Beginner's Guide to Reading Schematics

Beginner’s Guide to Reading Schematics Third Edition Stan Gibilisco New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2014, 1991, 1983 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-182779-9 MHID: 0-07-182779-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-182778-2, MHID: 0-07-182778-1. E-book conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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The American Library Association named Stan’s McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Personal Computing (1995) as one of the “Best References of 1996.” In addition to authoring several books in McGraw- Hill’s DeMYSTiFieD series of home study guides, he has written three books in McGraw-Hill’s Know-It-All series for students who enjoy mathematics. Stan’s Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics has become a classic in the field. This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction ix 1 What’s the scheme? 1 Block diagrams 2 Schematic diagrams 2 Schematic symbology 4 Schematic interconnections 6 Visual language 8 2 Block diagrams 13 A simple example 13 Functional drawings 13 Current and signal paths 16 Flowcharts 18 Process paths 22 Summary 24 3 Component symbols 25 Resistors 25 Capacitors 30 Inductors and transformers 34 Switches 39 Conductors and cables 43 Diodes and transistors 46 v vi Contents Electron tubes 49 Cells and batteries 53 Logic gates 54 Summary 56 4 Simple circuits 57 Getting started 57 Component labeling 66 Troubleshooting with schematics 71 A more complex circuit 75 Schematic/block combinations 78 Summary 81 5 Complex circuits 83 Identifying the building blocks 83 Page breaks 91 Some more circuits 94 Getting comfortable with large schematics 106 Summary 111 6 Let’s learn by doing 113 Your breadboard 113 Wire wrapping 117 Kirchhoff’s current law 119 Kirchhoff’s voltage law 123 A resistive voltage divider 125 A diode-based voltage reducer 132 Mismatched lamps in series 137 Summary and conclusion 144 A Schematic symbols 145 B Resistor color codes 163 Suggested additional reading 167 Index 169 Introduction Have you “caught the electronics bug,” only to grow sick with apprehension as you encountered diagrams with arcane symbols the moment you decided to build, troubleshoot, or repair something? If so, you’re holding the cure in your hands right now. A little knowledge of electronics symbology can eliminate a lot of fear and confusion. Don’t give up electronics just because you’ve come across some spooky graphics. That would be like giving up a sport because you fear the pain of training. That’s where the coach comes in! A good coach streamlines your training in any sport and helps you get past the pain. Schematic diagrams, well drawn and clearly portrayed, can help you to design, build, maintain, troubleshoot, and repair electronic equipment. Schematic diagrams are like road maps of electronic highway net- works. These drawings can help you find your way through the elements of simple circuits, complex devices, and massive systems. Once you’ve learned what the symbols and notations stand for, reading a schematic will come as easily to you as planning a trip with the aid of a road atlas. This book contains all the information that you’ll need in order to begin exploring electronic circuits. It can help you build a solid background for a career in electronics, whether you decide to go into design, maintenance, or repair. This book explains the rationale behind schematic diagrams, how to use or interpret each symbol, and vii viii Introduction how the symbols interconnect to reflect real-world circuits. You’ll even get a chance to diagram and perform some experiments! Once you’ve completed this book, you’ll have plenty of information and confidence, so that you can continue your quest to enter whatever field of electronics suits your fancy, whether it’s something as humble as shortwave or amateur radio, or something as cutting- edge and exotic as bioelectronics, space communications, or mecha- tronics. I welcome your suggestions for future editions. Please visit my website at www.sciencewriter.net. You can e-mail me from there. Above all, have fun! Stan Gibilisco 1 What’s the scheme? You’ll encounter three types of diagrams in electricity and electronics: block, schematic, and pictorial. Each type of diagram serves its own special purpose. 1. A block diagram gives you an overview of how the discrete circuits within a device or system interact. Each circuit is represented with a “block” (a rectangle or other shape, depending on the application). Interconnecting lines, sometimes with arrows on one or both ends, reveal the relationships between the circuits. 2. A schematic diagram (often simply called a schematic) includes every component that a circuit contains, with each component having its own special symbol. This book is devoted mostly to schematics. 3. A pictorial diagram, sometimes called a layout diagram, shows the actual physical arrangement of the circuit elements on the circuit board or chassis, so that you can quickly find and identify components to test or replace. When you troubleshoot an unfamiliar electronic circuit, you’ll usu- ally start with the block diagram to find where the trouble originates. Then you’ll refer to the schematic diagram (or part of it) to find the faulty component in relation to other components in the circuit. A pictorial diagram can then tell you where the faulty component phys- ically resides, so that you can test it and, if necessary, replace it.

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