A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access

Ravalli, et al. Biochem Pharmacol 2015, 4:2

DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000r001

ISSN: 2167-0501

Review

Open Access

A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

Ravalli R^1*, NavaJyothi CH², Sushma B³and Amala Reddy J⁴

¹Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India ²University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India ³Deparment of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, India ⁴Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

^*Corresponding author: Ravalli R, Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India, Tel:

+

0437-869-033; E-mail:

[email protected]

Received date: April 13, 2015; Accepted date: April 14, 2015; Published date: April 21, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Ravalli Remella. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestri cted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

isolates were proof against Principen, Co-trimoxazole, and bactericide, and 14-40% were given with Mecillinam [6]. This was associate degree

Availability of Antimicrobial Drugs

Although foremost potent and recently developed antimicrobial medicine are offered throughout the globe, in developing countries their use is confined to people who are flush enough to afford them. In tertiary referral hospitals like the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, the primary line antimicrobial medicine used are Polycillin, Chloromycetin, Co-amoxiclav, Co-trimoxazole, Ethril, Gentamicin, Penicillin, and bactericide [1]. Amikacin, Cefuroxime, antibiotic, and antibacterial are used as second line agents. In district hospitals solely the primary line agents are offered, however typically not even these are offered. outsized increase over the half resistant isolates notable in 1991, before the drug was wide on the market. Throughout infectious disease epidemics the organism has the flexibleness to develop increasing resistance, typically by acquisition of plasmids. In land throughout a infectious disease epidemic in 1985-6 there was a case death rate of 13 as a results of the initially sensitive V cholerae quickly noninheritable body encoded resistance to Principen, Kanamycin, antibiotic, sulphonamides, and bactericide [7].

Concept of the Cloud-Based Knowledge Service

Sexually transmitted infections are the most frequently occurring infections worldwide, it has been estimated that among adults with an age group of 15-49 years there are 332 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide [8]. These STD’s were reported for 365 days of the full style of cases, contagious disease for eighty seven percent, chlamydiosis for twenty sixty six percent; over 66% of these infections occurred in people from developing countries. Microorganism have shown potentcy in developing resistance to antimicrobial drugs in conmibination with drugs like Sulphonamides,

How are Antimicrobial Drugs Used?

In many developing countries the utilization of antimicrobial drugs for treating of humans and animals is not regulated; antibiotics are regularly purchased in pharmacies in under developed countries as over the counter drugs [2]. At intervals the Rajbari district of People's Republic of Bangladesh, a survey of rural medical practitioners (barefoot doctors) with a minimum of 11 years’ experience showed that an average of 380 patients per month are prescribed with antibiotics per hour on the basis of symptoms alone. In one month 14, 950 patients were prescribed with antibiotics—a total of 2915 hundred doses. Exclusively 1095 hundred doses had been distributed by pharmacies, and an extra 100 doses had been distributed as over the counter drugs [3].

Penicillins,

Fluoroquinolones

like

Ofloxacin,

Norfloxacin,

Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid have evidenced extraordinarily effective in treating contagious disease but once widespread and sometimes inappropriate use Fluoroquinolone resistant N. gonorrhoeae has emerged [9]. In some areas this leaves third generation cephalosporins, like Cefuroxime, Cephamycin as a result of the entirely predictably effective antibiotic treatment for contagious disease.
Thus there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and patients generally do not take a full course of treatment if they are not cost effective. Another drawback in developing countries is the standard and potency of antimicrobial medication [4]. When the course of medication is discontinued the microbes become resistant to that particular antibiotic (for eg: UTI infections if the due course is discontinued it leads to reoccurrence of UTI).

Nosocomial Infections

Bacterial agents potency against treatment with antibiotics are frequently reoccurring in hospitals in developing countries. Most resistant bacteria such as Mycobacterium. Tuberculosis causing TB, S

Enteric Pathogens

Pneumonia,

S

Typhi) and hospital innate organism (Klebsiella

pneumoniae, enterobacteria, and genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa) do cause issues [10-13]. Antibiotic medicine like antibiotic resistant S aureus (MRSA) is apace growing within the developing world what is more as African nation, Sri Lanka. The foremost vital factors related to its widespread were found to be poor hospital hygiene, overcrowding, lack of resources for infection management, and absence of trained personnel within the predominant infections in hospital [14,15].
Diarrheal malady might be a significant reason for morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Although retroviral infections are the reason for the malady in infants. As a result of laboratory facilities are not wide on the market most of the patients are treated by trial and error with antibiotics. Infection with eubacteria species and eubacterium cholerae frequently causes epidemics [5]. Over the years eubacteria species have shown an honest propensity to develop resistance to antibiotics. As an example, in 1996 in Matlab and national capital, Bangladesh, over ninety fifth of eubacteria dysenteriae

Biochem Pharmacol ISSN:2167-0501 BCPC, an open access journal
Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000r001

Citation: Ravalli R, NavaJyothi CH, Sushma B, Amala Reddy J (2015) A Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries . Biochem

Pharmacol 4: r001. doi:10.4172/2167-0501.1000r001

Page 2 of 2

Grumezescu AM, Gestal MC, Holban AM, Grumezescu V, Vasile BS (2014) Biocompatible Fe3O4 increases the efficacy of amoxicillin delivery against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Molecules 19: 5013-5027. http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2011/en/ http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Pages/ index.aspx Yigit H, Queenan AM, Anderson GJ, Domenech-Sanchez A, Biddle JW, et al. (2001) Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 1151-1161. Villegas MV, Lolans K, Correa A, Suarez CJ, Lopez JA, et al. (2006) First detection of the plasmid-mediated class A carbapenemase KPC-2 in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from South America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 2880-2882. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Jones RN (2005) Emerging metallo-beta-lactamase-mediated resistances: a summary report from the worldwide SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis 41: S276-S278.

7.

Conclusion

Antimicrobial medication plays an important resource that has to be preserved for future use. In developing countries laboratory diagnostic facilities are very poor and this has crystal rectifier to the introduction of empiric, and drawback adjusted management ways that for the administration of antimicrobial medication. Inevitably this leads to overtreatment.
8. 9.

10.

11. 12.
For the long run the priority need to be given to the laboratory infrastructure in developing countries. This may not entirely profit the individual patients however supply early warnings for the emergence of resistant isolates. This might be valuable however the price need to be balanced against the chance of the event of untreatable infections in vulnerable populations [16,17]. Finally, there need to even be larger regulation of the intake of antibiotics in developing countries; this might be among ways that to point out the ultimate public, doctors, and veterinarians on the acceptable use of antibiotics.

Maya JJ, Ruiz SJ, Blanco VM, Gotuzzo E, Guzman-Blanco M, et al. (2013) Current status of carbapenemases in Latin America. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11: 657-667. Ruiz A, Mora M, Zurita C, Larco D, Toapanta Y, et al. (2014) Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers of intensive care units in Ecuador. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 116-119. Jones RN, Guzman-Blanco M, Gales AC, Gallegos B, Castro AL, et al. (2013) Susceptibility rates in Latin American nations: report from a regional resistance surveillance program (2011). Braz J Infect Dis 17: 672-681. Salles MJ, Zurita J, MejÃa C, Villegas MV (2013) Resistant gram-negative infections in the outpatient setting in Latin America. Epidemiol Infect 141: 2459-2472.

13. 14. 15.

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