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Home , Agrilus auroguttatus, Agrilus cuprescens, Arocatus melanocephalus, Eriophyes tiliae, Green pug, Homadaula

Exotic Pests of Shrubs & Trees in Oregon

Josh Vlach Oregon Department of Agriculture For Oregon State University’s Non Crop Vegetation Management Course

January 23, 2019 Outline

• Invasive situation in Oregon • Impacts of established Exotic species • Newly established pests • Pests on the horizon • Notifying the ODA • How we stop the invasion • Questions Douglas fir 1/12= 8% • Giant conifer aphid, Cinara spp. • Brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum • Coneworm, Dioryctria spp. • Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Adelges cooleyi • Douglas fir needle midge, Contarinia pseudotsugae and C. cuniculator • Douglas fir tussock , Orgyia pseudotsugata • Douglas fir twig weevil, Cylindrocopturus furnissi • Pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae and Matsucoccus spp. • Douglas fir pitch moth, Synanthedon navaroensis • Sequoia pitch moth, Synanthedon sequoia • Silver spotted tiger moth, Lophocampa argentata • Spruce spider , Oligonychus ununguis Maple 7/13= 54% • Norway maple aphid, Periphyllus lyropictus • Western boxelder bug, Boisea rubrolineata • Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae • Cottony maple scale, Neopulvinaria innumerabilis • Leafcutting bee, Megachilidae • Maple bladder gall mite, Vasates quadripedes • Maple shoot moth, aesculana • Maple tip moth, Proteoteras spp. • Oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi • Root weevil (mixed, mostly European) • Rose leafhopper, Edwardsiana rosae • Satin moth, Leucoma salicis • Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occcidentalis Linden () 5/6= 83% • Linden aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae • Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea • Lecanium scale, Lecanium spp. (usually corni) • Lime nail gall mite, tiliae • Linden gall mite, Phytoptes tiliae • Spider , Tetranychus spp. Inundation by Exotic Species

• ~ 25,000 terrestrial invertebrate species in Oregon • ~ 1,000 species of exotic terrestrial invertebrates in Oregon, so… ~ 4% of terrestrial invertebrate species in Oregon are exotic

blog.bayjournal.com New Exotic Invertebrate Species Found Established in Oregon 2007 - 2018 Year No. Species 2007 13 2008 10 2009 8 2010 11 An average of 2011 5 9.3 species/year 2012 10 2013 5 or 2014 6 > 1 every two months! 2015 21 2016 10 2017 3 2018 10 ------112 Rate of Detection of New Oregon Exotics 120

100

Number Of 80 New Exotic Species 60

40

20

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year New Exotic Invertebrate Species Found Established in Oregon 2007-2016

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Acanthocinus leechi a longhorned Diaphnocoris chlorionis Honeylocust plant bug retangulata green pug moth Aceria spartii bud mite Diptacus mazuriensis rust mite Phenacoccus nr. gossypii undescribed species

Acleris forsskaleana maple leaftier or maple button Drepanothrips reuteri grape thrips Philopedon plagiatum weevil Aculops cannabicola hemp russet mite Drosophila hydei a vinegar fly Phyllocoptes compressus rust mite Aculus ballei linden mite Drosophila suzukii spotted wing drosophila Phymatodes lividus longhorned beetle Aelothrips albicinctus a thrips Encarsia inaron ash whitefly parasitoid wasp Phytomyza hellebori hellebore leafminer Aleyrodes proletella cabbage whitefly Epitrix sp. (ID pending) a Pityophthorus juglandis Walnut twig beetle Amphimallon majale European chafer Eriopeltis lichtensteini scale Planococcus citri Citrus mealybug

Amynthas gracilis Asian jumping worm Eriophyes canestrini boxwood bud mite Platycleis tessellata tessellated shieldback Anoscopus serratulae leafhopper Ferrisia gilli Gill's mealybug Ponera testacea ant

Arion hortensis garden slug Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli False oleander scale Geomyza tripunctata cereal fly melanocephalus seed bug Glycaspis brimblecombei Eucalyptus redgum lerp psyllid affinis Bittersweet Ataenius abditus a small scarab Hemiberlesia lataniae An undescribed scale Psyllopsis fraxinicola psyllid Rhyncophytoptus new sp. Athysanus argentarius leafhopper Hexacola neoscatellae a parasitoid wasp 1 Rhyncophytoptus new sp. Bactericera maculipennis a jumping louse Holoparamecus caularum handsome beetle Eriophyidae 2 Balanococcus diminutus Phormium mealybug anisocentra mimosa webworm Schevtchenkella dentata rust mite Humerobates Balanococcus dimunutus New Zealand Flax mealybug a moss mite schevyrewi Banded elm rostrolamellatus Blaniulus guttulatus Spotted snake millipede Hylotrupes bajulus old house borer Scythris limbella a Eurasian moth Boettgerilla pallens wormslug Labarrus pseudolividus an exotic dung beetle Simplocaria semistriata moss beetle

Cacopsylla fatsiae Fatsia psyllid Laruia cylindracea moss snail Siphoninus phillyreae ash whitefly Caliscelis bonelli piglet bug Limonia distans crane fly Smynthurodes betae bean root aphid Carabus granulatus a ground beetle Meconema thalassinum drumming katydid Stephanitis pyriodes Azalea lace bug Cartodere bifasciata a minute brown fungus beetle Monosoma pulveratum green sawfly Stigmaeopsis sp. Bamboo spider mite Catocala amatrix sweetheart underwing Muriodelphax arvensis Delphacid planthopper Succinea concordialis Amber snail Catocala neogama bride underwing Myrmica speciodes ant Syricoris lacunana dark strawberry totrix Cepaea nemoralis Banded wood snail Nebria brevicollis European gazelle beetle Tinocallis kawaluokalani Crape myrtle aphid

Cephalonomia gallicola bethylid wasp Nematus lipovskyi azalea sawfly Tremex columba pigeon tremex Ceresa festina three-cornered leafhopper banded ash borer Trialeurodes abutiloneus banded-wing whitefly Chaetophora spinosa a moss beetle Neodiprion sertifer European pine sawfly Trioza alacris jumping louse brown marmorated stinkbug Clitostethus arcuatus ash whitefly ladybird beetle Neohydatothrips setosus thrips Trissolcus japonicus parasitoid Corythucha arcuata lace bug Onthophagus taurus bullhorned dung beetle Xiphydria maculata small wood wasps

Crisicoccus probably azaleae Azalea mealybug Orchestes alni European elm flea weevil Zygina flammigera leafhopper

Cydia coniferana Conifer bark-feedng tortrix Pandemis cerasana barred fruit-tree tortrix Significant Exotic Pests It’s a crap shoot Detected 2007-2017 every time! Average detection rate: 9.3 species/year Proportion significant pests detected: 1 in 7 On average, every year Oregon could have at least one SIGNIFICANT exotic pest detected… Aculops cannabicola Hemp russet mite Aleyrodes protella Cabbage whitefly Amphimallon majale European chafer Amynthas gracilis Asian jumping worm Arion hortensis Garden slug Brachypeplus basalis Honeybee hive sap beetle Ceresa festina 3-cornered alfalfa hoppr Corythucha arcuata Oak lace bug Drepanothrips reuteri Grape thrips Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing Drosophila Ferrisia gilli Gill’s mealybug Hylotrupes bajulus Old-house borer Nematus lipovsyi Azalea sawfly Neodiprion sertifer European pine sawfly Pandemis cerasana Barred fruit-tree tortrix Pityophthorus juglandis Walnut twig beetle Scolytus schevyrewi Banded elm bark beetle Siphoninus phillyreae Ash whitefly Stephanitis pyrioides Azalea lace bug CBP and Port inspections • Sheer volume- less than 2% of containers inspected

From http://www.dpworldmaputo.com/Media-Center2/Image-Gallery/Our-Container-Yard How Did Oregon’s Exotics Get Here? Pathway % Associated With Live Plants 63 79% Soil or Soil With Plants 16 Hitchhikers/Cargo/Misc. 12 Raw Wood 9 Pathway: Live Plants From All Over! Over 3 BILLION live plants imported into the U.S. in 2007! Live Plant Imports: #1 Pathway

In 2007, the U.S. imported over 3 BILLION live plants! In 2010, USDA live plant inspectors had an average workload of 43,000,000 (million) plants per inspector!!!!!!!!!!!!!

biolib.cz *Above information from Liebhold et al. 2012. Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest and pathogen invasions of the US. Front. Ecol. Eviron. 10(3): 135-143. In Oregon • No border stations

• Some items are required to be reported (nursery stock, livestock, boats, etc.) • Some items are prohibited (snails, untreated firewood)

• Rely on survey and other reporting Approved Invertebrate List • http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/shared/Documents/Publications/IPPM/OregonApprovedInvertebrateList.pdf Established and widespread pests • Seemingly endless • Rust mites (many!) • Caterpillars (many!) • Gall midges (many) • Woodborers • Jumping lice (a few) • Ambrosia (many) • Lace bugs (Oak and azalea lace • Bark beetles (several) bug) • Metallic woodborer (Bronze birch • Leafhoppers, froghoppers, borer) treehoppers (many) • Longhorned beetles (many) • Leafminers (many) • Wood wasps (a couple) • Spider mites (many) • Flat mites (several) • Bark • Sawflies (Many) • , bark feeding (many) • Thrips (many) • Scales (many) • Mealybugs (many) • Root • Aphids (many) • Root weevils (many) • Adelgids (several) • Aphids/Phylloxera (several) • Foliar • Scarab beetles (several) • Aphids (many!) • Whitefly (many!) Wood borers attacking deciduous trees Shothole borer (Scolytidae: Scolytus rugulosus)

• Established throughout the U.S. Common in Oregon.

• Favors cultivated fruit trees, elm, and mountain ash.

• Overwinter as larvae under bark.

• Adults emerge March through June.

Adult shothole borer

•Attacks twigs, branches, trunks (especially of stressed hosts).

“Shotholes” in host tree Wood borers attacking deciduous trees the smaller European elm bark beetle (SEEBB) (Scolytidae: Scolytus multistriatus) and the banded elm bark beetle (BEBB) (S. schevyrewi)

BEBB adult SEBB adult •Established in U.S. since at least 1930. • BEEB was first found in the U.S. in 2003.

• BEEB appears more • SEEBB is largely aggressive than SEEB, responsible for the spread of Dutch mass-attacking and killing elm disease in the elm without Dutch elm U.S. disease. Wood borers attacking deciduous trees Exotic ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae): Lesser shothole borers ( attenuatus, X. saxesenii), blight beetle ( dispar).

• Pear blight beetles often attack and damage fruit trees.

Lesser shothole borer ()

• Ambrosia beetles attack a wide range of trees and shrubs.

• adults overwinter.

• Peak flights are in early spring.

• Facultatively parthenogenetic. Pear blight beetle Ambrosia Beetles • Galleries direct into sapwood & heartwood • Eat “ambrosial” fungi fungus

• Often 100’s of hosts, egg including raw wood • Some kill hosts forestryimages.org entrance

gallery branches forestryimages.org , anxius a regional exotic blog.oregonlive.come

Bugwood

Birch dying from bronze birch borer attack Signs of bronze birch borer D-shaped adult exit holes Sinuous bark swellings from larval galleries

Sinous, shallow galleries under bark

Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

University of Illinois Walnut Twig Beetle: Pityophthorus juglandis

1 mm Distribution of WTB/TCD

Eastern black walnut range

WTB native range? threatsummary.forestrythreats.org Signs of walnut twig beetle Thousand Cankers Disease Thousand Cankers Disease Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyriodes)

Distribution of Azalea Lace Bug in the Continental U.S.

2008 Prior to 2009 2008 Typical heavy azalea lace bug damage (on deciduous azalea) Brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys

• Found in Oregon 2004 • Attacks hundreds of plants, including conifers • Currently no good traps or controls Peaches

Courtesy of P. Shearer, OSU Extension

Courtesy of P. Shearer, OSU Extension

Slide courtesy Tracy C. Leskey, USDA-ARS Feeding on hazelnuts through the shell

Photo courtesy Peter Shearer, OSU Extension Sugar maples: through the bark!

Maryland Dept. Agriculture Maryland Dept. Agriculture BMSB: aggregative pest

Courtesy Tracy C. Leskey, USDA-ARS

Courtesy Tracy C. Leskey, USDA-ARS Oak Phylloxera • Phylloxera quercus group Balsam woolly adelgid • Adelges piceae • Attacks Abies • We forget how they change the landscape • Altering forests

Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org Root weevils in the Otiorhynchus

A face only a mother (and they are Black vine weevil all mothers) could love. O. sulcatus Otiorhynchus adult root weevil foliage damage

Homyden Otiorhynchus larvae and larval damage Recently established pests Woodborers • Ambrosia beetles, monographus, Trypodendron domesticum, Cyclorhipidion bodoanum and pelliculosum, Xylosandrus germanus, Xyleborus pfeili, X. xylographus, Xyleterinus politus Bark beetles: • opacus, Longhorned beetles: • robiniae, Nathrius brevipennis, banded ash borer (Neoclytus caprea), Redheaded ash borer () • Cherry bark tortrix, Woodwasps (Pigeon tremex and Xiphydria maculata (maples) • Rose stem girdler, Agrilus cuprescens Foliar • Greenhouse thrips, new pine plantings • Ash whitefly, psyllid • Bay jumping louse • Oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata • Sawflies (pine and prunus) rust mites • maple- Rhyncophytoptus 2 sp., • Carpinus, undescribed, • boxwood bud mite, • Linden mite, • Oregon grape gall mite Other Asian jumping worm Black stem borer: Xylosandrus germanus • Asian – 1999 in OR (Portland area) • Hundreds of hosts – esp. broad-leaved • Can be primary pest of ornamentals and orchards (especially apples) • No reported damage in OR

Xylosandrus compactus Black Stem Borer

“Shot” holes

Photos courtesy of Jason Oliver Tennessee State University “Frass pencils” of Xylosandrus spp. 80 years after introduction in the eastern U.S.

Agnello et al. 2015 Wood borers attacking deciduous trees Cherry bark tortrix (CBT) (: Enarmonia formosana) •Attack various woody rosaceous plants, especially Prunus spp. (also apples, , etc.).

CBT pupal skin Adult CBT protruding from bark

• Established in British Columbia, Washington state, and the northern Willamette Valley.

CBT

• Larvae form galleries under bark, girdling and killing trees. Also cause Frass tube CBT larva in gallery sap flows from bark. Wood borers attacking deciduous trees longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae): Locust borer (Megacyllene robiniae) and Red-headed ash borer (Neoclytus acuminatus) Banded ash borer (Neoclytus caprea)

• Both are native to the eastern U.S.

• Red-headed ash borer attacks many other trees than ash, although ash is preferred.

Locust borer adult and larval galleries

• Locust borer only attacks locust.

Red-headed ash borer adult European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer

Female

Male

BugGuide European pine sawfly feeding damage Larvae (note 7 sets of prolegs)

Eggs

plant.path.cornell.edu European pine sawfly feeding aggregation European pine sawfly defensive posture Rust mites • Nearly microscopic • Cause galls, stippling,

leaf deformation, bud On Gleditsia () enlargement, brooming, and other plant deformation. In groups that are often discounted as invasive pests •Here forever •Additive •Drought effects •Pathogens What’s next? Pests on the near horizon Woodborers • Ambrosia beetles – Xyleborus amputatus, granulate ambrosia beetle, redbay ambrosia beetle, tea shothole borer • Metallic woodborers – Agrilus planipennis – Spotted oak borer • European woodwasp • Bark beetles – Southern pine beetle Velvet longhorned beetle – Tomicus piniperda campestris • Longhorned beetles- – Callidiellum rufipenne and C. villosulum; – Tetropium castaneum and fuscum – Asian longhorned beetle – Citrus longhorned beetle – Velvet longhorn

Foliar • Gypsy moth • Scales and other suckers, pathogens – Cryptomeria scale, elongate scale • Mite in oak trees that bites (oak gall mite) • Spotted lanternfly

Gold-spotted oak borer Agrilus auroguttatus Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) Granulate Asian ambrosia beetle Wood borers attacking deciduous trees

Emerald ash borer (: Agrilus planipennis)

• Attacks ash. •Has killed more than 6 million trees in Michigan alone.

Mature larvae in gallery. Adult Larvae are extremely flattened.

• Adults are rarely seen. Damage is more Distinctive D-shaped Serpentine larval galleries useful for survey. adult emergence holes. just under bark. Xyleborus glabratus Redbay ambrosia beetle

Oregon myrtle Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) Tea shot hole borer

California avocado attacked by E. fornicatus vectoring Fusarium sp.

Fusarium dieback Wood borers attacking conifers Smaller Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae: Callidiellum rufipenne and C. villosulum)

• Asian species frequently intercepted in foreign SWPM. • C. rufipenne established in Connecticut, other eastern states.

Callidiellum-infested artificial Christmas tree.

Callidiellum villosulum

•Attack Cupressaceae: arborvitae, probably western red cedar, cypress, juniper, redwood, etc. Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis Female Male all black, mostly smooth white, hairy

body body rough smooth

Oregon fir sawyer (female) Asian long- (Monochamus scutellatus oregonensis) horned beetle Hosts Preferred – Alder – Maple – – Birch – Ash – Willow – Cherry – Elm – Mountain ash – Horsechestnut – Oak – Buckeye – Pear – Plane tree – Plum – Poplar, Cottonwood This was a healthy tree!

James Appleby Univ. of Illinois Larvae: 1 – 2 years to mature Adults emerge May through November. Cut It Chip It Burn It maltedmedia.com • Lycorma deliculata Spotted lanternfly

https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/spotted-lanternfly Southern pine beetle • Dendroctonus frontalis European woodwasp

• Sirex noctilio European wood wasp Sirex noctilio female European gypsy moth AND Asian gypsy moth

male

Asian gypsy moth caterpillar egg mass

uwex.edu Gypsy moth forest devastation This is summer! Gypsy Moth and Asian Gypsy C • 15,979 traps for 2018 Moth Scales • On imported Frasier fir • Cryptomeria scale, Aspidiotus cryptomeriae • Elongate hemlock scale, Fiornia externa Mites falling out of oak trees

• Pyemotes herfsi

From Broce et al 2006 When to report something • There is an endless supply of new pests • If you see: – New of damage – Damage associated with recent plant purchases – Especially if you’ve been looking at ___ for years

• Take pictures • If you see the critter that may be the cause, grab it

• https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/IPPM/Inse ctsSpiders/Pages/IdentifyInsect.aspx • 503-986-4636 So, What Can We Do?

1. Political/national: Better inspect imports

2. Political/regional: Increase surveillance for those that slip through

3. Political/regional: support eradication efforts

4. Educate those involved in the movement of plants a. How to have “clean” plants b. Reduce the movement of plants (don’t trade) c. Report unusual plant damage Let your representatives know that you care about the pest invasion! ***To increase inspections of imported plants

When in doubt, keep it out! Exclusion

Invasive Species Many targets are not identifiable except by experts (of which there are fewer all time!) Educate! • Use extreme care when acquiring plants grown outside of Oregon • Many pests and most pathogens are nearly impossible to find and see – Look for disfigured leaves – Damage – Exuviae – Slime trails – Reject and demand better!!! Exotic Pest Pathways: Sharing can be bad! Exotic Pest Pathways: Sharing can be bad! Report! • If you see something report it! • Take a picture! • Collect it, if you can! • Time is not on our side!

• https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/IPPM/Ins ectsSpiders/Pages/IdentifyInsect.aspx • 503-986-4636 • Oregon Invasive species hotline Visit http://www.odaguides.us Gnathotrichus materiarius fasciatum

Euplatypus compositus

Monochamus carolinensis Xylotrechus sagittatus Oxoplatypus quadridentatus