FLORA AND FAUNA STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED LOGGING AND OIL PALM PLANTATION AT PT 11675 (854.31 HECTARES)

IN MUKIM KERATONG DISTRICT OF ROMPIN, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR

SEPTEMBER 2019

Prepared by Assoc Prof Datuk Dr Azrae Bin Haji Idris Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

EXISTING CONDITION

Introduction – Juxtaposition

The Proposed Project Site is an area of 854.31 ha (2111.0 acres) located within Mukim Keratong, Daerah Rompin, Pahang. It lies approximately from 2°38’5” N to 2040’0” N latitude to 103°3’15” E to 103°5’32” E longitude. The Felda Selancar complexes lie on its western sides with Felda Selancar 4 and 9 at its border (Fig J1). The Endau Rompin National Park is located about 20 - 25 km in the southeast direction. The area is accessible through Lebuhraya 12 Segamat - Kuantan and Lebuhraya Tun Razak from Segamat and into Road 2490 until it reaches the Selancar Felda complexes (Selancar 2, 4, 5 and 9 on the left and Selancar 3 on the right). From Selancar 9, take off road towards the Proposed Project Site, initially using earth track of Felda Selancar 9 palm oil plantation before joining the numerous tracks within the site (Fig J2a and J2b). Large tracts of open-up lands mainly for agriculture lie in the northern direction drained by the Jekatih River. Sungai Pukin flows in the southerly direction but did not reside within the Proposed Project Site.

Figure J1: The Proposed Project Site is bordered on its western side by the Felda Selancar 9 (shown here) and Selancar 4 palm oil plantation. The ‘belukar’ on the left leads to the Proposed Project Site.

Figure J2a: The access to the Proposed Project Figure J2b: Numerous unused earth tracks criss- Site is made by the numerous earth track present cross the open parts of the Proposed Project Area. in the general area. The vegetation in the background is part of the Proposed Project Site.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

EXISTING CONDITION

Vegetation and Wildlife

The proposed project site is comprised of two ‘types’ of vegetated area. The first, which is much smaller in size of about only 10% of the total Proposed Project Site than the second one, is a tall secondary forest (Figure WH1). The original forest has been previously logged many years ago. What remains is trees with small diameter (less than 15cm) interspersed with shorter tree saplings, suitable for use as ‘kayu jaras’ (Figure WH2). The tree crowns are small that allows abundance of sunlight to penetrate until the forest floor. At the fringe of the secondary forest, where there is direct sunlight, fern thickets thrive well (Figure WH3). Where there is wide opening in the forest cover, light- loving such as the Amomum spp took (Figure WH4) the opportunity to grow and provide foods for herbivors such as the deer and elephants. This secondary forest forms the best available wildlife habitat in the area despite its small size.

Sandwich between the secondary forest and the palm oil plantations, lies the greater part of the proposed project site. It is a highly degraded ‘belukar’ or bushy vegetation. (Figure WH5). Vegetation heights hardly exceed 4m and are dominated by shrubby vegetation (Figure WH6a and WH6b). Generally, the area prevails as a savanna type landscape where the shorter bush is widely interspersed by taller tree species (Figure WH7). Many but smaller patches of barren soil, totally exposed without any vegetation cover can be found in abundant (Figure WH 8). There are two small streams flowing in the area namely Sungai Sesat and Sungai Bakar in the southern end. Several smaller seasonal brooks feeds into the two rivers but they hardly form good for the aquatic wildlife (Figure WH9a and WH9b). However, apart from dew and precipitation, it may be the only source of water for the terrestrial in the area. Bigger river, the Sungai Pukin travers outside the Proposed Project Area in the southerly ends and the Sungai Jekatih drains outside the northern borders.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Figure WH1: The secondary forest found in the Figure WH2: The forest floor is dominated by tree proposed project site. Note the smaller sized saplings and sunlight is abundance due to sparse diameter and wide opening of the crown. crown cover. Remnants of make-shift hut are seen in the foreground, probably used by poachers to hunt wildlife in the area.

Figure WH3: The fern thickets, locally known as Figure WH4: Species from the ginger family, resam (Dicranopteris linearis) flourished well at Amomum spp (tepus) is seen growing in the edge of the secondary forest where sunlight is openings of the forest. abundant. Its silhouette distinctly demarcates the border between the forest and the bush (belukar) surrounding the forest island.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Figure WH5: Large portion of the Proposed Study Figure WH6a: Shrubby vegetation dominates the Site is a cut over vegetation that has turned into degraded part of the proposed project site. The bushy landscapes locally known as ‘belukar’. It is shrub species, Trema orientalis (Menarong) as dominated by shrub, fern-thickets and tall grasses seen here is present in abundance. such as the ‘mempiang’ as seen in the fore ground.

Figure WH6b: The vast area of the Proposed Figure WH7: A large portion of the proposed Project Site is predominantly shrubby vegetation project site is comprised of highly degraded forest with few tree species scattered here and there. The habitat as seen here. Most of the soil is exposed broad-leaf shrub seen in the center is Mallotus without much vegetation cover. And the plant paniculatus (Balik Angin), a pioneering species of species cannot grow well and are stunted. open areas. However, few pioneering tree species such as the Pulai (Alstonia angustiloba) can thrives in such harsh ecosystems (The tree in the mid-background of the photo).

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Figure WH8: Barren, exposed soil is quite Figure WH9a: Several small seasonal tributaries of prevalent in the proposed project site as depicted larger river drain the propose project site and is in this photo. the only aquatic habitats available albeit its trivial discharge volume. Nevertheless, it is an important water source for terrestrial wildlife as indicated by numerous footprints found in the vicinity as shown here.

Figure WH9b: A very shallow stream that drains the Proposed Project Site. footprints is clearly visible, an indication that it serves as a wildlife water source.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

FLORA

SURVEY METHOD

The objective of this survey is to obtain the qualitative aspect of the botanical composition of the forest island. The survey is conducted by erecting five 100-meter lines transect make up of rapia strings. Any plant species including trees and non-trees (i.e. palms, shrubs, herbs, & climbers/creepers) and lower plants (ferns and fern-allies) that touches the strings will be recorded as presence. A further three plots of 10 m x 10 m is erected to supplement the transect data. Line transects and plots are erected in strategic location so as to obtain a representative picture on the botanical composition of the forest island.

Where possible, all plant species is identified to the species level. Failing that it will be identified to at least the level using the taxonomical system currently used. All plant species is then grouped under their taxonomical family and listed alphabetically within the family members. Where identification cannot be made in the field, parts of the plants (i.e. the leaves, flowers, fruits and sometimes barks) are collected using plastic bags. Further identification process is conducted with the aid of relevant books or published articles on the flora of Peninsular . If needed, reference is made to the herbarium collection of the University of Malaya or assistance sought from local plant taxonomists.

FLORAL COMPOSITION

A total of 116 plant species (including trees, palms, shrubs, herbs, climbers, creepers and ferns and fern allies) in 49 families was recorded during the survey (Table Flora-1). This represents a mere 1.4% of the 8,500 species of vascular plants recorded for Peninsular Malaysia. Many of the species recorded are either common or found in abundance elsewhere in the country.

The presence of many pioneering species is also quite conspicuous especially near edges and canopy openings – an indication of disturbed environment. Examples are Trema orientalis (Figure WH6a), Mallotus paniculatus (Figure WH6b), Dycranopteris linearis (Figure WH3) and Macaranga gigantea (Figure Flora 1). All of these species are also common in wasteland and roadsides.

Two of the species, Diospyros argentea (Bedil Lalat) and Eugeissona tristis (Bertam) is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Table Flora 1: Floristic composition of the surveyed forest island in the proposed project area.

NO FAMILY SPECIES VERNACULAR NAME 1. Alangiaceae Alangium ebenaceum Mentulang Daun 2. Anacardiaceae Campnosperma auriculatum Terentang Daun Besar 3. Annonaceae Monocarpia marginalis Mempisang 4. Apocynaceae Alstonia angustiloba Pulai 5. Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Pulai 6. Apocynaceae Dyera costulata Jelutong 7. Araliaceae Arthrophyllum sp. Susun Dahan 8. Blechnaceae Stenochlaena palustris Paku Miding 9. Burseraceae Canarium littorale Kedondong Bulan 10. Burseraceae Canarium patentinervium Kedondong 11. Burseraceae Dacryodes rostrata Kembayau 12. Burseraceae Santiria apiculata Kedondong 13. Burseraceae Santiria sp. Kedondong 14. Burseraceae Santiria tomentosa Kedondong 15. Burseraceae Triomma malaccensis - 16. Commelinaceae Amischotolype sp. - 17. Compositae Chromolaena odorata Malialam 18. Compositae Mikania cordata Selaput Tunggul 19. Connaraceae Agelaea borneensis Akar Kankacang 20. Cyperaceae Cyperus digitatus Rumput Tiga Segi 21. Dilleniaceae Acrotrema costatum Tutup Bumi Hutan 22. Dipterocarpaceace Anisoptera costata Mersawa Kesat 23. Dipterocarpaceace Anisoptera laevis Mersawa Durian 24. Dipterocarpaceace Dipterocarpus crinitus Keruing Mempelas 25. Dipterocarpaceace Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Keruing 26. Dipterocarpaceace Shorea parvifolia Meranti Sarang Punai 27. Dipterocarpaceace Shorea pauciflora Meranti Nemesu 28. Dipterocarpaceace Shorea sp. Meranti pa’ang? 29. Ebenaceae Diospyros argentea Kayu Arang; Bedil Lalat [endemic] 30. Euphorbiaceae Agrostistachys longifolia Jenjulong 31. Euphorbiaceae Aidia densiflora Menterbang 32. Euphorbiaceae Aporusa benthamiana Sebasah 33. Euphorbiaceae Breynia reclinata Hujan Panas 34. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga bancana Mahang Merah 35. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga gigantea Mahang Gajah 36. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga hypoleuca Mahang Putih 37. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga javanicus Mahang 38. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus macrostachyus Balik Angin Besar 39. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus paniculatus Balik Angin Kecil 40. Euphorbiaceae Neoscortechinia kingie Perupoh Jantan 41. Euphorbiaceae Pimelodendron sp. - 42. Fagaceae Castanopsis schefferiana Terentang 43. Fagaceae Lithocarpus lucidus Mempening 44. Fagaceae Lithocarpus rassa Rasa 45. Fagaceae Lithocarpus wallichianus Mempening 46. Fagaceae Quercus argentata Mempening 47. Flacourtiaceae Scaphocalyx spathacea - 48. Gleicheniaceae Dycranopteris linearis Resam 49. Gnetaceae Gnetum cuspidum Asam Anyang 50. Graminae Schizostachyum sp. Buluh 51. Guttiferae Garcinia urophylla Kandis 52. Guttiferae Mesua ferrea Penaga Lilin 53. Hypoxidaceae Molineria latifolia Lemba 54. Ixonanthaceae Ixonanthes icosandra Pagar Anak

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

55. Lecythidaceae Barringtonia macrostachya Putat 56. Leguminosae Archidendron bubalinum Kerdas 57. Leguminosae Callerya atropurpurea Tulang Daing 58. Leguminosae Dialium platysepalum Keranji 59. Leguminosae Entada spiralis Sintok 60. Leguminosae Intsia Palembanica Merbau 61. Leguminosae Koompassia malaccensis Kempas 62. Leguminosae Mimosa pudica Semalu 63. Leguminosae Sindora coriacea Sepetir Licin 64. Loganiaceae Fragraea racemosa Mempulih; Setebal 65. Maranthaceae Donax grandis Bemban 66. Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta Senduduk Bulu 67. Melastomataceae Lijndenia laurina Nipis Kulit 68. Melastomataceae Melastoma malabathricum Senduduk 69. Melastomataceae Oxyspora bullata Senduduk Gajah 70. Melastomataceae Pternandra echinata Sial Menahun 71. Meliaceae Sandoricum sp. Sentul 72. Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum Akar Kunyit 73. Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus Terap Nasi 74. Moraceae Ficus sp. Ara 75. Moraceae Streblus elongatus Tempinis 76. Myristicaceae Knema patentinervia Penarahan 77. Myristicaceae Knema scortechinii Penarahan Arang 78. Myristicaceae Myristica sp. Pala Hutan 79. Myrtaceae Rhodamnia cinerea Mempoyan 80. Myrtaceae Syzygium polyanthum Serai Kayu 81. Ochnaceae Campylospernum serratum Mata Ketam 82. Olacaceae Ochanostachys amentacea Petaling 83. Palmae Caryota mitis Dudur 84. Palmae Eleiodoxa conferta Kelubi 85. Palmae Eugeissona tristis Bertam [endemic] 86. Palmae Licuala longipes Palas 87. Palmae Plectocomiopsis sp. Rotan 88. Pandanaceae Pandanus sp. Mengkuang Besar 89. Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum eurhynchum - 90. Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia lanceolata Tetumpang 91. Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia longifolia Sakat 92. Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia piloselloides Duit-Duit 93. Rubiaceae Chasalia chartacea Jarum-Jarum; Buah Beras 94. Rubiaceae Diplospora malaccensis - 95. Rubiaceae Hedyotis philippinensis Lidah Jin 96. Rubiaceae Porterandia anisophylla Tinjau Belukar 97. Rubiaceae Timonius wallichianus Tulang-Tulang Jantan 98. Rubiaceae Urophyllum glabrum Melukut 99. Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata Kasai 100. Sapotaceae Palaquium gutta Nyatoh Taban Merah 101. Schzaeaceae Lygodium salicifolium Ribu-Ribu Gajah 102. Smilacaceae Smilax setosa Akar Banar 103. Sterculiaceae Heritiera simplicifolia Mengkulang 104. Sterculiaceae Scaphium macropodum Kembang Semangkok Jantung 105. Sterculiaceae Sterculia coccinea Cempaka Janggi 106. Tiliaceae Microcos fibrocarpa Cenderai Asam 107. Ulmaceae Gironniera nervosa Hampas Tebu 108. Ulmaceae Gironniera parvifolia Kasap 109. Ulmaceae Trema cannabina Mengkirai 110. Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Menarong 111. Verbenaceae Clerodendrum nutans Pepanggil Hutan

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

112. Verbenaceae Peronema canescens Sungkai 113. Verbenaceae Vitex pinnata Leban 114. Verbenaceae Vitex vestita Halban 115. Zingiberaceae Amomum spp. Tepus 116. Zingiberaceae Globba patens Meroyan Beruk

Figure Flora 1: Mahang gajah (Macaranga gigantea) is one of the many pioneering species found within the Proposed Project Site. Elsewhere this species exhibit a gregarious growth habit.

FAUNA

COVERAGE OF THE SURVEY

This section of the report deals with the terrestrial vertebrate fauna present or expected to be present in and surrounding the proposed project area. The survival of wildlife especially among the big vertebrates greatly depends on the quality of its habitats. Quality refers to the content of the habitats in terms of basic requirement of the wildlife such as space (size, juxtaposition and fragmentation), food (including water and mineral source), shelter and cover. In short, it is the habitat carrying capacity for wildlife in the area. Hence, this study will report on the existing condition of the wildlife habitats in the proposed project area and this reported in the preceding section; the potential impacts of the proposed project to the wildlife habitat and finally the recommendation of the mitigation measures needed to be taken to minimise the potential impacts.

After examining the habitats, this study will report on the existing wildlife inventory itself. In this context, the survey will only cover the vertebrate fauna. The invertebrates are not covered because of their abundance, minute physical size and short life-cycle. Furthermore the impact to the invertebrates is minimal compared to the vertebrates. Four classes of the vertebrates i.e. the , , reptiles and are covered but with emphasized on the mammalian and avifauna. The potential impacts and mitigation measures will be treated in general as well as specific to certain species or a group of species.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Intensive surveys were made at two locations at the proposed project area for the trapping site, placement of mist-nets, harp trap and wire-mesh traps. Nets and traps were deployed at strategic places to catch the potential species. Surveys on foot were also made by following existing forest trails both during daylight and night time.

In addition to the intensive survey made within the project area, an extensive survey was made on vehicle along existing earth tracks surrounding the project area. As the name suggest, extensive surveys is made to sample as large as possible of the entire project area and its surrounding. A total of about 28 km of earth tracks was traversed for the extensive survey on two consecutive days. At nights spotlights powered from a four-wheeler truck were used.

The presence of the vertebrate species in the project area were made base on direct and indirect evidences. Direct evidence was obtained using the following methods:

o Direct Visual Observation: Direct visual observations were made either with unaided eyes or aided with a pair of binoculars. Direct visual observation is made during extensive and intensive surveys. This method is suitable for birds especially the airborne ones and diurnal mammals. o Wire mesh trapping: Baited wire mesh traps were used to capture small mammals such as rats and . Palm oil fruits and bananas were used as baits. A total of 2 trapping nights was conducted. In each trapping night 30 baited wire mesh traps were placed at strategic locations (2°39’5” N, 103°5’20” E and 2°39’26.2” N, 103°4’56.9” E). o Mist-Netting: Nylon mist-nets (2.4 x 9 m with 11/16” diamond mesh) were used to capture birds as well as . Five mist-nets and mist-nets were set at each trapping site giving a total of 10 nettings in 2 netting nights for the birds and bats respectively. Nets were hanged across strategic potential paths of bats near streams and forest trails in the same location of the wire mesh trap above. The nets for birds were manned from dawn to dusk while the nets for bats from dusk until mid-night. o Harp Traps: A Harp trap was set across trails and over streams to catch low-flying bats. The trap was deployed from dusk until dawn for two consecutive nights at each trapping site, resulting in 2 harp trapping nights.

Indirect evidence in the field is based on the following observations:

o Eggs, larval or pupa stage o Faecal pellets, faeces or dung o Foot prints or hoof prints o Aural observations especially birds and certain calling mammals. o Feeding traces or sites o Bedding sites o Nests

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

o Wallowing pools or sites o Well-worn trails / animal paths o Odour or scent for certain animals. o Carcass – careful interpretation needed.

Indirect evidence is also obtained through the following methods:

o Interviews with locals. o Interviews with the officials from the wildlife department (PERHILITAN) and rangers from the Jabatan Renjer Rompin. o Literature reviews.

ANALYSIS

In order to ascertain the importance of each wildlife species, the data on species occurrence is subjected to the following analysis:

o Malaysia legal protection o Global conservation status. o Endemism

Legal Protection Analysis

This report analyse the legal protection of the wildlife present in the project area based on the Malaysian Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) (as of 20th July 2011) is used. This act replaced the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. First Schedule of the Act list the “Protected Wildlife” and is divided into two parts: Part 1 for ‘Hunted’ species and Part 2 for ‘Other’ species. Schedule Two lists the ‘Totally Protected Wildlife”. Depending of the type of offences, punishment against any ‘Protected Species” varies between twenty thousand to one hundred thousand ringgit and imprisonment for a term between one to five years or to both (Section 60 - 65). Similarly, depending on the nature of offences the punishment against any “Totally Protected Species” ranges from thirty thousand to three hundred thousand ringgit and imprisonment for a term between two to ten years or to both (Section 68-73). Schedule 6 of the Act list the wildlife for aborigine’s consumption.

Global Conservation Status Analysis

This report uses the latest updates of the 2016-3 IUCN Red List for the conservation status analysis at the global level. Currently, the IUCN Global Species Programme is managing data on over 79,000 species, with approximately 64,000 of them well documented. IUCN uses nine categories of conservation status for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk. The nine categories are as follows:

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Extinct (EX)

A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), and throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Critically Endangered (CR)

A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Endangered (EN)

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Vulnerable (VU)

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Near Threatened (NT)

A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Least Concern (LC)

A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Data Deficient (DD)

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate.

Not Evaluated (NE)

A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

Endemism Analysis

In ecology an endemic species is a biological species whose habitat is restricted to a particular area or locality and not occurring naturally anywhere else. When it comes to birds, which are less land- bound than non-volant animals, ornithologists use slightly different terms to talk about what habitats a bird is “endemic” to – “Endemic Bird Areas” or EBAs that represent the total habitat for a bird species. An EBA may include temporary habitats or regions for a bird, as migration patterns broaden the spaces that bird types live in.

Thus, an endemic species is a focus point in conservation issues. Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct if their restricted habitat changes, particularly due to human actions during developments.

The Saltlicks

Where the ecosystem is nutrient-deficient, animals gather at natural saltlicks to get their supply of essential mineral nutrients. Many animals regularly visit these mineral licks to consume clay, supplementing their diet with nutrients and minerals. Some animals require the minerals at these sites not for nutrition, but to ward off the effects of secondary compounds that are included in the arsenal of plant defences against herbivory. The mineral contents of these sites usually contain calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S) phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).

However, there are no sign of saltlicks observed during the surveys within the forest island or its immediate surroundings. Upon checking with the topographic map of the area and interviews with officers from the wildlife department confirmed the non-existent of such saltlicks.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

The Mammalian Fauna

A total of 55 mammalian species is present or expected to be present within the Proposed Project Area and surrounding. (Table Fauna 1). This represents about 17.6% of the 313 species found in Peninsular Malaysia. Out of the 55 species found or expected to be found in the general Proposed Project Area, 5 species are among the large mammals defined as those species having average adult weight 20 kg or more (Morrison et. al., 2007). Only one of the Malaysian big five i.e. the tapirs may be present in the proposed project area. The other big mammals are, pigs (Figure Fauna 1), leopards, and the deer species. Several small cat (Figure Fauna 2 and Figure Fauna 2a) and civet (Figure Fauna 3) species are presence as indicated by their faecal pellets.

As usual, typical of the Malaysian fauna, majority of the mammalian species are among the small and medium sized mammals, define as those having average adult weight of 1 kg or less and between 1-7 kg respectively. Thirty-two small mammals’ species are expected to be present. Of this, 18 species are bats, 5 species of squirrels and 5 species of rats and moles. The remainder species are the medium-sized mammals comprising of the primates, civets, mongoose, small cats, small artiodactyls and porcupines. Figure Fauna 4 shows the common short-nosed bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) netted in the area.

As of 2007 and based on the used in Wilson & Reeder (2005), 33 species of mammals are said to be exclusively found i.e. endemic in Malaysia. None of the mammal species found or expected to found in the project area is endemic.

In terms of legal protection accorded by the Wildlife Act 2010, 15 or 24% of the mammalian species found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area is ‘Totally Protected” species- listed under Schedule Two. Among this are the big mammals, pangolins, coucang, gibbons, bear, mustalids, mongoose, cats, squirrels and porcupines. Another 6 species are assigned as ‘Protected’ under Schedule One of the law. The sixth Schedule listed 10 mammals species for aboriginie’s consumption of which three are present in the project area – the pigs, lesser mousedeer, and the Malayan porcupines.

In terms of global conservation status, all except one of the mammal species found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area have been evaluated by The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Version 2016-3. None are categorised as Critically Endangered (CR). Three species are categorised as Endangered (EN) which includes the pangolins, gibbons, and tapirs; 4 species assigned as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) including bat and the small cats; 4 species are ‘Near Threatened (NT), 50 species are accorded the “Least Concern” (LC) category and none for “Data Deficient” (DD) category and one species, the Mueller’s rat is “Not Evaluated” as yet (NE).

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Table Fauna 1: List of Mammal species found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area. AC = Aborigine Consumption; P = “Protected”; TP = “Totally Protected”; EN = “Endangered”; VU = “Vulnerable”; NT = “Near Threatened” and LC = “Least Concern”, NE = “Not Evaluated”. NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LEGAL IUCN PROTECTION STATUS FAMILY: MANIDAE PANGOLIN 1. Manis javanica Sunda Pangolin TP EN FAMILY: TALPIDAE MOLES 2. Suncus murinus House Shrew LC FAMILY: TUPAIIDAE TREESHREWS 3. Tupaia glis Common Treeshrew P LC FAMILY: PTEROPODIDAE FRUIT BATS 4. Cynopterus brachyotis Forest Short-Nosed Fruit Bat LC 5. Cynopterus sphinx Greater Short-Nosed Fruit Bat LC 6. Cynopterus horsfieldi Horsfield's Fruit Bat LC 7. Macroglossus sobrinus Greater Long-Tongued Nectar LC Bat FAMILY: NYCTERIDAE HOLLOW-FACED BATS 8. Megaderma spasma Lesser False-Vampire LC FAMILY: RHINOPOLIDAE HORSESHOE BATS 9. Rhinolophus trifoliatus Trefoil Horseshoe Bat LC 10. Rhinolophus sedulous Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat LC 11. Rhinolophus acuminatus Acuminate Horseshoe Bat LC 12. Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate Horseshoe Bat LC 13. Hipposideros bicolor Bicoloured Roundleaf Bat LC 14. Hipposideros armiger Great Roundleaf Bat LC 15. Coelops robinsoni Malaysian Tailless Roundleaf Bat VU FAMILY: COMMON BATS 16. Myotis horsfieldii Horsfield's Myotis LC 17. tylopus Thick-Thumbed Pipistrelle LC 18. robustula Greater Bamboo Bat LC 19. Tylonycteris pachypus Lesser Bamboo Bat LC 20. Kerivoula papillosa Papillose Woolly Bat LC 21. Chaerephon johorensis Johore Wrinkle-Lipped Bat NT FAMILY: LORISIDAE SLOW LORIS 22. Nycticebus coucang Sunda Slow Loris TP LC FAMILY: CERCOPITHECIDAE MONKEYS 23. Macaca fascicularis Long-Tailed Macaque P NT FAMILY: HYLOBATIDAE GIBBONS 24. Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang TP EN FAMILY: MUSTELIDAE MARTENS, WEASELS, BADGERS & OTTERS 25. Mustela nudipes Malay Weasel TP LC 26. Aonyx cinerea Oriental Small-Clawed Otter NT 27. Viverra zibetha Large Indian Civet TP LC 28. Viverra tangalunga Malay Civet P LC 29. Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet P LC

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

30. Paradoxurus hermaphrodites Common Palm Civet P LC 31. Paguma larvata Masked Palm Civet TP LC FAMILY: HERPESTIDAE MONGOOSES 32. Herpestes brachyurus Short-Tailed Mongoose TP LC FAMILY: FELIDAE CATS 33. Panthera pardus Leopard TP VU 34. Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard TP VU 35. Pardofelis marmorata Marbled Cat TP VU 36. Catopuma temminckii Asian Golden Cat TP NT 37. Prionailurus planiceps Flat-Headed Cat TP VU 38. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat TP LC FAMILY: TAPIRIDAE TAPIRS 39. Tapirus indicus Asian Tapir TP EN FAMILY: SUIDAE PIGS 40. Sus scrofa Eurasian Wild Pig P/AC LC FAMILY: TRAGULIDAE MOUSEDEER 41. Tragulus kanchil Lesser Mousedeer P/AC LC 42. Tragulus napu Greater Mousedeer P LC FAMILY: CERVIDAE DEER 43. Muntiacus muntjak Red Muntjac P LC FAMILY: SCIURIDAE SQUIRRELS 44. notatus Plantain LC 45. Callosciurus caniceps Grey-Bellied Squirrel LC 46. hippurus Horse-Tailed Squirrel LC 47. insignis Three-Striped Ground Squirrel LC 48. Rhinosciurus laticaudatus Shrew-Faced Ground Squirrel LC FAMILY: MURIDAE RATS 49. Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian Wood Rate LC 50. Rattus annandalei Annandale's Rat LC 51. Rattus muelleri Mueller’s Rat NE 52. Berylmys bowersi Bowers's Rat LC 53. Sundamys muelleri Muller's Rat LC 54. Leopoldamys sabanus Long-Tailed Giant Rat LC FAMILY: HYSTRICIDAE PORCUPINES 55. Hystrix brachyura Malayan Porcupine P/AC LC

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

The Avian Fauna

A total of 124 wild bird species is present or expected to be present in and around the proposed project area (Table Fauna 2). Birds caught or seen in and around the project area represents approximately 19.3% of the 644 avian species found in Peninsular Malaysia. Just like the mammals, birdlife is most diverse in the lowland forest (Well, 1976 and Strange & Jeyarajasingam, 1993). The latter reported that more than 260 species are lowland bird community. But due to habitat fragmentation and developments encroaching until the forest edges, open country birds now venture and dwell in the open areas of lowland forest. Some of the species are not strictly lowland birds but can be found in sub-montane and montane forest and even the coastal zones.

Birds in Malaysia can be divided into 3 groups’ base on their residency status – Resident, Migrant/Vagrant and Introduced. Resident birds are defined as the indigenous species known or presumed to breed within the Peninsula. Migrant/Vagrant species are migratory birds, present during a restricted period of the year either on passage or for longer period, but they do not breed in the Peninsula. The presence of vagrants is more scarce and irregular. Introduced species are species existing in a self-perpetuating feral state, known or confidently assumed to have been artificially assisted in extending beyond their original indigenous range. They are non-migratory. Base on this grouping, 114 or 91.9% of the birds species found or expected to be found in the proposed project area are absolute residents; 14 (11.3%) species each are either migrants or residents.

Base on their frequency of occurrence, bird community in Peninsula Malaysia is divided into 4 categories – Abundance, common, uncommon and rare. In the project area, only 3 (2.4%) species are considered present in abundance; 91 (73.4%) species are common; 30 species or 24.2% are uncommon and no species is in the rare category.

Peninsular Malaysia has 4 endemic bird species. There are no endemic species present or expected to be present in the proposed project area.

In terms of legal protection accorded by the Wildlife Act 2010, 114 or 91.9% of the avian species found or expected to be found in the proposed project area are ‘Totally Protected” species- listed under Schedule Two. It includes almost all the families of birds found there. Another 6 species or 4.8% are assigned as ‘Protected’ under Schedule One of the law. Eight species were not given any legal protection and these are mostly the game birds. The sixth Schedule listed 2 bird species for aborigine’s consumption of which none is detected in the project area.

In terms of IUCN global conservation status, there are no birds found or expected to be found in the proposed project area that are placed in the higher risk categories of Critically Endangered (CR). One species, the Straw-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus) was transferred from the ‘Vulnerable’ category to the Endangered (EN). Another species, the Large Green Pigeon (Treron capellei) is classified as ‘Vulnerable’. Twenty (16.1%) species are classified as ‘Near Threatened’ (NT).

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Table Fauna 2: List of bird species found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area. Asterisk (*) refers to the presence of species through direct evidence (visual observations/trapped) or through indirect evidence R = Resident; M = Migrant; OCC FREQ = Occurrence Frequency; A = Abundance C = Common; U = Uncommon; AC = Aborigine Consumption; P = “Protected”; TP = “Totally Protected”; VU = “Vulnerable”; NT = “Near Threatened”.

No. Scientific Name Common Name Resident Occ Legal IUCN Status Protection FAMILY: ACCPITRIDAE KITES, HAWKS, EAGLES, VULTURES 1. Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite R TP 2. Icthyophaga ichtyaetus Grey-headed Fish Eagle R U TP NT

3. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-Eagle R C TP

4. Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-Eagle R C TP FAMILY:a. FALCONIDAE FALCONS

5. Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon R & M U TP FAMILY:a. PHASIANIDAE QUAILS, PARTRIDGES, PHEASANTS 6. Rollulus rouloul Crested Wood-Partridge R C TP NT

7. Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl R C - FAMILY:a. RALLIDAE 8. Amourornis phoennicurus* White-Breasted Waterhen R & M A - - FAMILY:a. COLUMBIDAE PIGEONS, DOVES

9. Treron olax Little Green Pigeon R C -

10. Treron vernans* Pink-necked Pigeon R C - 11. Treron capellei Large Green Pigeon R U TP VU 12. Ptilinopus jambu Jambu Fruit-Dove R U TP NT

13. Streptopelia chinensis* Spotted Dove R C -

14. Geopelia striata* Peaceful Dove R C - FAMILY: CUCULIDAE CUCKOOS 15. Cuculus vagans Moustached Hawk-Cuckoo R C TP NT

16. Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo R & M C TP

17. Chrysococcyx Violet Cuckoo R & M C TP xanthorhynchus 18. Chrysococcyx minutillus Malayan Bronze Cuckoo R C TP

19. Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo R & M C TP

20. Phaenicophaeus tristis* Green-billed Malkoha R C TP

21. Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed Malkoha R U TP

22. Phaenicophaeus curvirostris* Chestnust-breasted Malkoha R C TP

23. Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal R C TP

24. Centropus bengalensis* Lesser Coucal R C TP FAMILY: TYTONIDAE OWLS

25. Tyto alba Barn Owl R C TP

26. Otus bakkamoena Collared Scops-Owl R C TP

27. Bubo sumatranus Barred Eagle-Owl R C TP

28. Ketupa ketupu Buffy Fish- Owl R C TP FAMILY: CAPRIMULGIDAE NIGHTJARS

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

29. Eurostopodus temminckii Malaysian-eared Nightjar R C TP

30. Caprimulgus macrurus* Large-tailed Nightjar R C TP FAMILY: APODIDAE SWIFTS

31. Collocalia esculenta White-bellied Swiftlet R C P

32. Rhaphidura leucopygialis Silver-rumped Swift R C TP

33. Apus affinis* House Swift R C TP FAMILY: HEMIPROCNIDAE TREESWIFTS

34. Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Treeswift R C TP

35. Hemiprocne comata Whiskered Treeswift R C TP ALCEDINIDAE KINGFISHERS

36. Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher R U TP

37. Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher R & M C TP

38. Ceyx erithacus Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher R & M C TP

39. Halcyon capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher R C TP 40. Todiramphus chloris * Collared Kingfisher R & M C TP FAMILY: MEROPIDAE BEE-EATERS

41. Merops viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater R C TP

42. Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater R C TP FAMILY: CORACIIDAE ROLLERS

43. Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird R & M C TP FAMILY: BUCEROTIDAE HORNBILLS

44. Anthracoceros albirostris Pied Hornbill R C TP 45. Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill R C TP NT FAMILY: CAPITONIDAE BARBETS 46. Megalaima mystacophanos Red-throated Barbet R C TP NT 47. Megalaima henricii Yellow-crowned Barbet R C TP NT

48. Megalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet R C TP

49. Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet R C TP FAMILY: PICIDAE

50. Picus vittatus Laced R C TP

51. Picus puniceus Crimson-winged R C TP Woodpecker 52. viridis Bamboo Woodpecker R U TP

53. Picoides canicapillus Grey-capped Woodpecker R U TP FAMILY: EURYLAIMIDAE BROADBILLS

54. Eurylaimus javanicus Banded Broadbill R C TP 55. Eurylaimus ochromalus Black-and-yellow Broadbill R C TP NT 56. Calyptomena viridis Green Broadbill R C TP NT FAMILY: PITTIDAE PITTAS

57. Pitta guajana Banded Pitta R U TP FAMILY: HIRUNDINIDAE SWALLOWS

58. Hirundo tahitica * Pasific Swallow R C TP FAMILY: CUCKOO-SHRIKES CAMPEPHAGIDAE 59. Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike R C TP

60. Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike R U TP

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

61. Coracina fimbriata Lesser Cuckoo-shrike R U TP

62. Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet R C TP FAMILY: IORAS, LEAFBIRDS CHLOROPSEIDAE 63. Aegithina viridissima * Green Iora R C TP NT

64. Aegithina tiphia Common Iora R C TP FAMILY: PCYNONOTIDAE BULBULS 65. Pycnonotus zeylanicus Straw-headed Bulbul R C TP EN

66. Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul R C TP 67. Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied Bulbul R C TP NT 68. Pycnonotus eutilotus Puff-backed Bulbul R U TP NT

69. Pycnonotus finlaysoni Stripe-throated Bulbul R C TP

70. Pycnonotus brunneus* Red-eyed Bulbul R C TP

71. Pycnonotus erythropthalmos Spectacled Bulbul R U TP 72. Pycnonotus goaivier * Yellow-vented Bulbul R C

73. Criniger ochraceus Ochraceous Bulbul R C TP

74. Criniger bres Grey-cheeked Bulbul R C TP FAMILY: DICRURIDAE DRONGOS

75. Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo R C TP

76. Dicrurus paradiseus Greater Racket-tailed R C TP Drongo FAMILY: ORIOLIDAE OLD WORLD ORIOLES

77. Oriolus chinensis* Black-naped Oriole R & M C TP

78. Irena puella Asian Fairy-bluebird R C TP FAMILY: CORVIDAE JAYS, MAGPIE,CROWS

79. Corvus splendens * House Crow R C TP FAMILY: TIMALIIDAE BABBLERS

80. Pellorneum capistratum Black-capped Babbler R U TP

81. Trichastoma malaccense Short-tailed Babbler R C TP 82. Trichastoma rostratum White-chested Babbler R U TP NT

83. Trichastoma abbotti Abbott's Babbler R C TP

84. Malacopteron magnirostre Moustached Babbler R C TP 85. Malacopteron affine Sooty-capped Babbler R C TP NT

86. Malacopteron cinereum* Scaly-crowned Babbler R C TP 87. Malacopteron magnum Rufous-crowned Babbler R C TP NT

88. Stachyris poliocephala Grey-headed Babbler R U TP 89. Stachyris maculata Chestnut-rumped Babbler R C TP NT

90. Macronous gularis Striped Tit-Babbler R C TP 91. Alcippe brunneicauda Brown Fulvetta R C TP NT

92. Yuhina zantholeuca White-bellied Yuhina R U TP

93. Eupetes macrocerus Malaysian Rail-Babbler R U TP

94. Copsychus saularis * Magpie Robin R C P

95. Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama R C P

96. Copsychus pyrropygus Rufous-tailed Shama R U TP 97. Enicurus ruficapillus Chestnut-naped Forktail R U TP NT

98. Myiophoneus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush R U TP

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

FAMILY: SYLVIIDAE OLD WORLD BABBLERS

99. Orthotomus sutorius* Common Tailorbird R C TP

100. Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird R C TP

101. Orthotomus sepium Ashy-Tailorbird R C TP

102. Prinia rufescens Rufescent Prinia R C TP FAMILY: MUSCICAPIDAE OLD WORLD FLYCATCHERS 103. Rhinomias umbratalis Grey-chested Flycather R U TP NT

104. Cyornis tickelliae Tickell's Blue Flycatcher R C TP

105. Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher R C TP FAMILY: RHIPIDURIDAE FANTAILS

106. Rhipidura perlata Spotted Fantail R U TP

107. Rhipidura javanica* Pied Fantail R C TP FAMILY: MONARCHIDAE MONARCHS

108. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch R C TP

109. Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-Flycatcher R & M C TP FAMILY: STURNIDAE STARLINGS, MYNAS

110. Aplonis panayensis* Philippine Glossy Starling R A -

111. Acridotheres tristis ** Common Myna R A - FAMILY: NECTARINIIDAE SUNBIRDS, SPIDERHUNTERS 112. Anthreptes simplex Plain Sunbird R U TP

113. Anthreptes malaccensis Brown-throated Sunbird R C TP

114. Hypogramma Purple-naped Sunbird R U TP hyporammicum 115. Aethopyga mystacalis Scarlet Sunbird R U TP

116. Arachnothera longirostra * Little Spiderhunter R C TP FAMILY: DICAEIDAE FLOWERPECKERS

117. Prionochilus maculatus * Yellow-breasted R U TP Flowepecker 118. Prionochilus percussus Crimsom-breasted R C TP Flowerpecker 119. Dicaeum trigonostigma* Orange-bellied Flowerpecker R C TP

120. Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker R C TP FAMILY: PLOCEIDAE SPARROWS, WEAVERS

121. Passer montanus * Eurasian Tree-Sparrow R A -

122. Ploceus philippinus* Baya Weaver R C P FAMILY: ESTRILDIDAE PARROTFINCHES, MUNIAS 123. Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia R U P

124. Lonchura leucogastra* White-bellied Munia R U P

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

The Reptilian Fauna

The class Reptiles is divided into 4 orders: Crocodylia (Crocodiles), Squamata (Lizards and snakes), Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) and Rhynchocephalla (Tuatara). In this report only crocodiles, snakes, monitor lizards and tortoises are surveyed and discuss. The smaller lizards were neither surveyed nor discussed. The tuataras are absent in this region.

Peninsular Malaysia is inhabited by two species of crocodiles- the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the smaller Malayan false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii). The former is the world’s largest crocodiles and is typically found in coastal areas but may be found even in inland rivers. The second species is found in freshwater rivers, swamps and lakes. Its population is currently very low and thus its survival is greatly threatened. However, based on surveys, interviews and literature reviews both species of crocodiles are not expected to be found in the two streams, Sungai Sesat and Sungai Bakar.

A total of 10 snake species is present or expected to be present in and around the proposed project area (Table Fauna-3). This represents about 6.3% of the 160 snake species found in Peninsular Malaysia. Out of this, 5 species are given legal protection as a ‘Protected’ species under the Wildlife Act 2010. None are accorded the ‘Totally Protected’ category. In terms of IUCN conservation category, no snakes in the proposed project area are considered Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN). Only a single species, the king cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) is assigned the Vulnerable (VU) status. One species are accorded ‘Least concern’ (LC) and the remainder 8 species of snake in the project area is yet to be evaluated (NE).

Malaysia has 4 species of monitor lizards. Two of these, the Common Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) and the Rough-Necked Monitor Lizard (Varanus rudicollis) is present or expected to be present in the project area. The former is a ‘Protected’ species whilst the latter is a ‘Totally Protected’ species under the Malaysian law. The IUCN red list of threatened species placed the common monitor lizard as ‘Least Concern’ (LC) whilst the second species is still not evaluated (NE).

Peninsular Malaysia is home to 18 species of terrestrial turtles and tortoises. Two species of land turtles, the Spiny Hill Turtle (Heosemys spinosa) and the Asian giant tortoise (Manouria emys) are expected to be found in and around the proposed project area. Of the two, only the Asian giant tortoise is a “Protected” species listed under Schedule One of the Wildlife Act and together with the Spiny hill turtle are also assigned the “Endangered” under the 2016-3 IUCN conservation risk status.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Table Fauna 3: List of Reptile species (snakes, monitor lizards & tortoises) found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area. Single asterisk (*) refers to the presence of species through direct evidence (visual observations). P = “Protected”; TP = “Totally Protected”; EN = “Endangered”; VU = “Vulnerable”; and LC = “Least Concern”; NE = Not Evaluated. NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LEGAL IUCN PROTECTION STATUS FAMILY: TYPHLOPIDAE BLIND SNAKES

1. Ramphotyphlops braminus Common Blind / Flowerpot NE Snake FAMILY: BOIDAE PHYTONS

2. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python NE

FAMILY: VIPERIDAE VIPERS

3. Calloselasma rhodostoma Malayan Pit Viper NE

FAMILY: ELAPIDAE ELAPID SNAKES 4. Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra P VU 5. Naja kaouthia Monocellate Cobra P LC 6. Bungaris fasciatus Banded Krait P NE FAMILY: COLUBRIDAE COLUBRID SNAKES 7. Rhabdophis subminiatus Red-necked keelback P NE

8. Rhadinophis prasina Green Tree Racer NE

9. Lycodon capucinus (Lycodon aulicus) Common Wolf / House Snake NE

10. Boiga multomaculata Many-spotted Cat Snake P NE

FAMILY: VARANIDAE MONITOR LIZARDS

11. Varanus rudicollis Rough-Necked Monitor Lizard TP NE

12. Varanus salvator * Water Monitor Lizard P LC FAMILY: TESTUDINIDAE TORTOISE 13. Manouria emys Asian Giant Tortoise P EN 14. Heosemys spinosa Spiny Hill Turtle - -

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

THE AMPHIBIANS

The class Amphibia is comprised of 3 orders i.e. Gymnophiona (caecilians), Urodela (salamanders & newts) and Anura or Salientia ( and toads). In this report, only the anurans were surveyed and discussed.

A total of 15 species of anurans in 6 families is present or expected to present in and around the project area (Table Fauna 4). This represents about 14.3% of the 105 frogs and toads fauna recorded in Peninsular Malaysia. None of the species were accorded any legal protection. At the global level, no species in the project area is “Critically Endangered” (CR) or “Vulnerable” (VU). Two species is assigned as “Near Threatened” (NT) while the majority of the species (13 out of 15) were assigned the “Least Concern” conservation status.

The Malaysian anuran fauna has a very high endemicity. Eighty-eight out 105 species are endemic in one way or another. Thus it is not surprising that 84% or 16 species of frogs and toads found or expected to be found in and around the project area is endemic.

Table Fauna 4: List of Anuran species found or expected to be found in and around the proposed project area. Asterisk (*) refers to the presence of species through direct evidence and indirect evidence. P = “Protected; NT = “Near Threatened”; LC = “Least Concern”; e = Endemic.

NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LEGAL IUCN PROTECTION STATUS FAMILY: BUFONIDAE TOADS 1. Phrynoidis aspera River toad, Asian Giant Toad, LC 2. Duttaphrynus melanostictus * Common Sunda Toad LC 3. Ingerophrynus parvus Dwarf/Lesser Stream Toad LC FAMILY: DICROGLOSSIDAE TRUE FROGS 4. Limnonectes blythii Blyth's river , Giant Asian river frog, NT/e 5. Limnonectes malesianus Peat swamp frog NT/e 6. Occidozyga martensii Marten's oriental frog LC/e FAMILY: MEGOPHRYIDAE LITTER FROGS 7. Leptobrachium hendricksoni Spotted litter frog LC/e 8. Leptolalax heteropus Variable Litterfrog LC/e FAMILY: NARROW-MOUTHED FROGS 9. Microhyla berdmorei Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog LC/e 10. Microhyla mantheyi Manthey's narrow-mouthed frog LC/e 11. Microhyla heymonsi Dark sided chorus frog LC/e 12. Phrynella pulchra Malacca frog LC/e RANIDAE TRUE FROG 13. Hylarana picturata Spotted stream frog LC/e 14. Hylarana labialis White-lipped frog LC/e FAMILY: RHACOPHORIDAE AFRO-ASIAN TREE FROGS 15. Polypedates leucomystax * Common tree frog, Four-lined tree frog LC/e

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Figure Fauna 1: Hoof prints of the wild pigs is Figure Fauna 2: A typical cat faecal pellet of the easily observed in the Proposed Project Site. smaller cat species found in the open portion of the Proposed Project Site.

Figure Fauna 2a: Faecal pellet of one of the small Figure Fauna 3: Recent faecal pellets of the civets forest cats, the Prionailurus spp and most found in exposed sandy terrain in the Proposed probably P. bengalensis, the commonest of the five Project Site. wild small cats of Peninsular Malaysia. This photo was taken in one of the vehicular track that traverses the central part of the proposed project area.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Figure Fauna 4: The common short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) caught in the mist nets erected during the survey.

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

IMPACT

General Impact to Wildlife Habitat

The nature of impact greatly depends on the nature of the proposed development to be carried out. It also depends on the stage of the development. Basically for most development these stages can be divided into 2 phases i.e. the construction phase, and the operational phase. In some case, a third phase, the post-operational phase is applicable. In this project only the first two phases is relevant.

In general, the wildlife habitat had already been severely degraded. Only a small portion is still intact as a secondary forest. This however still provides cover, shelter and foods for the wildlife in the area. In the larger belukar segment, the impact to wildlife habitat is minimal since it is already not suitable for most of the mammal species except for the smaller rats, squirrels and bats.

An integral part of animal habitat particularly among the big mammals is the saltlicks. However since, saltlicks are not found in the project area, the impact to this important element of wildlife habitat is a non-issue.

CENTRAL FOREST SPINE

The Central Forest Spine (CFS) project was first conceptualized in 2005 under the 1st National Physical Plan (NPP) (DTCP, 2005 & 2009). The project was later approved by GEF, UNDP and EPU in August 2012 and finally implemented in early 2014. The primary implementing partners are the Ministry of Natural Resource & Environment and Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, whilst PERHILITAN, TPCD, FRIM, JAKOA, state governments and NGOs like MyCAT, MNS and WWF are the secondary partners.

The project envisaged to link up 4 major forest complexes in Peninsular Malaysia with a network of ecological or green corridors to create one contiguous, forested wildlife sanctuary. The Proposed Project Area lies adjacent or near to Sector 4 of the Endau-Rompin CFS (Fig CFS1).

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Flora and Fauna Study for the Proposed Logging and Oil Palm Plantation at PT 11675 (854.31 Hectares) in Mukim Keratong District of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010 Figure CFS1: The general area of the Proposed Project Site lies near sector 4 of CFS.

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MITIGATION FOR WILDLIFE

Since the proposed project activity does not entail the total cutting of the secondary forest and the belukar, there is no necessary mitigation and wildlife management plan measure to be undertaken for the wildlife.

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