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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Istanbul im 19. Jahrhundert. Die Modernisierungsbestrebungen in der osmanischen Hauptstadt – lokale Faktoren und globale Einflüsse“ verfasst von / submitted by Frederic Leon Johannes Strohm angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2016 / Vienna 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 805 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Globalgeschichte und Global Studies degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Dr. Gottfried Liedl Meinen Eltern Elke und Georg für ihre Unterstützung شك ًرا لصديقي أكثم ﻹلها ِم ِهِ لي ii Inhaltsverzeichnis Hinweise des Autors .................................................................................................................. vi I. Einleitung und Motivation ................................................................................................. 8 II. Methodik .......................................................................................................................... 10 II.1 Fragestellungen – was wird untersucht? ........................................................................ 10 II.2 Vorgehen – wie und womit wird untersucht? ................................................................ 11 II.2.1 Methode .................................................................................................................. 11 II.2.2 Quellenlage ............................................................................................................. 19 III. Historischer Kontext / Forschungsstand ....................................................................... 23 III.1 Globaler Überblick ....................................................................................................... 23 III.2 Osmanischer Kontext ................................................................................................... 25 III.2.1 Das 18. Jahrhundert: Langsame Neugier .............................................................. 28 III.2.2 Selim III.: Erste Reformversuche .......................................................................... 30 III.2.3 Westliche Übernahmen unter Mahmud II. ............................................................ 33 III.2.4 Die Tanzimat-Periode 1839-1876 ......................................................................... 34 III.2.5 Abdülhamid II.: Wiedererstarktes Sultanat, fortwährender Zerfall ...................... 43 III.2.6 Das Ende des Osmanischen Reiches ..................................................................... 47 III.3 Wertungen der osmanischen Reformbestrebungen ...................................................... 50 IV. Bestandsaufnahmen: Osmanische Verhältnisse im 19. Jahrhundert ............................. 57 IV.1 Gesellschaftsordnung ................................................................................................... 57 IV.2 Osmanische Staatsverwaltung im 19. Jahrhundert....................................................... 62 IV.2.1 Die Staatsorgane ................................................................................................... 62 IV.2.2 Politische Ziele: Zentralisierung der Macht .......................................................... 66 IV.3 Finanzsystem ................................................................................................................ 69 IV.3.1 Die osmanische Finanzlage im 19. Jahrhundert .................................................... 69 IV.3.2 Staatliche Geldbeschaffung: Das osmanische Steuersystem ................................ 72 IV.4 Die Hauptstadt des Reiches als Pars pro Toto? ........................................................... 78 iii Inhaltsverzeichnis V. Bestandsaufnahmen: Istanbul im 19. Jahrhundert ............................................................ 81 V.1 Name und Bedeutung .................................................................................................... 81 V.2 Einwohner und Zusammenleben ................................................................................... 84 V.2.1 Die Stadtaufteilung ................................................................................................. 86 V.2.2 Eine kosmopolitische Stadt? .................................................................................. 90 V.3 Das Wirtschaftsleben Istanbuls ..................................................................................... 94 V.3.1 Konsumstandort ...................................................................................................... 94 V.3.2 Kapitulationen ........................................................................................................ 95 VI. Istanbuler Reformbeispiele im 19. Jahrhundert ............................................................ 98 VI.1 Reformzwecke ............................................................................................................. 98 VI.2 Istanbuler Verwaltung und Ausbildungskonzepte ..................................................... 102 VI.2.1 Verwaltungsreformen .......................................................................................... 102 VI.2.2 Bildungsreformen ................................................................................................ 111 VI.2.3 Militärausbildung ................................................................................................ 118 VI.2.4 Zwischenfazit: Globale Einflüsse in den administrativen Reformen .................. 123 VI.3 Istanbuler Infrastrukturreformen ................................................................................ 126 VI.3.1 Gebäude .............................................................................................................. 126 VI.3.2 Straßen ................................................................................................................ 131 VI.3.3 Mobilität in der Stadt .......................................................................................... 137 VI.3.4. Hafen .................................................................................................................. 143 VI.3.5ِBeyoğlu-Investments .......................................................................................... 146 VI.3.6 Zwischenfazit: Globale Einflüsse auf die Infrastrukturreformen – interne Externe und externe Interne als Modernisierungshilfe ................................................................ 148 VI.4 Istanbuler Technik- und Industriereformen ............................................................... 152 VII. Fazit: Istanbuler Modernisierungsbestrebungen im 19. Jahrhundert .......................... 162 VII.1 Fazit: Istanbul intern – eine gespaltene Stadt ........................................................... 166 VII.2 Fazit: Istanbul extern – eine europäische Kolonialstadt? ......................................... 171 VII.3 Vergleich mit anderen Großstädten des Reiches ...................................................... 174 iv Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis VIII. Conclusio ................................................................................................................. 178 IX. Register ........................................................................................................................ 181 IX.1 Bibliographie .............................................................................................................. 181 IX.2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................. 196 Anhang ................................................................................................................................... 197 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 208 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Das Osmanische Reich 1792 ............................................................................ 197 Abbildung 2: Das Osmanische Reich 1908 ............................................................................ 197 Abbildung 3: Das Osmanische Reich in Europa .................................................................... 198 Abbildung 4: Verfall des Reiches .......................................................................................... 198 Abbildung 5: Istanbul ............................................................................................................. 199 Abbildung 6: Istanbul 1871 .................................................................................................... 199 Abbildung 7: Hauptstraßen und Stadtteile Istanbuls 1857 ..................................................... 200 Abbildung 8: Ausmaß des Pera-Feuers 1870 ......................................................................... 200 Abbildungِ9:ِAusmaßِdesِHocapaşa-Feuers 1865 ................................................................ 201 Abbildungِ10:ِRegularisierteِStraßenِnachِdemِHocapaşa-Feuer ......................................... 201 Abbildung 11: Die Divanyolu 1848 und 1880 ....................................................................... 202 Abbildung 12: Aksarays Straßen um 1850 und um 1870 ...................................................... 202 Abbildung
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