V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 n oe nwihsinewstefnaetl u o h on the not but fundamental, eleme the very was from science us which took in millennia domes several and of evolution an observatories how astronomical of development the describe We rnmclosraoishv hi eps roots. deepest their have observatories tronomical know study the to science. approached interest this people of of these which heavens. points in the as way of out the ones study stand the the that to be Those way, to some exprofeso in conceived destined, under- or places proto-observatories, architecture as the its stood be will through it culture urbanism, its as- of in impact tronomy outstanding an evidenced civilizations or constructions certain of sites. arrangement archaeological the in prefer- phenom- in celestial astronomical lasted some ena of found, this have incidence of the been that through evidence ence have testimonies is that there written time, stars the and of or Moon Sun, orientation. the of means a as and measurement periods of system time the a of sense, as instrumental- firmament the spiritual the to of cen- this point ization few science to this a addition of diverge In beginnings to Therefore began ago. astronomy only turies between that residence. connection religion their strong and was a was sky there the and gods sky. with the Especially component: unreachable nature. most its and man between tionship la no pero Words: fundamental, Key era ciencia la estructu cuales de los pasado c´upulas en ha astron´omicos milenios observatorios varios evoluci´on de c´omo de la desarrollo el Describimos MA Sred Conferencias) de (Serie RMxAA rnd,Spain. Granada, Uia scaaa SC,Ecead Ingenier´ıa Industrial, M´alaga, de M´alaga, Spain. de Escuela Universidad CSIC), al Asociada (Unidad SRNMCLOSRAOIS RMTEPEITR OTHE TO PREHISTORY THE FROM OBSERVATORIES: ASTRONOMICAL 1 2 hs pcswl eweecneprr as- contemporary where be will spaces These ancient of vestiges certain although case, any In of representations artistic numerous the Beyond considered were stars the of some antiquity, In rela- primitive the from originates Astronomy nttt eAto´sc eAdlcı (IAA-CSIC), Andaluc´ıa de Astrof´ısica de Instituto eatmnod neirı eSsea Autom´atica y Sistemas Ingenier´ıa de de Departamento itr n hlspyo srnm telescopes — astronomy of philosophy and history .INTRODUCTION 1. , 51 – (2019) 1–8 , VI CENTURY XVIII .A atoTirado Castro A. M. ABSTRACT RESUMEN ed apeitrahsafiae e il VI,y XVIII, siglo del finales hasta prehistoria la desde ryr(93,Hl 18) al 20) Sayili for (2009), review. consulted present been Magli have the (1994) (1983), Thurston and Hall (1960) (1953), Dreyer nw sZrt ae)cnb iutd oae in Located situated. be can Karer) Zorats as known desert. sol- the in summer orientation the of with point alignment and an stice, marking doors calendar, its of of two functions the firmament acquire the would is of circle study character the Through archaeoastronomical of recognised. an cultures nomadic context, the that with associated uses ligious clusters. thirty inner and almost some pairs larger containing of with Cairo. doors composition of marking stones south circular perimeter the a to presents Egypt, in It Playa, Nabta of set winter the on ori- sunset are and solstice. sunrise openings the These north, towards ented the southwest. towards and respectively southeast ra- focused aligned and a discontinuities first dially palisades. three two have the finally concen- crowns inside, and four These moat to of a outside second composed the from an is mound, and being annu- It meters rings, of 48 82. tric observatory of of solar radius radius inner a outer an is with It plant, lar a old. of about years consists dating 7000 Germany It in 1). located (Figure structure Circle neolithic Goseck the is date ic h rhsoyutltelt VI etr,and century, XVIII late the until prehistory the since a lmnae dfiisabrad eecpo y telescopios albergando edificios a elementales ras ´unica motivaci´on. oeieltr rud30 CCrhne(also Carahunge BC 3000 around later, Sometime re- some accommodate could place this Although megalithic the is period chronological similar a Of to Prehistory in recordings of set earliest The tr tutrst ulig otn telescopes hosting buildings to structures ntary 1,2 ymotivation. ly .PROTOHISTORY 3. .SOEAGE STONE 2. 1 V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 2 fdaee ofre ycneti constructions. concentric by conformed diameter of been configuration. have original studies its define the the to that However, able so sufficient lost. are been remains has of composition part initial considerable the a important an ex- remains, Although structure construction BC. megalithic 1600 its to and 3100 from London, tends of west England, nave main the altar. the crossing the door at to en- orthogonally same Sun Also, the the dawn, through door. at ters the equinoxes, autumn of re- and right spring located and megaliths left the spectively illuminate and the of its through door passing sunrise particular main solstices winter In the and cause summer time. the configuration and heaven and dedicated of orientation the observatory study identifies the an that to as idea temple ar- the are southernmost support there that constructions, guments the of character ligious of conserved. scarcely remains they but the complex between connected major place not a a are lime- around grouped they of are constructions although three the that until of stone, survived consist have day that coast vestiges present south The the on Malta. located of erected, is Mnajdra of ple and dawn point solstice. at winter seen, Sun the been the in has dusk as events what them significant crosses to that towards according diameter cm perforation that, 20 a and have and it 5 compose between that of rocks the ring. of oval part of form in plant and with one height between hun- meters of one menhirs three than as more arranged of stones dred composition this is Armenia tdsly iclrpato bu 0meters 30 about of plant circular a displays It in located is 2) (Figure Stonehenge famous The re- a to point that signs of discovery the Beyond tem- megalithic the BC 2500 and 3600 Between that is formation this of singularity main The i.1 eosrcino oekCircle. Goseck of Reconstruction 1. Fig. ATOTIRADO CASTRO uhmr cetfi hnloiga h ad fa of hands the not at is looking it watch. than using scientific ’calibrated’, more is much device construc- the these erect Once re- es- to tions. is to which from allow sky pattern that a the points tablish of reference these study observations to intentional A compared and systematic set. with the quired of of orientation elements and to the positions limited the of be determination can the activity that valuable possible even scientifically is the It limited. quite were structures these to associated and uses facts. religious constructors be- or calendar ritual its and other astronomi- observatory yond of as of part function its degree the denotes certain inten- on a knowledge obviously shows the cal are This during solstices sunset tional. winter and sunrise and the summer during gates its occu- menhirs. was of set interior a The by pied doors. of large forming of circumference blocks pairs stone five a surrounded was that closed monoliths there a smaller Concentrically forming lintels ver- supported ring. of that series a blocks by tical delimited was perimeter outer The o h ucino bevto ssc.Sneno Since such. as observation needed of specialization function of unnec- degree the is the for it reach settle- which to in create essary buildings to multiple the tend with because ments so civilizations is advanced This more difficult. this makes cultures constructions. makes their of This identification the habits. simple nomadic and technification with of frequently, degree even, low a with civilizations, oee,teeouintwrsmr complex more towards evolution the However, primitive to allude cases mentioned above The these of functions astronomical the case, any In through Stonehenge in occur that alignments The .ACETHISTORY ANCIENT 4. i.2 Stonehenge. 2. Fig. V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 a td tehlorp fMeton). of the heliotrope astronomi- of (the of view study instruments wide cal receiving a up with ended it and platform sky, position flat elevated semicircular a an by in Formed propitiated use. characteristics new suitable political the the its to destined as des- was assembly, only it not function, was this place to this tined Its if the Even least BC. at 3). century since fifth (Figure recorded been BC has century use Athens, astronomical sixth in Pnyx from the dates like sky, which the of study evi- the for no used is There such. as science. observatories crucial this built of a of history dence with the and in astronomy role im- in an tradition with period, portant antiquity Classical the in culture observation astronomical the for stars. Tower of used the was Diodoro, Babel or Plinio of Herodoto, as such uity this for manner of timely terraces a the in purpose. as used such were areas, ziggurats, even the or Or rooms buildings. certain other in that objective suitable as that incorporated for were spaces these ob- that the possible although is where located, it clarify were mu- civilization to this in difficult of items very servatories few is for a it only So used leaving seums. sky, instruments the the of there study about development, the knowledge its of little certainty is is there though open these of vicinity the almost skies. in in eye even naked or the construction with any out carried the be re- of could recognition sky that this developed conditions, demanding been quired had instruments scientific eetees hr r etgso oeplaces some of vestiges are there Nevertheless, Greek to regard with happens similar Something antiq- the of writers some to according Precisely, al- astronomy, Mesopotamian of case the In i.3 h nxa Athens. at Pnyx The 3. Fig. SRNMCLOSRAOIS3 OBSERVATORIES ASTRONOMICAL otnn lopeetcntutosrltdt the to related constructions American present the of also cultures continent different the large civilizations, itself. a structure and the space of the part sheltered for is a top that from the obser- gnomon sky at brick, of rooms the two and of “platform has study the It stone as stars”. of of known vation walls was leaning peak whose with high, ters hog atc-okoe h ando,indicat- 4). door, (Figure event main portico, that the the ing to over equinox oculus lattice-work the the a of from through zenith building the the during cross possible light to it of car- make beam orientation were a and studies for design solar Its the oculus, out. and its ried to located, in thanks century, was which, second the Augustus during of constructed Pantheon, clock ce- where solar of Rome, of points the Mars out of Field stand other the investigation to from lestial possible inherited is one it the civilizations, than smaller is evance evtr,bitaon 29 ti tower a is It 1279. Ob- around Dengfeng built Great servatory, the is constructions tronomical opening. upper the reach to ladder hol- cylinder second a a with space: an low through interior to the height, into ladder its passes of a it which middle of the means at by located accesses entrance user the The over user floor. their and instruments astronomical the preser- of state great a in kept is vation. ma- It and granite 5). of high (Figure composed sonry meters diameter, ten meters a about six astronomical of tower, about consists oldest shape It the like continent. is bottle Asian It the of Korea. construction South in dae, vnwtotrciigayiflec rmforeign from influence any receiving without Even eadn h oa nune lhuhisrel- its although influence, Roman the Regarding h anhsoia otiuino hn oas- to China of contribution historical main The raise to is construction this of function main The Cheomseong- is world the of end other the At i.4 h u hog h Pantheon. the through Sun The 4. Fig. .PS-LSIA HISTORY POST-CLASSICAL 5. ∼ 0me- 10 V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 ua udatta cuisteetr eta vol- central entire a the containing occupies meridian, that the quadrant with mural south aligned to was north space from central The tower. circular a ameter to building. posts a temporary in the located these of institution from scientific evolution move century, rep- thirteenth they the that the when of period during the point observatory, of Islamic highest part the is resents Iran, of northwest obser- temporary in posts. firmament vation the of study thodical Ramadan. of beginning the the or as prayer such influencing of customs stars, religious hours the through or life Moon daily the their Sun, refer- the numerous to provides ences Koran the since value, tant Toledo. of the the Translators by of by especially School recovered century, thirteenth be the would during which west incorporating inquiries, and own subject, vast its this the preserving of science, knowledge this essential Greek of an Dur- history play the will in astronomy. culture role Islamic escape period, not this would West- ing the that in darkness world cultural ern of time a begins planet Ages, the of movements the observation astronomical follow Venus. set to to to and name used cen- points 9th gives was and it that 8th the turies, top between the Built observatory. access the to spi- internal staircase an plant with ral circular high a meters 12.5 Itza: of Chichen construction in Caracol the lighted observatories. astronomy its Maya of advanced complexity the its the cultures for for these and especially, Among out, sky. stands the of study 4 h anbidn a wnytomtr di- meters twenty-two a was building main The Maragha, in observatory the of construction The me- the in reflected is tradition astronomical The impor- an has astronomy people Islamic the For Middle the of beginning the with Coinciding high- be can structures astronomical these Of i.5 Cheomseongdae. 5. Fig. ATOTIRADO CASTRO rSmrad(iue6,wt einsmlrto similar design a Maragha. with of 6), that (Figure Samarkand or with and time of conditions. period working certain homogeneous a partic- during a study developed institu- researchers ular collaborative several which a the in as tion Thus conceived constructions. is astronomical observatory later in an ence sun. with the dome of movements small the a measure was to there oculus tables. tower library working this the perpen- and Above house observation appeared to of space size instruments this and smaller of of sides rooms dicularly the To ume. okpvdtewyfrtesbeun rjcsof projects Brahe. subsequent Tycho the and IV for Wilhelm way Their the such. Fur- paved as work observatory. observatory an an lacked had they thermore, astronomers these of any field. open the in locations are various at century curred sixteenth the of half Allestein recorded. first and the Ermland during Frauenburg, fifteenth the in by of developed Copernicus observations end the the after, Shortly at century. observations his out ried M¨uller K¨onigsberg Johannes von car- mathematician and astronomer N¨urnberg, where towards point tory a aae hsvepitamda tdigthe studying at aimed viewpoint This ur- his at palace. science, platform ban balcony-like this a by construct to fascinated orders IV, Wilhelm Landgrave i.6 ennso h bevtr fSamarkand. of observatory the of Remnants 6. Fig. hswsrflce nteosraoiso Istanbul of observatories the in reflected was This influ- their had Maragha in made advances The naycs,teei oeiec osgetthat suggest to evidence no is there case, any In oc- observations these that appears it However, observa- European an to references first The nteLngait fHseKse,i 1560, in Hesse-Kassel, of Landgraviate the In 6.1 h rtmdr observatory modern first The . .MDR HISTORY MODERN 6. V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 rmblwu.I h idepr,teei study a building is there the part, heat middle that the fires In the up. advan- of below take heat from to the ground of on the out tage to carried closest is basement, alchemy the The freeing and The obstacles. sky top, from the the them view uses. at to platforms of instruments the the program to allowing rises specific astronomy for a area to conforms and astron- modern of birthplace omy. the as Uraniborg point criterion. certain with chosen platforms on placed ply form- its on but features stylistic relevance conception. its enormous functional on its lie which not in does Uraniborg, of sign the be will now, trip, observatory. which, that modern Denmark by first in inspired build later, to months began few facil- a 1575 Wilhelm’s and, In Landgrave ities typology. the building visited this Brahe Tycho catalyst of a evolution as serve the would for it since smaller, no is vatory from extent, large of a to sub- those improvisation. any resulting, to represent periods, compared not previous advance does it qualitative observatory Age, stantial first Modern the the as of authors some by considered investigation. permanent a of development incorporated the be for would astronomers other observa- soon the make tions, would itself landgrave Although the initially instruments. astronomical of means by sky i.7 ersnaino rnbr yTcoBrahe. Tycho by Uraniborg of Representation 7. Fig. tUaiogsad uligta responds that building a stands Uraniborg At would Cassini Domenico Giovanni Astronomer sim- were observation of instruments the far, So de- the for architects several on counted Tycho obser- Hesse-Kassel the of relevance the However, be may mentioned just I platform this if Even SRNMCLOSRAOIS5 OBSERVATORIES ASTRONOMICAL rnhdwyetie ieettcnqe fstudy of techniques different entailed way branched Brahe Tycho of appear. those to by begin presented insti- entity the tutional have that observatories astronomical other the to adapt instrument. which each floors, for their conditions working of and definition the ...) slabs in demountable (domes, cover them of type cific of all with workspace. central instrument, a around particular each for on pier. installed firm are instruments observation the which in prob- 8). stability (Figure the solving Stjerneborg of of intention vicinity lems: the the with in one observatory first new a opened cho essential. be will of be- architecture future relationship and the the science which mark tween in will observatories and later at the conception; appearance, its its in in later least not by imitated if be observatories, to reference European a become will it that important. particularly be- ing platforms observation of instability with concept, ventila- and heating lighting, tion. as considers important also as It issues ar- needs. their their and to compatibility according rangement their to according uses of 7). (Figure uses residential and spaces service area, i.8 ersnaino tenbr yTcoBrahe. Tycho by Stjerneborg of Representation 8. Fig. enhl,teeouino hssinei a in science this of evolution the Meanwhile, when century 17th late the until be not will It spe- a in singularity their represent spaces These rooms specialized of series a groups Stjerneborg used is construction buried partially a this, For Ty- Uraniborg, completing after years few a Only impact an such have will center research This its in flaws some has project the Nevertheless, segregation the account into takes project The V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 omc teto oteue ftebuilding. the of devote user not the does to attention and much involved being so not not is Caramuel, that astronomer, given an Tycho, idealized of and that aseptic than a more much maintaining ques- is while vision, same functional perspective, the his Ar- to However, treatise Oblicua tion. y his Recta from Civil article quitectura an dedicate will monk, func- practical the the to or responds implantation tion. design of the emphasizes place that he the fact which of in importance buildings, the these of architecturalreading an to Mechanica Instauratae tronomiae astronomical accommodating an by function. to spaces is, and constructions That existing op- significant their limitations. with erational line re- in their performance maintained search astronomers Renaissance obscura. camera tion, the with case the observa- is direct This a tion. from away moved sometimes, that, 6 ltom tlce h eesr hrceitc for characteristics necessary the lacked it platform, nucleus. the three around of degrees views sixty with and platform hundred inclined opens At ramp slightly the a high, onto meters core. forty than cylindrical more top, hollow the a around development 9). (Figure elementary very remain astronomi- bases the cal complexity, despite architectural which, greater in the case the a highlighting København: Rundet˚arn Europe, vo- in Central observatory throughout an cation with established were structures oldest institution. public the a being into and integrated roof Europe in existing an building the founded, on was extension Leiden of University the of visualized. better is pre- sky from the on installed which are additions platforms to where buildings towards directly, existing goes or, observatories structures the simple period, of this during development why, of is the gardens That or residence. terraces own observations their balconies, their windows, make the could from they astronomers many that manageable, concluded quite and size as- small of design the of future observatories. the tronomical mark would work of 6.2 oeyasltr unCrme,acistersian a Caramuel, Juan later, years Some As- work his of section a dedicates Brahe, Tycho observa- for architecture right the lacking Despite nsieo h paetyielcniin fthe of conditions ideal apparently the of spite In sloping upward helical a has that tower a is It various century, seventeenth the Throughout Observatory the 1633 in Holland in example, For of be to used telescopes first the since However, tool main as telescope the of incorporation The h eintkn noacutteueo the of use the account into taking design The . telescope ATOTIRADO CASTRO tl hm hi xouemd icl hi han- their in- difficult to made which exposure to in their addition location them, a In stall they obtaining buildings. of that inside problem long fit the so longer became no instruments could de- These to were complicated use. models more and aerial longer of increasingly why telescopes veloped reason construct to length, race greater a began century, the not was it when or weather use. bad in its allowed in that shelter system and a cover incorporated level. lower it the addition residence. and from In observations deck own the make the to his floor, through a in vertically, mounted it time, narrow, was accommodate of This and to period high chose extended a an he in for installation space, with an Faced undisturbed for parallax. need measure the to College Gresham of balance. type and fixity some telescopes its to the ensured which attached which structure vertically in in solved installed zenith was were of which sky, instruments the the in objects problems pointing stability to for rise gave magnification greater would Rømer Ole director recognize. its as observatory, good a nteohrhn,twrstescn afof half second the towards hand, other the On at telescope Hooke’s Robert of case the is This of sake the for telescopes the of growth The i.9 Rundet˚arn Copenhagen. in 9. Fig. V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 osblt em oelkl,ls random. less second likely, The more house? seems his possibility of machine” architecture “domestic the to his adapt devised to a space or the had design to already adapt Røemer could that chance, did pure say, by that, to device is That observations? favorable. are con- climatization the and cir- where stability of dwelling, architectural ditions his the in to existing cumstances adapted telescope transit for domestica”. room “machina his south-facing installs a he where occupies use, such he own his where of house, framework architectural the to servations sus- to tele- tower several rotating them. with a pend observations and make simultaneously to scopes able platform be great superposition a to the elements: on well-differentiated ob- two based an of is for design project The theoretical a servatory. 1679 of Coelestis working nae of difficulties the elements. add the must to we exposed size, its to the during handling its the for of as observations. sections well as the A telescope, perfectly field trans- assemble contrary. to and the necessary erect was on fer, collaborators simple, of group been small have not should pole 10). a (Figure on open braces it the installing several city, in by the out suspended of it outskirts take the to to forced one sky was devel- got he to he that He which large until from so instruments telescopes. long home increasingly his his oped of with roof observations the make on platform or a London in models. casing College of devoid Gresham Huygens’ Christian at telescope long investigation. the collection data for or necessary measurement of tasks the and dling owa xetddteacietr odto its condition architecture the did extent what To meridian a on based observatory particular A ob- Rundet˚arn, the the moves of director Rømer, Machi- his in presents Hevel step, another Taking due telescope, the of operation complex the To dimensions these of telescope a with Observation installed who Hevel, Johannes the is case Another twelve-meter- Hooke’s Robert example for Take i.1.Jhne ee’ ofo platform. rooftop Hevel’s Johannes 10. Fig. SRNMCLOSRAOIS7 OBSERVATORIES ASTRONOMICAL h s ftefltroof. flat the important of use especially the being other that typologies, even innovations and constructive observatories and to successes transferred of be would full ad- both was In hosted it functions. that dition, service building other a and activity to scientific rise giving up ended astron- knowledge. his an with as contribute to project consultant, the omy joined Cassini astro- Domenico of lack and knowledge of lack experience. nomical the of drawbacks, result many a had proposal good initial Perrault’s the Despite intentions, build- monumental astronomy. a for than a designed palace had a ing like him more looked by and Perrault. character developed Claude Academy: project the The of member and tect through renown and whose knowledge. greatness Illustration, symbolize boil to full was of aim context Acad´emie a des established in newly Sciences, the of demands the Obser- Greenwich the at House Flamsteed vatory. The 11. Fig. ie h cnmcrsrcin novdteueo an of its use of the involved methods restrictions in the economic the to activity time, according astronomical way appropriate the an develop to 11). conditions (Figure coexisted one services this or of quartermaster support the of and science the where And task. Flamsteed Hooke. this astronomers and the for with collaborated named also be he would architect, and develop to practical: and navigation. functional main be observatory’s to the objective causes military seas and the routes of dominance trade maritime of development rmti emrsle h eincagsthat changes design the resulted team Giovanni this From construction, the during Luckily, archi- famous a by commissioned was design The to response a as born was Observatory Paris The lhuhtepoetpeetdaltenecessary the all presented project erected the was Although building a team, this to Thanks astronomy of professor Wren, Christopher Sir the case, this In Observatory. Greenwich The 6.3 h nrdcino h dome the of introduction The . V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.02 oyo nrneadtelnsaeteteto the of treatment a landscape including surroundings. the whole project, and entrance the the of of which body part in be will composition environment monumental a as front urban entire the 13). from (Figure visible will and building the high occupy, that position takes the service) consideration into and astronomical functional the (both satisfying requirements beyond who, Villanueva Prado de the with axis Garden. account, cultural Botanical into the a and taken of Museum is extension location the its prestige. in and reason, knowledge this of For institution an throughout as spreads Europe that thought Illustration of gion scien- and occupants for activity. services tific of zones observation, other from and derived calculations and as- for tronomy the spaces include by Ure˜na, would designed which of Observatory, Marquis the for specifically ing inef- and privi- complicated a is ficient. operation occupying its despite position, occupies where, leged It tower Villa. battered the of a Castle the construction: ing and Marine research 12). the (Figure function: to training case, dual linked a this with is Academy, In institution Guard the navigation. addition, improve in British its to of that to predecessor: homologous purpose a has Spain time. over extensions and modifications adapted was by which observatory, the out phasing were orien- proper tation. its prevented which structure, existing San in Observatory Navy Royal Spanish The Fernando. 12. Fig. 8 sarsl fti,teosraoyi developed is observatory the this, of result a As Juan architect the to entrusted is project The conta- the from arises Observatory Madrid The build- a to moving up end would it later Years exist- an in installed is Observatory the Initially in (C´adiz) Fernando San of Observatory The science, of development very the and fact This ATOTIRADO CASTRO hrtn .19,EryAtooy NwYr,NY: York, (New Astronomy, Early place 1994, its H. and Thurston, Islam in Observatory The 1960, A. Sayili, Archaeoas- of Discoveries and Mysteries 2009, 1500-1700, G. Science, Magli, in from Revolution Astronomy, The of 1983, R. History A. A Hall, 1953, E. L. J. Dreyer, TIC-2839. project under grant Andalucia de reached: only the in not buildings but motivation. fundamental, to the to was structures science like elementary which took would millennia very several I from of stage, evolution us an this how At out point the century. until XVIII prehistory late the since observatories nomical • • • • • • pigrVerlag) Springer Turkey) (Ankara, astronomy, of history general the in Verlag) Springer NY: York, (New tronomy, Co.) and Green Longman, NY: York, (New Dover) NY: York, (New Kepler, to Thales hs r h e onswihhv been have which points key the are These astro- of development the described have We Acknowledgements: h osdrto fteevrnet position landscape. environment, and the of consideration The technology. existing to accommodation An to conditions. adaptation lighting and and movement climatic of inclusion The comfort. and functionality between balance A users. its activity of needs astronomical the and between compromise A develop- the for astronomy. conditions of ment possible best The i.1.Mdi oa Observatory. Royal Madrid 13. Fig. .CONCLUSIONS 7. REFERENCES eaegaeu oJunta to grateful are We