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Evaluation of Several Bactericides As Seed Treatments for the Control of Black Rot of Crucifers and Studies on an Antibacterial Substance from Cauliflower Seed

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Evaluation of Several Bactericides As Seed Treatments for the Control of Black Rot of Crucifers and Studies on an Antibacterial Substance from Cauliflower Seed Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1962 Evaluation of Several Bactericides as Seed Treatments for the Control of Black Rot of Crucifers and Studies on an Antibacterial Substance From Cauliflower Seed. (Parts I and II). Fereydoon Malekzadeh Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Malekzadeh, Fereydoon, "Evaluation of Several Bactericides as Seed Treatments for the Control of Black Rot of Crucifers and Studies on an Antibacterial Substance From Cauliflower Seed. (Parts I and II)." (1962). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 787. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/787 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 63—2781 microfilmed exactly as received MALEKZADEH, Fereydoon, 1933- EVALUATION OF SEVERAL BACTERICIDES AS SEED TREATMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF BLACK ROT OF CRUCIFERS AND STUDIES ON AN ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCE FROM CAULI­ FLOWER SEED. (PARTS I AND II). Louisiana State University, Ph.D.,1962 Agriculture, plant pathology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan EVALUATION OF SEVERAL BACTERICIDES AS SEED TREATMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF BLACK ROT OF CRUCIFERS AND STUDIES ON AN ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCE FROM CAULIFLOWER SEED A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology by Fereydoon Malekzadeh B.Sc., University of Teheran, 1956 M .Sc., University of Teheran, 1958 August, 1962 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr. T. P. Pirone for his assistance, constructive criti cism, and stimulating suggestions, during the course of this work and in the preparation of the manuscript. He wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. S. J. P. Chilton, Dr. H. E. Wheeler, and Dr. J. B. Baker for making facilities available. He also wishes to thank Dr. I. L. Forbes and Dr. A. R. Colmer for their helpful criticisms in the final preparation of this manuscript and Dr. E. C Tims for his assistance in photography. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT . ii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................... v LUST OF FIGURES. ........................................................................... vi ABSTRACT. ................................................................................ vii PART I INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE. ....... ................................ 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS.............. 10 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . „ . .......................................... 14 Levels of Chemicals Inhibitory to the Pathogen ............ 14 Chemical Seed Treatments of Artificially Inoculated Cabbage Seed , . ............................ 16 Assay of Treated Seeds for Chemical Absorption...................... 18 Stability of Chemicals on Treated Seed. ............. 20 Effect of Chemical Treatments on Germination of Cauliflower Seed. .................................................................... 22 Effect of Chemical Seed Treatment on Root and Stem Growth of Cauliflower Seedlings .................................... 27 Effect of Chemical Solutions on Cabbage Seedlings Grown from Treated Seed............................................................... 27 DISCUSSION..................................................................................... 32 SUMMARY............................................... 37 LITERATURE CITED.................................................................................... 40 PART II INTRODUCTION................................ 43 iii Page REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............. 44 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 57 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS............................................................... «... 65 Antibacterial Effect of Cauliflower Seed .............. 65 Agglutination T ests ................. 70 Antibacterial Spectrum ................................ 71 Antibacterial Activity of the Extract at Various Dilutions. ............... 75 Inhibitory Effect on Seed Germination. .............. 77 Antibacterial Activity of Seeds of Various Cruciferous Plants................. 78 Physical and Chemical C haracteristics ...................... 81 DISCUSSION. .................................................. 86 SUMMARY................. 91 LITERATURE CITED....................................................................................... 94 VITA..................................................................................................................... 100 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page PART I 1. Inhibition of_X. cam pestris by various chem icals as determined by filter paper disc-agar diffusion method ............................................ 15 2. Stability of chemicals on treated seeds .............. 21 3. Effect of chemical seed treatments on root and stem growth of cauliflower seedlings. .......... 28 4. Phytotoxic effect of various chemical seed treatments to emergent cabbage seedlings ...................... 30 PART II 1. Presence of antibacterial substances in relation to viability of seed and seed parts .............. 68 2. Activity spectrum of cauliflower seed extract against different bacteria .......................... 72 3. Effect of cauliflower seed extract on seed germination........................... 79 4. Inhibitory effect of seed extracts of different species and varieties of cruciferous plants on X. cam p estris ........................................................... 80 5. Antibacterial activity of cauliflower seed extract as influenced by temperature and pH ........................... 83 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page PART I 1. Inhibition of Xanthomonas campestris by (counter­ clockwise from disc showing the least inhibition): 25, 500, 1800, 2500 and 4000 ppm of EP-166, using the filter paper disc-agar diffusion method . 12 2. Method of assaying of chemicals on artificially inoculated seed .............................................. 17 3. Regardation of germination of cauliflower seed treated with chemicals at a concentration of 250 ppm . .......................................................................... 24 4. Retardation of germination of cauliflower seed treated with chemicals at a concentration of 5000 ppm. ........................................................... 25 5. Retardation of germination of cauliflower seed treated with chemicals at a concentration of 1000 ppm. ............................................................................. 26 PART II 1. Inhibitory effect of the cauliflower seed extract on growth of campestris , as tested by filter paper disc method ................................................................ 60 2. Inhibitory effect of cauliflower seed on X. cam pestris ............................................................................... 66 3. Comparison of inhibitory activity of seeds of low viability (right), and high viability (left). .... 69 4. Reaction of various bacteria in suspension to the cauliflower seed extract. ......................................... 73 5. Inhibitory effect of several dilutions of aqueous cauliflower seed extract on growth of X. campestris. ................................................. 76 vi ABSTRACT PART I Aqueous solutions of EP-166 (9-(p-n-hexyloxyphenyl)-10- methyl-acridinium chloride), Morven (sodium 2,4,5-trichlorophenate), Nurelle (2,4,5-trichlorophenol), and Septigard (Alkyl tolyl methyl - trimethyl ammonium chloride) were tested in the laboratory and greenhouse as seed treatments for control of the black rot disease of crucifers caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Seeds artificially inoculated with X. campestris were com­ pletely disinfested when treated with EP-166, Nurelle, and Septigard at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm, whereas complete disinfes­ tation of seeds treated with Morven at the same concentrations was not obtained. Assays for absorption of chemicals by seeds treated with these chemicals did not reveal the presence of the chemicals on the internal seed parts, hence complete disinfection of naturally infected seed apparently is not possible, using the techniques em­ ployed in this study. The effect of chemical seed treatments on the germination and root and stem growth of cauliflower seedlings was studied. Of the chemicals used, EP-166 was nonphytotoxic at concentrations up to vii 1000 ppm, and remained stable on treated seed for 10 months. These properties indicate that it may be of some use as a seed treatment. The phytotoxicity of Nurelle and Septigard at concentrations required to inactivate the bacteria, and the failure of Morven to completely disinfest the seeds make these chemicals impractical for use as seed treatment. PART II The presence of an antibacterial substance in cauliflower seed and certain of its properties are reported. The antibacterial effect of cauliflower seed extract on repre­ sentative genera and species of phytopathogenic and other bacteria was studied/ and the
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