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Home, Yard Garden Pest UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION HOME, YARD & GARDEN P EST College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign NEWSLETTER No. 7 • June 7, 2000 control. There are, however, effective alternatives available. Chlorpyrifos is also formulated in a varnish Our Mistake base as Killmaster II. Being in a varnish base, it is The following credit should have been given to the very useful in commercial kitchen applications along “Plum Pox of Stone Fruits” article in issue no. 6: baseboards where it is not washed away by daily Adapted from Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News mopping. In recent years, very effective baits have (March 3, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 3; and May 24, 2000, been developed to fill this need, at least in cockroach Vol. 6, No. 10) written by Dr. Mohammad Babadoost control. The release of the risk assessment on June 8 (217)333-1523; [email protected]. should answer many questions about the severity of use restrictions. (Phil Nixon) INSECTS Spiny Elm Caterpillar Dursban The spiny elm caterpillar, Nymphalis antiopa, is On June 8, USEPA is scheduled to release the final present throughout northern Illinois. The adult stage is risk assessment on the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the commonly referred to as the mourningcloak butterfly. active ingredient in Dursban, Lorsban, and several The larvae (caterpillar) feed on a wide variety of trees other trade names. Newspaper reports are suggesting including elm, poplar, willow, hackberry, birch, and that an agreement with the manufacturer, Dow, may linden. However, elm and willow are the preferred eliminate over-the-counter sales of the product and hosts. severely restrict its labeled uses. Apparently, the Adult females, which are known as mourningcloak accepted residue will be below the effective rate of butterflies, emerge from hibernation in spring and lay the insecticide in at least some uses. eggs in masses of 300 to 450 on tree branches or In all likelihood, any loss of labeling will result in a twigs. The eggs are yellow, then turn black prior to halt in the production of new product at a stated time larval emergence. The eggs hatch into larvae that are in the future, with the allowed sale of stock that is in blue-black in color. They are over 2 inches long when the avenues of trade. In other words, over-the-counter full grown. In addition, older larvae possess spines Dursban will likely be available for at least several that protrude from the body. These spines are harm- months. USEPA typically only issues a stop-sale less. The insect also possesses red abdominal legs, a requirement if new, unusual, and severely hazardous row of red spots on the back, and tiny white dots on properties are discovered about a pesticide, and there the body. are no indications of that being the case. The larvae are gregarious (feed as a group), usually One of the more important uses that commercial feeding on one branch at a time before moving to horticulturists have for chlorpyrifos is in the protec- another. They usually consume all parts of the leaf tion of trees and shrubs from borer attack. It typically except the main vein. The larvae eventually form a lasts as an effective residue on shaded, furrowed bark chrysalis (cocoon), which hangs from trees. The adult for about a month and correspondingly shorter lengths butterfly that emerges from the chrysalis has purplish of time on smooth, more exposed bark. Other insecti- brown wings, with blue dots near the wing tips that cides provide borer protection but it would be shorter are bordered by a yellow band. There are two genera- lived, resulting in more frequent applications. Other tions per year. uses for chlorpyrifos in the landscape for turf grub When the spiny elm caterpillar occurs in abundant control and chewing insect control on leaves are met numbers, it can be a serious pest. The larvae can be as well or better by other insecticides. controlled with sprays of the bacterium Bacillus In the control of structural pests, chlorpyrifos is the thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel, Thuricide, Javelin). favorite in the Midwest for conventional termite Control is best obtained when the larvae are young 2 No. 7• June 7, 2000 and before they form a chrysalis. Larvae killed by the carbaryl (Sevin), and chlorpyrifos (Dursban). Sprays bacterium will hang upside down from tree branches. of any of these materials should be made in early June Spiny elm caterpillar is highly susceptible to free- when hills-of-snow hydrangea is in bloom or when living natural enemies such as parasitoids (stingless webs first appear. For second-generation larvae, apply wasps) and birds. (Raymond Cloyd) materials in early August, when panicled hydrangea blooms are turning white. Target applications toward Mimosa Webworm the most vulnerable stage, which is the newly hatched The mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra, will and actively feeding young larvae. be showing up in the southern portion of Illinois Honeylocust cultivars exhibit various degrees of during this time of year. This pest came into the susceptibility to mimosa webworm. The cultivar United States from China in 1940. Heavy infestations ‘Sunburst’ is highly susceptible, whereas the cultivars of mimosa webworm can destroy the aesthetic value ‘Moraine,’ ‘Shademaster,’ and ‘Imperial’ are less of landscape trees. The larvae (caterpillars) feed on susceptible to attack by mimosa webworm. (Raymond honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos, and mimosa, Cloyd) Albizia julibrissin. There are two generations per year in Illinois. Flea Beetle The adult is a silvery-gray moth, with black A flea beetle, probably Altica litigata, has started stippling or dots on the forewings. The females appear attacking evening primrose this year. It was reported in mid-June and lay pearly-gray eggs on tree leaves. at the end of May on Missouri primrose in Grundy The eggs hatch into larvae that are pale lime green in County by Deb Favaro. The adult insect is about color, with white stripes on their backs. The larvae are 1/8 inch long and is metallic blue to bronze in color. It about 1/2 inch long when full grown. They rapidly is a roundish beetle that jumps when it is disturbed. move backward when disturbed. Larvae web leaves These adults eat small holes in foliage, but most of the together on the ends of branches. The webbing damage comes from the larvae, which do extensive usually starts at the tops of trees and serves as protec- window feeding. They eat one leaf surface and in- tion from natural enemies. Heavily infested trees terior mesophyll, leaving one leaf surface or epider- appear brown or scorched as the larvae skeletonize mis intact. This surface is whitish at first but soon the leaf tissue. The larvae eventually drop from trees dries and turns brown. The larvae grow to about on a silken strand just before pupating. Mimosa 3/8 inch long and are slender and blackish with short webworm pupates in bark crevices or the pupae can spines all over their bodies. Carbaryl (Sevin) provides be found glued onto structures. The pupae resemble control of this insect. (Phil Nixon) kernels of puffed rice. It generally takes 3 weeks to go from larvae to pupae. In July, adults emerge and start PLANT DISEASES laying eggs on leaves. The eggs hatch into larvae in early August. This is the start of the second genera- tion. Disease Ahead of Schedule Second-generation larvae are more numerous and The entomologists have been telling us all spring that hatch over a more extended time period than the first insects are active far earlier than normal this year. As generation. As a result, their feeding injury can be you might guess, that has been the case with a few very noticeable. In addition, second-generation injury diseases as well. An example of an early disease may result in plant death, particularly on newly occurrence is corn rust. Unlike cedar-apple rust, planted trees that have suffered drought stress. In late which overwinters in Illinois, the corn rust fungus fall, the larvae pupate in the cracks and crevices of must move in from the south each year. It literally trees or in plant debris. Mimosa webworm overwin- blows here on the wind. In most years (the past 15) ters in the pupa stage. rust occurs on sweet corn in mid-June. The literature Management of mimosa webworm involves either from the 1970s reports rust spores arriving from the pruning out early infestations, especially on small South in early July. trees, and/or using pest control materials. Pest control If you know something about plant pathology, you materials recommended for controlling mimosa may recall that plant diseases have a latent period. webworm include acephate (Orthene), Bacillus This is the time from infection to symptom develop- thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel, Thuricide, Javelin), ment. The latent period for corn rust is 7 days. We No. 7 • June 7, 2000 3 saw uredinia rust spores on sweet corn plants in Infection by Phomopsis can occur when succulent Champaign County on May 30. This indicates that new growth is present in wet weather. The fungus is spores were here to cause infection on May 23. also very persistent. Spores germinate under moderate Certainly this is much earlier than occurs in most temperatures (60°F to 82°F) and high humidity within years. 7 hours after coming into contact with the new Why is rust moving into our area so early? In the foliage. If the foliage dries before infection occurs, case of corn rust, it is in part due to the warmer the spores are not killed; they begin growth again with weather in the South.
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