Annual Progress Report

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT

(1st March, 2018 -31st Jan 2019)

National Mission on Himalayan Studies Systematic Inventorization, use profiles and molecular cataloguing for the sustainable management of edible insect resources for enhancing the livelihood opportunities of local people of Himalayan range of Manipur, North East India

(Supported by MoEF & CC, Government of India)

Submitted to

G.B.Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora- 260 643, Uttarakhand

Submitted By

College of Horticulture and Forestry Central Agricultural University, Govt. of India Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh-791102

AND

Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Sriramapura Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064

NMHS Progress Report (Period from 2018 to 2019)

1. Project Information

Project ID NMHS/2017-18/MG33/17 Sanction Date 23/02/2018

Project Title Systematic inventorization, use profiles and molecular cataloguing for the sustainable management of edible insect resources for enhancing the livelihood opportunities of local people of Himalayan range of Manipur, North East India

BTG: Biodiversity Conservation and Management

PI and Dr. T. Shantibala Affiliation Associate Professor (Entomology), Department of Plant Protection College of Horticulture And Forestry Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur Pasighat – 791102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA E-mail: [email protected], Mobile: +91-9856083444 Co-PI and Prof. K. Mamocha Singh Affiliation Registrar Central Agricultural University, Imphal Manipur.

Name & Dr. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan Address Senior Fellow, of the Co-PI, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (AITREE) if Royal Enclave, Sriramapura any: Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, [email protected]/[email protected], Mob: 9449057364

Structured The initial 1st quarter of the first year undergone with the opening of the Abstract - separate account of the project and fund allocation between the collaborating detailing the current year institutes (ATREE and IBSD) and transferring fund as well as MoU signing. progress In the second quarter, with the requirement of project staffs started, preparation and procurement of the field equipment such as insect traps, GPS, multi-parameters probe for edible insect survey and collection. With the extensive reviewing of literatures on edible insect utilization (entomophagy) in India and across the globe during the first six month and undergo compiling of the secondary data with special reference to the Northeast India (Manipur, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland) to develop an Integrated database of Edible insect of India for wider information.

A total of 439 edible insect species were reported from 5 states of NE India. The developing Database of edible insect species collated and archived so far provides systematic position, common name, vernacular name, ethnic community, place, mode of utilization, stages consume, reference etc. Highest number was reported from Assam (134) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (106), Nagaland (105), Manipur (76) and Meghalaya (18).

Collection, preservation, inventorization and documentation of edible insects have been started and data on edible insects of NE India were digitized along with photographs of respective insects whenever available. For survey and collection of primary data, questionnaires for field and market survey were prepared and tested for acquiring economic, social values, cultural and therapeutic information from several ethnic communities relating to traditional ecological knowledge in the region.

Field surveys, documentation and collections of edible insects was collected covering five different villages viz. Shajouba, Makhel, Tobufii, Punanamai, Rabunamai of Senapati and Ukhrul District of Manipur inhabited by Mao, Maram, Poumai and Tangkhul ethnic groups. Some of the specimens collated from the habitats were of Anoplophora, Cyrtotrachelus dus and Coridius species. Economic input of specific edible insect was also collected by conducting market surveys. From three different villages of Nagaland were also collected. Documentation on rearing methods of insect in two villages in Nagaland was also recorded.

For preservation of insect specimen and museum development, collected insect were maintained both in dry and wet form. High quality digital images using Keyance digital microscope is being prepared for the database. The insects are being simultaneously identified and integrated into a database with species information including scientific name, strain, HD Infocus Image, diagnostic description, distribution, uses, and associated traditional knowledge along with bibliography.

Ecological awareness with respect to economic status, ecological and social importance of these edible insects have also been discussed with village head, community members, women SHG members and traditional practitioners. Training program for mass rearing and conservation, value addition of edible insects for mass utilization and income generation will be initiating in community members, local medicinal practitioners in the villages to promote and develop sustainable management of this valuable natural resource for enhancing the livelihood of local people of Himalayan range of North East India.

Project Partner Affiliation Role and Responsibilities

Dr. T. Associate Professor a) Coordinate the project; b) Documentation of Shantibala (Entomology), traditional knowledge and culinary of edible and Department of Plant mollusca, c) to carry out collection of the Protection. samples and field data, d) DNA barcoding, College of Horticulture And analysis of nutritional and anti-nutritional Forestry properties of selected species and Central Agricultural characterization of functional values. University Pasighat – 791102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA

Dr. Ashoka Trust for a) Design the experiment, b) collection, Priyadarsanan Research in Ecology preservation inventorization and documentation Dharma Rajan and the Environment of edible insects) c) harvest methods and (ATREE), Royal demographic studies of selected economically Enclave, Srirampura, important edible insect d) Data management, Jakkur, Bangalore- archiving and dissemination; d) Portal 560064 development and dissemination of data e) Explore the potentials for culturing edible insects and producing value added products for enhancing the livelihood opportunities of local people. e) Explore the potentials for culturing edible insects and producing value added products for enhancing the livelihood opportunities of local people. f) Develop conservation and sustainable management strategies

2. Project Site Details

Project Site North east India with particular to districts of Manipur IHR States Covered Manipur Long. & Lat. Latitudes 23˚5’N - 25˚ 3’N Longitudes 93°4' E - 95˚3’ E Site Maps Fig 1 Site Photographs Attached.

3. Project Activities Chart w.r.t. Timeframe [Gantt or PERT]

Project WORK UNDERTAKEN Output Activities 1 March, 2018 – 31 January, 2019 Qtr1 Qtr2 Otr3 Ort4 1. Systematic Separate Project staffs Continuing Tabulation and A total of 439 inventorizat account requirement. survey and compilation for edible insect ion and opening, Extensive collection of preparation of species enlisted cataloguing Fund review of edible insects from secondary Integrated of edible allocation literature from different data gathered from insects and between the undergoing to districts of database of 5 states of the molluscs collaborating gather the Manipur and Edible insect North East India. institutes information of Nagaland for (ATREE and edible insect systematic Tabulation of IBSD) and from entire identification, edible insect in transferring North East cataloguing and Excel file 1. fund as well India. documentation. enclosed. as MoU Five different Primary data signing. Questioners villages of documentation and developed for Senapati and collection of insect documentation Ukhrul District resource utilization Reviewing of and collection of in Manipur undergoing for Literatures edible insects inhabited by Manipur, were reached Mao, Maram, Arunachal Pradesh out to various Poumai ethnic and Nagaland stakeholders for groups were undergoing jointly systematic covered. by collaborating record of the institutes. traditional Fig. (2 – 8) cultural (Survey site and practices of photographs of insect resources collected insects) utilization. . 2. Molecular Live specimens Continuing Standardisation Fig 9 (Different cataloguing were collected insect collection. of genomic methods of edible and genetic and stored for DNA and insect collection) characteriza nutritional mitochondrial tion of the profiling and DNA extraction Qualitative and potential genetic from different quantitative edible insect characterization. parts of edible baselines data base and insect tissues is on insect resource molluscs currently in with use profiles, process for environmental DNA barcoding. conditions, institutional and policy regimes developing.

3. Document Digital Questionnaire Traditional Market surveys Fig 10 and 11. on the Images: developed for knowledge in different Market and Indigenous Infocus documentation documentation, villages in traditional insect knowledge digital and cataloguing collection and Nagaland resources system that images of all of the ethnic monographic (Visema and utilization surveys sustains the collected specific development Jotsona) were (Annexure diverse edible insect traditional undergoing. documented. I and II) livelihood species will practices and to Economic Questionnaire options be prepared identify the importance model. using edible using presence of any species insects Keyance insect species evaluation was (Annexure III) digital that contributes recorded Socio Economic microscope in income through local survey Identification generation market surveys. questionnaire. Identification having market Therapeutic Market Survey. will be done value. values and and Traditional using keys in nutritional rearing practices Fauna of aspects of these British India, insects were also New species found including recorded and will be published in Ceylon and analysing. peer- reviewed Burma and journals. Annual latest Checklists will also available be maintained. literatures. .

4. Exploration Identifying Nutritional and Identified two Figure 12. of the candidate anti-nutritional wasps and a fly Preservation and potentials species for mass properties of for mass rearing inventorization for rearing selected species culturing and Documented the edible characterization rearing methods insects of functional from Nagaland for producing values is in the wasps. A small- value-added progress. scale black soldier products for fly rearing facility enhancing is being established the in ATREE livelihood opportunitie An information s of local portal (E-DIS) for people and edible insects and promote entomophagy in sustainable India will be harvesting developed. practices Annexure IV (EI_NE_compilatio n.pdf)

4a. Financial and Resource Information

Financial and resource information (IBSD/CAU and ATREE)

Total 1st Year Grant: Rs.1,07,23,440 Grant Received Date: 23/2/18 Affiliations/ Project Partner(s) Institution Budget Allocated to Work Done Partner 1 IBSD/CAU 61,37,360 2,62, 635 Partner 2 ATREE 45,86,080 6,87,606

Project staff information IBSD:

Sl No. Name Qualification Designation Fellowship Remarks 1. Deepak Singh PhD RA 1,81, 393 Lourembam 2 Sapam Athoibi MSc JPF 74, 942 Total 2,56,335

5a. Equipment and Asset Information Sl. Equipment Details (Make/ Cost Date of Photogr Lowest No Name (Qty) Model) Installati aphs of Quotation, on Equipm IF NOT ent purchased 1. Ultra low CryoCube® F570, 850,000. temperature deep 570 L, with LED freezer interface, classic (NBS) (1) cooling liquids, and air-cooling, 5 shelves, 230 V/50 Hz 2 BioSpectrometer Eppendorf 5,50,000 (1) BioSpectrometer® basic, 230 V/50 – 60 Hz 3 Stereo Olympus 9,98,000 Microscope (1) Stere zoom Triocular Microscope Model SZX7 4 GPS (2) (Garmin) EtreX 30 27,950 Handhelds GPS 5 Digital Handycam AX40 4K 1,01,067 (1) Handycam with Exmor R CMOS sensor 6 Field gears and QUECHUA 86,000 storage units ARPENAZ 6.3 Camping Equipments Set and Field Gear.

7 Data Loggers (2) HP DESKTOP 590- 58,520 p0054in Specification: Core i5, 8th generation, 4 GB RAM, HDD 8. Printer (1) EPSON PRINTER 11,400 L380

6a. Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate

Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate (IBSD)

Sl Financial position/ Fund Expenditure % of total cost no. Budget Head sanctioned (Rs.) (Rs.) 1 Salaries/ Manpower 11,07,360/- 2,56,335/- 23 % 2 Travels 5,00,000/- - 3 Expendables & 9,00,000 /- - consumables 4 Contingencies 2,00,000/- 6600/- 3 % 5 Activities and other 6,00,000/- - project cost 6 Institutional charges - 7 Equipments 28,30,000/- - Total 61,37,360/- 2,62,935/- Interest earned 1,75,514/- - - Total Grand 63,12,874/- - -

Period Expenditure Statement (IBSD) Utilization Certificate (UC) Annual NMHS_IBSD_SE_UC 2018-19

4b. Financial and Resource Information

Project staff information ATREE: Sl Name Qualification Designation Fellowship/Wages Remarks No. paid (Rs.) 1 Swanil Boyane MSc JPF 1,11,832/- 2 Ajano T Sanglo Msc JPF - 3 Smitha Krishnan PhD Post-doc 2,04,480/- Total 3, 16,312

5b. Equipment and Asset Information Sl.No Equipment Details Cost Date of Photographs Lowest Name (Make/ (Rs.) Installation of Quotation, (Qty) Model) Equipment IF NOT purchased 1 Image Mac Book 1,77,104 analyser Pro 6b. Expenditure Statement and Utilization Certificate Expenditure statement and utilization certificate (ATREE)

Financial Position/Budget Funds Sanctioned Expenditure % of Total cost S. No. Head (Rs.) (Rs.) I Salaries/Manpower cost 1,306,080 3,16, 312 30% II Travel 400,000 1,39,349 35% III Expendables &Consumables 300,000 43,139 14% IV Contingencies 200,000 11,702 6% Activities & Other Project V 700,000 0 0% cost VI Institutional Charges 0 VII Equipments 1,680,000 1,77,104 11% Total 45,86,080 6,87,606 Interest earned - Grand Total 45,86,080

Period Expenditure Statement Utilization Certificate (UC) Annual NMHS_ATREE_UC(2018-19)

7. Project Beneficiary Groups Beneficiary Groups Target Achieved [Capacity Building] No. of Beneficiaries with No specific beneficiaries but Few edible insects identifying. income generation: identify the insect species supported income generation. No. of stakeholders trained, To provide awareness about Interacted with village head, particularly women: the importance of Edible midwifes, leaned youth, insect to the people traditional practitioner etc and discussed the importance of sustainable conservation of the edible insect resources. No. of capacity building 1 Schedule during 2nd week of Workshops/ March, 2019 trainings: No. of Awareness & 2 Already schedule during outreach Mid Feb and 2nd week of programmes: March, 2019 No. of Research/ 7 5 Manpower developed:

8. Project Progress Summary (as applicable to the project)

Description Total (Numeric) Description

IHR States Covered 3 Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh Project Site/ Field Stations (attached photos and site Developed: Manipur maps)

No. of Patents filed (Description): None

Article/ Review/ Research Paper/ One submitted and another in Abstract attached- pipe line ATREE_Abstract_ Review Publication: paper.pdf

New Methods/ Modellings Developed Questioners, Data sheet for Attached as (description in 250 words): market survey and insect (Annexure I,II & III) rearing sheet developed

No. of Trainings targeted during 2nd week of Will be reporting during 4th March,19 quarter annual report (No. of Beneficiaries): uploading.

Workshop: 2 planned 1. Project PI, Co-PIs and all the project staffs of the collaborating institutes schedule to be held from 8th to 11th of February, 2019. 2. Training cum Entrepreneurs expo for edible insect utilization from 8th to 10 March, 2019 at Central Agricultural University. Demonstration Models (Site): Different inhabitant places of attached in maps about location several ethnic group of peoples sites

Livelihood Options: Sustainable harvesting, Captive By selling to the Markets rearing and value addition Training Manuals: Preparing will be submitting after 4th quarter Processing Units: Developing to the ATREE attached photos

Species Collection: attached photos Attached Fig. (2 – 9)

Species identified: Attached excel sheet Excel File 1

Database on edible insects of all Database of the existing list of Database/ Images/ GIS Maps: the North eastern states edible insects of NE India (~200 sps) and also Manipur state in particular was prepared See attached file- Excel File 1

Images of edible insects Infocus digital images of all collected edible insect species is being prepared using Keyance digital microscope. - See attached: Infocus insect images.pdf

9. Project Linkages (with nearby Institutions/ State Agencies)

Sl. No. Institute/ Organization Type of Linkages Brief Description 1. DBT - Bioresource and A synergistic project to scale Information that would be Sustainable livelihoods in this study to rest of NE India shared: Geo-referenced North East India database of edible insects and their habitat attributes, and the community knowledge associated with insect bio resources of Northeast India

10. Additional (publication, recommendations, etc.)

Time Period Publications (Research Papers, Information Material, Policy drafts, Patents, etc.) Annual [Year] (Attached) 2019 Submitted Abstract (CAU) 2019 Draft Abstract (ATREE)

11. Project Concluding Remark Project Objectives Project Output Progress made Remarks against each against objective Monitoring Indicators (specified in Sanction Letter) Systematic Collected 80 Discussions are on (Excel File 1) inventorization and morphospecies to finalize the (ATREE_EI_NE_India_ cataloguing of edible of edible insects. portal developers Secondary_data.xlsx) insects and molluscs They have been and designers and their habitat dried, spread and Developed an edible insects attributes across the mounted and database based on Himalayan range of being identified secondary data Manipur Fig 13 & Annexure V

Documenting A list of edible Documentation for Documentation and community knowledge insects found in Manipur, cataloguing undergoing associated with insect Manipur with its Arunachal Pradesh through primary and bio resources of mode of and Nagaland secondary data collection by Northeast India, preparation, initiated direct personal interaction together with their practicing and presence dynamics and community and sustainability their habitat have challenges and been management. documented Molecular cataloguing Live specimens Standardisation of Genetic characterization and genetic were collected genomic DNA and undergoing characterization of the and stored for mitochondrial potential edible insect nutritional DNA extraction and molluscs for profiling and from different parts conservation and genetic of edible insect sustainable utilization. characterization. tissues is currently in process for developing DNA barcoding.

Explore the potentials To identify Identified two Documented the methods for culturing edible potential insect wasps and a fly for from Nagaland for the insects producing having economic mass rearing. wasps value added products importance. The black soldier fly rearing for enhancing the Identified gain facility at a small scale is livelihood water bug and silk being established at opportunities of local worm pupae for ATREE. The information people and promote value addition required has been collected sustainable harvesting product and the work will be under practices. development. progress in the next quarter

Methodology (in brief): Market survey: All the edible insect vendors from the market are included in the market survey using a well- defined questionnaire Samples are collected and stored in 95% ethyl alcohol for identification which would be displayed in the museum. Rearing methods interviews: The rearing methods are recorded by visiting the rearing sites using a questionnaire. Photographs and descriptive recording of the rearing methods are collected. The specimens are collected as mentioned above. Prototypes for rearing cages was developed based on secondary literature Major Research Achievements: 1. Inventorying and cataloguing of edible insects 2. Museum establishment of edible invertebrate bioresources is ongoing in ATREE insect museum (AIMB) 3. Information portal for edible insects and entomophagy in India is in the process of being developed 4. Identified two wasps and a fly for mass rearing Brief Conclusion - the current 1. We have identified two wasp species from year progress – during the Nagaland that have been successfully reared by the reporting period (point-wise): community. The possibility to popularize rearing these species in other regions is very promising. 2. Primary data documentation and collection of insect resource utilization undergoing for Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland undergoing jointly by collaborating institutes. 3. Database of the existing list of edible insects of NE India (~200 sps) and also Manipur state in particular was prepared.

Progress Achieved (%): 25 %

Remaining work to be done: 1. Molecular cataloguing and genetic characterization of the potential edible insect. (DNA barcoding) 2. Estimation of nutritional and anti-nutritional analysis 3. Identifying potential insects for mass rearing and enhancing livelihood opportunities of local people. 4. Continuing surveys in all the possible transect regions of the north east. 5. Capacity building workshops and training programs for community development and popularising edible insect resources.

Submitted to: Nodal Officer, NMHS-PMU National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttarakhand

Submitted By: Signature with seal and date:

Dr. T. Shantibala Associate Professor Department of Plant Protection. College of Horticulture and Forestry Central Agricultural University Pasighat – 791102, Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA

Excel File 1 (Edible Insect Database)

Figure 1: Map of project site (Manipur) indicating specific ethnic inhabited sites along the Northern Himalayan range of Manipur.

A B

Figure 2: Natural Habitat of Anoplophora species at Senapati District in Manipur. (A) Hill slope (B) Butea minor (C) Grub of Anoplophora species

A B

Figure 3: Anoplophora species infesting inside the trunk of Host plant Quercus serreta and Alnus species collected from Senapati district. (A) Unidentified insect (B) Anoplophora species

A B

Figure 4: Cyrtotrachelus dus infesting on Host plant, Pheonix species. (A) Grub of Cyrtotrachelus dus (B) Infested Pheonix species

A B

Figure 5: Teleogryllus species inhabited in the Savanna habitat. (A) Teleogryllus species (B) Teleogryllus Nesting site.

A B

Figure 6: Unidentified edible insect infesting the host plant Schima wallichii (A) Unidentified edible insect (B) Host plant Schima wallichii

Figure 7: Coridius species (Local Name: Usingsa) collected from Ukhrul District in Manipur.

Figure 8: Bamboo borer shoot infesting inside the bamboo node.

Figure 9: Different methods of edible insect collection.

A B

C D E

Figure 10: Edible insect sold at different local market of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland (A) Lethocerus indicus (B) Eri silkworm larvae (C) Hives of wild honey bees (D) Hives of Apis dorsata (E) Grub of Anoplophora species

A B

Figure 11: Interview and interactions with the village people for documentation and identification of edible insects during survey. (A) Interviewing with village people (B) Interaction with villagers (C) Harvested edible insects.

A B

C D

Figure 12: Identification, Preservation and Displaying of collected edible insect (A) Characterizing for identification (B) Hi-resolution photography (C) Dry preservations (D) Display of different varieties of edible insects (E) Museum establishment

Figure 13(i)

Figure: 13(ii) Figure 13 (iii)

Figure: 13(iv) Figure: 13 (v)

Figure: 13(vi) Figure: 13(vii)

Figure: 13 (viii) Figure: 13(ix)

Fig: 13 (x)

Infocus Digital Images

Family: Pentatomidae Tribe: Halyini Location: Meb village, Papumpare District, Arunachal Pradesh

Family: Cicadidae Location: Ziro village, Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh

INSECT BIORESOURCES DIVISION, IBSD, TAKYELPAT - IMPHAL

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION ON THE TRADITIONAL INSECT RESOURCES UTILIZATION

Q. 1. Do you use any insect from your surrounding for any insect from your surrounding for any specific purpose?

Ans: YES / NO

Q. 2. Mention them / tick, if found any from photo plate. (To be filled in Annexure 1)

Q.3. Tick the purpose for which they are utilized. Code no.

a) Consumption / eating

b) Medicinal purpose

c) Oil yielding purpose

d) Aesthetic value

e) Aroma

f) Others Q.4. Is there any material associated while preparing specific formulation along with the insect material?

a) Plant b) Animal

c) Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q.5. Is there any medicinal value for which insect has been used?

Yes / No

If yes, mention the treatment along with code no.

a) Tumor b) Diarrhea/Dysentery c) Injury

d) Injury e) Alopecia/ Baldness e) Cough

f) Others: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q.6. Effectiveness to particular treatment (Tick any from below).

a) Effective

b) Not effective

c) Highly effective

d) Less effective

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q.7. Which life stage of the insect is used?

a) Egg b) Larva c) Pupa d) Adult

e) Decoction/ any other: …………………….…………………………………………………………………………

Q. 8. Have you ever practiced/ consumed personally?

a) Yes b) No

c) Recommended to others on hearsay

d) Seen practiced by others

Q.9. How often do you use the practice or consumption. (Tick below)

a) Frequently b) Seasonally c) Seldom

d) Others: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q. 10. Is it easily available or need some hardship to get them? (Tick below)

a) Easily available b) Difficult to get

c) Occasional d) Rarely

Any remarks: ......

Q.11. According to you, is there any scope for establishing farm with any particular insect resource for generating your income?

Ans: YES / NO

Q. 12. If yes, mention the insect name for which you are going to / want to initiate your activities.

......

Q.13. Could you name any insect which have been of essential use in the past days but not utilized anymore.

......

Q. 14. Your opinion on the practice of using insect for human needs. (Tick below)

a) Increasing b) Decreasing

Q. 15. If so, what could be the possible reason? (Tick below)

a) Non availability of the insect

b) Use replaced by other material

c) Neglected due to lack of knowledge in their importance

d) Other ......

Name: ………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Age: …………………………………….. Gender: ...... …………………………………………………………………………………..

Address/District: …………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Occupation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Community (Annexure II):

Signature

Annexure I

Local name Code Stage eaten Degree Purpose of Mode / Practiced Disease cure by Seasonal Associated Community Degree of no. (Egg, Larva, availability utilization Method of by your- medicinal insects availability material knowledge acceptabi Pupa, Adult) (Easily, (Eating / utilization self (Y/N) and effectiveness (Habitat) holder lity Difficult, Rare, Medicinal) Occasional)

Annexure-II

1.Meiteis 9.Hmar 17.Maram 25.Sema

2.Meitei pangal 10.Kabui: (i) Puimei 18.Maring 26.Simte (ii) Rongmei

3.Aimol 11.Kacha Naga: (i) 19.Any Mizo (Lushai) 27.Sukte Zemei (ii) Liangmei tribes

4.Anal 12.Koirao 20.Monsang 28.Tangkhul

5.Angami 13.Koireng 21.Moyon 29.Thadou

6.Chiru 14.Kom 22.Paite 30.Vaiphei

7.Chothe 15.Lamkang 23.Purum 31.Zou

8.Gangte 16.Mao 24.Ralte

ANNEXURE III 1 ATREE_ EI Questionnaire

Socio- Economic Survey Questionnaire for Insect and other invertebrates used in NE India Household Survey

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Information about respondent

State: District: Village:

Name: Age: Gender:

Education: Occupation: Tribe:

Language:

If Family migrated from (place and country): Year migrated:

Household information

S. No. Name Gender Age Education Main Occupation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2

2. COLLECTION METHODS

i. Do you (a) collect ( ) or (b) purchase ( ) c) neither ( ) d) both ( ) insects for consumption?

Collected *Specif Who Who Distance Frequency Quantity Cost Sellin Quantity Selling Price sold from y the collect consume traveled in of collected incurre g sold per frequency at/purchased name s (age s km/mile/ho collection/ d per place visit/ at of the group) urs purchase visit purchased insect/ ? snails Forest

Agricultura l area (specify) Water body (specify the kind) Market

*Specify if used for purposes other than consumption (example eggs of Oecophylla as fish bait)

2 3

COMPREHENSIVE TABLE

Local name Sc. Method Insect Microhabitat Use Life stage Parts Preservation Cultural (describe briefly so name of Habitat(forest, (inside (consmptn/med/ (eggs, used & significance that there are no collection agri, pond, bamboo, aesthetic/others eggs/larva, Preparation (if any) misunderstandings) river,any leaf litter pupa, method other) etc.) nymph, adult

3 4

ii. How do you decide on the quantity of the collection you make?

a. Every individual that you can get hold of b. any other way of making decision about how much is enough

3. CONSUMPTION PATTERN

i. How do you understand which insects are edible or non – edible or even poisonous?

ii. What are the preferred insects for consumption?

Rank Taste Texture Economic Value Medicinal Value Availability Nutritional value Any Other 1

4 5

iii. Availability of edible insects?

Edible Insects /snails Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec collected

iv. Is it an everyday market or weekly? Or seasonal?

v. What determines the cost of insect?

vi. Do you rear insects? Y / N

vii. Do you know anyone who rears insects for selling? Y / N Contact details:

5 6

viii. If there is an opportunity/support to rear insects would you be interested? Y / N

ix. What kind of opportunity/ support would be helpful? Possibilities Example: Silkworm, the pupae canning?

x. What is the attitude of people towards consumption of insects?

xi. Is it preferably fed/ consumed by certain age class? If yes why?

xii. Are there any taboos with regard to insects- collection methods/ when and what can be consumed?

xiii. Do you prefer insects over meat? Is it an alternative for meat?

xiv. Meat consumption

Type of meat Frequency of consumption/ Quantity consumed on each Expenses per purchase month purchase

6 7

4. POPULATION DYNAMICS/DEMOGRAPHY

i. Has the number/type of insects that you collect increased or decreased? If so what could be the reasons

Name Experience Reason of insect Decreased Increased Same or no change Don’t know Decreased Increased Same or no change Don’t know

5. QUESTIONS ON SECURITY OF PROFESSION

a. Has the demand for edible insects increased or decreased over the last 5 years? Why?

b. Have number of harvesters increased or decreased in last 5 years?

c. Have people started harvesting new insects? If yes which and since when?

d. Any idea how many people / households in the village are involved in this?

People: Households: 7 8

e. Sources of income

Sources of income No. of working Wage per day/ No. of individuals Total income days month/annual working in this field (specify) (with gender) 1

8 9

f. Farming

Crops grown (mention Yield Season Quantity consumed in Quantity sold in Kg Selling price/ kg Costs incurred for own land/leased/slash in kgs kg cultivation and burn) Lease: Labour: Fertilizer: Pesticides: Seeds:

Lease: Labour: Fertilizer: Pesticides: Seeds:

9 10

6. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES COMPONENT:

PROVISIONING SERVICES

1. Pollination services:

a) Do you know about pollination?

b) Which are the main insects that help in pollination?

c) Are they reared or wild? Specify the type

d) Are you doing anything to protect this service?

e) Do you harvest bee larvae and how do you think this would affect pollination?

f) Do the bees/ wasps come back and relocate?

10 11

g) Harvest and uses of bees and wasps

Quantity in kg/ Hives Method of harvest, does it BEES number/ ltrs Uses harvested damage the hive (specify)

Honey

Brood

Pollen

Wax

Royal jelly

Propolis

WASPS

Brood

2. Pest control:

a) Do you know of any insects that help in controlling crop pests? Name them

1 2 3       Edible / Edible / Edible / Predator

Pest

Crop

b) Do you take any steps to facilitate the predator?

11 12

3. Fibre (Silk sericins)

a) Do you rear silk worms/ collect them from wild?

Reared: Collected: Neither:

b) Extraction of silk and cocoons

Silk- Sc. name Month of Host plant Reared/ Silk Silk Silk Selling Cocoon Cocoon Cocoon common collection wild sold Quantity price/kg sold Y/N Quantity Selling name (R/W) (Y/N) sold sold price/kg

c) Have you seen any silk weaving insects whose potential has not been utilized? Mention name/type.

d) Do you consume ( ) or sell ( ) the silk larvae?

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e) How is it sold? (processing)

f) What is the quantity sold, selling price and how often?

REGULATORY SERVICES

4. Nutrient recycling:

a) Do you know what nutrient cycling is? If no, researcher needs to explain

b) Do you know of any insects/ snails that help in nutrient recycling? Mention the species

c) Is there a demand for compost? Where and at what price?

d) Would you be interested in using insect larvae in composting with a possibility to sell the pupa as a food source for fish/poultry etc?

5. Medicinally important insects a) Do you use any insects or insect products for medicinal purposes?

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b) Specify the names and what they are used for

Species used Species used (sci. Uses Other details if any (common name) name)

6. Decomposers: Specifically snails

a) What is the role of snails in our ecosystem?

b) Do they define the quality of an ecosystem?

c) Why do you consume snails? Nutritional value (mention the value such as Calcium/protein) or delicacy?

d) Do you feed them to domestic animals? If yes which ones and why?

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e) Are they considered as pests? Why? Which species?

f) Do you consume the snails and slugs that are considered as pests? Which ones?

g) Do you rear snails? What kind?

h) Do they carry any diseases? If yes do you know which kind? What are the symptoms?

i) Have you seen any recent decline or increase in any species of snails or generally all the snail populations? If yes are you doing anything about it?

j) Have the size at which they are harvested reduced over the last few years? (Indicates demand/over harvesting) Describe.

k) Have you encountered any new species in the recent years? Describe them

15 Data sheet for collection of edible insects (Market survey)

Date- Lat- Village- Long- Market name- Tribes selling- Market code- Altitude (m)-

Sr. Species sold Local name Rs. / Kg Total Kgs Stage Method of Village Parts/ Alive/ Served raw/ No. Kg or collected sold (E/L/P/A/ collection name full/Bot dead/Bot cooked/Bot per N) h h h piece

Q- How are the insects kept alive?

Other observations/ used as preservative: Insect rearing data sheet

Date:

Respondent name: Tribe:

Address:

Village name: State:

Latitude: Longitude:

Species being reared: Local name: Scientific name:

Host plant/ Food:

How do you set up the colony or individuals:

Accessories required with costs:

Accessories Cost incurred

Selling price : Per unit/ per Kg specify

Quantity sold: Specify unit

Sold where: ANNEXURE IV

EI_NE_Database Compilation

Sr. No Species Order 1 Polistis olivaceus Hymenoptera 2 Parapolybia varia Hymenoptera 3 Oecophylla smaragdina Hymenoptera 4 Laccotrephes rubber Hemiptera 5 Tarbinskiellus portentosus Orthoptera 6 Gryllotalpa africana Orthoptera 7 Camponotus inflatus Hymenoptera 8 Choroedocus robustus Orthoptera 9 Phlaeoba infumata Orthoptera 10 Oxya fuscovittate Orthoptera 11 Mecapoda elongata Orthoptera 12 Ruspolia baileyi Orthoptera 13 Mantis inornate Mantodea 14 Macrotermes Isoptera 15 Nephila sp. Araneae 16 UI Coleoptera 17 UI Lepidoptera 18 UI Odonata 19 Antheraea assamensis Lepidoptera 20 Samia cynthia Lepidoptera 21 Eupreponotus sp Orthoptera 22 Choroedocus sp Orthoptera 23 Gryllotalpa sp. Orthoptera 24 Odontotermes sp. Isoptera 25 Apis indica Hymenoptera 26 Periplaneta americana Blattodea 27 Pomponia sp Hemiptera 28 Vespa affinis Hymenoptera 29 Schizodactylus monstrosa Orthoptera 30 Gryllus campestris Orthoptera 31 Odontolabis cuvera Coleoptera 32 Serrognathus titanus Coleoptera 33 Lucanus elaphus Coleoptera 34 Libellula carolina Odonata 35 Megasoma elephas Coleoptera 36 Cybis spp. Coleoptera 37 Reticulitermes flavipes Blattodea 38 Reticulitermites spp. Blattodea 39 Apis florea Hymenoptera 40 Apis mellifera Hymenoptera 41 Polistes stigmata Hymenoptera 42 Melanopus sp. Coleoptera 43 Aeshma mixta Odonata 44 Neurothemis fluctuans Odonata 45 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Coleoptera 46 Rhynchophorus phoenicis Coleoptera 47 Dihammus cervinus Coleoptera 48 Meligethes aeneus Coleoptera 49 Batocera rufomaculata Coleoptera 50 Okanagana Hemiptera 51 Dytiscus marginalis Coleoptera 52 Acheta domesticus Orthoptera 53 Odontotermes obesus Isoptera 54 Heiroglyphus bannian Orthoptera 55 Eumenes petiolatus Hymenoptera 56 Hydrophilus piceus Coleoptera 57 Cryptozona sp Stylommatophora 58 Lymnaea sp. Hygrophyla 59 Cimex lectularis Hemiptera 60 Analeptes trifasciata Coleoptera 61 Hydrochera rickseckeri Hemiptera 62 Macrotermes natalensis Blattodea 63 Macrotermes sp. Blattodea 64 Dorylus orientalis Hymenoptera 65 Atta spp. Hymenoptera 66 Myrmica rubra Hymenoptera 67 Bombina orientalis Orthoptera 68 Cytacanthacris aeruginosus unicolour Orthoptera 69 Gryllus campestris Orthopters 70 Mantis religiosa Orthoptera 71 Ochrophora montana Heteroptera 72 Pomponia imperatoria Hemiptera 73 Crocothemis servilia Odonata 74 Philosoma ricini Lepidoptera 75 Anaphe infracta Lepidoptera 76 A. reticulata Lepidoptera 77 A. venata Lepidoptera 78 O. Smargdina Hymenoptera 79 UI Orthoptera 80 Aspongopus nepalensis Hemiptera 81 Halyomorpha picus Hemiptera 82 Nezara viridula Hemiptera 83 Rhynchoris humeralis Hemiptera 84 Dalader acuticosta Hemiptera 85 Mictis tenebrosa Hemiptera 86 Antilochus coqueberti Hemiptera 87 Dorcus sp Coleoptera 88 Xylocopa sp Hymenoptera 89 UI Hymenoptera 90 UI Ephemeroptera 91 UI Odonata 92 Macrolyristes sp Orthoptera 93 Termes sp. Isoptera 94 Tessaratoma quadrata Hemiptera 95 UI Hemiptera 96 Eumenes sp. Hymenoptera 97 Laptysma sp. Orthoptera 98 UI Orthoptera 99 Samia ricini Lepidoptera 100 Brachytrupes sp Orthoptera 101 Microcentrum sp Orthoptera 102 Mantis sp Mantodea 103 Aristobia sp. Coleoptera 104 Batocera roylei Coleoptera 105 Hoplocerambyx sp Coleoptera 106 Sternocera sp Coleoptera 107 Helicupris sp. Coleoptera 108 Anomala sp Coleoptera 109 Propomacrus sp Coleoptera 110 Lepidiota sp. Coleoptera 111 Lucanus laminifer Coleoptera 112 Locusta sp Orthoptera 113 Vespa tropicana Hymenoptera 114 Polistes sp Hymenoptera 115 Vespa bicolor Hymenoptera 116 Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Coleoptera 117 Katydids sp Orthoptera 118 Chondacris rosea Orthoptera 119 Brachytrupes orientalis Orthoptera 120 Odontotermes smaragdina Hymenoptera 121 Laccotrephes maculatus Hemiptera 122 Hydrophilus olivaceous Coleoptera 123 Cybister confusus Coleoptera 124 Cordulegaster sp. Odonata 125 UI (Pterygote forms) Isoptera 126 UI (Tettigonidae and Acrididae) Orthoptera 127 Lacotrephes sp. Hemiptera 128 Ranatra sp. Hemiptera 129 Anispops sp. Hemiptera 130 Laccophilus sp. Coleoptera 131 UI (red ants, bee larvae) Hymenoptera 132 Aeschna nymphs Odonata 133 Acheta bimaculatus Orthoptera 134 Brachytrupes achetinus Orthoptera 135 Liogryllus bimaculatus Orthoptera 136 Gryllodes sp. Orthoptera 137 melanocephalus Orthoptera 138 Acrida gigantea Orthoptera 139 Agridium melanocorne Orthoptera 140 Agridium perigrinum Orthoptera 141 Thylotropides ditymus Orthoptera 142 Lima cordid Orthoptera 143 Bagrada picta Hemiptera 144 Lohita grandis Hemiptera 145 Gerris spinole Hemiptera 146 Gerris sp. Hemiptera 147 Cecada vendes Homoptera 148 Cecada sp. Homoptera 149 Xysterocera sp. Coleoptera 150 Neocerambyx paris Coleoptera 151 Coelosterma scabrata Coleoptera 152 Coelosterma sp. Coleoptera 153 Rhynchophorus signaticollis Coleoptera 154 aquatic larvae Trichoptera 155 Diacrisia obliguae Lepidoptera 156 Phyllosomia ricinae Lepidoptera 157 Attacus cynthia Lepidoptera 158 Attacus ricinis Lepidoptera 159 Malacosoma sp. Lepidoptera 160 Avansa sp. Areneae 161 Nephila clavata Areneae 162 Crematogaster dohni Hymenoptera 163 Icaria artifex Hymenoptera 164 Vespa spp. Hymenoptera 165 Apis sp Hymenoptera 166 Batocera rubra Coleoptera 167 Batocera titana Coleoptera 168 Xysterocera globosa Coleoptera 169 Balaninus album Coleoptera 170 Oryctes rhinoceros Coleoptera 171 Xylotrupes gideon Coleoptera 172 Hierodula coarctata Dictyoptera 173 Hierodula westwoodi Dictyoptera 174 Eupolyphaga sinensis Dictyoptera 175 Blatta orientalis Dictyoptera 176 Lethocercus indicus Hemiptera 177 Belastoma indica Hemiptera 178 Dolycoris indicus Hemiptera 179 Coridius chinensis Hemiptera 180 Coridius nepalensis Hemiptera 181 Cyclopelta siccifolia Hemiptera 182 Erthesina fullo Hemiptera 183 Nepa cinerea Hemiptera 184 Cicada verides Homoptera 185 Apis dorsata Hymenoptera 186 Cerana indica Hymenoptera 187 Vespa orientalis Hymenoptera 188 Vespa magnifica Hymenoptera 189 Odontotermes feae Isoptera 190 Macrotermes gilves Isoptera 191 Microtermes obesi Isoptera 192 Malacosoma indica Lepidoptera 193 Bombyx mori Lepidoptera 194 Antherae paphia Lepidoptera 195 Antheraea roylei Lepidoptera 196 Pericyma cruegri Lepidoptera 197 Acisoma panorpaides Odonata 198 Aeschna petalura Odonata 199 Hieroglyphus banian Orthoptera 200 Acrida exaltata Orthoptera 201 Acridium malanocorne Orthoptera 202 Acridium peregrinum Orthoptera 203 Locusta migratoria Orthoptera 204 Schistocera gregaria Orthoptera 205 Thylotropides vericornis Orthoptera 206 Holochlora albida Orthoptera 207 Holochlora indica Orthoptera 208 Gryllus bimaculatus Orthoptera 209 Brachytrupes portentosus Orthoptera 210 Gryllodes singullatus Orthoptera 211 Liogryllus saussure Orthoptera 212 Gryllotolpa fossor Orthoptera 213 Gryllotalpa ornate Orthoptera 214 Hydropsyche sikkimensis Orthoptera 215 UI (cricket) Orthoptera 216 UI (termites/ white ants) Isoptera 217 UI (beetle) Coleoptera 218 UI (cicada) Cicadoidae 219 UI (Common wasp) Hymenoptera 220 UI (ground hornet) Hymenoptera 221 UI (rock bee) Hymenoptera 222 UI (caterpillar) Lepidoptera 223 Lepidopteron sp. Lepidoptera 224 Rhinotermitinae Isoptera Annexure V: List of Edible insects found in Manipur

Insect species Common Local Habitat Stages Preparation Practicing Figure name name of insect community Anoplophora glabripennis Asian Yongchak Infesting Adult Consumed in Lamkang, (Coleoptera;Cerambycidae) longhorned tin inside the fried form mao, maram, 13 (i) beetle tree trunk meitei, poumei. Cyrtotrachelus dux Bamboo Watin Infesting on Adult Consumed in Anal, Chiru, (Coleoptera;Curculionidae) beetle tender shoots fried form Chothe, Gangte, 13 (ii, iii) Kabui, Koireng, Kom, Mao, Maram. Rhyothemis variegate Variegated Charang in Nymphs are Nymph Consumed in Aimol, Chiru, (Odonata; Libellulidae) Flutterer adult, aquatic and is fried form Chothe, Maikhumbi adults are common Kabui, Kacha 13 (iv) in nymph arial stage for naga, eating Koireng, Meitei Polistes olivaceus Paper wasps Khoi Found in Larvae Consumed in Aimol , Anal, ( Hymenoptera; Vespidae) cervices of and fried and Chiru, walls or soil pupae curry forms Gangte, 13 (v) Kabui, Meitei, Mizo, Paite Solenopsis geminate Red ant UKakcheng Found Adult Consumed in Meitei and ( Hymenoptera; Formicide) making whorl fried form Thadou 13 (vi) on tree leaves Crocothemis servilia Ruddy marsh Charang in Nymphs are Nymphs Consumed in Aimol, Chiru, (Odonata; Libellulidae) Skimmer, adult, aquatic and are the fried form Kabui, Oriented Maikhumbi adult are common Koireng, 13 (vii) Scarlet in nymph aerial in stage for Meitei, Mizo, habitat eating Odontotermes sp. Termite Laisou, Termatorium All the Consumed in Aimol, Anal, (Isoptera; Termitidae) Mukthrubi build in clay stages fried form Chiru, Kabui, or sandy soil. Kuki, Lamkang, 13 (viii, ix) Maram, Maring, Meitei, Mizo, Poumai Laccotrephes maculates Indian water Hao-naosek Found among Adult Consumed in Aimol, (Hemiptera; Nepidae) scorpion aquatic weed roasted form Meitei,Mizo, in swallow Monsang, 13 (x) water Simte, Lmakang

NMHS_IBSD_SE_UC (2018-2019)

Edible insects-Population growth, Food security, implications of climate change and future directions

Population explosion across the globe has been an issue of serious concern due to its associated implications on food security and environmental pollution. About 40% of the land surface area is being used as crop lands and pastures with about 2/3rds of it under livestock production. In the last 3 decades there has been a two-fold increase in demand for meat which is expected to increase by 73% by 2050 from the levels in 2010. Under such circumstances, insects seem like a suitable alternative protein source. In this review we would like to address the implications of population growth on food security especially involving animal protein, its environmental implications, the potential of insects as food and its nutritional value, the possible role of climate change on entomophagy in future and caveats and gaps in research on edible insects.