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A First Report of the Bamboo Weevil Cyrtotrachelus Sp. As a Serious Pest of Managa Bamboo Dendrocalamus Stocksii (Munro) in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India

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A First Report of the Bamboo Weevil Cyrtotrachelus Sp. As a Serious Pest of Managa Bamboo Dendrocalamus Stocksii (Munro) in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India J. Bamboo and Rattan, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 23-32 (2017) c KFRI 2017 A first report of the Bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. as a serious pest of Managa bamboo Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro) in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India Milind Digambar Patil University of Mumbai, M. G. Road, Fort, Mumbai 400032, India. Abstract: Dendrocalamus stocksii is a commercially important bamboo species in Peninsular India. The Bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is reported for the first time as a shoot borer of tender shoots of D. stocksii at Dapoli, Maharashtra, India. A stagnant rancid odour in the plantation first indicated heavy infestation of the pest. As much as 62% of the newly emerging shoots showed infestation. Around 94% of the incidences were recorded within 1.5m above ground surface. Tunneling by the grubs resulted in terminal shoot damage and led to the formation of epicormics. Observations on the biology, infestation status and economic significance of this pest are presented. Keywords: Bamboo pests, earthen puparia, entomophilic nematodes, insect pheromones, Western Ghats INTRODUCTION Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro) M. Kumar, Remesh and Unnikrishnan, 2004 is a medium sized, sympodial bamboo species found in the Central Western Ghats. It is distributed from northern Kerala, Karnataka and Goa up to the Konkan coasts of Maharashtra (Kumar et al., 2004). It has wide physiographical adaptability and comes up well in tropical humid, sub humid and semi-arid conditions (Viswanath et al., 2012). D. stocksii is traditionally being planted in the home gardens, farm bunds, farm borders and for bio-fencing (Rane et al., 2016). It is the third most preferred bamboo species in agriculture sector in peninsular India (Rao et al., 2008). Viswanath et al. (2012) first systematically recorded the pests and diseases of D. stocksii from various regions of Western Ghats. Among insect pests, scale insects (Antonina sp.) cause damage to growing culms. Harvested poles are susceptible to Powder post beetle and Ghoon borer of the family Bostrychidae. The latter causes severe damage to the harvested poles reducing it to wasteful powder (Viswanath et al., 2012). This is the first time that severe incidence of the Bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. was noticed on growing culms of D. stocksii from Konkan region of Maharashtra. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] 24 Journal of Bamboo and Rattan MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental plantation of D. stocksii was established at College of Forestry campus at Dapoli (17°44'51.48"N, 73°10'28.77"E, 189 m above msl) in 2013. There were around 100 clumps planted at a spacing of 3×3m under regular irrigation. Bamboo weevils were first observed damaging newly emerging shoots of D. stocksii in July 2015. Regular field observations of the damaged culms were maintained during July to December, 2015. Detailed physical examination of damaged shoots (n=8) was also performed to record the mode of infestation and the degree of damage to the growing shoots. OBSERVATIONS A stagnant rancid odour at the plantation site indicated a heavy infestation by the pest. The female beetles were observed to make oviposition holes on the apical portion of growing shoots using its tubular proboscis in a 'head downward' posture (Fig. 1a, b). In each hole, a single egg was laid (Fig. 2). A single culm contained up to four eggs at various locations on the culm. Figure 1. Bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. a. making oviposition holes on new growing shoots of D. stocksii b. oviposition holes Figure 2. An egg of the Bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 25 Grubs internally bored the wall of culm (Fig. 3a, b) and made long irregular tunnels from egg pit to upwards, passing through the nodes and internodes (Fig. 4). The tunnels were filled with chewed fibrous material and excreta of the grub. As the infestation progresses, apical portion of the growing culm was entirely eaten away leading to the formation of a hollowed and dead terminal shoot. It was observed that 62% of the new emerging culms (n=331) were damaged by the pest, of which 94% incidences were recorded within a height of 1.5m above ground surface. As the vertical growth of a culm ceased, lateral buds were vigorously developed into terminal branching (Fig. 5). a b Figure 3. Larva of the Bamboo weevil C yrtotrachelus sp. a. Lateral view, b. Frontal view Figure 4. Long irregular tunnels Figure 5. Delopment of terminal made by the larvae passing branching in infested culms of through nodes and internodes of D. stocksii the growing shoots of D. stocksii 26 Journal of Bamboo and Rattan Table 1. Records of Cyrtotrachelus sp. infestation in different bamboo species, India Sr. Place Species Bamboo species Authors No. 1 Aligarh C. buqueti Bambusa pervariabilis, (Choudhury (Uttar B. textiles, et al., 2007) Pradesh) Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Lingnania chungii, Melocannna baccifera, Sinocalamus oldhami, 2 Terai region C. longimanus unknown (Thapa, 2000) 3 North East C. dux and D.hamiltoni, D. (Cotes, 1893; India C. longimanus strictus, M. baccifera Panda, 2011) 4 Arunachal C. dux Bambusa tulda (Padmanaban Pradesh et al., 1993; Bag, 2002) 5 Assam, C. dux unknown (Kapur, 1954) Manipur, Sikkim and Bengal DISCUSSION Altogether 18 species of weevils have been reported worldwide as pests of Bamboo (Haojie et al., 1998) of which Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville, C. longimanus Fabricius and C. dux Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are the most destructive (Singh and Bhandari, 1988; Haojie et al., 1998). C. dux and C. longimanus are widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent especially in North East India, Nepal, South China, Bangladesh, Burma, Myanmar, Borneo, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and Sri Lanka (Cotes, 1893; Kapur, 1954; Choldumrongkul, 1991; Thapa, 2000; RuiTing et al., 2005a; Choudhury et al., 2007; Nair, 2007; Hill, 2008; QiuJu et al., 2009, Panda, 2011; Hogarth, 2013). Many authors reported heavy infestation of the weevils in many species of bamboo such as Bambusa chungii, B. multiplex, B. pervariabilis, B. textilis and Dendrocalamopsis oldhami in China (Liu et al., 1993; RuiTing et al., 2005b; Maoyi et al., 2007) as well as Bambusa arundinacea, B. blumeana, B. nana, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Dendrocalamus asper, D. giganteus, D. strictus, Gigantochloa hasskarliana, Phyllostachys bawacamus, P. mannii and Thyrsostachys siamensis in Thailand (Anon, 2007). C. longimanus damages 30 to 40% of the young shoots in Dendrocalamus forests of Vietnam (Chuong et al., 2005). RuiTing et al., Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 27 (2005a) reported 63% of the growing shoots of B. multiplex were damaged by C. buqueti in Shanghai, China during rainy season (July to September). In severe infestation this figure may reaches as high as 90% (Maoyi et al., 2007). Life history traits All the three species have more or less similar life history stages and damaging habits and exhibits one generation per year (Haojie et al., 1998; Maoyi et al., 2007; Nair, 2007). Interestingly, the developmental life history of the pest is largely determined by mean daily temperature and the minimum temperature of the day (YaoJun et al., 2011). The pest becomes active with the onset of monsoon coincides with emergence of new bamboo culms. Some special volatile chemicals from the growing shoots may allure it e.g. YaoJun et al. (2010) highlighted that the relative content of aldehydes, primary benzaldehyde, in upper portion of growing culms attracts C. buqueti. Thus availability of the most preferred host may increases the instances of damage by multifold. Adult female can attract many males through pheromone signals (DingZe et al., 2012). In general, mating involves four phases viz. courtship display, pair-bonding, ejaculation and post-copulation guarding (Hua et al., 2015). Females lay single elliptical egg after making oviposition holes in a growing shoot (Panda, 2011). Eggs are generally placed about 25cm from the top growing portion of the culm (Chuong et al., 2005). Single culm bears 3 to 4 eggs at various places Eggs (Panda, 2011). Single female may spawns 35 to 40 eggs in her life (Maoyi et al., 2007). Eggs hatches after 1 to 2 weeks of oviposition and develop into white legless larva (grub). It has brown head capsule and well developed jaws. Grubs move vertically upward while feeding (Nair, 2007). After around four weeks, fully grown grub escapes from the culm. It burrows the soft rain-loosened soil and constructs puparia (Chen, 1930). Puparia can be observed within 0.5m to 2.5m distance from the culm and at 18cm to 27cm depth (Chuong et al., 2005). An immature weevil develops inside the puparia within 3 to 4 weeks, but it emerges out only after 9½ months when the earthen cell wall of the puparia softens in the next monsoon (Attajarusit et al., 2000; Maoyi et al., 2007; Hill, 2008). Newly emerged adults climb onto fresh emerging shoots of bamboo and starts feeding on them. Adults start mating two days after obtaining enough nutrition and the life cycle continues (Maoyi et al., 2007). Here the damaged bamboo shoots commonly show profuse lateral branching from the stool. Damaged clumps may sometimes show the second period of growth (October-November) to compensate the damage during early monsoon (July-August) (Hill, 2008). 28 Journal of Bamboo and Rattan Control Measures Digging and removal of damaged culms and shoots is recommended (Haojie et al., 1998). Giang et al. (2005) and Chen (1930) claimed that soil tillage operations one meter around the clump at 20 to 30 cm depth significantly destroy the immature weevils inside the puparia. Net-capturing and destruction of the adults during June to October is also suggested (Chuong et al., 2005; Li-jun, 2009). Choldumrongkul and Atirattanapunya (1993) mentioned that thinning did not significantly affect the number of shoots damaged by the pest.
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