A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

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Review Open Access A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries Ravalli R1*, NavaJyothi CH2, Sushma B3 and Amala Reddy J4 1Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India 2University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India 3Deparment of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, India 4Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India *Corresponding author: Ravalli R, Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India, Tel: + 0437-869-033; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 13, 2015; Accepted date: April 14, 2015; Published date: April 21, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Ravalli Remella. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestri cted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Availability of Antimicrobial Drugs isolates were proof against Principen, Co-trimoxazole, and bactericide, and 14-40% were given with Mecillinam [6]. This was associate degree Although foremost potent and recently developed antimicrobial outsized increase over the half resistant isolates notable in 1991, before medicine are offered throughout the globe, in developing countries the drug was wide on the market. Throughout infectious disease their use is confined to people who are flush enough to afford them. In epidemics the organism has the flexibleness to develop increasing tertiary referral hospitals like the Kenyatta National Hospital in resistance, typically by acquisition of plasmids. In land throughout a Nairobi, Kenya, the primary line antimicrobial medicine used are infectious disease epidemic in 1985-6 there was a case death rate of 13 Polycillin, Chloromycetin, Co-amoxiclav, Co-trimoxazole, Ethril, as a results of the initially sensitive V cholerae quickly noninheritable Gentamicin, Penicillin, and bactericide [1]. Amikacin, Cefuroxime, body encoded resistance to Principen, Kanamycin, antibiotic, antibiotic, and antibacterial are used as second line agents. In district sulphonamides, and bactericide [7]. hospitals solely the primary line agents are offered, however typically not even these are offered. Concept of the Cloud-Based Knowledge Service How are Antimicrobial Drugs Used? Sexually transmitted infections are the most frequently occurring infections worldwide, it has been estimated that among adults with an In many developing countries the utilization of antimicrobial drugs age group of 15-49 years there are 332 million cases of sexually for treating of humans and animals is not regulated; antibiotics are transmitted diseases worldwide [8]. These STD’s were reported for 365 regularly purchased in pharmacies in under developed countries as days of the full style of cases, contagious disease for eighty seven over the counter drugs [2]. At intervals the Rajbari district of People's percent, chlamydiosis for twenty sixty six percent; over 66% of these Republic of Bangladesh, a survey of rural medical practitioners infections occurred in people from developing countries. (barefoot doctors) with a minimum of 11 years’ experience showed Microorganism have shown potentcy in developing resistance to that an average of 380 patients per month are prescribed with antimicrobial drugs in conmibination with drugs like Sulphonamides, antibiotics per hour on the basis of symptoms alone. In one month 14, Penicillins, Fluoroquinolones like Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, 950 patients were prescribed with antibiotics—a total of 2915 hundred Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid have evidenced doses. Exclusively 1095 hundred doses had been distributed by extraordinarily effective in treating contagious disease but once pharmacies, and an extra 100 doses had been distributed as over the widespread and sometimes inappropriate use Fluoroquinolone counter drugs [3]. resistant N. gonorrhoeae has emerged [9]. In some areas this leaves Thus there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and third generation cephalosporins, like Cefuroxime, Cephamycin as a patients generally do not take a full course of treatment if they are not result of the entirely predictably effective antibiotic treatment for cost effective. Another drawback in developing countries is the contagious disease. standard and potency of antimicrobial medication [4]. When the course of medication is discontinued the microbes become resistant to Nosocomial Infections that particular antibiotic (for eg: UTI infections if the due course is discontinued it leads to reoccurrence of UTI). Bacterial agents potency against treatment with antibiotics are frequently reoccurring in hospitals in developing countries. Most resistant bacteria such as Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis causing TB, S Enteric Pathogens Pneumonia, S Typhi) and hospital innate organism (Klebsiella Diarrheal malady might be a significant reason for morbidity and pneumoniae, enterobacteria, and genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa) do mortality in developing countries. Although retroviral infections are cause issues [10-13]. Antibiotic medicine like antibiotic resistant S the reason for the malady in infants. As a result of laboratory facilities aureus (MRSA) is apace growing within the developing world what is are not wide on the market most of the patients are treated by trial and more as African nation, Sri Lanka. The foremost vital factors related to error with antibiotics. Infection with eubacteria species and its widespread were found to be poor hospital hygiene, overcrowding, eubacterium cholerae frequently causes epidemics [5]. Over the years lack of resources for infection management, and absence of trained eubacteria species have shown an honest propensity to develop personnel within the predominant infections in hospital [14,15]. resistance to antibiotics. As an example, in 1996 in Matlab and national capital, Bangladesh, over ninety fifth of eubacteria dysenteriae

Biochem Pharmacol Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000r001 ISSN:2167-0501 BCPC, an open access journal Citation: Ravalli R, NavaJyothi CH, Sushma B, Amala Reddy J (2015) A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries . Biochem Pharmacol 4: r001. doi:10.4172/2167-0501.1000r001

Page 2 of 2 Conclusion 7. Grumezescu AM, Gestal MC, Holban AM, Grumezescu V, Vasile BS (2014) Biocompatible Fe3O4 increases the efficacy of amoxicillin delivery Antimicrobial medication plays an important resource that has to against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Molecules 19: be preserved for future use. In developing countries laboratory 5013-5027. diagnostic facilities are very poor and this has crystal rectifier to the 8. http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2011/en/ introduction of empiric, and drawback adjusted management ways 9. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Pages/ that for the administration of antimicrobial medication. Inevitably this index.aspx leads to overtreatment. 10. Yigit H, Queenan AM, Anderson GJ, Domenech-Sanchez A, Biddle JW, et al. (2001) Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a For the long run the priority need to be given to the laboratory carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents infrastructure in developing countries. This may not entirely profit the Chemother 45: 1151-1161. individual patients however supply early warnings for the emergence 11. Villegas MV, Lolans K, Correa A, Suarez CJ, Lopez JA, et al. (2006) First of resistant isolates. This might be valuable however the price need to detection of the plasmid-mediated class A carbapenemase KPC-2 in be balanced against the chance of the event of untreatable infections in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from South America. Antimicrob vulnerable populations [16,17]. Finally, there need to even be larger Agents Chemother 50: 2880-2882. regulation of the intake of antibiotics in developing countries; this 12. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Jones RN (2005) might be among ways that to point out the ultimate public, doctors, Emerging metallo-beta-lactamase-mediated resistances: a summary report and veterinarians on the acceptable use of antibiotics. from the worldwide SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis 41: S276-S278. 13. Maya JJ, Ruiz SJ, Blanco VM, Gotuzzo E, Guzman-Blanco M, et al. (2013) References Current status of carbapenemases in Latin America. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11: 657-667. 1. Bornstein S (1940) Action of Penicillin on Enterococci and Other Streptococci. J Bacteriol 39: 383-387. 14. Ruiz A, Mora M, Zurita C, Larco D, Toapanta Y, et al. (2014) Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers of del Mar Tomas M, Cartelle M, Pertega S, Beceiro A, Llinares P, et al. (2005) 2. intensive care units in Ecuador. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 116-119. Hospital outbreak caused by a carbapenem-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii: patient prognosis and risk-factors for 15. Jones RN, Guzman-Blanco M, Gales AC, Gallegos B, Castro AL, et al. colonization and infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:540-546. (2013) Susceptibility rates in Latin American nations: report from a regional resistance surveillance program (2011). Braz J Infect Dis 17: Cartelle M, del Mar Tomas M, Pertega S, Beceiro A, Dominguez MA, et al. 3. 672-681. (2004) Risk factors for colonization and infection in a hospital outbreak caused by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to 16. Salles MJ, Zurita J, MejÃa C, Villegas MV (2013) Resistant gram-negative expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4242-4249. infections in the outpatient setting in Latin America. Epidemiol Infect 141: 2459-2472. 4. Bou G, Cartelle M, Tomas M, Canle D, Molina F, et al. (2002) Identification and broad dissemination of the CTX-M-14 beta-lactamase in 17. Rincon S, Reyes J, Carvajal LP, Rojas N, Cortes F et al. (2013) Cefazolin different Escherichia coli strains in the northwest area of Spain. J Clin high-inoculum effect in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Microbiol 40: 4030-4036. from South American hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 68: 2773-2778. 5. Monica CG (2013) Vencer la Resistencia a antibioticos. Microbiología: 15-17. 6. Holban AM, Gestal MC, Grumezescu AM (2014) New Molecular Strategies for Reducing Implantable Medical Devices Associated Infections. Curr Med Chem 21: 3375-3382.

Biochem Pharmacol Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000r001 ISSN:2167-0501 BCPC, an open access journal