DOCSLIB.ORG

Download This Article in PDF Format

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download This Article in PDF Format A&A 645, A48 (2021) Astronomy https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038776 & c ESO 2021 Astrophysics New precise positions in 2013–2019 and a catalog of ground-based astrometric observations of 11 Neptunian satellites (1847–2019) based on Gaia-DR2 Ye Yuan (袁è)1,2, Fan Li (Ná)1,3, Yanning Fu (傅燕宁)1, and Shulin Ren (û树林)1 1 Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, PR China e-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China Received 29 June 2020 / Accepted 1 October 2020 ABSTRACT Context. Developing high-precision ephemerides for Neptunian satellites requires not only the continuation of observing campaigns but also the collection and improvement of existing observations. So far, no complete catalogs of observations of Neptunian satellites are available. Aims. We aim to provide new, precise positions, and to compile a catalog including all available ground-based astrometric observations of Neptunian satellites. The observations are tabulated in a single and consistent format and given in the same timescale, the Terrestrial Time (TT), and reference system, the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), including necessary changes and corrections. Methods. New CCD observations of Triton and Nereid were made at Lijiang 2.4-m and Yaoan 0.8-m telescopes in 2013–2019, and then reduced based on Gaia-DR2. Furthermore, a catalog called OCNS2019 (Observational Catalog of Neptunian Satellites (2019 version)) was compiled, after recognizing and correcting errors and omissions. Furthermore, in addition to what was considered for the COSS08 catalog for eight main Saturnian satellites, all observed absolute and relative coordinates were converted to the ICRS with corrections for star catalog biases with respect to Gaia-DR2. New debiasing tables for both the modern and old star catalogs, which were previously not provided based on Gaia-DR2, are developed and applied. Treatment of missing positions of comparison bodies in conversions of observed relative coordinates are proposed. Results. OCNS2019 and the new debiasing tables are publicly available online. OCNS2019 includes 24996 observed coordinates of 11 Neptunian satellites obtained over 3741 nights from 1847 to 2019. All observations are given in TT and ICRS. The star catalog biases are removed, which are significant for Nereid and outer satellites. We obtained 880 (5% of total now available) new coordinates for Triton over 41 nights (1% of total observation nights so far), and 790 (14%) for Nereid over 47 nights (10%). The dispersions of these 00 00 new positions are about 0: 03 for Triton and 0: 06 for Nereid. Conclusions. OCNS2019 should be useful in improving ephemerides for the above-mentioned objects. Key words. catalogs – astrometry – ephemerides – planets and satellites: individual: Neptune – methods: observational – methods: data analysis 1. Introduction in formats which are specific to their respective publications, and are consequently in various formats of data type, timescale, coor- To support current and future scientific investigations of the dinates, and so on. Neptune system and relevant space exploration missions (e.g., New CCD observations of Triton and Nereid were made at NASA’s Trident, Mitchell et al. 2019; Prockter et al. 2013), Lijiang 2.4-m and Yaoan 0.8-m telescopes in 2013–2019, and high-precision ephemerides for Neptunian satellites are needed then reduced based on Gaia-DR2 (Gaia Collaboration 2018). (Jacobson 2009; Brozovic´ et al. 2011, 2020; Emelyanov & Arlot Among all the available observed coordinates of Triton, we 2011; Jacobson et al. 2012; Emelyanov & Samorodov 2015). The obtained 880 (5% of total now available) new coordinates for precision of ephemerides and determined dynamical parame- Triton over 41 nights (1% of total observation nights so far), ters depends both on the precision of observations and on the and 790 (14%) for Nereid over 47 nights (10%). Our analysis length of the time interval covered by observations (Desmars et al. shows that the standard deviations of the residuals with respect to 2009a; Emelyanov 2010; Jacobson et al. 2012; Arlot et al. 2012; the ephemeris positions given with DE430/NEP081xl1 are about Emelyanov & Samorodov 2015; Lainey 2016). Therefore, not 000:03 for Triton and 000:06 for Nereid. only the continuation of observing campaigns but also the collec- For the compilation of the observational catalog, we extract tion and improvement of existing observations are required. In the most data from three databases: the Natural Satellite Data present work, we provide new precise positions, and compile an observational catalog including all available ground-based astro- metric observations of Neptunian satellites. So far, no complete 1 The planetary ephemerides DE438 (Folkner & Park 2018) and satel- catalog tabulating all observations of Neptunian satellites in a con- lite ephemerides NEP081xl (Jacobson 2009). They can be retrieved sistent format and in the same timescale and reference system is from the JPL Solar System Dynamics website https://ssd.jpl. available. In fact, most of the available observations are presented nasa.gov/. Article published by EDP Sciences A48, page 1 of 18 A&A 645, A48 (2021) Center (NSDC2; Arlot & Emelyanov 2009), the Minor Planet Table 1. Instrumental details for the used reflectors and CCD detectors. Center (MPC3), and the JPL Solar System Dynamics Website 4 (JPL-SSD ). Although these databases are frequently updated, Years 2013 2013, 2017 2018–2019 a few errors and omissions can be recognized by using the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). Site O44 O44 O49 Since the discovery of the first Neptunian satellite, Triton Diameter of primary mirror 2.4 m 2.4 m 0.8 m (more than 170 years ago), many observations of Neptunian CCD detector PI VersArray YFOSC PIXIS CCD field of view (effective) 50 × 50 90 × 90 110 × 110 satellites have been made and published in different formats. Size of CCD array (effective) 1340 × 1340 1900 × 1900 2048 × 2048 However, for convenience of use, it is preferable that all observa- Size of pixel 20 µm 13.5 µm 13.5 µm tions are tabulated in a single and consistent format, as done by Angular extent per pixel 000:215 000:285 000:346 Desmars et al.(2009b) for their COSS08, an observational cat- alog of eight main Saturnian satellites. Furthermore, we convert Notes. The “Site” row provides the IAU observatory code. all the observed coordinates to the International Celestial Refer- ence System (ICRS). Table 2. Details of the astrometric reduction. Each star catalog has its unique systematic relations with the ICRS (Schwan 2001). For absolute coordinates actually ref- Satellite Triton Nereid erenced to a star catalog, the biases induced by star position site O44 O49 O44 O49 errors should be corrected. Considering the Gaia-DR2 catalog as an extremely accurate realization of the ICRS, Eggl et al. Nm∗ 19–87 7–118 40–87 30–124 (2020) determined the biases with respect to the Gaia-DR2 for Mean(Nm∗) 33 52 68 84 the 26 modern star catalogs commonly used as a reference for S/N 20–700 50–1800 14–123 10–55 the ICRS. Here, we apply their provided debiasing tables 5 to Median(S/N) 370 380 70 27 the Neptunian satellites for the first time. In addition, we also Notes. N develop and apply debiasing tables to the currently used mod- The “Site” row gives the IAU observatory codes. m∗ is the num- ber of matched Gaia-DR2 reference stars. S/N is the measured signal- ern star catalog, Tycho-1 (ESA 1997), and the old ones, the Yale to-noise ratio of a satellite. Zone Catalogs (Yale University 1997), which were not studied by Eggl et al.(2020). Conversions of observed relative coordinates, except for the distances. However, some frames can be used to provide both separations independent of coordinate systems, require com- observed positions of Triton and Nereid. According to the stan- plementary positions of comparison bodies. However, these dard procedure of astrometric observations, the flat-field, bias, positions are usually unavailable in observational data. Here, and dark frames were also taken. a treatment is proposed for this based on the ephemeris posi- tions given with DE438/NEP081xl. Analytical estimations and 2.2. Astrometric reduction based on Gaia-DR2 test calculations show that the introduced error of < ∼ 5 µas is negligible. A robust and stable astrometric reduction procedure was car- The new precise positions are described in Sect.2. The com- ried out according to Ofek(2019). The observed positions of pilation procedure is described in Sect.3. The final observational Triton and Nereid were obtained with respect to the reference catalog is presented and analyzed in Sect.4. We call this catalog stars in the same fields of view. Here, following the advice of OCNS2019, which stands for the Observational Catalog of Nep- Arlot et al.(2012) and Ofek(2019), Gaia-DR2 is used as a ref- tunian Satellites (2019 version). Conclusions are given in Sect.5. erence catalog. After matching the reference stars with the posi- tions in Gaia-DR2, a plate model was applied between the pixel and standard coordinates for each reference star as suggested by 2. New precise positions of Triton and Nereid Ofek(2019). Specifically, the plate model is selected based on (2013–2019) the number of matched stars (Nm∗) by applying the following 2.1. CCD observations rules: 5 ≤ N < 10: an affine transformation; All CCD observations are made with the 0.8-m reflector at the m∗ 10 ≤ N < 75: an affine transformation + tip/tilt terms; Yaoan station (IAU observatory code, O49, assigned by MPC6) m∗ 75 ≤ N < 120: an affine transformation + tip/tilt terms + 3rd of Purple Mountain Observatory and the 2.4-m reflector at the m∗ order Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind; Lijiang station (O44) of Yunnan Astronomical Observatory.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Small Satellite Missions
    Distr. LIMITED A/CONF.184/BP/9 26 May 1998 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH SMALL SATELLITE MISSIONS Background paper 9 The full list of the background papers: 1. The Earth and its environment in space 2. Disaster prediction, warning and mitigation 3. Management of Earth resources 4. Satellite navigation and location systems 5. Space communications and applications 6. Basic space science and microgravity research and their benefits 7. Commercial aspects of space exploration, including spin-off benefits 8. Information systems for research and applications 9. Small satellite missions 10. Education and training in space science and technology 11. Economic and societal benefits 12. Promotion of international cooperation V.98-53862 (E) A/CONF.184/BP/9 Page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page PREFACE ........................................................................... 2 SUMMARY ......................................................................... 4 I. PHILOSOPHY OF SMALL SATELLITES ................................. 1-12 5 II. COMPLEMENTARITY OF LARGE AND SMALL SATELLITE MISSIONS .... 13-17 7 III. SCOPE OF SMALL SATELLITE APPLICATIONS ......................... 18-43 8 A. Telecommunications ................................................ 19-25 8 B. Earth observations (remote sensing) .................................... 26-31 9 C. Scientific research .................................................. 32-37 10 D. Technology demonstrations .......................................... 38-39 11 E. Academic training .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of the 50Th DDA Meeting (Boulder, CO)
    Abstracts of the 50th DDA Meeting (Boulder, CO) American Astronomical Society June, 2019 100 — Dynamics on Asteroids break-up event around a Lagrange point. 100.01 — Simulations of a Synthetic Eurybates 100.02 — High-Fidelity Testing of Binary Asteroid Collisional Family Formation with Applications to 1999 KW4 Timothy Holt1; David Nesvorny2; Jonathan Horner1; Alex B. Davis1; Daniel Scheeres1 Rachel King1; Brad Carter1; Leigh Brookshaw1 1 Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder 1 Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland (Boulder, Colorado, United States) (Longmont, Colorado, United States) 2 Southwest Research Institute (Boulder, Connecticut, United The commonly accepted formation process for asym- States) metric binary asteroids is the spin up and eventual fission of rubble pile asteroids as proposed by Walsh, Of the six recognized collisional families in the Jo- Richardson and Michel (Walsh et al., Nature 2008) vian Trojan swarms, the Eurybates family is the and Scheeres (Scheeres, Icarus 2007). In this theory largest, with over 200 recognized members. Located a rubble pile asteroid is spun up by YORP until it around the Jovian L4 Lagrange point, librations of reaches a critical spin rate and experiences a mass the members make this family an interesting study shedding event forming a close, low-eccentricity in orbital dynamics. The Jovian Trojans are thought satellite. Further work by Jacobson and Scheeres to have been captured during an early period of in- used a planar, two-ellipsoid model to analyze the stability in the Solar system. The parent body of the evolutionary pathways of such a formation event family, 3548 Eurybates is one of the targets for the from the moment the bodies initially fission (Jacob- LUCY spacecraft, and our work will provide a dy- son and Scheeres, Icarus 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1604.04184V1 [Astro-Ph.EP] 14 Apr 2016 Fax: +33-1-46332834 E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Valery´ Lainey the Authors Obtained an Averaged Estimation of K2/Q
    Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Quantification of tidal parameters from Solar system data Valery´ Lainey the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Tidal dissipation is the main driver of orbital evolution of natural satellites and a key point to understand the exoplanetary system configurations. Despite its importance, its quantification from observations still remains difficult for most objects of our own Solar system. In this work, we overview the method that has been used to determine, directly from observations, the tidal parameters, with emphasis on the Love number k2 and the tidal quality factor Q. Up-to-date values of these tidal parameters are summarized. Last, an assessment on the possible determination of the tidal ratio k2=Q of Uranus and Neptune is done. This may be particularly relevant for coming astrometric campaigns and future space missions focused on these systems. Keywords Tides · Astrometry · Space geodesy 1 Introduction While fundamental for our understanding of the Solar system and the long-term evolution of the exo-planetary systems, tidal parameters are difficult to determine from observations. Indeed, they provide a small dynamical signal, both on natural and artificial celestial objects, in comparison to other perturbations arising in the system (see next section). However, tides do provide large effects on the long term evolution of the natural bodies. This is why es- timations of the tidal parameters have often been done from the assumed past evolution of planets and moons. In that respect, estimation of the average tidal ratio k2=Q for the giant planets was done already back in the 60s by Goldreich & Soter (1966).
    [Show full text]
  • Resonant Moons of Neptune
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-901-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Resonant moons of Neptune Marina Brozović (1), Mark R. Showalter (2), Robert A. Jacobson (1), Robert S. French (2), Jack L. Lissauer (3), Imke de Pater (4) (1) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, USA, (2) SETI Institute, California, USA, (3) NASA Ames Research Center, California, USA, (4) University of California Berkeley, California, USA Abstract We used integrated orbits to fit astrometric data of the 2. Methods regular moons of Neptune. We found a 73:69 inclination resonance between Naiad and Thalassa, the 2.1 Observations two innermost moons. Their resonant argument librates around 180° with an average amplitude of The astrometric data cover the period from 1981-2016, ~66° and a period of ~1.9 years. This is the first fourth- with the most significant amount of data originating order resonance discovered between the moons of the from the Voyager 2 spacecraft and HST. Voyager 2 outer planets. The resonance enabled an estimate of imaged all regular satellites except Hippocamp the GMs for Naiad and Thalassa, GMN= between 1989 June 7 and 1989 August 24. The follow- 3 -2 3 0.0080±0.0043 km s and GMT=0.0236±0.0064 km up observations originated from several Earth-based s-2. More high-precision astrometry of Naiad and telescopes, but the majority were still obtained by HST. Thalassa will help better constrain their masses. The [4] published the latest set of the HST astrometry GMs of Despina, Galatea, and Larissa are more including the discovery and follow up observations of difficult to measure because they are not in any direct Hippocamp.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Main-Sequence Planetary System Evolution Rsos.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Dimitri Veras
    Post-main-sequence planetary system evolution rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org Dimitri Veras Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Review The fates of planetary systems provide unassailable insights Cite this article: Veras D. 2016 into their formation and represent rich cross-disciplinary Post-main-sequence planetary system dynamical laboratories. Mounting observations of post-main- evolution. R. Soc. open sci. 3: 150571. sequence planetary systems necessitate a complementary level http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150571 of theoretical scrutiny. Here, I review the diverse dynamical processes which affect planets, asteroids, comets and pebbles as their parent stars evolve into giant branch, white dwarf and neutron stars. This reference provides a foundation for the Received: 23 October 2015 interpretation and modelling of currently known systems and Accepted: 20 January 2016 upcoming discoveries. 1. Introduction Subject Category: Decades of unsuccessful attempts to find planets around other Astronomy Sun-like stars preceded the unexpected 1992 discovery of planetary bodies orbiting a pulsar [1,2]. The three planets around Subject Areas: the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12 were the first confidently extrasolar planets/astrophysics/solar system reported extrasolar planets to withstand enduring scrutiny due to their well-constrained masses and orbits. However, a retrospective Keywords: historical analysis reveals even more surprises. We now know that dynamics, white dwarfs, giant branch stars, the eponymous celestial body that Adriaan van Maanen observed pulsars, asteroids, formation in the late 1910s [3,4]isanisolatedwhitedwarf(WD)witha metal-enriched atmosphere: direct evidence for the accretion of planetary remnants. These pioneering discoveries of planetary material around Author for correspondence: or in post-main-sequence (post-MS) stars, although exciting, Dimitri Veras represented a poor harbinger for how the field of exoplanetary e-mail: [email protected] science has since matured.
    [Show full text]
  • Perfect Little Planet Educator's Guide
    Educator’s Guide Perfect Little Planet Educator’s Guide Table of Contents Vocabulary List 3 Activities for the Imagination 4 Word Search 5 Two Astronomy Games 7 A Toilet Paper Solar System Scale Model 11 The Scale of the Solar System 13 Solar System Models in Dough 15 Solar System Fact Sheet 17 2 “Perfect Little Planet” Vocabulary List Solar System Planet Asteroid Moon Comet Dwarf Planet Gas Giant "Rocky Midgets" (Terrestrial Planets) Sun Star Impact Orbit Planetary Rings Atmosphere Volcano Great Red Spot Olympus Mons Mariner Valley Acid Solar Prominence Solar Flare Ocean Earthquake Continent Plants and Animals Humans 3 Activities for the Imagination The objectives of these activities are: to learn about Earth and other planets, use language and art skills, en- courage use of libraries, and help develop creativity. The scientific accuracy of the creations may not be as im- portant as the learning, reasoning, and imagination used to construct each invention. Invent a Planet: Students may create (draw, paint, montage, build from household or classroom items, what- ever!) a planet. Does it have air? What color is its sky? Does it have ground? What is its ground made of? What is it like on this world? Invent an Alien: Students may create (draw, paint, montage, build from household items, etc.) an alien. To be fair to the alien, they should be sure to provide a way for the alien to get food (what is that food?), a way to breathe (if it needs to), ways to sense the environment, and perhaps a way to move around its planet.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Smallsat Paper
    SSC12-VI-1 Enabling Dexterous Manipulation and Servicing by Smallsats David L. Akin, Nicholas Limparis, Katherine McBryan University of Maryland Space Systems Laboratory 382 Technology Drive, College Park, MD 20742 301-405-1138 [email protected] ABSTRACT The University of Maryland Space Systems Laboratory is currently developing two flight-ready smallsats to demonstrate and validate the critical technologies for this new class of smallsat servicing system. The DYnamic FLight MAnipulation EXperiment (DYMAFLEX) , supported by the U. S. Air Force University Nanosat Program, is a smallsat incorporating a four degree-of-freedom high-performance manipulator and a fully maneuvering spacecraft bus, including a cold-gas reaction control system. Unlike past manipulator-equipped spacecraft such as ETS-VII or Orbital Express, the DYMAFLEX manipulator inertia (depending on payload) equals or exceeds that of the spacecraft bus, resulting in significant base reaction dynamics in response to arm motion. The goal of this mission, demonstrating the capability to adapt and control base motion during manipulator operations, is critical for the use of manipulators on very small spacecraft. Exo-SPHERES, supported by DARPA and NASA, is a program to develop a protoflight version of a 50-kg spacecraft intended to perform inspection and maintenance tasks on the International Space Station. Constrained to egress and ingress via the Japanese KIBO airlock, this system will implement an advanced modular smallsat architecture to support a large range of potential mission targets. The Smallsat Concept for Advanced Manipulation and Proximity operations (SCAMP) system has been proposed as a fully dexterous flight demonstration of smallsat servicing. Based on technologies from DYMAFLEX and Exo- SPHERES, SCAMP will be capable of equivalent dexterity to a human in a space suit, and will be used to demonstration both on-orbit proximity operations as well as capture and berthing and dexterous servicing operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Wave Features of the Neptune's Satellites: Triton, Proteus, Nereid
    Workshop on the Study of the Ice Giant Planets (2014) 2006.pdf Wave features of the Neptune’s satellites: Triton, Proteus, Nereid Kochemasov G.G., IGEM of the Russian Academy of Sciences, <[email protected]> Satellites in the Solar system bear traces of various wave processes as they are simultaneously involved in three cyclic movements: galactic (together with Sun and planets), circumstellar (with planets) and around planets. The Neptune’s icy satellites allow observing some of these features captured by the Voyager 2 images (Aug. 1989). Most spectacular is the north-south tectonic dichotomy of Triton – replica of the martian dichotomy but in a rocky body (2πR-structure). The Triton’s bright south is opposed with its dark north (Fig. 1, 2). A fretted boundary between these terrains could be compared with martian “chaoses” – also broken crust. The lighter southern terrain shows dark markings oriented by atmospheric winds. This dark material (similar to hydrocarbons of Titan?) penetrates into the light crust through fractures reaching the deeper layers with the darker material. It probably is represented at vast terrains of the somewhat subsided northern hemisphere. Its peculiar “cantaloupe” texture of tightly disposed regular rings could be produced under contraction due to subsidence. Uniform regularly spaced rings have diameters on average about ~17-18 km (5-25 km) (Fig. 3). This size is calculated according to the wave dependence between tectonic granule size and orbital frequency (for Triton it is 1/5.9 days and R=1350 km) [1]. The next large satellite is Proteus (R=208 km, frequency 1/1.12 days).
    [Show full text]
  • Mcleods0809.Pdf (15.34Mb)
    ISOSTATICALLY COMPENSATED EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS ON ENCELADUS by Scott Stuart McLeod A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana May 2009 ©COPYRIGHT by Scott Stuart McLeod 2009 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Scott Stuart McLeod This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. David R. Lageson Approved for the Department of Earth Sciences Stephan G. Custer Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Scott Stuart McLeod May 2009 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, Grace and Rodney McLeod, for their tireless enthusiasm, encouragement and support, and to my friends and colleagues who never stopped believing in me – you know who you are.
    [Show full text]
  • The Universe Contents 3 HD 149026 B
    History . 64 Antarctica . 136 Utopia Planitia . 209 Umbriel . 286 Comets . 338 In Popular Culture . 66 Great Barrier Reef . 138 Vastitas Borealis . 210 Oberon . 287 Borrelly . 340 The Amazon Rainforest . 140 Titania . 288 C/1861 G1 Thatcher . 341 Universe Mercury . 68 Ngorongoro Conservation Jupiter . 212 Shepherd Moons . 289 Churyamov- Orientation . 72 Area . 142 Orientation . 216 Gerasimenko . 342 Contents Magnetosphere . 73 Great Wall of China . 144 Atmosphere . .217 Neptune . 290 Hale-Bopp . 343 History . 74 History . 218 Orientation . 294 y Halle . 344 BepiColombo Mission . 76 The Moon . 146 Great Red Spot . 222 Magnetosphere . 295 Hartley 2 . 345 In Popular Culture . 77 Orientation . 150 Ring System . 224 History . 296 ONIS . 346 Caloris Planitia . 79 History . 152 Surface . 225 In Popular Culture . 299 ’Oumuamua . 347 In Popular Culture . 156 Shoemaker-Levy 9 . 348 Foreword . 6 Pantheon Fossae . 80 Clouds . 226 Surface/Atmosphere 301 Raditladi Basin . 81 Apollo 11 . 158 Oceans . 227 s Ring . 302 Swift-Tuttle . 349 Orbital Gateway . 160 Tempel 1 . 350 Introduction to the Rachmaninoff Crater . 82 Magnetosphere . 228 Proteus . 303 Universe . 8 Caloris Montes . 83 Lunar Eclipses . .161 Juno Mission . 230 Triton . 304 Tempel-Tuttle . 351 Scale of the Universe . 10 Sea of Tranquility . 163 Io . 232 Nereid . 306 Wild 2 . 352 Modern Observing Venus . 84 South Pole-Aitken Europa . 234 Other Moons . 308 Crater . 164 Methods . .12 Orientation . 88 Ganymede . 236 Oort Cloud . 353 Copernicus Crater . 165 Today’s Telescopes . 14. Atmosphere . 90 Callisto . 238 Non-Planetary Solar System Montes Apenninus . 166 How to Use This Book 16 History . 91 Objects . 310 Exoplanets . 354 Oceanus Procellarum .167 Naming Conventions . 18 In Popular Culture .
    [Show full text]
  • Space Theme Circle Time Ideas
    Space Crescent Black Space: Sub-themes Week 1: Black/Crescent EVERYWHERE! Introduction to the Milky Way/Parts of the Solar System(8 Planets, 1 dwarf planet and sun) Week 2: Continue with Planets Sun and Moon Week 3: Comets/asteroids/meteors/stars Week 4: Space travel/Exploration/Astronaut Week 5: Review Cooking Week 1: Cucumber Sandwiches Week 2: Alien Playdough Week 3: Sunshine Shake Week 4: Moon Sand Week 5: Rocket Shaped Snack Cucumber Sandwich Ingredients 1 carton (8 ounces) spreadable cream cheese 2 teaspoons ranch salad dressing mix (dry one) 12 slices mini bread 2 to 3 medium cucumbers, sliced, thinly Let the children take turns mixing the cream cheese and ranch salad dressing mix. The children can also assemble their own sandwiches. They can spread the mixture themselves on their bread with a spoon and can put the cucumbers on themselves. Sunshine Shakes Ingredients and items needed: blender; 6 ounce can of unsweetened frozen orange juice concentrate, 3/4 cup of milk, 3/4 cup of water, 1 teaspoon of vanilla and 6 ice cubes. Children should help you put the items in the blender. You blend it up and yum! Moon Sand Materials Needed: 6 cups play sand (you can purchased colored play sand as well!); 3 cups cornstarch; 1 1/2 cups of cold water. -Have the children help scoop the corn starch and water into the table and mix until smooth. -Add sand gradually. This is very pliable sand and fun! -Be sure to store in an airtight container when not in use. If it dries, ad a few tablespoons of water and mix it in.
    [Show full text]
  • I Can Show You the Worlds the Science of Planetary Exploration
    I can show you the worlds The Science of Planetary Exploration Anjali Tripathi Kirit Karkare Sukrit Ranjan Sun Solar System Earth Star Planets Planets Outline • Anjali: Robotically Exploring the Solar System • Kirit: Detecting Extrasolar Planets • Sukrit: The Search for Life Beyond Earth I can show you the worlds How can we learn about the planets? Anjali Tripathi Kirit Karkare Sukrit Ranjan The Naked Eye Tunc Tenzel (TWAN/The World at Night) Telescopes Wellcome Library NASA/JPL Telescopes Wellcome Library AIP NASA/JPL 9 NASA/JPL Spacecraft! Spacecraft! Unmanned, or robotic missions NASA//ESA/ASI Orbiter • Allow us to get a Flyby closer view • Get measurements in place Lander SENSES in space NASA/JPL VoyagerVoyager I & I &II II FlyingFlying by the by Gasthe GiantsOuter Solar System Cosmic Ray Plasma Imaging (WA/NA) Magnetometers Photopolarimeter Spectrometers (UV/IR) Golden Record Radio/Plasma Wave Antenna Science Instruments 12 NASA/JPL VoyagerVoyager I & I &II II Flying by the Gas Giants VOYAGER 2 VOYAGER 1 VOYAGER 2 Sept ‘77 Aug ‘77 Aug ‘89 Mar ‘79 Jan ‘86 July ‘79 Nov ‘80 VOYAGER 1 Aug ‘81 NASA/JPL Visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune discovery: discoveries: proteus (neptune) jupiter has rings more moons storms on neptune 3 - jupiter 3 - saturn 10 - uranus 6 - neptune NASA/JPL February 14, 1990 4,000,000,000 miles away NASA/JPL February 14, 1990 4,000,000,000 miles away NASA/JPL Today - Still going! 10,000,000,000 miles away Not fare well, But fare forward, Voyagers. -- T. S. Eliot, The Dry Salvages NASA/JPL Cassini-Huygens Orbiting Saturn, Landing on Titan NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens Orbiting Saturn, Landing on Titan NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-HuygensOrbiting Saturn NASA/JPL Sept.
    [Show full text]