Fort Monroe National Historic Landmark District

Fort Monroe national historic landmark district

Fort Monroe was designated a NHL in 1960 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In the 1970s, the boundary of the NHL was defined as the entire area of Fort Monroe bound by the seawall. 1C

1C.1 Historic District Boundaries ...... 1C.3

1C.2 Inventory ...... 1C.3

1C.3 Historic Landscapes ...... 1C.5

1C.4 Historic Viewsheds ...... 1C.7

1C.5 Transportation Networks ...... 1C.9

1C.6 Archaeology ...... 1C.11

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL AND DESIGN STANDARDS FORT MONROE NHL DISTRICT 1C.1 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1975 NATIONAL HISTORIC DISTRICT BOUNDARY HISTORIC DISTRICT BOUNDARY FOR REUSE PLANNING PURPOSES

HISTORIC DISTRICT BOUNDARY

1C.2 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1C.1 HISTORIC DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

Fort Monroe was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1960 . The Fort Monroe NHL District documentation prepared in 1975 describes the boundaries of the historic district verbally as “…all that land on Point Comfort enclosed by its sea wall ”. The accompanying map defined the area with a paral- lelogram that encompassed the entire peninsula to where the sea wall ends near the northern limit of the fort, just below Dog Beach . It also included a portion of Phoebus and almost all of Mill Creek because of the regular polygon drawn to define the district . Phoebus and Mill Creek were not included in the text of the nomination’s written description of the fort . Currently, it is generally accepted that the boundary of the Fort Monroe NHL Quarters 1 District is roughly the shoreline of Old Point Comfort along Mill Creek to the north, Hampton Roads to the west and south, and the eastern edge of the district follows the sea wall along the Chesapeake Bay to the point where it ends and then the boundary crosses the peninsula to reconnect to Mill Creek . The Programmatic Agreement (PA) for the Closure and Disposal of Fort Monroe recognizes the entire 570 acre site of the Old Point Comfort Peninsula, including the area extending north from the seawall to the property line abutting the com- munity of Buckroe, as contributing to the Fort Monroe NHL District .

1C.2 INVENTORY

The 1975 Fort Monroe NHL District documentation does not include an extensive inventory of structures . It mentions the Stone Fort designed by Simon Bernard and the text lists “significant buildings still standing” to include: Quarters Quarters 17 1, Building 17 (Tuileries), Building 27 (The Old Arsenal), Old Point Comfort Lighthouse, Engineer Wharf, Quarters 50, Battery Irwin, Battery Parrott, Battery DeRussy, Battery Church, Battery Anderson, and Battery George Ruggles . There have been more extensive inventories of the fort . The most recent inventory is included in the Fort Monroe Historic Architecture Repair and Maintenance Plan (HARAM), prepared by the Army in 2001 . The HARAM is a four-volume set, which extensively documents the historic resources and includes several that were not included in the 1987 survey by the Historic American Buildings Survey The Architectural Heritage of Fort Monroe . As of the date of signature of the PA, there are 189 contributing resources to the Fort Monroe NHL District including 175 historic buildings, three historic structures, nine historic landscape features, one historic object, and the Stone Fort which is made up of eleven named or numbered segments . Of these resources, four have been determined to be individually eligible for the National Register Battery Parrott of Historic Places (NRHP) and 112 buildings have been determined to have significant interior features . The four resources determined individually eligible for the NRHP are the Chapel of the Centurion, Quarters 1, Quarters 17 (the Lee Quarters), and the Stone Fort .

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL AND DESIGN STANDARDS FORT MONROE NHL DISTRICT 1C.3 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

Image Provided by ERDC/CERL

1C.4 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1C.3 HISTORIC LANDSCAPES

Fort Monroe is a complex, continuously evolving landscape over several pe- riods of history . Previous fortifications, Fort Algernon, an unnamed fort, and Fort George were located on Old Point Comfort in the Colonial Period . Fort Algernon and the unnamed fort burned and Fort George was destroyed by a hurricane . The construction of the Stone Fort, after the War of 1812, began a period of permanent construction on Old Point Comfort . The establishment of the Artillery School of Practice set the course for Fort Monroe to be one of the Army’s primary training facilities .

Cannon Park, Ingalls Road Even before the construction of Fort Monroe was considered complete in 1836, a thriving tourism industry developed as hotels, initially built to house workers constructing the fort, made Old Point Comfort a leading resort destination . Hotels such as the Hygeia and Chamberlin were popular destinations with tour- ists arriving by steamship via the Baltimore Wharf . There were many iterations of the Hygeia Hotel that were either demolished or destroyed by fire . The first Chamberlin Hotel was also destroyed by fire . A new Hotel Chamberlin, built in the 1920s, still stands as a reminder of Old Point Comfort’s resort history .

As the Army’s training mission evolved and Fort Monroe became the Coastal Artillery School in 1907, the military development of Old Point Comfort was

Continental Park with the Chamberlin Hotel further expanded outside of the Stone Fort by construction of housing, training and administration buildings for the newly established school . Much of the present day construction along Ingalls Road can be attributed to the Coastal Artillery School .

The Fort Monroe Historic Landscape Inventory, Evaluations and Recommendations prepared in 2010 by the US Army Corps of Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center/Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/ CERL), identified seven geographic areas of landscape development based on the evolution of the fort over 100 years and changing uses, missions and technologies (see map on page 1C .4) . Those component landscapes are:

Pet Cemetery 1 . The Stone Fort 2 . The Ordinance/Quartermaster yards and school 3 . Ingalls Road 4 . The Batteries 5 . Interwar/WWII 6 . Training and Recreation 7 . Cold War

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL AND DESIGN STANDARDS FORT MONROE NHL DISTRICT 1C.5 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

Image Provided by ERDC/CERL

1C.6 ERDC/CERL SR-09-Draft 49

FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT ERDC/CERL SR-09-Draft 49

1C.4 HISTORIC VIEWSHEDS

4 IdentificationViewsheds encompass all landscape and features Evaluation (land, water, and other environof Historic- Viewshedsmental elements) that are visible to the human eye from fixed vantage points . 4 IdentificationViewsheds and views have great and importance Evaluation to Old Point Comfort . The of views Historic ViewsViewshedsfrom playedthe fort provided a vital strategic role at defense Fort . TheMonr viewsoe to – the first point from and Old a strategicPoint and defen- Comfort Lighthouse still provide navigational aid . There are also viewsheds sive position – (line of fire). This report aims to inventory the significant within the site . These are views of buildings, objects, and landscapes significant Viewshistoricin the played development views a and vital and their definingrole current at the Fort character conditionMonr of oeFort – andMonroefirst evaluate .from a strategic their integrity. and defen- The sivestudy position of views – and(line viewsheds of fire). This is a relareporttively aims new to fieldinventory first mentioned the significant in thehistoricThe 1990s Fort views Monroe as features and Historic their Viewshedsof currentthe cultural analysis condition prepared landscape. in and 2010 evaluate by In the a USday Army their and integrity.age with The Corps of Engineers ERDC/CERL inventoried significant historic views and studyprominent/multipleevaluated of views their integrity and viewsheds . Incell all, phone41 views is towerswerea rela identifiedtively and searchesnewand evaluated field for first on alternative the mentioned energy in thesources,basis 1990s of significancesuch as features as wind, and integrity of preservationists the (see cultural map on landscape.page are 1C 6). starting . In a to day realize and agethe withimpacts highprominent/multiple density housing cell and phone cell phone towers to wersand searches can have for on alternativea sense of place energy andsources, the importance such as wind, in preservingpreservationists these arehistoric starting viewsheds. to realize the impacts high density housing and cell phone towers can have on a sense of place Flag Staff Bastion Belowand the are importance definitions in helpful preserving in un thesederstanding historic views viewsheds. and viewsheds.

Below are definitions helpful inViewshed understanding: Viewshed refers views to all andvisible viewsheds. elements that can be seen from a cer- tainViewshed: viewpoint . Viewsheds Viewshed are both refers ex- to all visible ternalelements and internal that . External can beviewsheds seen from a certain are those with views from viewpoints viewpoint.Viewshed: Viewsheds Viewshed arerefers both to externalall visible outside of Fort Monroe, while internal viewshedselementsand internal. are viewpoints that Externalcan from be seenwithin viewsheds from a certain are Fortviewpoint.those Monroe with . views Viewsheds from viewpointsare both external outside ofand Fort internal. Monroe, External while internal viewsheds viewsheds are Jefferson Davis Memorial Arch Viewpointthoseare viewpoints: withViewpoint views is fromthe from exact within pointviewpoints Fort Monroe. outside a personof Fort is standing Monroe, when while looking internal at a viewsheds view . Viewpointare viewpoints: the from exact within point Fort a person Monroe. is Viewstanding: A scene or when vista that looking can be seen at a view. whenViewpoint looking in one: the direction exact stand point- a person is ingView:standing at a certain A scenewhen viewpoint lookingor . vistaThe views atthat a view.can be seen in whenthis report looking are illustrated in one through direction standing at photographs . a certain viewpoint. The views inView: this report A scene are or illustrated vista that through can be seen photographs. when looking in one direction standing at a certain viewpoint. The views in this report are illustrated through pho- Fort Monroetographs. Historic Views View to Building 5 from the Lincoln Gun Fort MonroeThrough Historic analysis ofViews historic photos, historic postcards, and historic litho- graphs, the researchers determined where the primary historic viewsheds andThrough views analysis were located of historic on Fort photos, Monroe historic. With postcards, the research and completedhistoric litho- on graphs, the researchers determined where the primary historic viewsheds and views were located on Fort Monroe. With the research completed on

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL ANDFort DESIGN Monroe STANDARDS Historic Viewshed ReportFORT MONROE – 75% DraftNHL DISTRICT 1C.7

Fort Monroe Historic Viewshed Report – 75% Draft FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

FENWICK ROAD

HISTORIC FILL LOW ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROBABILITY HIGHPRIMARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXISTING TRAFFIC PROBABILITY ARTERIES AREASECONDARY DESIGNATED & ACCESS AS GREEN ROADS SPACE

POTENTIALEXISTING BUILDINGPAVEMENT SITES 1094 CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA OF POTENTIAL UNSUITABLE FILL APPROXIMATE ORIGINAL SHORELINE

FENWICK ROAD ZONE BOUNDARY Fenwick Road

EXISTING HISTORIC RAIL ALIGNMENT BIRD WATCHING STAND

EXISTING CIRCULATION SYSTEM INACINERATOR

LAN

FENWICK ROAD

1102 GULICK DRIV

1098

D 1099

1090 MILL CREEK FENWICK ROA 1092

FULLER LANE

559

T-86 213 558

BATTERY ANDERSON- RUGGIES

1091 189 557

556 190 214

ROSE CIRCLE 185 BAY BREEZE CLUB

211 232

FENWICK ROA

GULICK DRIVE

BATTERY CHURCH

247

GULICK DRIVE

FENWICK RO

460

458 456 SING

BATTERY DERUSSY

WHERRY HO

212 454 452 218 Stilwell Drive 201 197 221 BOWLING ALLEY 172

145 242 ENTRY 260 GATE 560 89

STILWELL DRIVE 87

EUSTIS LANE RANDOLPH HALL PULLMAN ROAD 96 EUSTIS LANE

STILWELL DRIVE

GULICK DRIVE

PRATT STREET 107 INGALLS ROAD 75 T-81 FENWICK ROA 54 264 265

STILWELL DRIVE 52 74 12 262 360 13 T-99

245 51 246 COAST ARTILLERY 270

SCHOOL HOUSING 261 358 NEW GARDEN STREET

268 T-104

45 356 234 108 T-102 NORTH GATE ROAD

170 T-246 PATCH ROAD 354

44 T-101 210 91

184 43 322

28 McNair Drive 263 MCNAIR DRIVE 188 CORNOG LANE

193 104 352 196 320 REEDER CIRCLE DARBY ROAD

187 260

192 BUNKER ROAD D 35 T-100 BANK 350 129

195 186 318 202 PATTON STREET

34 191 FENWICK ROADROA

259

194 252

348 316 Patch Road 58 59 GRIFFITH ROAD

WHERRY HOUSINGA

220 222 MURRAY STREET 346

231 100 57 135 314

219 168 313

243 344

230 56 311 GULICK DRIVE Ingalls Road 312

CADET BATTERY 117 NORTH GATE 53

80-81 PARK 342 39 309 167 PATCH ROAD

228 152 ROAD FENWICK 151 49 93 153 154 88

307

137 125 136 155

27-A 159 FRANK LANE 90 227 305 124 156 HATCH LANE 27 8 BERNARD ROAD 84 46 306 INGALLS ROAD T-24 105 226 140 85 303 103 6 HOSPITAL 9 162 139 150 105A 86 301 304 82 7 47 5 102 149

216 78 302

224 148 3 41 Bernard Road 101 24 182

126 300 31 POST 10 BATTERY THEATER CANNON PARK 77 GATEWOOD WATER BATTERY ST MARY’S 42 CHURCH 30 PARADE GROUND 1 ST MARY’S RECTORY MAIN GATE 25 EAST GATE

RUCKMAN ROA 109 123 26 110 YMCA

63 127 BUILDING TIDBALL111 ROAD 171 LINCOLN D

112 62 GUN 50

MOAT 479 Ruckman Road 113

128 217 14 AD

BERNARD ROAD 209 130 61 55 71

157 FENWICK RO 144 T-28 15 MARINA 131132 76 INGALLS ROAD MCNAIR DRIVE 114 19 HARRISON STREET 18 MATHEWS LANE 240 478 166 115 CISTERN

143 94 17 158 CHAPEL OF THE LEE’S CENTURION 116 QUARTERS 92 180 16 163 238

183 266 147 BERNARD ROAD JEFFERSON DAVIS 267 MEMORIAL PARK

73 229 146 Fenwick Road

138 234

134 ENGINEERS LANE 161

11 203 204 BATTERY PARROT 1087 223

205 133 64 FLAG STAFF 60OLD POINT 122 BASTION T-216 COMFORT

37 33 LIGHTHOUSE

118 233

TRADOC 83 119 40 COMPLEX 141

FENWICK ROAD 120 142 FENWICK ROAD BATTERY IRWIN 121

CHAMBERLIN HOTEL CONTINENTAL PARK 0’ 200’ 500’ 1000’ CHAMBERLIN HOTEL 4

1C.8 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1C.5 TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

Historically Fort Monroe has been accessed by a variety of trans- by the Army, serviced the Endicott Batteries, Engineer Wharf, and portation systems, most notably ship and rail . These modes of the warehouses located north of Patch Road . McNair Drive follows travel have greatly influenced the current transportation network, the alignment of the Chesapeake and Ohio’s trestle bridge along which is exclusively roadway . When the stone fort was built, its the west edge of the Fort . Internal roads such as Eustis Lane, Patch only connection to a roadway system was to Ingalls Road via the Road, and Fenwick Road follow the Army’s rail network . The trolley Main Gate . Ingalls Road is, and has always been, Fort Monroe’s line terminated at the end of Ingalls Road on the Baltimore Wharf . “Main Street” extending from the current entrance gate to the A popular method of travel to Old Point Comfort was by steamship . location of the Baltimore Wharf . Every primary traffic route within Engineer Wharf, located near the lighthouse, was the only wharf the post connects to Ingalls Road . servicing Fort Monroe prior to the Civil War . The current wharf there Rail lines have had the greatest impact on the layout of the circula- is a new structure in the historic location . In 1862 the Baltimore tion system . Although no railroad tracks on the surface remain, in Wharf was constructed at the southern end of Ingalls Road . As its the 1890s, a rail line connected Fort Monroe to the Chesapeake name suggests, it serviced steamships from Washington, D .C . and and Ohio Railroad and a trolley line connected Fort Monroe to Baltimore . Baltimore Wharf was removed in 1961 . Hampton and Newport News . An internal rail network, operated

Army Operated Railroad

Trolley Line C&O Railroad

Engineer Wharf Baltimore Wharf

HISTORIC DIAGRAM OF RAIL & WHARF 0’ 1000’ 3000’ 5000’

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL AND DESIGN STANDARDS FORT MONROE NHL DISTRICT 1C.9 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1C.10 FORT MONROE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DISTRICT

1C.6 ARCHAEOLOGY

There is one identified archaeological site, 44HT27, within the Fort Monroe NHL District . Site 44HT27 has 21 numbered loci, ten of which and part of an eleventh, are considered eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), five of which and parts of two other loci are not eligible, three of which and parts of two other loci require further investigation to determine conclusively their eligibility in terms of NRHP criteria .

Additional loci are likely . The archaeological resources located within the landmark district are likely to cover a broad range of time and be significant for their association not only with the military and other historic-period use of the property, but also for the prehistoric and Native American use of the property .

While the entire property is part of a large archaeological site and some areas have significant cultural material that contribute to the importance of Fort Monroe, there are also areas that are unlikely to contain significant cultural material as a result of past land use and disturbances . In order to appropriately manage the resources that are significant, a process has been established to ensure that archaeological considerations are part of all ground disturbing activities at Fort Monroe .

FORT MONROE HISTORIC PRESERVATION MANUAL AND DESIGN STANDARDS FORT MONROE NHL DISTRICT 1C.11 1C.12