„Hörst Du Die Weisen Der Dächer?“

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„Hörst Du Die Weisen Der Dächer?“ „Hörst du die Weisen der Dächer?“ Istanbul in der türkischen Lyrik der Moderne Topographie der Großstadtwahrnehmung Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln Vorgelegt von Yasmin Ceyda Nurtsch, Bergisch-Gladbach 14. März 2014 0 Erste Referentin: Frau Prof. Monika Gronke Zweiter Referent: Herr Prof. Marco Schöller Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.07.2014 1 Ich nahm erst jüngst an einem Gespräch über einen neuen Lyriker teil, einem Mann von feinem Geist, dessen Haupt ein Tonspiel zarter Melodien und Rhythmen schien und dessen Gewandtheit und Herrschaft über die Sprache wir nicht genug preisen konnten. Als sich aber die Frage erhob, ob er nicht nur ein guter Lyriker, sondern ein Dichter sei, da mußten wir alle gestehen, daß wir in ihm lediglich einen Zeitgenossen, keinen Mann der Ewigkeit vor uns hatten. Ralph Waldo Emerson Literature is News that stays News. Ezra Pound Mit den Mitteln der Literatur die Wirklichkeit erhellen, Übersehenes in den Blick bekommen, Teilnahme wecken und vor allem Unterhalten. Erich Loest (MDR) Die rache/ der sprache/ ist das gedicht Ernst Jandl Ein Gedicht ist ein Beitrag zur Wirklichkeit. Die Welt ist nicht mehr, wie sie einmal war, wenn man sie um ein Gedicht bereichert hat. Dylan Thomas Ist vielleicht das Sprechen über Kunst eine ebenso unheilbare Krankheit wie die Beschäftigung mit derselben? Sanattan bahsetmek de, sanatla uğraşmak gibi, kaçınılmaz, şifa bulmaz bir hastalık mı yoksa? Orhan Veli, Vorwort zu Garip 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis EAL Encylopeadia of Arabic Literature EI¹ Enzyklopädie des Islams EdG Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte EI² The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition GAL Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur İstAns İstanbul Ansiklopedisi TA Turkologischer Anzeiger TDEA Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Ansiklopedisi CDTA Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye Ansiklopedisi OSM Osmanlı OTS Osmanlı Tarih Sözlüğü LexMA Lexikon des Mittelalters 3 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf Studien türkischer Originaltexte. Da nur ein geringer Teil von ihnen sowie der Sekundärliteratur übersetzt wurde, stammen die Übersetzungen der Quellen sowie der zitierten Sekundärliteratur von der Autorin. Bei der Übersetzung der Gedichte geht es um die Darstellung des Inhalts, sie sind keine Versuche einer Nachdichtung. Allerdings werden formale stilistische Mittel wie die Kleinschreibung von Zeilenanfängen oder die Aufzählung ohne Kommata übernommen. Wo auf vorliegende Übersetzungen zurückgegriffen wurde, ist dies angegeben. Die Schreibweise türkischer sowie arabischer und persischer Eigennamen folgt den üblichen Regeln. Ausnahmen davon erschienen überall dort geboten, wo bei allgemeiner bekannten Termini eine eingedeutschte Form zur Verfügung steht (z.B. Diwan, Daschnaken, Abbasiden). Begriffe wie Seyahatnāme folgen den Regeln der osmanischen Transkription. Ich möchte mich an dieser Stelle von Herzen bei allen bedanken, die mir in Gesprächen und Korrespondenzen Anregungen gegeben haben, welche den Prozess des wissenschaftlichen Schreibens sehr bereichert haben. Außerdem bedanke ich mich bei Bachir Amroune, Michael Conzelmann, Ingrid Itzek, Cana, Cangül und Gerhard Nurtsch, Alexander Ossia und Sandra Vacca, die alle Teile dieser Arbeit in unterschiedlichen Stadien gelesen haben. Vor allem bedanke ich mich bei meiner Familie. Ohne ihre Unterstützung wäre diese Arbeit eine Idee geblieben und nicht realisiert worden. Ein besonderer Dank gilt Frau Prof. Gronke für die Betreuung. Der Titel dieser Arbeit ist dem Gedicht Sabaha Kadar, Bis zum Morgen, von Orhan Veli Kanık entnommen. Berlin, März 2014 4 Für Ali und Amin 5 Inhalt Vorwort 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Forschungsstand .................................................................................... 11 1.2 Fragestellung und Methodik ................................................................. 23 1.3 Der Raumdiskurs und die Lesbarkeit der Stadt ..................................... 30 1.4 Das Großstadtphänomen und die orientalische Stadt ............................ 38 1.5 Stadt und Stadttext: Produkte der Moderne .......................................... 49 2. Historizität des Stadtmotivs in der orientalischen Dichtung: Die Stadt: vernachlässigt – beworben – gepriesen – geschmäht 2.1 Beworben: Die eroberte und gegründete Stadt ...................................... 55 2.2 Gelobt: Die etablierte Stadt .................................................................... 60 2.3 Besungen: Die osmanische Stadt ........................................................... 64 3. Historisch-politisch-soziologischer Bezugsrahmen: Istanbul zwischen dem 19. und 21. Jahrhundert 3.1 Zwischen osmanischen Reformbemühungen und westlichem Einfluss .............................................................................. 72 3.2 Verändertes europäisches Interesse ....................................................... 82 3.3 Gesellschaftlicher Mikrokosmos als Spiegel der Außenpolitik ................................................................. 88 3.4 Die alte Hauptstadt ................................................................................. 95 3.5 Politische Entwicklung seit den 1940er Jahren ..................................... 98 3.6 Das literarische Leben.......................................................................... 106 4. Der Dichter in seiner Stadt 4.1 Das Großstadtmotiv in der Lyrik von Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915)…....110 4.1.1 Der Dichter........................................................................................ 111 4.1.2 „Sis“, „Nebel“: Eine intertextuelle Darstellung ................................ 115 4.1.3 Einstellung gegenüber der Stadt ....................................................... 123 4.1.4 Skizzen der Stadtbewohner ............................................................... 127 4.1.5 Die Natur ........................................................................................... 131 4.2 Das Großstadtmotiv in der Lyrik von Orhan Veli Kanık (1914-1950) 4.2.1 Der Dichter........................................................................................ 133 4.2.2 Perspektive: Der rastlose Wanderer .................................................. 136 4.2.3 Die „imaginierte“ Stadt ..................................................................... 141 4.2.4 „Gefilterte“ Eindrücke: Die sinnliche Wahrnehmung und das Fenster .......................................................................................... 143 4.2.5 Fernweh............................................................................................. 146 4.2.6 Personenportraits............................................................................... 148 6 4.2.7 Stadtviertel und Zeit .......................................................................... 152 4.3 Das Großstadtmotiv in der Lyrik von İlhan Berk (1918-2008) 4.3.1 Der Dichter........................................................................................ 157 4.3.2 Die pulsierende Stadt ........................................................................ 161 4.3.3 Die „beseelte“ Stadt .......................................................................... 165 4.3.4 Die kosmopolitische Stadt – Die Stadt als Mikrokosmos der Gesellschaft ................................................................................... 168 4.3.5 Die Stadt im globalen Kontext .......................................................... 173 4.3.6 „Historische“ Gedichte ..................................................................... 174 4.3.7 Die Menschen in der Stadt ................................................................ 176 4.3.8 Topoi: Himmel, Fenster, Meer .......................................................... 183 4.3.9 Perspektive und Standpunkt des Dichters ......................................... 186 4.3.10 Stimmung und Einstellung des Dichters ......................................... 193 4.3.11 Realpolitischer Bezug ..................................................................... 197 4.4 Das Großstadtmotiv in der Lyrik von Turgut Uyar (1927-1985) 4.4.1 Der Dichter........................................................................................ 200 4.4.2 Annäherung an die Stadt: Istanbul aus der Sicht eines Migranten….201 4.4.3 Charakter der Stadt ........................................................................... 203 4.4.4 Perspektive auf die Stadt: Der Erzähler in Bewegung ...................... 211 4.4.5 Gestimmtheit gegenüber der Stadt .................................................... 214 4.4.6 Topoi: Die Einsamkeit und das Haus................................................ 217 4.4.7 Bild der Frau als Bindeglied zur Stadt .............................................. 222 4.4.8 Die Stadt und ihre Charaktere ........................................................... 224 4.4.9 Stilistische Mittel, Stadtmetaphern ................................................... 230 4.4.10 Einordnung in Natur, Jahreszeiten, Wetter ..................................... 231 4.5 Das Großstadtmotiv in der Lyrik von Sunay Akın (1962) 4.5.1 Der Dichter........................................................................................ 237 4.5.2 Die Stadt als Ort politischer Repression ........................................... 239 4.5.3 Die sich verändernde Stadt ............................................................... 243 4.5.4 Die unbelebte Stadt: Monumente
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