are required. There will be one midterm and a non- cumulative final consisting of identifications, short answer questions and essays.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
    NFS Form 10-900a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section ___ Page __ SUPPLEMENTARY LISTING RECORD NRIS Reference Number: 03000583 Date Listed: 7/5/2003 Gerry Building Los Angeles CA Property Name County State N/A Multiple Name This property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with the attached nomination documentation subject to the following exceptions, exclusions, or amendments, notwithstanding the National Park Service certification included in the nomination documentation. ^C Signaturer ox* the Keeper Date of Action Amended UL terns in Nomination: Location: The correct county code for Los Angeles County is: 37 Certification; This verifies that, in the opinion of the SHPO, the property meets the National Register Criteria. These revisions were confirmed with the CA SHPO office. DISTRIBUTION: National Register property file Nominating Authority (without nomination attachment) NFS Form 10-900 _. OMB 1024-0018 Teresa Grimes Facsimile Form 1/99 /O , * '•«' XW United States Department of the Interior y *> National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form ~~t====^l!.S This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions : ~ Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories from the instructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Preservation Begins at Home by ALANA COONS There Are Few Places As Wonderful As San Diego in Heritage Tourism Promotes the Preservation of a Which to Live Or Work
    Winter 2006 Volume 37, Issue 1 SAVING SAN DIEGO’S PAST FOR THE FUTURE LOCAL PARTNERS WITH THE NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION Preservation Begins at Home BY ALANA COONS There are few places as wonderful as San Diego in Heritage tourism promotes the preservation of a which to live or work. SOHO’s offices are in the middle community’s historic resources, educates tourists and local of one of the most visited historical communities in the residents about its historic and cultural heritage, and brings state. We are fortunate in that we get to meet and greet substantial benefits to local economies. With that in mind, visitors from all over the world. These visitors fall in SOHO is very pleased to announce that along with our love with the many wonders of San Diego and all daily museum activities, we are now making our famous display interest and seek information on historical sites. SOHO historic architectural tours available all year round! Tourism is the world’s leading industry, and what is That’s right, beginning this March every weekend you can called cultural heritage and tourism is its fastest- go on a historic tour developed by the people who know growing segment. San Diego’s historic architecture, sites and its history best. Please see page 2 for all the details about our kick off tour What is cultural heritage tourism? The National Trust on March 24 and 25! defines cultural heritage tourism as traveling to experi- ence the places, artifacts and activities that authentically We live in a time when we are all so busy and it is so easy represent the stories and people of the past and present.
    [Show full text]
  • On Frank Lloyd Wright's Concrete Adobe
    ON FRANK LloYD WRIGHT’S CONCRETE ADOBE For their devotion to the development and administration of the Architecture Archive and Architecture Museum at the University of South Australia this book is dedicated to Dr. Christine Garnaut, Dr. Julie Collins and Ann Riddle. On Frank Lloyd Wright’s Concrete Adobe Irving Gill, Rudolph Schindler and the American Southwe st Donald Leslie Johnson University of South Australia, Adelaide First published 2016 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2013 Donald Leslie Johnson Donald Leslie Johnson has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identied as the author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Johnson, Donald Leslie. On Frank Lloyd Wright’s concrete adobe : Irving Gill, Rudolph Schindler and the American Southwest. -- (Ashgate studies in architecture) 1. Concrete masonry--California--Los Angeles--Case studies. 2. Concrete masonry--History. 3. Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959--Criticism and interpretation. 4. Gill, Irving, 1870-1936--Inuence.
    [Show full text]
  • Irving Gill from His Personal Collection, Com• Piled Throughout the Past 50 Years
    SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS U.S. Postage SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CHAPTER FIRST CLASS MAIL PAID Pasadena, CA Permit No. 740 I 1 P.O. Box 56478, Sherman Oaks. CA 91413, 800.9SAHSCC, www.sahscc.org Reed will present rare Kodachrome slides on the work of Irving Gill from his personal collection, com• piled throughout the past 50 years. This event offers an opportunity to see rare images of buildings as they once were and buildings that have been lost, accompanied by the reflections of one of Southern California's most authoritative voices on modern architecture. Bishop's School, La Jolla, Irving Gill (1909), John Reed grew up in San Photo: Marvin Rand Diego and attended the School of Architecture at USC. After college, he worked for three years in the office of Lloyd Wright, where he Irving Gill often visited Lloyd Wright's famous father, Frank Lloyd Wright. A pioneer in the preservation of modern architecture in Los Irving Gill: Angeles, as well an accomplished architect in his own right, John Reed was the preservation officer for the Southern California chapter CaliFornid of the AIA. He was also president of the "Save The Dodge House" foundation. This attempt to save the universally lauded Irving Gill Dodge House, Irving Gill (1916, destroyed). mpressions masterpiece was the first effort to Photo: Marvin Rand preserve a contemporary build• ing—one fewer than 50 years old. SAH/SCC Lecture with Reed also helped Esther McCoy Architect John Reed with her book. Five California Architects (Reinhold Publishing Sunday, July 24th Corporation, 1960), acting on his interest in Gill and R.M.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Survey Implementation
    Uptown Historic Architectural and Cultural Landscape Reconnaissance Survey Introduction and Survey Implementation Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Survey Implementation 3 ♦ IS Architecture, Ione R. Stiegler, Architect, AIA ♦ ♦ 5649 La Jolla Blvd, La Jolla, California 92037 ♦ ♦ Vonn Marie May - Cultural Landscape Specialist ♦ Uptown Historic Architectural and Cultural Landscape Reconnaissance Survey Introduction and Survey Implementation Chapter 1 ----- Page Left Intentionally Blank ----- 4 ♦ IS Architecture, Ione R. Stiegler, Architect, AIA ♦ ♦ 5649 La Jolla Blvd, La Jolla, California 92037 ♦ ♦ Vonn Marie May - Cultural Landscape Specialist ♦ Uptown Historic Architectural and Cultural Landscape Reconnaissance Survey Introduction and Survey Implementation Chapter 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Survey Purpose and Scope.........................................................................................6 1.2 Survey Type..................................................................................................................8 1.3 Project Area................................................................................................................10 2.0 Implementation of The Architectural Reconnaissance Survey ................ 12 2. 1 Phase One: Preparations for Field Reconnaissance ..............................................12 2.1.1 Meetings ..........................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    CONTENTS A C F H K 6 What is modern architecture? 8 Hugo Henrik Alvar Aalto 82 Santiago Calatrava 136 Emil Fahrenkamp 188 Zaha Hadid 244 Louis Isodore Kahn by Peter Gössel 12 Thornton Abell 86 Félix Candela 137 Hassan Fathy 192 Oswald Haerdtl 250 Ray Kappe 14 Adler and Sullivan 88 Case Study House 138 Sverre Fehn 193 Hiroshi Hara 252 Friedrich Kiesler 18 Gregory Ain Program 139 Luigi Figini and Gino Pollini 194 Harrison and Abramowitz 253 Kiyonori Kikutake 19 Franco Albini 90 Pierre Chareau 140 Lord Norman Foster 196 Zvi Hecker 254 Edward Killingsworth 20 Will Alsop 92 Serge Ivan Chermayeff 144 Albert Frey 197 Paul Hedqvist 255 Waro Kishi 21 Amsterdam School 93 Chicago School 148 Richard Buckminster Fuller 198 Agustín Hernández 256 Michel de Klerk 22 Tadao Ando 94 David Chipperfi eld 150 Future Systems 200 Herzog & de Meuron 258 Pierre Koenig 26 Art Déco 96 Josef Chochol 152 Futurism 204 Josef Hoffmann 260 Rem Koolhaas 30 Art nouveau 97 Connell, Ward & Lucas 208 Fritz Höger 264 Kengo Kuma 34 Erik Gunnar Asplund 98 Constructivism 210 Steven Holl 265 Kisho Kurokawa 100 Coop Himmelb(l)au 212 Hans Hollein 102 Charles Mark Correa G 213 Raymond Hood 104 Lúcio Costa 214 Victor Horta 153 Ignazio Gardella 106 Crites & McConnell 218 HPP B 154 Tony Garnier L 36 Shigeru Ban 156 Antoni Gaudí i Cornet 266 Denys Louis Lasdun 40 Barclay & Crousse 160 Frank Owen Gehry 267 Mogens Lassen 41 Edward Larrabee Barnes 164 Andrew Geller 268 Paul László 42 Luis Barragán D 165 von Gerkan, I 270 John Lautner 46 Bauhaus 108 Deconstructivism Marg and Partner 219 International
    [Show full text]
  • Irving J. Gill Document Collection
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c84j0kmc Online items available Irving J. Gill Document Collection Finding aid created by San Diego City Clerk's Archives staff using RecordEXPRESS San Diego City Clerk's Archives 202 C Street San Diego, California 92101 (619) 235-5247 [email protected] http://www.sandiego.gov/city-clerk/inforecords/archive.shtml 2020 Irving J. Gill Document Collection Irving Gill Document Collection 1 Descriptive Summary Title: Irving J. Gill Document Collection Dates: 1904 - 1911 Collection Number: Irving Gill Document Collection Creator/Collector: Irving J. GillHebbard & GillBoard of Park Commissioners, City of San DiegoDepartment of Fire and Sewers, City of San DiegoSan Diego Architectural Assoc. Extent: 13 documents, including an original architectural detail drawing in water color. Online items available http://www.sandiego.gov/digitalarchives/ Repository: San Diego City Clerk's Archives San Diego, California 92101 Abstract: Irving J. Gill documents discovered in the City Clerk Archives, City of San Diego, dated from 1904 to 1911. Irving Gill, an American architect, (1870-1936), is considered a pioneer of the modern movement in architecture. Gill came to San Diego in 1893 after working at a Chicago architecture firm with Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed several buildings in San Diego and Southern California which are considered among the region's best. More than a dozen of his designs are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. His works include: the George W. Marston House, Old Scripps Building at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA (the oldest oceanographic research building in continuous use in the United States), Horton Plaza Fountain, Sunnyslope Lodge, La Jolla Recreational Center, La Jolla Women's Club, The Bishop's School, Ellen Browning Scripps Residence (now the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego), The Green Dragon Cottages in La Jolla, and the Administration Building for the Panama California Exhibition of 1915 in San Diego (now the Gill Auditorium).
    [Show full text]