Nyctalus Lasiopterus, Nyctalus Aviator, Depredación, Paseriformes, Dieta, Migración, Generalista, Plumas, Excrementos

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nyctalus Lasiopterus, Nyctalus Aviator, Depredación, Paseriformes, Dieta, Migración, Generalista, Plumas, Excrementos Nyctalus lasiopterus, Nyctalus aviator, depredación, paseriformes, dieta, migración, generalista, plumas, excrementos, amplificación. David Pastor Beviá Universitat d’Alacant Universidad de Alicante Ecología tróca del nóctulo grande (Nyctalus lasiopterus), un murciélago depredador de aves David Pastor Beviá David Pastor Beviá Escola de Doctorat Tesis doctoral Escuela de Doctorado ED|UA Alicante, mayo 2017 edua.ua.es Tesis doctoral Alicante, mayo 2017 Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Ecología trófica del nóctulo grande (Nyctalus lasiopterus), un murciélago depredador de aves David Pastor Beviá Tesis presentada para aspirar al grado de DOCTOR POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE DOCTORADO EN ANÁLISIS Y GESTIÓN DE ECOSISTEMAS Dirigida por: Carlos Ibáñez Ulargui, Javier Juste Ballesta Tutor académico: Germán López Iborra Parte de esta tesis ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Competitividad a través de los proyectos CGL 2009‐12393 y CGL2012‐38610. A mi familia Índice SECCIÓN INICIAL ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Síntesis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Introducción General ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 SEGUNDA SECCIÓN …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31 Artículos publicados ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 33 Chapter 1: A molecular approach to the study of avian DNA in bat faeces ………………. 35 Chapter 2: Concealed by darkness: interactions between predatory bats and nocturnally migrating songbirds illuminated by DNA sequencing…………………………….. 37 TERCERA SECCIÓN …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 Artículos no publicados …………………………………………………………………………………………… 41 Chapter 3: Bird species in the diet of the birdlike noctule Nyctalus aviator …………….. 43 Chapter 4: Does bat predation have an impact of migration behavior and demography of songbirds? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 59 CUARTA SECCIÓN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81 Conclusiones generales ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83 Agradecimientos …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 5 6 SECCIÓN INICIAL 7 8 SÍNTESIS Las aves y los murciélagos son los 2 únicos grupos vertebrados capaces de realizar un vuelo activo. Teniendo esta característica en común, sería esperable que presentaran numerosas interacciones entre miembros de ambos grupos. Esto no es así principalmente a la segregación temporal que presentan, siendo las aves principalmente diurnas, a excepción de algunos grupos como las rapaces nocturnas o los chotacabras y los murciélagos principalmente nocturnos. Entre las interacciones que se pueden dar entre aves y murciélagos, la depredación es, probablemente, la más importante, siendo un factor determinante en la segregación temporal de ambos grupos, así como en su comportamiento. Esta interacción es, aunque bidireccional, asimétrica, conociéndose muchos más casos de aves que depredan sobre murciélagos que al revés, restringiéndose a unas pocas especies de murciélagos que consumen aves en mayor o menor medida, siendo todas de regiones tropicales a excepción de 3 murciélagos insectívoros que, ocasionalmente, complementan su dieta con la ingesta de aves y que se encuentran en regiones templadas. Este es el caso de Nyctalus lasiopterus principalmente en Europa aunque también presente en el norte de África y Oriente Próximo, Ia io en el sudeste asiático, y Nyctalus aviator en el noreste asiático. En esta tesis centraremos la atención sobre la dieta aviar, la selección de presas y los métodos de caza de las 2 especies del género Nyctalus. El nóctulo grande (Nyctalus lasiopterus) es el murciélago más grande y raro de Europa, con longitud de antebrazo de 62‐69 mm y un peso de 47‐76 gr y distribución discontinua y fragmentada. Es una especie arborícola, refugiándose en oquedades presentes en los troncos de los árboles Este murciélago presenta unas alas largas y estrechas, propias de las especies de murciélagos con una baja maniobrabilidad en vuelo que buscan alimento en espacios abiertos, lo cual le permite detectar e interceptar a sus presas en vuelo. Además de las características morfológicas, su ecolocación también refleja la adaptación a la búsqueda de presas grandes en este tipo de ambientes, al emitir llamadas de larga duración (12.3 ± 3.1 ms) y baja frecuencia 9 (18.8 ±1.5 kHz), especialmente adecuadas para largas distancias de detección, observándose una relación en la adaptación a este tipo de caza tanto morfológica como fisiológicamente. Se alimenta principalmente de insectos, aunque se descubrieron plumas en sus excrementos durante primavera y otoño, coincidiendo con las campañas migratorias de las aves. Mediante un estudio de la composición isotópica de la sangre de este murciélago se reveló que se producía un cambio en dicha composición durante la primavera y el otoño (más similar a la composición isotópica de las muestras de pájaros que a las muestras de insectos), coincidiendo con los periodos en los cuales las plumas aparecen en los excrementos y con el periodo migratorio de las aves. Dicho estudio solventó la duda de que el nóctulo grande depreda activamente sobre pequeños pájaros durante sus migraciones y esas plumas que aparecen en gran proporción en los excrementos no son ingeridas por error confundiéndolas con insectos al encontrarlas flotando en el aire. La especie Nyctalus aviator, con distribución en el este de China, la península de Corea, Japón y posiblemente el este de Rusia es una especie muy parecida al nóctulo grande, considerándose como la misma especie hasta que, atendiendo a diferencias en caracteres morfológicos, fueron separadas en 2 especies diferentes. Es ligeramente más pequeño que Nyctalus lasiopterus, con una longitud de antebrazo de 59‐65 mm y con una morfología alar y ecolocación muy similar al nóctulo grande, siendo también un excelente cazador en espacios abiertos. Utiliza también huecos en árboles para refugiarse durante el día y basa su alimentación en artrópodos que intercepta durante el vuelo. También como en el caso del nóctulo grande, se encontraron plumas dentro de sus excrementos en primavera, finales de verano y otoño, coincidiendo con la época de migración de aves. Es difícil observar los eventos de caza de los depredadores sobre las presas, por lo que las dietas han sido tradicionalmente estudiadas mediante metodologías como la identificación morfológica de restos de las presas encontrados en los excrementos o regurgitados del depredador, aunque en ocasiones es difícil encontrar restos identificables. Por ello, actualmente las técnicas moleculares basadas en la identificación de las presas consumidas a partir de la extracción, amplificación y secuenciación su ADN contenido en los excrementos del depredador han ido cobrando 10 fuerza. No obstante, estas técnicas presentan sus desventajas. Debido a la naturaleza de la materia prima, las muestras suelen estar bastante contaminadas y contener inhibidores de la amplificación mediante PCR y mezcla de material genético tanto del depredador y de las presas consumidas como otros organismos tales como bacterias, parásitos, etc. Se utiliza principalmente ADN mitocondrial tal como los genes del citocromo b o de la subunidad I de la citocromo oxidasa (COI) debido a la alta tasa de mutación que presenta, permitiendo identificar secuencias de organismos filogenéticamente muy próximos mediante la ayuda de bases de datos en las que se almacenan secuencias ya identificadas, como la de Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Los objetivos principales de esta tesis son el desarrollo de una metodología de extracción y amplificación del ADN de las presas que consumen los murciélagos depredadores de pájaros a partir de sus excrementos para poder identificar las especies de aves que depredan, determinar si son especies generalistas o especialistas en la selección de presas, dilucidar la forma en la que capturan y consumen las aves que detectan e interceptan y predecir el impacto que puede tener esta depredación en el caso del nóctulo grande sobre las poblaciones de paseriformes migradores. El primer paso es desarrollar una metodología que incluya un método de preservación de excrementos de murciélago que permita una óptima conservación del ADN para una posterior extracción del material genético total, amplificación del ADN de los pájaros consumidos contenidos en el excremento y su posterior secuenciación. Toda esta metodología es desarrollada en el Capítulo 1, en el cual se evalúan 2 métodos de conservación de excrementos de nóctulo grande con plumas en su interior (congelación y secado), la eficiencia de 2 métodos de extracción, utilizando un kit de extracción de Qiagen que utiliza un lavado, y un protocolo modificado que usa tiocianato de guanidinio (GuSCN) aplicado después de la previa congelación y pulverización de las muestras, y el éxito de amplificación de ADN de pájaro de 5 pares de cebadores de ADN, uno generalista de vertebrados y otro generalista de aves, ya existentes en la bibliografía, y 3 de nuevo diseño (2 para citocromo b y 1 para COI). Estos 3 pares de cebadores nuevos se diseñaron a partir de una selección de 81 secuencias de citocromo b y 77 secuencias de COI procedentes de 86 pájaros que 11 fueran presas potenciales por tamaño del nóctulo grande en la Península Ibérica, existentes en la base de datos de GenBank y BOLD Systems. Todas estas secuencias fueron alineadas y localizadas regiones conservadas entre ellas. Una vez detectadas estas regiones comunes, se diseñaron los pares de cebadores complementarios a estas regiones para conseguir su amplificación y posterior secuenciación.
Recommended publications
  • Volume 41, 2000
    BAT RESEARCH NEWS Volume 41 : No. 1 Spring 2000 I I BAT RESEARCH NEWS Volume 41: Numbers 1–4 2000 Original Issues Compiled by Dr. G. Roy Horst, Publisher and Managing Editor of Bat Research News, 2000. Copyright 2011 Bat Research News. All rights reserved. This material is protected by copyright and may not be reproduced, transmitted, posted on a Web site or a listserve, or disseminated in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the Publisher, Dr. Margaret A. Griffiths. The material is for individual use only. Bat Research News is ISSN # 0005-6227. BAT RESEARCH NEWS Volume41 Spring 2000 Numberl Contents Resolution on Rabies Exposure Merlin Tuttle and Thomas Griffiths o o o o eo o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 0 o o o 1 E - Mail Directory - 2000 Compiled by Roy Horst •••• 0 ...................... 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 ,t:.'. Recent Literature Compiled by :Margaret Griffiths . : ....••... •"r''• ..., .... >.•••••• , ••••• • ••< ...... 19 ,.!,..j,..,' ""o: ,II ,' f 'lf.,·,,- .,'b'l: ,~··.,., lfl!t • 0'( Titles Presented at the 7th Bat Researc:b Confei'ebee~;Moscow :i'\prill4-16~ '1999,., ..,, ~ .• , ' ' • I"',.., .. ' ""!' ,. Compiled by Roy Horst .. : .......... ~ ... ~· ....... : :· ,"'·~ .• ~:• .... ; •. ,·~ •.•, .. , ........ 22 ·.t.'t, J .,•• ~~ Letters to the Editor 26 I ••• 0 ••••• 0 •••••••••••• 0 ••••••• 0. 0. 0 0 ••••••• 0 •• 0. 0 •••••••• 0 ••••••••• 30 News . " Future Meetings, Conferences and Symposium ..................... ~ ..,•'.: .. ,. ·..; .... 31 Front Cover The illustration of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum on the front cover of this issue is by Philippe Penicaud . from his very handsome series of drawings representing the bats of France.
    [Show full text]
  • Bats of Nepal a Field Guide/ /Bats of Nepal a Field Guide
    Bats of Nepal A field guide/ /Bats of Nepal A field guide This Publication is supported by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) - World Wildlife Fund WWF Nepal Designed and published by: Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation (SMCRF) Compiled and edited by: Pushpa Raj Acharya, Hari Adhikari, Sagar Dahal, Arjun Thapa and Sanjan Thapa Cover photographs: Front cover: Myotis sicarius Mandelli's Mouse-eared Myotis by Sanjan Thapa Back cover: Myotis csorbai Csorba's Mouse-eared Myotis by Sanjan Thapa Cover design: Rajesh Goit First edition 2010 500 copies ISBN 978-9937-2-2951-7 Copyright © 2010 all rights reserved at authors and SMCRF No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or copied in any form-printed, electronic and photocopied without the written Bats of Nepal permission from the publisher. A field guide Bats of Nepal A field guide/ /Bats of Nepal A field guide forts which strategically put their attention to bat research though we were less experienced and trained. Meanwhile, Bat researches were simultaneously PREFACE supported by international agencies: Bat Conservation International, Lubee Bat Conservancy, Rufford small grants and Chester Zoo. Inconsistent database advocates around 60 species of bat hosted to Nepalese land- scape. Our knowledge on bat fauna is merely based on opportunistic and rare A picture can speak thousand words, we have tried to include maximum pho- effort carried out by foreign scholars bounded with countries biological policy. tographs of the species (about 40 photographs); Most of the bat pictures used in Almost 40 years of biodiversity effort of Nepal, Small mammals has got no re- this book were clicked during different field studies in Nepal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter
    The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter Number 29 November 2007 ABS Website: http://abs.ausbats.org.au ABS Listserver: http://listserv.csu.edu.au/mailman/listinfo/abs ISSN 1448-5877 The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter, Number 29, November 2007 – Instructions for contributors – The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter will accept contributions under one of the following two sections: Research Papers, and all other articles or notes. There are two deadlines each year: 31st March for the April issue, and 31st October for the November issue. The Editor reserves the right to hold over contributions for subsequent issues of the Newsletter, and meeting the deadline is not a guarantee of immediate publication. Opinions expressed in contributions to the Newsletter are the responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Australasian Bat Society, its Executive or members. For consistency, the following guidelines should be followed: • Emailed electronic copy of manuscripts or articles, sent as an attachment, is the preferred method of submission. Manuscripts can also be sent on 3½” floppy disk, preferably in IBM format. Please use the Microsoft Word template if you can (available from the editor). Faxed and hard copy manuscripts will be accepted but reluctantly! Please send all submissions to the Newsletter Editor at the email or postal address below. • Electronic copy should be in 11 point Arial font, left and right justified with 16 mm left and right margins. Please use Microsoft Word; any version is acceptable. • Manuscripts should be submitted in clear, concise English and free from typographical and spelling errors. Please leave two spaces after each sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Meeting of the Parties
    Inf.EUROBATS.MoP7.45 7th Meeting of the Parties Brussels, Belgium, 15 – 17 September 2014 Report on Autecological Studies for Priority Species Convenor: Stéphane Aulagnier In accordance with Resolution 4.12, the current work being carried out on autecological studies of the Priority List of species (Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis capaccinii and Miniopterus schreibersii) should be updated by the Advisory Committee and should be made public. References of papers and reports dealing with autecological studies Rhinolophus euryale Barataud M., Jemin J., Grugier Y. & Mazaud S., 2009. Étude sur les territoires de chasse du Rhinolophe euryale, Rhinolophus euryale, en Corrèze, site Natura 2000 des Abîmes de la Fage. Le Naturaliste. Vendéen, 9 : 43-55. The cave of la Fage (Noailles, Département of Corrèze) is a major site for the Mediterranean horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus euryale Blasius 1853. However, contrary to the tendency to increase noted over the last 20 years in various other birth sites in France, numbers at la Fage have shown no change. One of the suspected causes links this to the presence of the A20 motorway, less than a kilometre away, where corpses have been collected. This article presents the results of a radio-tracking study of the space occupied by the colony, during the summers of 2006 and 2007. Voigt C.C., Schuller B.M., Greif S. & Siemers B.M., 2010. Perch-hunting in insectivorous Rhinolophus bats is related to the high energy costs of manoeuvring in flight. Journal of Comparative Physiology Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 180(7): 1079-1088 Foraging behaviour of bats is supposedly largely influenced by the high costs of flapping flight.
    [Show full text]
  • EU Action Plan for the Conservation of All Bat Species in the European Union
    Action Plan for the Conservation of All Bat Species in the European Union 2018 – 2024 October 2018 Action Plan for the Conservation of All Bat Species in the European Union 2018 - 2024 EDITORS: BAROVA Sylvia (European Commission) & STREIT Andreas (UNEP/EUROBATS) COMPILERS: MARCHAIS Guillaume & THAURONT Marc (Ecosphère, France/The N2K Group) CONTRIBUTORS (in alphabetical order): BOYAN Petrov * (Bat Research & Conservation Centre, Bulgaria) DEKKER Jasja (Animal ecologist, Netherlands) ECOSPHERE: JUNG Lise, LOUTFI Emilie, NUNINGER Lise & ROUÉ Sébastien GAZARYAN Suren (EUROBATS) HAMIDOVIĆ Daniela (State Institute for Nature Protection, Croatia) JUSTE Javier (Spanish association for the study and conservation of bats, Spain) KADLEČÍK Ján (Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, Slovakia) KYHERÖINEN Eeva-Maria (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finland) HANMER Julia (Bat Conservation Trust, United Kingdom) LEIVITS Meelis (Environmental Agency of the Ministry of Environment, Estonia) MARNELl Ferdia (National Parks & Wildlife Service, Ireland) PETERMANN Ruth (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany) PETERSONS Gunărs (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia) PRESETNIK Primož (Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora, Slovenia) RAINHO Ana (Institute for the Nature and Forest Conservation, Portugal) REITER Guido (Foundation for the protection of our bats in Switzerland) RODRIGUES Luisa (Institute for the Nature and Forest Conservation, Portugal) RUSSO Danilo (University of Napoli Frederico II, Italy) SCHEMBRI
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats
    Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats A agnella, Kerivoula 901 Anchieta’s Bat 814 aquilus, Glischropus 763 Aba Leaf-nosed Bat 247 aladdin, Pipistrellus pipistrellus 771 Anchieta’s Broad-faced Fruit Bat 94 aquilus, Platyrrhinus 567 Aba Roundleaf Bat 247 alascensis, Myotis lucifugus 927 Anchieta’s Pipistrelle 814 Arabian Barbastelle 861 abae, Hipposideros 247 alaschanicus, Hypsugo 810 anchietae, Plerotes 94 Arabian Horseshoe Bat 296 abae, Rhinolophus fumigatus 290 Alashanian Pipistrelle 810 ancricola, Myotis 957 Arabian Mouse-tailed Bat 164, 170, 176 abbotti, Myotis hasseltii 970 alba, Ectophylla 466, 480, 569 Andaman Horseshoe Bat 314 Arabian Pipistrelle 810 abditum, Megaderma spasma 191 albatus, Myopterus daubentonii 663 Andaman Intermediate Horseshoe Arabian Trident Bat 229 Abo Bat 725, 832 Alberico’s Broad-nosed Bat 565 Bat 321 Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat 229 Abo Butterfly Bat 725, 832 albericoi, Platyrrhinus 565 andamanensis, Rhinolophus 321 arabica, Asellia 229 abramus, Pipistrellus 777 albescens, Myotis 940 Andean Fruit Bat 547 arabicus, Hypsugo 810 abrasus, Cynomops 604, 640 albicollis, Megaerops 64 Andersen’s Bare-backed Fruit Bat 109 arabicus, Rousettus aegyptiacus 87 Abruzzi’s Wrinkle-lipped Bat 645 albipinnis, Taphozous longimanus 353 Andersen’s Flying Fox 158 arabium, Rhinopoma cystops 176 Abyssinian Horseshoe Bat 290 albiventer, Nyctimene 36, 118 Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arafura Large-footed Bat 969 Acerodon albiventris, Noctilio 405, 411 Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat 254 Arata Yellow-shouldered Bat 543 Sulawesi 134 albofuscus, Scotoecus 762 Andersen’s Little Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Talaud 134 alboguttata, Glauconycteris 833 Andersen’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat 109 Bat 543 Acerodon 134 albus, Diclidurus 339, 367 Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat 254 aratathomasi, Sturnira 543 Acerodon mackloti (see A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal Survey Western Rhodopes Trigrad Bulgaria
    MAMMAL SURVEY WESTERN RHODOPES TRIGRAD BULGARIA 2013 RAPPORT 2014.21 Nijmegen, juni 2014 Uitgave van de Veldwerkgroep van de Zoogdiervereniging 2 MAMMAL SURVEY WESTERN RHODOPES, TRIGRAD BULGARIA 2013 Chief Editors Lily Vercruijsse Kees Mostert Associate Editor Svetlana Miteva Authors Jan Boshamer Carolien van de Graaf Frank van der Knaap Ineke Kroes Kees Mostert Bart Noort Carola van den Tempel Lily Vercruijsse Jan Wondergem Translations Edu Goossens Eric Thomassen Maps Bart Noort Illustrations Jan Boshamer Ed Goossens Ineke Kroes Kees Mostert Lars Soerink Lily Vercruijsse David de Wit Uitgave van de Veldwerkgroep van de Zoogdiervereniging Rapport 2014.21 Nijmegen, juni 2014 ISBN/EAN 978-90-79924-34-9 3 Alle publicaties van de Veldwerkgroep kunnen kosteloos worden gedownload van de website: http://www.zoogdiervereniging.nl/veldwerkgroep All publications of the Field Study Group can be downloaded free of charge from the website: http://www.zoogdiervereniging.nl/fieldstudygroup 4 SUMMARY by Kees Mostert In the summer of 2013, the annual Field Study Group mammal study camp abroad took place (for the second time) in Bulgaria. This time we visited the Western Rhodopes, a karst landscape including mountain peaks reaching up to 2000 meters, steep and narrow valleys and extensive cave systems. A large part of this area is wooded, predominated with spruce forests, but also pastures at high altitude where sheep and cows graze. One of the interesting bird species in the area is the Capercaillie. The Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds has launched a project to preserve this species for the region. Research is being done on the habitat of the species, including a survey of plant and animal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Wei:Layout 1.Qxd
    Acta Chiropterologica, 10(1): 51–59, 2008 PL ISSN 1508-1109 © Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS doi: 10.3161/150811008X331081 Wing morphology, echolocation calls, diet and emergence time of black-bearded tomb bats (Taphozous melanopogon, Emballonuridae) from southwest China LI WEI1, NAIJIAN HAN2, LIBIAO ZHANG3, KRISTOFER M. HELGEN4, 5, STUART PARSONS6, SHANYI ZHOU7, and SHUYI ZHANG1, 8 1School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Beilu, Putuo, Shanghai 200062, China 2Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100080, China 3Guangdong Entomological Institute, 105 Xingang Xilu, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510260, China 4Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, NHB 390 MRC 108, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington D.C. 20013–7012, USA 5Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia 6School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand 7College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Lu, Qixing, Guilin 541004, China 8Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] We studied the wing morphology, echolocation calls, diet and emergence time of the black-bearded tomb bat (Taphozous melanopogon) from May to October 2006 in Guangxi Province, southwest China. Taphozous melanopogon has wings with high aspect ratio, high loading and pointed wing-tip shape-characteristics associated with fast flight in open space. This species usually produces low-intensity, low frequency, and frequency-modulated (FM) calls usually containing up to four harmonics, with most energy in the second (or sometimes third) harmonic. The diet of this species consists mostly of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Random Sampling of the Central European Bat Fauna Reveals the Existence of Numerous Hitherto Unknown Adenoviruses+
    Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63 (4), pp. 508–525 (2015) DOI: 10.1556/004.2015.047 RANDOM SAMPLING OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN BAT FAUNA REVEALS THE EXISTENCE OF NUMEROUS + HITHERTO UNKNOWN ADENOVIRUSES 1* 2 3 1,4 Márton Z. VIDOVSZKY , Claudia KOHL , Sándor BOLDOGH , Tamás GÖRFÖL , 5 2 1 Gudrun WIBBELT , Andreas KURTH and Balázs HARRACH 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; 2Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany; 3Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Jósvafő, Hungary; 4Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; 5Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany (Received 16 September 2015; accepted 28 October 2015) From over 1250 extant species of the order Chiroptera, 25 and 28 are known to occur in Germany and Hungary, respectively. Close to 350 samples originating from 28 bat species (17 from Germany, 27 from Hungary) were screened for the presence of adenoviruses (AdVs) using a nested PCR that targets the DNA polymerase gene of AdVs. An additional PCR was designed and applied to amplify a fragment from the gene encoding the IVa2 protein of mastadenovi- ruses. All German samples originated from organs of bats found moribund or dead. The Hungarian samples were excrements collected from colonies of known bat species, throat or rectal swab samples, taken from live individuals that had been captured for faunistic surveys and migration studies, as well as internal or- gans of dead specimens. Overall, 51 samples (14.73%) were found positive. We detected 28 seemingly novel and six previously described bat AdVs by sequenc- ing the PCR products.
    [Show full text]
  • Kin Structure and Roost Fidelity in Greater Noctule Bats
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/675215; this version posted February 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Kin structure and roost fidelity in greater noctule bats João D. Santos1,2,*, Christoph F.J. Meyer1,3, Carlos Ibáñez4, Ana G. Popa-Lisseanu4 & Javier Juste4,5 1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 2 UMR AGAP, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France 3 School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom 4 Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Spain *Correspondent: João Santos, present address: Cirad, AGAP, TA A-108 / 03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +33623720645 Running Header: Kin structure of the greater noctule bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/675215; this version posted February 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Santos et al. Kin structure and roost fidelity in giant noctule bats 1 ABSTRACT 2 Roost fidelity is an important aspect of mammalian biology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Echolocation in Bats: a Comparative Approach
    The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach Alanna Collen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London. November 2012 Declaration Declaration I, Alanna Collen (née Maltby), confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, this is indicated in the thesis, and below: Chapter 1 This chapter is published in the Handbook of Mammalian Vocalisations (Maltby, Jones, & Jones) as a first authored book chapter with Gareth Jones and Kate Jones. Gareth Jones provided the research for the genetics section, and both Kate Jones and Gareth Jones providing comments and edits. Chapter 2 The raw echolocation call recordings in EchoBank were largely made and contributed by members of the ‘Echolocation Call Consortium’ (see full list in Chapter 2). The R code for the diversity maps was provided by Kamran Safi. Custom adjustments were made to the computer program SonoBat by developer Joe Szewczak, Humboldt State University, in order to select echolocation calls for measurement. Chapter 3 The supertree construction process was carried out using Perl scripts developed and provided by Olaf Bininda-Emonds, University of Oldenburg, and the supertree was run and dated by Olaf Bininda-Emonds. The source trees for the Pteropodidae were collected by Imperial College London MSc student Christina Ravinet. Chapter 4 Rob Freckleton, University of Sheffield, and Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. 2 Declaration Chapter 5 Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. Chapter 6 Joseph W.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Bats in China: Problems and Recommendations L Ibiao Z Hang,Guangjian Z Hu,Gareth J Ones and S Huyi Z Hang
    Perspective Conservation of bats in China: problems and recommendations L ibiao Z hang,Guangjian Z hu,Gareth J ones and S huyi Z hang Abstract Bat populations in China appear to have de- and cave topography and dimensions affect the accumula- creased considerably in the last 30 years. Four reasons may tion and diffusion of the gas, disturbing bats directly (Song have been responsible: (1) Cave exploitation for tourism et al., 2000). On 2 May 2001, for example, the maximum has changed the atmosphere and temperature in caves, CO2 content increased from 1,000 to 7,000 ppm in the disturbing bats directly. (2) Extensive pesticide use has chamber in Baiyun Cave, Hebei, after c. 3,000 people visited resulted in bioaccumulation in bats, reducing their survival. for 5 hours, and the temperature increased from 16.8 to (3) Many old buildings were demolished during urbani- 19.6oC (Song et al., 2004). In the last 20 years caves have zation, reducing the availability of suitable roost sites. been exploited for tourism and caving, without prior en- (4) People often include bats in their diet, and bats are vironmental impact assessments having been conducted served in restaurants. We make recommendations for im- (Song et al., 2004). The effects of disturbance on bats and proving bat conservation in China. Education programmes other cave fauna have seldom been studied in China. about bat conservation should be provided for adults and Lighting schemes have been installed for visitors without schoolchildren, and laws for protecting bats need to be any consideration of the effects on bats and other cave enacted and enforced.
    [Show full text]