Particle Physics Research in

Hesheng Chen Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100049, China Outline

1. Introduction 2. BEPC/BEPCII 3. Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment 4. Particle astrophysics experiments a) Yanbajing cosmic ray observatory b) Space experiments 5. Future plan 6. Closing remarks

2 Frontiers of Particle Intl. Cooperation: – LHCexp. Physics in China – ILC/CLIC?

– …

• BEPCII • Daya Bay ν

• Daya Bay ν II • Cosmic rays • Space experiments • Deep underground Institute of High Energy Physics

• Institute of Modern Physics: established at 1950 • Institute of High Energy Physics: independent Institute for Particle physics at 1973 → Comprehensive and largest fundamental research center in China – 1300 employees, 3/4 of them are physicists and engineers, – 550 PhD Students and 60 postdoctors • Goal of IHEP: multiple discipline research center based on large scientific facilities. 4 Major research fields at IHEP • Particle physics: – Charm physics @ BEPC – LHC exp. – Yangbajing cosmic ray observatory – particle astrophysics: HXMT, – Neutrino physics : Daya Bay reactor n exp. • Accelerator technology and applications – High Lumi. e+e- collider: BEPCII – High power proton accelerator: CSNS,ADS • Radiation technologies – Synchrotron radiation source and applications – Spallation neutron source and application • Construction and operation of large scientific facilities • Multiple discipline research: life science, nano-sciences, nuclear imaging, environment…… • 5 University Groups

• Peking Univ. • Tsinghua Univ. • University of Sciences and Technology of China • Shandong Univ. • Huazhong Normal Univ. • Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. • Nanjing Univ. • ……

6 NSFC: one of major funding agencies for particle physics in China

Supports particle physics research projects national wide, including • Research in experiments • Theory • International cooperation: LHC exp. …… • R&D of accelerator and detector • Innovation in the experimental facilities • ……

7 2. Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC)

BEPC: constructed 1984-1988 Ebeam~ 1–2.5 GeV BESI: run from 1989-1998 BESII: run from 1999-2004

BECPII upgraded 2004-2008 Ebeam~ 1–2.3 GeV BESIII: run from 2008

-charm energy region

8 With BESI and BESII data

 precision measurement of  mass: a factor of 10 improved. Lepton universality!  R measurements improve uncertainties by a factor of 2-3 2 (R/R6%). Large impact to MH.a(Mz ), g-2  New particles X(1835) observed. Hard to be interpreted as conventional hadrons. ppbar bound state?

Precision measurements on the Charm physics require high statistics and small sys. errors → Major upgrade: BEPCII / BESIII (2004-2008)

9 9 BEPCII: a high luminosity double–ring collider

SC RF

Two rings 10 Interaction Region of BEPCII

11 32 Peak [email protected]: 6.5x10 8XCESRC

• Luminosity enhanced: nx --> 0.5 (0.506), reducing emittance coupling, and increasing beam current

8 800

)

-1 s

Beam current (mA) current Beam -2

6 600

cm 32

4 400

2 200

对撞亮度 正电子流强 负电子流强 Luminosity (×10 0 0

日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 日 1 3 9 8 23 月 15 10 21 月 月 14 17 23 24 12 月 月 2 月 月 月 5 月 月 月 月 月 4 1 2 3 3 12 1 12 12 12 12 2010 2011 BESIII collaboration

EUROPE (10) US (6) Germany: Univ. of Bochum, Univ. of Hawaii Univ. of Giessen, GSI，Mainz，HIM Univ. of Washington Russia: JINR, Dubna; BINP, Novosibirsk Carnegie Mellon Univ. Italy: Univ. of Torino，Frascati Lab Univ. of Minnesota Netherland：KVI/Univ. of Groningen Univ. of Rochester Korea (1) Univ. of Indiana Souel Nat. Univ.

Japan (1) Pakistan (1) China(29) Tokyo Univ. Univ. of Punjab IHEP, CCAST, Shandong Univ., Univ. of Sci. and Tech. of China Zhejiang Univ., Huangshan Coll. Huazhong Normal Univ., Wuhan Univ. Zhengzhou Univ., Henan Normal Univ. Peking Univ., Tsinghua Univ. , Zhongshan Univ.,Nankai Univ. Shanxi Univ., Sichuan Univ Suzhou Uni., Hangzhou Normal Uni. Hunan Univ., Liaoning Univ. 48 institutions Henan Uni. of Sci. & Tech., ~ 300 collaborators Nanjing Univ., Nanjing Normal Univ. Guangxi Normal Univ., Guangxi Univ. Hong Univ., Hong Kong Chinese Univ. 13

BEPCII-BESIII-BSRF operation Accumulated the -1 J/ψ ψ' pb ψ(3770) largest directly ×106 1200 2900 1200 3000 produced J/y, y’ & y’’ 1000 2500 800 2000 samples in World： 600 600 1500  1.2 billion J/y 400 1000 （200 * MARK3 ） 200 500 0 0  0.6 billion y (20* CLEO )  2.9 fb-1 y (3.5 * CLEO)

Average daily lumi. at J/y increased by a factor of 120 compared with the one before upgrade. 5 – 6 months operation for HEP experiments, 3 months for dedicated SR mode @ 2.5GeV. During HEP run, parasitic SR

mode works. 14 Important results from BESIII

• Publish papers in world top ranking journals： – 29 papers published (PRL 10, PRD 16，PLB 1，CPC 2) – 5 papers submitted (PRL 2，PRD 3) – More than 40 analyses under internal refereeing • More than 80 talks at the international conferences, of them, about 35 are invited, plenary talks. BES is playing a leading role in charm physics in the world! BESIII：confirmed BESII results and observed more new resonances Confirmed pp enhancement, X(1870) determined its spin-parity 0-+ f1(1285) h(1405) J/ypp First observation of X(1870) J/ywp+p-h

• X(2120),X(2370) Confirmed X(1835) (support pp X(1835) bound state explanation） • Observed two new states X(2120) and X(2370)！ + - J/yp p h’ BESIII: PRL106, 072002 (2011) BESIII: PRL107, 182001 (2011) BESIII: PRL108, 112003 (2012) J/y3p BESIII：PRL 108 (2012) 182001 0  First observed large isospin breaking : h(1405)f0(980)p

h(1405) h(1405) f1/h f /h f (980)p-p+ 1 f (980)p0p0 3.7s 0 1.2s 0

 observed narrow f0(980) – much narrow than PDG value

+ - 0 0 f0(980)p p f0(980)p p

M = 989.9 ± 0.4 MeV M = 987.0 ± 1.4 MeV 17 G = 9.5 ± 1.1 MeV G = 4.6 ± 5.1 MeV Precision measurement of hC(1S)mass, width from yh (1S) C BESIII: PRL108, 222002 (2012) KsKp K+K-p0 p+p-h

KsK3p 2K2pp0 6p

The interference between hc and non-resonant hc is taken into account for the first time. The asymmetric hc lineshape is understanded, which is crucial in the precision measurement. 18 First observation of yhc(2S) Statistical significance >10 s BESIII: PRL109, 042003 (2012) New discovery! Great effort since BESI!

+ - + - 0 • Observed signal in KsK p +c.c.，found evidence in K K p -4 • First measured Br(y‘ hc(2S))=(6.8±1.1±4.5) ×10 • [Theoretical expectation: (0.1-6.2)10-4 ]

• Experimental challenge: detect photon of 50 MeV! 19

Lithography 6 wigglers and 14 VUV Middle energy beam lines. LIGA Macromolecular > 500 exp./year from > 100 institutions Soft X-ray Optics High-pressure diffraction

X-ray Diffraction Small angle scattering BEPC Photoemission SpectroscPopy [email protected] 1w1 Topography 4w1

X-ray fluorescence XAFS analysis Diffuse Scattering

Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility 20 Distribution of user’s subject

Misc Material 9% Environment Science Two modes running for users: 17% 18% Solid Life Science Physics Chemistry 18% Dedicated mode, E = 2.5 GeV, 15% and Chemistry 15 beam lines on Engiineering 23% Regional distribution of user

Parasitic mode, 6 beam lines on when running for HEP 3. Precision measurement of n mixing 13 Daya Bay reactor n experiment

• Daya Bay nuclear power plant: 6 reactor cores, 17.4 GW • Mountains near by, easy to construct a lab with enough overburden to shield cosmic-ray backgrounds • Tunnel construction finished. Begin data taking with Near sites middle 2011, Near-Far configuration Dec. 2012 • First results（March 2012）

22 Daya Bay Experiment: Layout

Redundancy !!!

 Relative measurement to cancel Corr. Syst. Err.  2 near sites（360m & 500m), 1 far site (1600m & 1900m)  Multiple AD modules at each site to reduce Uncorr. Syst. Err.  Far: 4 modules，near: 2 modules Cross check; Reduce errors by 1/N  Multiple muon detectors to reduce veto eff. uncertainties  Water Cherenkov： 2 layers  RPC： 4 layers at the top + telescopes 2013/7/16 23 Daya Bay collaboration

Europe (3) JINR, Dubna, Russia Kurchatov Institute, Russia Charles University, Czech Republic

North America (14) BNL, Caltech, George Mason Univ., LBNL, Asia (15) Iowa state Univ. Illinois Inst. Tech., Princeton, IHEP, Beijing Normal Univ., Chengdu Univ. RPI, UC-Berkeley, UCLA, Univ. of Houston, of Sci. and Tech., CGNPG, CIAE, Dongguan Univ. of Wisconsin, Virginia Tech., Polytech. Univ., Nanjing Univ.,Nankai Univ., Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Univ., Tsinghua Univ., USTC, Zhongshan Univ., Hong Kong Univ. Chinese Hong Kong Univ., Taiwan Univ., Chiao Tung Univ., National United Univ. ~ 200 collaborators

China: civil construction+½ detector, US:1/2detector(34M$)

Full data taking since the end of 2012

2 Precision Measurement of Sin 213  Observation of electron anti-neutrino disappearance: R = 0.940 ±0.011 (stat) ±0.004 (syst) announced on Mar. 8, 2012

2 F.P. An et al., NIM. A 685(2012)78 Sin 213 = 0.092  0.016(stat)  0.005(syst) c2/NDF = 4.26/4, 5.2 σ for non-zero θ F.P. An et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 13 (2012) 171803 2013/7/16 27 Updated results

R = 0.944 ±0.007 (stat) ±0.003 (syst) 2 Sin 213 = 0.089  0.010(stat)  0.005(syst) 2 c /NDF = 3.4/4, 7.7 σ for non-zero θ13 2013/7/16 28 LHC Experiments 1. CMS: IHEP, Peking Univ. – 1/3 of CSC at muon end caps (IHEP) – RPC of barrel muon (Beijing Univ.) – Remote operation center – Data analysis and Physics studies 2. Atlas: IHEP, USTC, Shandong U, Nanjing U. – Drift Monitor chambers (IHEP) – TGC (Shandong Univ.) – Data analysis and Physics studies 3. LCG: Tier 2 with 2000 cores 4. LHCb: Tsinghua Univ. 5. Alice: Huazhong Normal Univ. CIAE… 4. Particle Astrophysics Experiments • Experiments finished : –  Bust detector @ Shenzhou-2 flown 2001, First Astronomy detector of China in space – Chinese Moon project: Change-1, flown 2007 – L3 Cosmic – AMS01: permanent magnet • On-going Experiments: – Yangbajing experiment As & Argo – Chinese Moon project: Chang’e-2: launch Oct. 2010 – AMS02: permanent magnet, ECAL. • Approved Experiments: – Hard X Ray Modulate Telescope: Launch by 2014 – Chinese Moon project: Chang’e-3 – SVOM: China -France (Satellite) 4a Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory（Tibet a.s.l. 4300m） IHEP-INFN Argo RPC China-Japan Air Shower Array Yangbajing: new anisotropy and corotation of GCR (Science 314(2006) 439-443)

Celestial Intensity map (E~3TeV) Intensity @ E~300TeV New anisotropy component Amp=0.16% w/o corotation; Observation: 0.03%±0.03%. ARGO-YBJ results • Cosmic ray anisotropy and its energy dependence（top down：0.5~5TeV） • Long term monitoring for AGN Mrk421 bursts：accumulative significance 12S.D. • Multi-wave-length analysis with X-ray observation sdemonstrates strong correlation Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer • Search for antimatter and dark matter • precision measurement of isotopes

AMS01 permanent magnet and structure were built at Beijing, and became the first big magnet in space as payload of Discovery June 1998. It was sent to ISS with AMS02 May 2011.

AMS02 ECAL: 700Kg IHEP LAPP and PISA

Space qualification at Beijing

ECAL assembling at IHEP Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) To be launched 2014

3 190016001000 mm 1100 kg Satellite 2700 kg 36

5. Future Plan • Intensity Frontier – Charm physics @ BEPCII: next 10 years or more. Future plan to be decided based on results of BESIII & LHC in ~ 5 - 6 years – Neutrino experiments: Daya Bay II . (> 2016) • Energy Frontier: Intl. collab. @ LHC exp., ILC/CLIC… • Cosmic Frontier : – Particle Astrophysics experiments in Space: Polar – Cosmic ray measurement : LHAASO – Deep underground Lab.: Dark matter search – South pole Dome A: IR and THz telescope • Large Scientific Facilities – Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS): approved. – Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System: CAS started the ADS pilot project. – Beijing Advance Photon Source: construction scheduled at 2016 LHAASO Project: γ astronomy & origin of CR

Charge Particle Array μdetectorLarge High Altitude Air Shower Array Observatory Water C Three major components • 90k m2 water Cerenkov detector for γ>100GeV Array • 1km2 complex array forγ >30TeV – Array of 5000 scintillation detectors Wide FOV – Array of 3600 μdetectors under water C detectors C-Telescope μ Array – Array of 1200 detectors buried water C detectors & • Cosmic Ray Detector Array for CRs >30TeV Core Detector – Array of 24 C-telescopes Array – Array of 400 burst detectors

LHAASO sensitivity & scientific goals

• Surveying for γ ARGO ray sources • ~1000 • Above 60TeV extragalactic -5 sources are CR BG-free(10 ) expected in 10 • γ survival rate years ~99% • Finding Cosmic ray origins.

？ POLAR: Proposal and R&D

• Instrument conception POLAR Tian-Gong proposed by N. Produit, et al., NIM (2005) 天宫 • On board China’s spacelab Palace in TG-2: launch time 2013-14 (Phase 2 of manned Heaven spacecraft ) • FOV of POLAR: ~½ sky • MDP is 10%: >10 GRBs per year down to 10% polarization;

41 Deep underground lab. at Jingpin mountain

• Yalong river locates the west of Sichuan. Big U-turn at Jingpin mountain. hydropower stations are planned. •Tunnel length of 17km  4 water tunnels: f 13m  2 traffic tunnels: f 6m  drain tunnel f 7.2m (only used during construction) • max. overburden 2525m • Rock radioactivity is very low. • Horizontal Tunnel access • Convenient transportation,

good infrastructure 42 Deep underground Lab. @ Jingpin mountain

• Unique opportunity for world class deep underground science and engineering lab for multiple science research. – Physics Exp. Proposals: dark matter search, double beta decay, proton decay, nuclear astrophysics reaction, gravitation wave… – Deep underground engineering – Geophysics and geology • Two 6x6x20 m exp. halls near traffic tunnel B: dark matter exp., & rock mechanics studies • CAS proposal: large deep underground multiple discipline international Lab. . Under review. 43 Sketch map of Jinping National Deep Underground Lab. (13th five years plan)

Elementary Geophysics Physics

Rock mechanics and civil safety Transportation tunnel Jinping Lab. of Qinghua Univ. 20g HPGe running, 1kg under preparation Daya Bay-II Experiment Giant Detector located at 60 km from Daya Bay reactors, st the 1 maximum of 12 oscillation. Daya Bay 60 km KamLAND  10-50 kton detector  2-3% energy resolution  Rich physics possibilities  Mass hierarchy  Precision measurement of 4 mixing parameters  Supernovae neutrino  Geoneutrino  Sterile neutrino  Abnormal magnetic moment  Discoveries with a high precision detector? China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) ground breaking Oct. 2011, first beam @2016

Phase I: 100Kw

Phase II: 500Kw 47 Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (Dongguan, , Branch of IHEP)

48

Beijing Advanced Photon Source (BAPS)

1st phase : 5 GeV Ring （BAPS，2016-2020） 2nd phase: 6~8 GeV XFEL（BXFEL，2018-2023 ）-- Coherent, short-pulse, high

brilliance 3rd phase: 5 GeV ERL （BXERL，2020-）-- Partial coherent, multi-users, energy saving

MAIN RING E=5GeV ERL recirculation arc 250MeV LINAC C~1200m =Booster Booster ε~1nm C~300m Return transport test Gun1 BC1 5GeV LINAC XFEL(5+3GeV) Gun2 BC2 700m 650m

49 Closing Remarks

• BEPCII/BESIII will produce many interesting results in Charm physics in next 10 years. The future plan will depend on the results from BESIII+LHC+SuperB… and to be decided within 5-6 years. • Dayabay neutrino exp. obtained the most precise

measurement on neutrino mixing parameter 13. • Experiments in the cosmic frontier are fast increasing. • Large scientific research facilities: CSNS, ADS, BAPS • NSFC gives strong support to research in particle physics and related fields. • Good opportunity and Great challenges