Control and Identification of Invasive Species

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Control and Identification of Invasive Species Chapter Three Control and Identification of Invasive Species A Management Guide for Missouri Control and Identification of Invasive Species: A Management Guide for Missouri Introduction Throughout the United States, invasive plants are destroying native ecosystems and landscapes as they out-compete native plants for light, nutrients and moisture. Most of these invaders purposely were brought to the United States from other parts of the world for reasons that include ornamental value, livestock forage, erosion control, and food for wildlife. Some arrived accidentally as part of ship cargo, embedded on animals, cling- ing to clothing and other means. Whatever the means of entry, when these plants entered the U.S, their spread was unimpeded by natu- ral enemies such as grazing animals, insects, and diseases, that kept them in check in their homeland. Unregulated, they spread rapidly and wreak havoc on biodiversity as they overtake landscapes that once provided shelter and food for native wildlife. Among the worst offenders are bush honeysuckle, wintercreeper, autumn olive, sweet clover, Japanese honeysuckle, purple loosestrife, garlic mustard, sericea les- pedeza, Japanese hops, and Johnsongrass. The severity of infestation ranges from a few plants in a backyard to acres filled with dense populations of undesirable species. This guide includes control measures that can be used by homeowners and professional land managers. Homeowners likely will be able to use simple, mechanical methods, while professional land managers likely will resort to methods that call for herbicide application and use of large equipment. Herbicides CreateTop: Crown an application vetch planted strategy along interstate. before applying suggested in this manual are low risk and are herbicides.Middle: A volunteer Herbicides pulling should sweet clover be used after in con- not apt to contaminate groundwater. They junctionrainfall. Bottom: with other Honey methods, suckle thicket such in as hand break down rapidly in the environment and pulling,mature forest. mowing, controlled burning, reseed- have low toxicity to animals. ing and/or planting native alternatives. Introduction 3 Points to Remember When Controlling Invasive Species It is easier to control invasive species before native plants (see Chapter 1, Reconstructing a they get out of control, so control early. When Tallgrass Prairie). There are native alternatives dealing with a large population of an invasive available for each of the invasive plants men- species, begin removal at the edges and work tioned in this guide. inward. This reduces the rate of spread. Effective control may take several years. Personnel should be trained on herbicide and Scout annually for sprouts of invasive equipment use and should be able to identify plants and remove immediately. target and non-target species. Prevent contamination of streams, ponds, and lakes by selecting herbicides that This Guide Will: degrade rapidly in the soil and by using the right amount of herbicide for the job. Use approved herbicides when applying • help identify and effectively control near water and prevent spills, drips, and non- invasive species. target drift. • describe how to remove mechanically inva- sive species in small landscapes. • describe how and when to apply Do not buy invasive plants. Many nurseries herbicides for large landscapes. sell invasive plants such as wintercreeper, peri- winkle, burning bush, autumn olive, • suggest native plant alternatives for purple loosestrife and crown vetch. invasive species. • demonstrate how to manage land to pre- Replace invasive species with appropriate vent the invasion or re-invasion of invasive species. Terms to Know Invasive Species A plant or other organism, usually non-native that reproduces unchecked. It readily colonizes and thrives in habitats where it did not historically occur, causing changes in bio- Purple loosestrife taking over pond edge at Shaw Nature Reserve. 4 Control and Identification of Invasive Species: A Management Guide for Missouri diversity and ecological functioning of those reclaim the area. To prevent reinfestation habitats. of invasive species, plant desirable native spe- cies or sow an appropriate native seed mix in Non-native/Exotic Species these areas. After the initial removal, diligently An organism that occurs in an area because remove resprouting invasive seedlings as it was brought there, intentionally or they appear. The smaller the seedling, the accidentally, by humans. Most exotic species do easier it is to remove by hand. See section on not become invasive, and some may occur in revegetation to prevent an area for many years before becoming inva- secondary invasion of weeds. sive. Surfactants Native Species Also called adjuvants, nonionic surfactants, A plant or other living organism that occurs in or spreader stickers. A barrier to herbicide a geographic area without human influence. absorption into plants is the cuticle, a waxy layer that covers leaves and stems. Herbicide Its purpose is to prevent water loss during Chemicals formulated to kill plants, with low dry periods. Surfactants added to herbicides or insignificant toxicity to other organisms. improve absorption through the cuticle and Broad-spectrum herbicides such as Roundup help herbicides adhere to leaves. You may are toxic to virtually all plants, while broadleaf need to add a surfactant to your herbicide. herbicides kill only or most effectively broa- Read labels to determine if a product already dleaf plants, leaving grasses and related plants contains surfactants. unharmed. There also are grass- specific herbicides. Mechanical Control Methods Seed Bank of Invasive Species Some seeds live in the top layer of soil for decades, creating a seed bank. When parent Shrubs plants are removed, a new crop of seedlings Bush honeysuckle, Privet, Autumn olive, sprout quickly from the seed bank and Pulling medium-size Bush honeysuckle with a weed wrench. 5 Burning bush, Buckthorn, Multiflora rose, to the opposite hand when using hand pruners. Japanese knotweed. Practice appropriate safety measures at all times. Trees Stems more than an inch in diameter typically require a handsaw, chain saw, or a string trim- Amur maple, Tree of heaven, Golden mer outfitted with a circular saw blade. Chain- raintree, Lacebark elm, Eastern red cedar. saw and circular-saw use require training and proper safety gear (helmet, ear and eye pro- Newly emerged seedlings of woody plants tection, leg and ankle protection, and sturdy are easily hand-pulled when soil is moist leather boots). (a day or two after rainfall). Stems less than one inch in diameter can be cut with sharp hand pruners or loppers*. Then use a weed wrench, winch, or come-along to For large shrubs and trees, remove trunks yank the roots out of the ground. and stems first. Then roots are more easily If this is not an option, dig out roots with hand removed. Leave 1-3 feet of stem attached tools or rent a stump grinder. to Hand prunners, hand saw, and loppers. Top: Hand-pulling Bush honeysuckle after a thesoaking roots rain. to use as a handle or lever and use a weedBottom: wrench, Use of weed winch, wrench or come-along for larger stems after a *The most common injury among horticulturists tosoaking yank rain. out the roots. If this is not an option, and volunteers at Shaw Nature Reserve is a cut dig out the roots with hand tools 6 Control and Identification of Invasive Species: A Management Guide for Missouri or rent a stump grinder. a minimum. Disturbed ground quickly grows with weeds, so have a native plant seed mix ready to sow in these areas. (See section on revegetation to prevent secondary invasion of weeds.) Large-scale removal (more than an acre) Woody Vines requires a skid-steer and front-mounted Japanese honeysuckle, Wintercreeper, grapple or bull hog to remove mature shrubs Periwinkle, English ivy, Asiatic bittersweet – roots and all. Some grapples grab the stems and pull up, others grab the roots and pry out. Newly emerged seedlings of woody plants Skid-steer removal should be done only when are easily hand-pulled when soil is moist the ground is dry to keep soil disturbance to (a day or two after rainfall). A circular saw or chain saw are used in larger areas Top: Root grapple on a skid-steer pries large plants and require protective equipment and training. out of the ground. Bottom: Bull hog on a skid-steer shreds plants from top to bottom. 7 to effectively control dense patches and It is difficult to control small areas of woody their seed bank when herbicide is not used. vines by mechanical methods. When carpets of these vines occur, smother them with black plastic, tin, rubber mats, or a 12-inch layer of Perennial Legumes wood chips. Because these materials can be expensive or hard to come by, they are useful Sericea lespedeza, Bird’s foot trefoil, only on small areas and should remain in place Crown vetch, Red clover, White clover for a year to be effective. Non-herbicide methods to control these A second method for small areas is to cut out difficult species generally are not effective. the plants with a sharp garden spade. Cut and Plants and the top 3inches of topsoil peel back the carpet of vines in small sections. should be dug and removed from the site Because they are shallow-rooted, they come to effectively control dense patches of the up easily. Large sections of carpet, however, listed species and their seed banks* when her- can be heavy and difficult to handle. Stem and bicide is not used. Watch for missed root seg- root segments will ments and remove immediately. be missed and need to be removed at a later *Sericea lespedeza, Bird’s foot trefoil, Red clover, and date. Crown vetch have seed banks in the top few inches of topsoil that are viable for as many as 20 years. In large areas a skid-steer can be used to uproot large sections of invasive vines.
Recommended publications
  • SP611 Trees to Plant Under Power Lines
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Forestry, Trees, and Timber UT Extension Publications 7-2003 SP611 Trees to Plant under Power Lines The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfores Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation "SP611 Trees to Plant under Power Lines," The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service, SP 611 - 12M - 7/03 R12-4910-034-004-04, https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexfores/56 The publications in this collection represent the historical publishing record of the UT Agricultural Experiment Station and do not necessarily reflect current scientific knowledge or ecommendations.r Current information about UT Ag Research can be found at the UT Ag Research website. This Trees for Tennessee Landscapes - Choosing the Right Tree is brought to you for free and open access by the UT Extension Publications at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Forestry, Trees, and Timber by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee SP 611 Trees to Plant under Power Lines Tom Simpson Wayne K. Clatterbuck Regional Urban Forester Associate Professor Tennessee Dept. of Agriculture Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Forestry Division Serious conflicts often develop between utilities The following table lists suitable tree species for plant- and trees. Trees that grow into electric wires pose serious ing near power lines. Each utility may have differ- safety issues and often result in less reliable service.
    [Show full text]
  • Acer Ginnala (Amur Maple) Amur Maple Is a Small, Low-Branched, Deciduous Tree with Three-Lobed Leaves
    Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) Amur maple is a small, low-branched, deciduous tree with three-lobed leaves. The leaves turn red, yellow, orange in the fall.A tough and adaptable tree. Adopted well to urban landscape. Landscape Information Pronounciation: AY-ser jin-NAY-luh Plant Type: Tree Origin: Eastern Asia Heat Zones: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Hardiness Zones: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Uses: Screen, Hedge, Bonsai, Specimen, Container, Street, Pollution Tolerant / Urban Size/Shape Growth Rate: Moderate Tree Shape: Round, Spreading Canopy Symmetry: Symmetrical Canopy Density: Dense Canopy Texture: Fine Height at Maturity: 5 to 8 m, 8 to 15 m Spread at Maturity: 5 to 8 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 10 to 20 Years Notes Acer ginnala is a great plant for use in small landscapes Plant Image Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Opposite Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Deciduous Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Ovate Leaf Margins: Lobate, Serrate, Double Serrate Leaf Textures: Medium Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Flower Image Color(changing season): Red Flower Flower Showiness: False Flower Size Range: 0 - 1.5 Flower Sexuality: Diecious (Monosexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance Flower Color: White Seasons: Spring Trunk Trunk Susceptibility to Breakage: Generally resists breakage Number of Trunks: Multi-Trunked, Can be trained to one trunk Trunk Esthetic Values: Not Showy Fruit Fruit Type: Samara Fruit Showiness: True Fruit Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Fruit Colors: Pink Seasons:
    [Show full text]
  • North Dakota Tree Selector Amur Maple
    NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY North Dakota Tree Selector Amur Maple Scientific Name: Acer ginnala Family: Sapindaceae (maple) Description Hardiness: Zone 2 A multi-trunked shrub or small tree valued for it’s Leaves: Deciduous vase-like habit. The Amur Maple has brilliant red Plant type: Tall Shrub or Small Tree fall color and is one of the most adaptable small Maples. This Maple is native to Asia and often Growth used as a specimen plant or as a hedge. Amur Rate: Medium Growth Maple is susceptible to 2,4-D damage. It will also Mature height: 15’ to 20’ display chlorosis when planted in alkaline sites. Longevity: Medium Preferences Power Line: Yes Light: Full sun to partial shade Ornamental Water: Prefers moist, well drained soils, moderately drought tolerant Flowers: Small, white flowers, fragrant Soil: Adaptable to many soil types. Does not Fruit: Paired Samaras (winged seeds) tolerate alkaline or poorly drained soils. Prefers Fall Color: Bright red fall color is typical pH of 4.5-7.5 Comments The Amur Maple is considered invasive in the Eastern United States. Can be grown as multi-trunk or trimmed to grow as a single trunk to give a tree-like appearance. Credits: North Dakota Tree Handbook, North Dakota Extension Service, 1996. Weeds of the week: Amur Maple, USDA Forest Service publication WOW 05-06-05 www.ag.ndsu.edu/tree-selector NDSU does not discriminate in its programs and activities on the basis of age, color, gender expression/identity, genetic information, marital status, national origin, participation in lawful off-campus activity, physical or mental disability, pregnancy, public assistance status, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, spousal relationship to current employee, or veteran status, as applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Amur Maple Acer Ginnala Maxim., Syn Acer Tataricum Ssp
    MN NWAC Risk Common Name Latin Name Assessment Worksheet (04-2011) Amur maple Acer ginnala Maxim., syn Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala Reviewer Affiliation/Organization Date (mm/dd/yyyy) Laura Van Riper, MN Department of Natural Resources, 09/17/2015 Tim Power MN Nursery and Landscape Association Box Question Answer Outcome 1 Is the plant species or genotype non-native? Yes. Amur maple is native to Asia. Go to Box 3 3 Is the plant species, or a related species, Yes. Go to Box 6 documented as being a problem elsewhere? Regulated as a Restricted Invasive Species In Wisconsin (all cultivars exempt) (http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/AmurMaple.html). Ranked as moderately invasive in New York (http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/4a6d0_1db2a_Acer.g innala.NYS.pdf). Listed on Illinois Departments of Natural Resources Exotic Species webpages (http://dnr.state.il.us/education/exoticspecies/amurmaple. htm). NatureServe I rank of Medium/Insignificant (http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sear chName=Acer+ginnala). Listed as potentially invasive, but not banned in Connecticut (http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&stat efips=09, http://cipwg.uconn.edu/invasive_plant_list/). 6 Does the plant species have the capacity to Yes. Go to Box 7 establish and survive in Minnesota? 1 Box Question Answer Outcome A. Is the plant, or a close relative, currently Yes. Go to Box 7 established in Minnesota? Amur maple has been widely planted in Minnesota. EDDMaps reports Amur maple as present in 42 counties in Minnesota, especially in the northeastern part of the state (http://eddmaps.org/distribution/uscounty.cfm?sub=3965 ).
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Row Crop Plant-Back Intervals for Common Herbicides
    DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION University of Arkansas System Footnotes (continued) Authors 10 Replant only with Concep-treated or screen-treated seed. 2021 11 Needs 15 inches cumulative precipitation from application to planting rotational crop. Leah Collie, Program Associate - Weed Science 12 Needs 30 inches cumulative precipitation from application to planting rotational crop. Aaron Ross, Program Associate - Weed Science Tom Barber, Professor - Weed Science 13 ­Time­interval­is­based­on­8­oz/A­application­rate­and­does­not­begin­until­1­inch­of­ Row Crop Plant-Back rainfall is received. Tommy Butts, Assistant Professor - Weed Science 14­If­­4­oz/A­or­less­used­and­1­inch­of­rainfall/irrigation­received­after­application. Jason Norsworthy, Distinguished Professor - Weed Science 15 Days listed are based on University data and after receiving 1 inch of rainfall. 16 Enlist corn, cotton and soybeans can be planted immediately. University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture Intervals for 17 STS Soybeans can be planted immediately. Weed Science Program 18 Soil PH below 7.5. 19 ­For­Newpath/Preface­use­rates­greater­than­8­oz/A­per­season;­only­soybeans­may­be­ Common Herbicides planted the following year. 20 Rotation interval for soybean is 2 months where pH is less than 7.5. 21 Immediately if Poast Protected Crop. 22 If less than 15 inches of rainfall received since application, extend replant intervals to 18 months. If pH greater than 6.5, do not plant rice the following year. 23 18­months­for­cotton­if­rate­is­greater­than­5­oz/A­and­pH­>7.2.­ 24 Rotation­to­grain­sorghum­is­18­months­when­Spartan­is­applied­at­8­oz/A.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Targeting Herbicide Management
    EXTENSION EC708 Weed Targeting Herbicide Management Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Extension Precision Agriculture Engineer Mark L. Bernards, Extension Irrigated Weed Specialist a major problem in summer annual crops like corn or George E. Meyer, Machine Vision Specialist sugarbeet may not even emerge when a winter annual Jerry A. Mulliken, Independent Crop Consultant crop like wheat is growing. RESOURCES ost producers use herbicides to manage weed Weeds exploit space not taken by the crop (inter- Minfestations. Generally, herbicides are applied row areas) and not disturbed by control methods such For more informa- at a uniform rate to the entire field. However, a as tillage or herbicides. Weeds vary in their response tion about precision uniform application may not be appropriate for all to different environmental cues and conditions that areas of a field. As precision agriculture technologies favor growth of one weed species over another. A few agriculture research, have developed, site-specific management of most studies have correlated landscape features and manage- education and dem- agricultural inputs, including herbicides, has become ment factors to the presence of weed patches. These onstration programs feasible. Differentiated application of herbicides is an characteristics include topography (or elevation), soil effective way to minimize herbicide costs, maximize pH, soil organic carbon (OC), fertility (nitrogen and at the University of weed control and prevent unnecessary environmental phosphorous), soil texture, field history, and herbicide Nebraska–Lincoln, waste. This circular provides basic guidance on site- use patterns. For example, topography, soil texture, specific weed management. and organic carbon can have a significant effect on visit the Web site at available moisture, which affects the ability of weeds http://precisionagriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • How Herbicides Work: Biology to Application (Agdex 606-2)
    How Herbicides Work Biology to Application Linda Hall Agriculture Research Division Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Hugh Beckie Thomas M. Wolf Saskatoon Research Centre Saskatoon Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development does not accept responsibility for errors or ommissions. It remains the responsibility of the readers to follow product information contained on the product label or package insert. The publisher, editor and all contributors to this publication cannot be held responsible for publication errors or any consequence resulting from the use of this publication. Published by: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Information Management 7000 - 113 Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6H 5T6 Editors: Chris Kaulbars and Gerard Vaillancourt Graphic Designer: John Gillmore Electronic Composition: Sherrill Strauss and J.A. Serafinchon Photographs: Beth Hoar – Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development David Wall – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Tom Wolf – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Dow AgroSciences Copyright © 1999. All rights reserved by Her Majesty the Queen in the right of Alberta. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from Information Management, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. Tables/chemical
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Control Guide for Ohio, Indiana and Illinois
    Pub# WS16 / Bulletin 789 / IL15 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Tables Table 1. Weed Response to “Burndown” Herbicides .............................................................................................19 Table 2. Application Intervals for Early Preplant Herbicides ............................................................................... 20 Table 3. Weed Response to Preplant/Preemergence Herbicides in Corn—Grasses ....................................30 WEED Table 4. Weed Response to Preplant/Preemergence Herbicides in Corn—Broadleaf Weeds ....................31 Table 5. Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicides in Corn—Grasses ...................................................32 Table 6. Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicides in Corn—Broadleaf Weeds ..................................33 2015 CONTROL Table 7. Grazing and Forage (Silage, Hay, etc.) Intervals for Herbicide-Treated Corn ................................. 66 OHIO, INDIANA Table 8. Rainfast Intervals, Spray Additives, and Maximum Crop Size for Postemergence Corn Herbicides .........................................................................................................................................................68 AND ILLINOIS Table 9. Herbicides Labeled for Use on Field Corn, Seed Corn, Popcorn, and Sweet Corn ..................... 69 GUIDE Table 10. Herbicide and Soil Insecticide Use Precautions ......................................................................................71 Table 11. Weed Response to Herbicides in Popcorn and Sweet Corn—Grasses
    [Show full text]
  • Tatarian Maple Acer Tataricum
    Tatarian maple Acer tataricum Description Additional data is necessary to determine whether or not this species exhibits invasive characteristics in Michigan. Habit A small tree or multi-stemmed shrub, growing up to 25 feet tall with a nearly equal spread. Leaves Opposite, simple, serrate to double serste margin, usually unlobed or with 2-5 lobes, oval to deltoid in shape, 2-4 inches long, half as wide, green above and paler below. Stems Slender, angular, glabrous to slightly pubescent, reddish brown, lenticelate, with raised leaf scars and short, broad, dark reddish brown buds. Source: MISIN. 2021. Midwest Invasive Species Information Network. Michigan State University - Applied Spatial Ecology and Technical Services Laboratory. Available online at https://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail.php?id=255. Flowers Yellow-green and tinged with red, small, long-stalked, occurring in round-topped clusters, appear just after leaves. Fruits and Seeds 0.75 - 1 inch long samara, hang at very tight angles or nearly parallel, green and red changing to brown. Ripen in early fall and persist. Habitat Native to southeastern Europe and Western Asia. Reproduction By seed or by softwood/semihardwood cuttings. Similar Amur maple (Acer ginnala); Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) Monitoring and Rapid Response Credits The information provided in this factsheet was gathered from the Virginia Tech Dept. of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation VTree. Individual species images that appear with a number in a black box are courtesy of the Bugwood.org network (http://www.invasive.org).Individual photo author credits may not be included due to the small display size of the images and subsequent difficulty of reading the provided text.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-2021 Truchoice® Offer Eligible Crop Protection Products
    2020-2021 TruChoice® Offer Eligible Crop Protection Products Abundit® Edge herbicide* Durango® DMA® herbicide* Kerb® SC herbicide Rezuvant™ herbicide Accent® Q herbicide Elevore® herbicide Keystone® LA NXT herbicide Sendero® herbicide* Afforia® herbicide Embed® herbicide Keystone® NXT herbicide Sequoia® insecticide Aproach® fungicide Embed® Extra herbicide Kyber™ herbicide Simplicity® CA insecticide ® Aproach® Prima fungicide Enable® 2F fungicide Lannate LV insecticide Sonic® herbicide ® Basis® Blend herbicide Enlist Duo® herbicide Lannate SP insecticide Dupont™ Staple® LX herbicide ® ® Blackhawk® Naturalyte® Enlist One® herbicide LeadOff herbicide Starane Flex herbicide ® ® insecticide Enlite® herbicide Loyant herbicide Starane NXT herbicide ® ® ® Canopy Blend herbicide Entrust® SC Naturalyte® Matrix SG herbicide Starane Ultra herbicide Canopy® DF herbicide insecticide Mezavue® herbicide* Steadfast® Q herbicide Canopy® Ex herbicide Dupont™ Envive® herbicide Novixid™ herbicide Stinger® herbicide Chaparral™ herbicide* Dupont™ EverpreX® herbicide N-Serve® nitrogen stabilizer Stinger® HL herbicide Cinch® herbicide Fontelis® fungicide Opensky® herbicide Strongarm® herbicide Cinch® ATZ herbicide FulTime® NXT herbicide PastureGard® HL herbicide* Success® Naturalyte® Insecticides ® Cinch® ATZ Lite herbicide GF-120® NF PerfectMatch herbicide Surestart® II herbicide ® ® ® Cleantraxx® herbicide* Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait Pindar GT herbicide Surpass NXT herbicide ® ® ® Clincher® CA herbicide Goldsky herbicide Pixxaro EC herbicide Surveil herbicide
    [Show full text]
  • FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES
    FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. All rights reserved. FAO encourages the reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2010 iii Contents Foreword iv Contributors vi Acronyms ix Part 1. THE SCIENCE OF GENETIC MODIFICATION IN FOREST TREES 1. Genetic modification as a component of forest biotechnology 3 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Several Child Day Care Centers
    Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2001) 11, 449 – 458 # 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1053-4245/01/$17.00 www.nature.com/jea Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers NANCY K. WILSON,a JANE C. CHUANGb AND CHRISTOPHER LYU a aBattelle, Durham, North Carolina bBattelle, Columbus, Ohio The concentrations of a suite of persistent organic chemicals were measured in multiple media in 10 child day care centers located in central North Carolina. Five centers served mainly children from low-income families, as defined by the federal Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) assistance program, and five served mainly children from middle-income families. The targeted chemicals were chosen because of their probable carcinogenicity, acute or chronic toxicity, or hypothesized potential for endocrine system disruption. Targeted compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachloro- and nonyl-phenol, bisphenol-A, dibutyl and butylbenzyl phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, the organophosphate pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). Sampled media were indoor and outdoor air, food and beverages, indoor dust, and outdoor play area soil. Concentrations of the targeted compounds were determined using a combination of extraction and analysis methods, depending on the media. Analysis was predominantly by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Concentrations of the targeted pollutants were low and well below the levels generally considered to be of concern as possible health hazards. Potential exposures to the target compounds were estimated from the concentrations in the various media, the children’s daily time–activity schedules at day care, and the best currently available estimates of the inhalation rates (8.3 m3 /day) and soil ingestion rates (100 mg/day) of children ages 3–5.
    [Show full text]