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PARLIAMENTARY MUSEUM: HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AS WELL AS CULTURAL and POLITICAL ENTANGLEMENTS Błażej Popławski Sejm Library

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PARLIAMENTARY MUSEUM: HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AS WELL AS CULTURAL and POLITICAL ENTANGLEMENTS Błażej Popławski Sejm Library Muz., 2019(60): 50-54 Rocznik, eISSN 2391-4815 received – 03.2019 reviewed – 03.2019 accepted – 03.2019 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.1926 PARLIAMENTARY MUSEUM: HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AS WELL AS CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ENTANGLEMENTS Błażej Popławski Sejm Library Abstract: The goal of the article is to present for founding the Museum of the Polish Sejm [Parliament] parliamentary museum as an institution. In the is described. This covers the time spanning from the late introduction parliamentary museum is characterized 1970s to 1989, as well as the operations of the Museum as a peculiar type of historical museum. Subsequently, Content Department at the Sejm Library. To conclude, selected institutions of the kind in India, Japan, Jordan, challenges and prospects for the planned Museum of and Belgium are discussed. Moreover, the political context Polish Parliamentarism are presented. Keywords: historical museum, parliamentary museum, museum autonomy, historical policy, Museum of the Polish Sejm. Parliamentary museums as examples of historical museums the basis of the political discourse, historical museums seem to be particularly important socially. They stand the chance The majority of parliamentary museums are examples of so- of playing the role of the conveyor of change in the domain called historical museums. According to Zdzisław Żygulski Jr., of social patterns and the way of thinking about politics: the task of historical museum is to present, within a given they serve learning, forming views of citizens and of inter- range, the historical past by means of material historic ob- national visitors.3 jects and other documents.1 The museologist, enumerating According to the researcher, historical museums fulfil two subtypes of historical museums dominating in the late 20th basic functions. They are social institutions and, due to their century, does not distinguish parliamentary museums. He function of supporting the state’s authority, they are also in- mentions only the growing impact of historical museums struments of power. They support the idea of a political com- dedicated to selected periods, events, associations or politi- munity (mainly national, as seen from the perspective of the cal parties, or illustrious political activists.2 realities of East-Central Europe), as well as shape the collec- Slightly different conclusions are reached by contempo- tive identity of the country’s citizens. In compliance with Eric rary museologists. The sociologist Geneviėve Zubrzycki dur- Hobsbawm’s ideas, they are to serve the purpose of inventing ing the debate instigated by the Polish History Museum, tradition, namely the process of demonstrating the relation when analyzing the impact of the political transformation between the past and the present, and the activities con- in Poland after 1989 on the condition of Polish museology, ducted by elites (usually political) for legitimizing purposes.4 claimed: In societies in which history forms an integral part It is necessary to emphasize that the majority of par- of the cultural code impacting the image of the nation and liamentary museums were created at the moments of a 50 MUZEALNICTWO 60 museums and collections particular historical impact: in the periods of political trans- of Indira Gandhi, with the Indian National Congress dominat- formation, of the exchange of the ruling elite. When analyz- ing the political stage. Currently, the institution forms part ing the history of parliamentary museums it has to be ob- of the parliamentary office called Parliamentary Museum served that the very moment of initiating the debate on the and Archives. Modernized in the early 21st century, it had its shape of museum institutions is often connected with the political narrative discretely modified to reflect that closer need to provide structure to a new political narrative meant to the rightist ideology of the Indian People’s Party (BJP). to sanction beforehand the status of the new authorities The exhibition is made up of three parts: the first shows or to defend the ancien regime against social delegitimisa- the tradition of democratic institutions in India (including tion. In the history of parliamentary museums one of the the Edicts of Ashoka hewn in rock in the 3rd century B.C.); key challenges is thus the attempt to define the extent of the second (the most modest in form) analyses the impor- programme and ideological autonomy of the museum in re- tance of parliamentary institutions in selected countries; lation to its organizer and the degree of the entanglement the third part introduces the legislative process in India. By of the display message in the political and party discourse. means of a skilful division of emphases, the Museum’s visi- tors become acquainted with Indian statehood: from the Selected parliamentary museums around ancient times to today. the world The Museum of Parliamentary Life in Amman, founded in 2010, had its permanent exhibition launched 6 years later. The majority of parliaments have offices responsible for po- Reporting to the Ministry of Culture, the institution was lo- pularising the knowledge of their history. Most commonly, cated in the old Parliament building, a symbolical venue at their scope of responsibilities includes preparation of infor- which in 1946 Abdullah I bin Al-Hussein declared the inde- mation materials and taking visitor groups round the par- pendence of the Kingdom of Transjordan. The exhibition liament building. Relatively few of those units implement records the political and parliamentary history of Jordan. classical tasks of a museum, namely collecting, storing, The narrative’s goal is to expose the achievements of the conserving, displaying, and popularizing collections related Hashemites ruling Jordan to-date. Its mission can therefore to the history of parliamentarism. More active in the field be regarded as the creation of a narrative mythologizing are the countries whose parliamentary tradition is relati- the dynasty. vely short, particularly those outside Europe. The institu- The Parlamentarium, namely the centre for those visiting tions of the type include e.g. the Japanese Parliamentary the European Parliament, is located in the Espace Léopold Museum, New Delhi’s Parliament Museum, and the Jordan complex in Brussels. The modern interactive exhibition is Museum of Parliamentary Life. In Europe, the most promi- meant to show the way to the European integration and to nent institution of the profile of parliamentary museum is introduce the modes of work of the European Parliament. the Parlamentarium in Brussels. Its message emphasizes the universalisation of the European Tokyo’s Parliamentary Museum started operating in 1970 values, while presenting the stories of individuals, communi- on the 80th anniversary of the birth of Japanese parliamen- ties, and nations from a multicultural perspective. The- ex tarism. The choice of the date was thus not accidental: ref- hibition, available in every of the 24 languages of the EU, erence was made to the tradition of Meiji (‘Civilization and is divided into three parts: the past, the present, and the Enlightenment’), when a thorough transformation of the future. Its last segment provides the visitors with the pos- country took place, modernizing it to resemble the Western sibility to describe their own vision of the future of Europe model. Interestingly, the project to establish a museum was integrated in diversity. from the very beginning supported by Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister in 1964–72, the charismatic leader of the Liberal- Context for the foundation of the Polish Democratic Party, regarded to have been one of the co-au- Sejm Museum thors of the economic success of Japan, as well as the advo- cate of a close cooperation with the United States. According to the available archival records it seems that The official opening of the permanent exhibition at the the initiative to found the Polish Sejm Musuem was offi- Parliamentary Museum took place in 1972. The institution cially formulated in November 1979 by Kazimierz Świtała, is located in the immediate vicinity of the main building of a lawyer, former Minister of Interior in Communist Poland the Japanese Parliament, and the building of the Parliament (1968–71), member of the Central Committee of the Polish library. The display, combining traditional exhibits with mod- United Workers’ Party (KC PZPR) (1968–71). However, it is ern multimedia, shows the work of the Parliament and pres- difficult to consider Świtała the ‘father’ of the Polish Sejm ents its Speakers and Prime Ministers (however, with the Museum: in the period when the project was initiated, he opposition leaders hardly mentioned). The Museum exposes was Head of the Chancellery of the Sejm who submitted the role of democracy, marginalizing the political develop- the draft of a ready resolution to the Presidium of theSejm . ment of Japan from before the Meiji period. In the display The launching of the debate on establishing a new mu- narrative also the times of the Shōwa period, namely the seum institution has to be put in a wider context. Upon ‘Era of Enlightened Peace’, the rule of Emperor Hirohito, Edward Gierek becoming the First Secretary of the KC PZPR, covering WW II, are selectively tackled. The history of the a partial shift in the formula of political legitimization took country’s political system is presented from the perspective place, claims the historian Marcin Zaremba. According to which can be defined as America-centred. him, the Polish authorities, trying to restore social confi- The Parliament Museum in New Delhi initiated its activity dence after the arms had been fired against protesters in 1989, during the administration of Rajiv Gandhi, the son in Gdańsk and Gdynia in December 1970, purposefully www.muzealnictworocznik.com MUZEALNICTWO 60 51 resorted to the national past, also the elements unspoken fuller reflection in the political and legal praxis of our State, of in the first two decades of Communist Poland. Thus the substantially benefitting the strengthening of the bond be- authorities distanced themselves from the martyrology tween the state authorities and the masses, as well as con- discourse.
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