Lo Spazio Collettivo Nei Contesti Spontanei Dell’Abitare

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Lo Spazio Collettivo Nei Contesti Spontanei Dell’Abitare Dottorato di ricerca in Architettura, Arti e Pianificazione Dipartimento di Architettura Settore Scientifico disciplinare ICAR/14 LO SPAZIO COLLETTIVO NEI CONTESTI SPONTANEI DELL’ABITARE. LA RIGENERAZIONE URBANA E SOCIALE DI BOGOTÁ E MEDELLÍN IL DOTTORE IL COORDINATORE LYNDA LA MANNA MARCO ROSARIO NOBILE IL TUTOR CO TUTOR ANDREA SCIASCIA PATRICIA SCHNITTER CASTELLANOS CO TUTOR ISABEL CRISTINA ARTEAGA ARREDONDO CICLO XXIX ANNO CONSEGUIMENTO TITOLO 2017 RINGRAZIAMENTI Questa ricerca è il risultato di un lavoro stimolato in origine dalle riflessioni del Prof. Andrea Sciascia, a cui desidero porgere i primi ringraziamenti. Un ringraziamento speciale va alle professoresse Isabel Cristina Arteaga Arredondo, Patricia Schnitter Castellanos e Luz Amparo Bernal Marulanda, per avermi accolto e saputo indirizzare con professionalità, disponibilità e amicizia. Ringrazio tutta la comunità della Loma de San Cristobal, i leader comunitari e la JAC, per aver avuto fiducia e aver partecipato con sogni e speranze alla definizione progettuale. Infine, voglio ringraziare tutti coloro che hanno condiviso con me il proprio sapere, le esperienze personali e professionali, caratterizzando lo sviluppo di questa tesi, e mi riferisco a Francoise Coupe De Restrepo, Juan Esteban Correa Elejalde, Jaime Hernandez Garcia, Alberto Miani Uribe, Clemencia Escallón Gartner, Alejandro Echeverri, Giancarlo Mazzanti, Simón Hosie Samper, Lorenzo Castro Jaramillo, Carlos Mario Rodriguez, Alba Nubia Lopez Garcia, Eliana Restrepo Brand e Gabriel Vanegas Montoya. «A storm is threat’ning my very life today If I don’t get some shelter I’m gonna fade away». The Rolling Stones, Gimme Shelter, 1969. «Al centro di Fedora, metropoli di pietra grigia, sta un palazzo di metallo con una sfera di vetro in ogni stanza. Guardando dentro ogni sfera si vede una città azzurra che è il modello di un’altra Fedora. Sono le forme che la città avrebbe potuto prendere se non fosse, per una ragione o per un’altra, diventata come oggi la vediamo. In ogni epoca qualcuno, guardando Fedora qual era, aveva immaginato il modo di farne la città ideale, ma mentre costruiva il suo modello in miniatura già Fedora non era più la stessa di prima, e quello che fino a ieri era stato un suo possibile futuro ormai era solo un giocattolo in una sfera di vetro […] Nella mappa del tuo impero, o grande Kan, devono trovar posto sia la grande Fedora di pietra sia le piccole Fedora nelle sfere di vetro. Non perché tutte ugualmente reali, ma perché tutte solo presunte. L’una racchiude ciò che è accettato come necessario mentre non lo è ancora; le altre ciò che è immaginato come possibile e un minuto dopo non lo è più». Italo Calvino, Le città invisibili, 1972. INDICE Volume I Abstract 7 INTRODUZIONE 9 Capitolo 1 LO SPAZIO COLLETTIVO DELLA CITTÀ 1.1 Il concetto di spazio collettivo 17 1.2 Gli spazi comunitari nell’evolversi della città 24 1.3 La città per la gente 30 Capitolo 2 ARCHITETTURA NECESSARIA: I CONTESTI SPONTANEI DELL’ABITARE 2.1 La necessità dell’abitare 49 2.2 Architettura spontanea, popolare e informale 58 2.3 L’informalità nelle forme del costruito 70 2.3.1 Contesti urbani marginali in America Latina e Colombia 85 2.4 Lo spazio collettivo negli insediamenti spontanei di Bogotá e Medellín 102 Capitolo 3 L’ESPERIENZA COLOMBIANA NELLA COSTRUZIONE DELLO SPAZIO COLLETTIVO: I CASI DI BOGOTÁ E MEDELLÍN 3.1 La città di Bogotá: origini e sviluppo 135 3.1.1 La formazione della città informale 147 3.1.2 La cultura ciudadana e lo spazio democratico 156 3.1.3 Bogotá città di domani 169 3.2 Origini e sviluppo della città di Medellín 174 3.2.1 L’invasione dell’informalità 185 3.2.2 Il socialismo urbano e le strategie innovative di Sergio Fajardo e Alonso Salazar 193 3.2.3 La Medellín di oggi e gli scenari futuri 202 Capitolo 4 IL RUOLO DEL PROGETTO NELLA RIGENERAZIONE URBANA E SOCIALE DELLA CITTÀ: LA PAROLA AGLI ARCHITETTI 4.1 L’esperienza degli architetti colombiani nella trasformazione di Bogotá e Medellín 210 4.2 L’architettura di concertazione 226 4.3 Progettare per la città spontanea: responsabilità e scelte progettuali 231 Capitolo 5 PROGETTARE NELLA CITTÀ SPONTANEA: IL PROGETTO DELLO SPAZIO COLLETTIVO PER IL BENE COMUNE DELLA LOMA DI SAN CRISTÓBAL 5.1 La responsabilità dell’azione progettuale 243 5.2 Il progetto dello spazio collettivo nella Loma di San Cristóbal 254 5.2.1 La Loma di San Cristobal: tra memoria e speranza, bisogni e realtà 262 5.2.2 Progetto e cura: l’esperienza del progetto in concertazione con la comunità 279 5.3 Scenari futuri e bene comune: un progetto per la Loma di San Cristóbal 311 Capitolo 6 IL PROGETTO COME STRUMENTO DI CONOSCENZA 6.1 Il processo partecipativo un metodo efficace (?) 349 6.2 Il ruolo del progetto nella città spontanea e gli effetti sul tessuto urbano e sociale 356 CONCLUSIONI 363 APPARATI I I. Interviste agli architetti colombiani Clemencia Escallón Gartner V Lorenzo Castro Jaramillo XXIII Simón Hosie Samper XXXIII Giancarlo Mazzanti XLV Alejandro Echeverri Restrepo LXII Carlos Mario Rodriguez LXXVI BIBLIOGRAFIA LXXXVII FONTI DELLE ILLUSTRAZIONI CXXI Volume II TAVOLE DI RIDISEGNO 1. Inquadramento te rrito riale della Loma de San Cristo bal in sc ala 1:20000 2. Planimetria in sc ala 1: 5000 3. Planimetria in sc ala 1:1000 4. Planimetria in sc ala 1:600 5. Planimetria dell’area relativa alla Casa Comunitaria in sc ala 1:200 6. Planime tria de ll’area relativa alla Piazza di San Vice nte Ferrer in sc ala 1:200 7. Planimetria dell’area relativa al parco ludic o ric re ativo in sc ala 1:200 8. Planime tria de l lotto de no minato “Alvarez” in sc ala 1:200 9. Sezio ni in sc ala 1:200 10. Sezio ni in sc ala 1:200 TAVOLE DI PROGETTO PARTECIPATO 1. Piano c o nc ettuale degli spazi c ollettivi in sc ala 1:5000 2. Identific azione delle aree di inte rvento e de stina zio ni d ’ uso 3. Planimetria prima ipotesi progettuale del lotto “Alvarez” in sc ala 1:200 4. Planimetria delle quattro c e ntralità in sc ala 1:600 p rese ntata alla c o munità in data 21.10.2016 TAVOLE DI PROGETTO 1. Planimetria delle quattro c e ntralità e ide og rammi di studio 2. Planimetria di progetto in sc ala 1:2000 3. Planimetria di progetto in sc ala 1:600 4. Planimetria di progetto della c e ntralità relativa alla c asa c omunitaria e risalite urbane in sc ala 1:200 5. Planimetria di progetto della c e ntralità relativa alla Piazza di San Vice nte Ferrer in sc ala 1:200 6. Pia nta de i Lab o rato ri a rtig ianali a q uo ta +1865 in sc ala 1:200 7. Planimetria di progetto della c e ntralità denominata “Parco Ludic o ric reativo ” in sc ala 1:200 8. Pianta de lle aule del parco ludico e ric reativo a quo ta +1865 in sc ala 1:200 9. Planimetria di prog etto della c e ntralità relativa al Ce ntro pe r l’arte e la c ultura in sc ala 1:200 10. Sezioni in sc ala 1:200 11. Sezioni in sc ala 1:200 12. Viste Abstract Assumendo l’inscindibilità della diade architettura- necessità, la ricerca volge il suo interesse nei confronti della dimensione collettiva dell’abitare, orientandosi specialmente verso quei contesti urbani e sociali emblematici laddove, alle trasformazioni indotte dall’evolversi della vita stessa, si sovrappongono problematiche incrinanti la possibilità di un vivere felice. In tali contesti più urgenti e bisognosi, l’architettura è concepita quale risposta concreta all’imprescindibile bisogno di abitare, e si rivela uno strumento capace di migliorare la qualità di vita della collettività, garantendo il bene comune ed incrementando il capitale sociale. Gli spazi collettivi, ritenuti la risposta architettonica a bisogni comuni, rappresentano, dunque, un beneficio per la comunità, specialmente nei paesi in via di sviluppo, dove prolifera una forma edificatoria “spontanea”, specchio di una cultura dell’abitare germogliata in contesti di necessità, segregazione e povertà. La straordinaria e recente rigenerazione urbana e sociale conquistata dalle città colombiane di Bogotá e Medellín, è un notevole esempio di strategie politiche e progettuali innovative, risultato delle azioni congiunte di politici, professionisti e cittadinanza. Tali strategie ed azioni progettuali fondano le proprie radici sul riconoscimento del ruolo sociale ed urbano degli spazi collettivi, concepiti quali elementi ristrutturanti il tessuto urbano e umano, in particolare nelle aree più marginali ed informali della città. La progettazione di nuovi spazi collettivi nelle frange urbane più fragili, può dar inizio ad un rinnovamento urbano e sociale, offrire scenari di vita sostenibile e garantire il raggiungimento del maggior bene comune e del diritto alla città. INTRODUZIONE Storicamente lo spazio pubblico e le attrezzature collettive1 hanno assunto il ruolo strategico di ordinare il territorio concentrando la popolazione e le sue attività, e generando centralità all’interno delle città. Per questo motivo essi rappresentano da sempre luoghi di unione, interscambio, relazione, comunicazione, condivisione e cooperazione. Nelle città gli spazi collettivi sono luoghi dove si stimola l'interscambio socio-culturale, inteso quale necessità umana, e si alimenta il «capitale sociale»2. Infatti, «la polis alla sua origine non è un insieme di abitazioni, ma il luogo dove i cittadini si riuniscono, un particolare spazio destinato alle pubbliche funzioni. A differenza della capanna o della domus che servono per difendere l’uomo dalle intemperie e per la propagazione della specie (che hanno, cioè, funzioni riguardanti l’individuo e la famiglia) la città è stata edificata allo scopo di discutere i pubblici affari»3.
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