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Final Report Venus Exploration Targets Workshop May 19–21
Final Report Venus Exploration Targets Workshop May 19–21, 2014, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX Conveners: Virgil (Buck) Sharpton, Larry Esposito, Christophe Sotin Breakout Group Leads Science from the Surface Larry Esposito, Univ. Colorado Science from the Atmosphere Kevin McGouldrick, Univ. Colorado Science from Orbit Lori Glaze, GSFC Science Organizing Committee: Ben Bussey, Martha Gilmore, Lori Glaze, Robert Herrick, Stephanie Johnston, Christopher Lee, Kevin McGouldrick Vision: The intent of this “living” document is to identify scientifically important Venus targets, as the knowledge base for this planet progresses, and to develop a target database (i.e., scientific significance, priority, description, coordinates, etc.) that could serve as reference for future missions to Venus. This document will be posted in the VEXAG website (http://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/), and it will be revised after the completion of each Venus Exploration Targets Workshop. The point of contact for this document is the current VEXAG Chair listed at ABOUT US on the VEXAG website. Venus Exploration Targets Workshop Report 1 Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Science on the Surface .............................................................................................................................. 3 2. Science within the Atmosphere ............................................................................................................... -
Exploring Solar Cycle Influences on Polar Plasma Convection
Comparison of Terrestrial and Martian TEC at Dawn and Dusk during Solstices Angeline G. Burrell1 Beatriz Sanchez-Cano2, Mark Lester2, Russell Stoneback1, Olivier Witasse3, Marco Cartacci4 1Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas 2Radio and Space Plasma Physics, University of Leicester 3European Space Agency, ESTEC – Scientific Support Office 4Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali 52nd ESLAB Symposium Outline • Motivation • Data and analysis – TEC sources – Data selection – Linear fitting • Results – Martian variations – Terrestrial variations – Similarities and differences • Conclusions Motivation • The Earth and Mars are arguably the most similar of the solar planets - They are both inner, rocky planets - They have similar axial tilts - They both have ionospheres that are formed primarily through EUV and X- ray radiation • Planetary differences can provide physical insights Total Electron Content (TEC) • The Global Positioning System • The Mars Advanced Radar for (GPS) measures TEC globally Subsurface and Ionosphere using a network of satellites and Sounding (MARSIS) measures ground receivers the TEC between the Martian • MIT Haystack provides calibrated surface and Mars Express TEC measurements • Mars Express has an inclination - Available from 1999 onward of 86.9˚ and a period of 7h, - Includes all open ground and allowing observations of all space-based sources locations and times - Specified with a 1˚ latitude by 1˚ • TEC is available for solar zenith longitude resolution with error estimates angles (SZA) greater than 75˚ Picardi and Sorge (2000), In: Proc. SPIE. Eighth International Rideout and Coster (2006) doi:10.1007/s10291-006-0029-5, 2006. Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, vol. 4084, pp. 624–629. -
Morphology and Dynamics of the Venus Atmosphere at the Cloud Top Level As Observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera
Morphology and dynamics of the Venus atmosphere at the cloud top level as observed by the Venus Monitoring Camera Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informationstechnik, Physik der Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Richard Moissl aus Grünstadt Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. 1. Referentin oder Referent: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Blum 2. Referentin oder Referent: Dr. Horst-Uwe Keller eingereicht am: 24. April 2008 mündliche Prüfung (Disputation) am: 9. Juli 2008 ISBN 978-3-936586-86-2 Copernicus Publications, Katlenburg-Lindau Druck: Schaltungsdienst Lange, Berlin Printed in Germany Contents Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Historical observations of Venus . .9 1.2 The atmosphere and climate of Venus . .9 1.2.1 Basic composition and structure of the Venus atmosphere . .9 1.2.2 The clouds of Venus . 11 1.2.3 Atmospheric dynamics at the cloud level . 12 1.3 Venus Express . 16 1.4 Goals and structure of the thesis . 19 2 The Venus Monitoring Camera experiment 21 2.1 Scientific objectives of the VMC in the context of this thesis . 21 2.1.1 UV Channel . 21 2.1.1.1 Morphology of the unknown UV absorber . 21 2.1.1.2 Atmospheric dynamics of the cloud tops . 21 2.1.2 The two IR channels . 22 2.1.2.1 Water vapor abundance and cloud opacity . 22 2.1.2.2 Surface and lower atmosphere . -
Solar Wind Fluence to the Lunar Surface
44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013) 2015.pdf SOLAR WIND FLUENCE TO THE LUNAR SURFACE. D. M. Hurley1,3, W. M. Farrell2,3, 1JHU Applied Phys- ics Laboratory ([email protected]), 2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 3NASA Lunar Science Institute. Monolayers delivered in one lunation Introduction: The unperturbed solar wind bom- 90 bards the dayside of the Moon with electrons, protons, 60 and heavier ions throughout most of a lunation. Ex- cept when the Moon is in the Earth’s magnetotail for a 30 few days each lunation, the solar wind (shocked solar 0 N. Latitude wind in the magnetosheath, and unshocked solar wind -30 beyond Earth’s bow shock) has access to the dayside -60 surface of the Moon. Investigations of how the solar -90 wind could contribute to the composition and optical 0 90 180 270 360 properties of the lunar surface have a long history (e.g. E. Longitude [1-7]. Yet, it is instructive to revisit this issue and ex- Figure 2. The solar wind proton fluence as a function of amine the solar wind interaction piece by piece. selenographic position is shown in terms of fractions of Delivered Flux: The upper limit on the solar wind an equivalent monolayer of OH. The solid lines neglect thermal effects while the dashed lines include thermal as a potential source of OH can be established by as- effects. suming all of the incident solar wind protons are re- tained in the lunar regolith. The quiescent solar wind is implanted 3He as a resource guide. Fig. 2 shows the variable, but has density, n, of ~5 p+cm-3 and velocity, calculated fluence for one lunation assuming a spheri- v, of ~350 km s-1. -
The Observational Analemma
On times and shadows: the observational analemma Alejandro Gangui IAFE/Conicet and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Cecilia Lastra Instituto de Investigaciones CEFIEC, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Fernando Karaseur Instituto de Investigaciones CEFIEC, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina The observation that the shadows of objects change during the course of the day and also for a fixed time during a year led curious minds to realize that the Sun could be used as a timekeeper. However, the daily motion of the Sun has some subtleties, for example, with regards to the precise time at which it crosses the meridian near noon. When the Sun is on the meridian, a clock is used to ascertain this time and a vertical stick determines the angle the Sun is above the horizon. These two measurements lead to the construction of a diagram (called an analemma) as an extremely useful resource for the teaching of astronomy. In this paper we report on the construction of this diagram from roughly weekly observations during more than a year. PACS: 01.40.-d, 01.40.ek, 95.10.-a Introduction Since early times, astronomers and makers of sundials have had the concept of a "mean Sun". They imagined a fictitious Sun that would always cross the celestial meridian (which is the arc joining both celestial poles through the observer's zenith) at intervals of exactly 24 hours. This may seem odd to many of us today, as we are all acquainted with the fact that one day -namely, the time it takes the Sun to cross the meridian twice- is in fact 24 hours and there is no need to invent any new Sun. -
HOW to BE CREATIVE with DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING and PORTRAITURE Quick Guide Written by Ludmila Borošová
Photzy HOW TO BE CREATIVE WITH DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING AND PORTRAITURE Quick Guide Written by Ludmila Borošová HOW TO BE CREATIVE WITH DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING AND PORTRAITURE // © PHOTZY.COM 1 One of the common things we often hear professional Today, we’ll cover the following: photographers say is, “If you are a professional, you avoid shooting at noon.” It is partially true, because experienced • Reasons why photographers avoid shooting in photographers usually customize their schedule in order directional lighting to increase their chances of getting a type of light they • Tips before, during, and after a photoshoot for prefer. That is, usually a soft, beautiful light achieved achieving better outcomes in directional lighting by the golden hour near sunrise or sunset hours. I can’t Recommended Reading: If you’re interested in blame them – I’m one of them, preferring to work in learning more about light and how you can use it to my comfortable space of soft light, no harsh shadows, improve your photography, grab a copy of Photzy’s and beautiful “bokeh.” But what really does bring you bestselling premium guide: Understanding Light Book a step closer to becoming a professional? Being able to Two. shoot amazing pictures regardless of lighting conditions? Adapting to new and uncomfortable situations? The answer is yes, but first of all, you have to seek them. HOW TO BE CREATIVE WITH DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING AND PORTRAITURE // © PHOTZY.COM 2 WHY DO PHOTOGRAPHERS PREFER GOLDEN HOUR LIGHT AND AVOID SHOOTING AT NOON? There are various reasons why this has been the trend over the past years, and it is still a preferred time of day for the majority. -
Astrocalc4r: Software to Calculate Solar Zenith Angle
Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 11-14 AstroCalc4R: Software to Calculate Solar Zenith Angle; Time at sunrise, Local Noon, and Sunset; and Photosynthetically Available Radiation Based on Date, Time, and Location by Larry Jacobson, Alan Seaver, and Jiashen Tang August 2011 Recent Issues in This Series 10-15 Bluefish 2010 Stock Assessment Update, by GR Shepherd and J Nieland. July 2010. 10-16 Stock Assessment of Scup for 2010, by M Terceiro. July 2010. 10-17 50th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (50th SAW) Assessment Report, by Northeast Fisheries Science Center. August 2010. 10-18 An Updated Spatial Pattern Analysis for the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic Herring Complex During 1963-2009, by JJ Deroba. August 2010. 10-19 International Workshop on Bioextractive Technologies for Nutrient Remediation Summary Report, by JM Rose, M Tedesco, GH Wikfors, C Yarish. August 2010. 10-20 Northeast Fisheries Science Center publications, reports, abstracts, and web documents for calendar year 2009, by A Toran. September 2010. 10-21 12th Flatfish Biology Conference 2010 Program and Abstracts, by Conference Steering Committee. October 2010. 10-22 Update on Harbor Porpoise Take Reduction Plan Monitoring Initiatives: Compliance and Consequential Bycatch Rates from June 2008 through May 2009, by CD Orphanides. November 2010. 11-01 51st Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (51st SAW): Assessment Summary Report, by Northeast Fisheries Science Center. January 2011. 11-02 51st Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (51st SAW): Assessment Report, by Northeast Fisheries Science Center. March 2011. 11-03 Preliminary Summer 2010 Regional Abundance Estimate of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) in Northwestern Atlantic Ocean Continental Shelf Waters, by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and the Southeast Fisheries Science Center. -
Your Guide to Better Beach Photography by Sarah Vaughn
Your Guide to Better Beach Photography by Sarah Vaughn Shooting at the beach: your kids & clients Tips for full sun, back light & much more The beach and photography is a match made in heaven, with deep blue sky, cotton ball clouds, azure sea, and children laughing and playing in the golden sand. But it’s also one of the most challenging places to shoot. Have you ever tried to take pictures of your children or clients at the beach only to be confronted with full sun, blown hot spots, glare from the water, harsh shadows and lots of messy, sandy people? Beach photography is tricky, for sure. But with a few tips, techniques and practice, there are few locations that can yield as beautiful backdrops and happy, joy-filled subjects. My own love-hate relationship with sun-filled beach photos comes from living on an island in the Indian Ocean for many years. With no sand dunes or structures to filter the light, I learned to navigate beach photography through trial and error. And though a flash and reflector can be your best friend - I’ve chosen today to focus on tips that anyone can use, even if you’ve left your flash at home or couldn’t fit that reflector in your beach bag. Yours, Sarah Vaughn When to shoot First off, not all sun is created equal. When you are at the beach with nothing to block the light, choosing the right time of day is even more important. If you are shooting a family session at the beach, you will likely have control over when and where you schedule it and can select the best conditions for the job. -
For Earth Applications
NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM X- 71515 MEMORANDUM r- I (NASA-TM-X-71515) WIDE AREA COVERAGE N74-20536 RADAR IMAGING SATELLITE FO, EARTH APPLICATIONS (NASA) 11+- p HC $8.75 117 CSCL 22B Unclas G3/31 33463 WIDE AREA COVERAGE RADAR IMAGING SATELLITE FOR EARTH APPLICATIONS by Grady H. Stevens and James R. Ramer Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio February 1974 This information is being published in prelimi- nary form in order to expedite its early release. WiDE AREA COVERAGE RADAR IMAGING SATELLITE FOR EART APPLICATIONS CONMTNTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................................. II. SUMMARY ....................o.............. ................ 5 III. ORBIT CONSIDERATIONS ...................... ................ 19 A. General ................. ....................... ........ 10 B. Sun-Synchronous Orbits ........................ .... 11 1. Orbit Eclipse ................................. .......14 2. Atmospheric Drag ............... 16 a. Orbit Decay ............ ....................... 16 b. Drag Compensation ................................ 20 3. Earth Coverage Patterns .............................. 24 C. Equatorial Orbits ........................................ 29 1. Orbit Eclipse ........................................ 30 2. Earth Coverage Patterns ............................. 30 3. Radiation Damage to Solar Cells .............. ....... 33 IV. RADAR CONSIDERATIONS ...................................... 36 A. General ....................... ................. ....... 36 B. Synthetic Aperture Radar ................................ -
The Gioconda of the Twilight Noon
The Gioconda of the Twilight Noon 'Those confounded gulls!' Richard Maitland complained to his wife. 'Can't you drive them away?' Judith hovered behind the wheelchair, her hands glancing around his bandaged eyes like nervous doves. She peered across the lawn to the river bank. 'Try not to think about them, darling. They're just sitting there.' 'Just? That's the trouble!' Maitland raised his cane and struck the air vigorously. 'I can feel them all out there, watching me !' They had taken his mother's house for his convalescence, partly on the assumption that the rich store of visual memo- ries would in some way compensate for Maitland's temporary blindness - a trivial eye injury had become infected, eventu- ally requiring surgery and a month's bandaged darkness. However, they had failed to reckon with the huge extension of his other senses. The house was five miles from the coast, but at low tide a flock of the greedy estuarine birds would fly up the river and alight on the exposed mud fifty yards from where Maitland sat in his wheelchair in the centre of the lawn. Judith could barely hear the gulls, but to Maitland their ravenous pecking filled the warm air like the cries of some savage Dionysian chorus. He had a vivid image of the wet banks streaming with the blood of thousands of dis- membered fish. Fretting impotently to himself, he listened as their voices suddenly fell away. Then, with a sharp sound like tearing cloth, the entire flock rose into the air. Maitland sat up stiffly in the wheel chair, the cane clasped like a cudgel in his right hand, half-expecting the gulls to swerve down on to the placid lawn, their fierce beaks tearing at the bandages over his eyes. -
Astrocalc4r: Software to Calculate Solar Zenith Angle
AstroCalc4R: software to calculate solar zenith angle; time at sunrise, local noon and sunset; and photosynthetically available radiation based on date, time and location Larry Jacobson, Alan Seaver and Jiashen Tang1 Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, MA 02536 1 Authors listed in alphabetical order. 1 Summary AstroCalc4R for Windows and Linux can be used to study diel and seasonal patterns in biological organisms and ecosystems due to illumination, at any time and location on the surface of the earth. The algorithms require more time to understand and program than would be available to most biological researchers. In contrast to the algorithms, the results are understandable and links to marine and terrestrial ecosystems are obvious to biologists. Diel variation in solar energy affects the energy budgets of ecosystems (Link et al. 2006) and behavior of a wide range of organisms including zooplankton, fish, marine birds, reptiles and mammals; and aquatic and terrestrial organisms (e.g. Hjellvik et al. 2001). The solar zenith angle; time at sunrise, local noon and sunset; and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) are the most important variables for biology that are calculated by AstroCalc4R. PAR is the amount of photosynthetically available radiation (usually wavelengths of 400-700 nm) at the surface of the earth or ocean based on the solar zenith angle under average atmospheric conditions (Frouin et al. 1989; Figure 1).2,3 The algorithms in AstroCalc4R for all variables except PAR are based on Meeus (2009) and Seidelmann (2006). They give the same results and are almost the same as algorithms used by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. -
CSD Name: This Diagram Illustrates the Path of the Sun and the Altitude
Do Now Sci 88H -CSD Name: This diagram illustrates the path of the sun and the altitude of the noon sun on the celestial sphere for an observer in New York State (latitude 43N) at the beginning of each season. Label each month for the paths drawn in the diagram below Spring Summer Fall Winter NW SE NE 6/21 12/21 E 3/21 9/23 1. Which letter represents the path and altitude of the noon sunon ... a March 21? June 21? Shortest path - longest path - look @ duration of daylight A. & position of sunrise/set December 21? path D and 2. In November, the noon sun would most likely be between points 4 Fall season so after Equinox towards winter 3. In August, the noon sun would most likely be between points y after ist day of summer & soints B D and C olt equinok ! and 4. In May, the noon sun would most likely be between points - batter EQ - before ist day of summer 5. In January, the noon sun would most likely be between points 4 after ist day of winter & before equinox to and B ORD Base your answers to questions 32 through 3b on the diagram provided which shows observations made by a sailor who left his ship and landed on a small deserted island on June 21. The diagram represents the apparent path of the Sun and the position of Polaris, as observed by the sailor on this island. 4 to Sailor's Observations on the Deserted Island 80 90 Bolue 2 e = your Latitude 70 70 an 60 wluululuuluulutus 50 23.