Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26, 2012
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 26 • 2012 Review of Survey activities 2011 Edited by Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND BUILDING 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26 Keywords Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, survey organisations, current research, Denmark, Greenland. Cover photographs from left to right 1. Retrieving a sediment core in Sermilik fjord, South-East Greenland. Photograph: Robert S. Fausto. 2. Field work in Vietnam. Photograph: Flemming Larsen. 3. This Danish beech forest on Fyn was farm land during the Iron Age. Photograph: Ole Bennike. 4. Small-scale miners in Nigeria. Worldwide, c. 100 million people depend on small-scale mining. Photograph: John Tychsen. Frontispiece: facing page In the summer of 2011, GEUS carried out extensive reconnaissance work in South-East Greenland. The aim is to assess the mineral potential of the region, which is one of the least known regions of Greenland. The geologist is panning stream sediments in order to separate heavy minerals, possibly including gold. Photograph: Jakob Lautrup. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Scientific editors: Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt Editorial secretaries: Jane Holst and Esben W. Glendal Referees: (numbers refer to first page of reviewed article): Johanna Anjar, SE (29); Anonymous (65), Niels Balling, DK (41); Stefan Bernstein, DK (57); Albertas Bitinas, LT (29); Lars Ole Boldreel, DK (81); Henrik Breuning, DK (85); Gregers Dam, DK (61); Margaret Dolan, NO (25); Ida Fabricius, DK (9); Tomas Feseker, DE (69); Kerstin Geitner, DK (25); Lawrence Gill, DK (65); Sam Holloway, UK (45); Michael Houmark-Nielsen, DK (17); Shfaqat Abbas Khan, DK (41); Poul-Henrik Larsen, DK (61); James Lawrence, UK (33); Clive Mitchell, UK (85); Farrokh Nadim, NO (33); Thomas Pape, DE (69); Heikki Papunen, FI (53); Asger Ken Pedersen, DK (57); Gunver Krarup Pedersen, DK (9); Stefan Piasecki, DK (13); Hans Plaat, NL (45); Manuel Pubellier, FR (81); Jan Audun Rasmussen, DK (13); Anders Schomacker, NO (17); Inga Sørensen, DK (37); Jette Sørensen, DK (37); Mathilde B. Sørensen, NO (77); Henrik Stendal, GL (53); Kristian Syberg, DK (49); Matti Tarvainen, FI (77); Henry Vallius, FI (21); Karen Vilholth, LK (49); Michiel van den Broecke, NL (73); Roy H. Wilkens, USA (21); Jacob Clement Yde, NO (73). Illustrations: Stefan Sølberg, Jette Halskov, Willy Weng, Frants v. Platen-Hallermund and Benny M. Schark Layout and graphic production: Kristian Rasmussen Printers: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk A/S, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscripts received: 6 January 2012 – 8 May 2012 Final versions approved: 13 February 2012 – 23 May 2012 Printed: 10 July 2012 ISSN 1604-8156 ISBN 978-87-7871-339-1 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of the name of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 26, 88 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: +45 38 14 20 00, fax: +45 38 14 20 50, e-mail: [email protected]. See also www.geus.dk/publications/bull © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS) 2012 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/publications/bull 22 3 Greenland Denmark Mexico Nigeria Cameroun Ghana Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Brazil Zambia 7 Review of Survey activities 2011 Bolivia Botswana F.G. Christiansen Namibia Mozambique 9 Nano-quartz in North Sea Danian chalk H. Lindgreen and F. Jakobsen South Africa 13 Geology of the Femern Bælt area between Denmark and Germany E. Sheldon, P. Gravesen and H. Nøhr-Hansen 17 Rock-cored drumlins on Bornholm, Denmark P.R. Jakobsen 21 Methane distribution in Holocene marine sediments 37 Shallow geothermal energy in Denmark in the Bornholm Basin, southern Scandinavia T. Vangkilde-Pedersen, C. Ditlefsen and A.L. Højberg J.B. Jensen and R. Endler 41 Eff orts to include geological and geodetic 25 Natura 2000 habitat mapping in Kattegat, Denmark: observations in the assessment of earthquake activity an example from Læsø Trindel in Denmark Z.K. Al-Hamdani and L.G. Addington S. Gregersen and P.H. Voss 29 Early Holocene sea-level changes in Øresund, 45 Results of monitoring groundwater above the natural southern Scandinavia gas underground storage at Stenlille, Denmark O. Bennike, M.S. Andreasen, J.B. Jensen, M. Moros and T. Laier N. Noe-Nygaard 49 Groundwater protection in Denmark and the role of 33 Cliff collapse at Stevns Klint, south-east Denmark water supply companies S.A.S. Pedersen and T. Damholt J.D. Petersen and L.F. Jørgensen 44 GEUS working areas 2011. Orange areas are covered in this volume. Vietnam India Thailand The Philippines Indonesia 69 Methane and possible gas hydrates in the Disko Bugt region, central West Greenland N. Mikkelsen, T. Laier, T. Nielsen, A. Kuijpers and N. Nørgaard-Pedersen 73 Ablation observations for 2008–2011 from the 53 Anorthosites in Greenland: a possible raw material Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice for aluminium? Sheet (PROMICE) C. Knudsen, J. Wanvik and H. Svahnberg R.S. Fausto, D. van As and the PROMICE project team 57 From 3D mapping to 3D modelling: a case study 77 Testing of an automatic earthquake detection from the Skaergaard intrusion, southern East method on data from Station Nord, Greenland Greenland N. Karamzadeh, P.H. Voss and G.D. Javan K. Svennevig and P. Guarnieri 81 Th e Cenozoic Song Hong and Beibuwan Basins, 61 Geological assessment of the East Greenland margin Vietnam M.B.W. Fyhn, T.M. Rasmussen, T. Dahl-Jensen, W.L. Weng, M.B.W. Fyhn, H.I. Petersen, L.H. Nielsen, T.C. Giang, J.A. Bojesen-Koefoed and T. Nielsen L.H. Nga, N.T.M. Hong, N.D. Nguyen and I. Abatzis 65 New evidence for possible generation of oil 85 Rock phosphate and lime for small-scale farming off south-western Greenland in Tanzania, East Africa T. Laier and H.P. Nytoft P. Kalvig, N. Fold, J.B. Jønsson and E.E. Mshiu 5 66 Review of Survey activities 2011 Flemming G. Christiansen Deputy Director 2011 was a good year for the Geological Survey of Denmark As part of planning the fixed link across Femern Bælt and Greenland (GEUS) with fruitful discussions of strate- between Denmark and Germany, GEUS has been involved gies, handling of challenges posed to our society that has in geological and geotechnical investigations. Results of a strong needs for growth and investments, and consequently multidisciplinary biostratigraphic study of pre-Quaternary for developing new projects for the future within the many deposits (especially Paleocene and Eocene) are summarised fields where GEUS is involved. here. GEUS has been through a long – but very constructive Although the surface morphology of Denmark is well – process of putting together a new strategy that reflects mapped and described in detail, there is still room for new the changes in society and new demands from many differ- observations and reinterpretation of some glacially formed ent stakeholders. This new strategy, ‘Geology for society – features like rock-cored drumlins from Bornholm that are knowledge for growth and welfare’, covers the period up to described for the first time. 2020 and is based on an analysis of key driving forces such as Understanding methane distribution in young marine transition from fossil fuel to sustainable energy, adaptation sediments is important for long-term use and protection of to changing climate conditions, need for water resources lo- areas such as the Baltic Sea. GEUS has been partner in the cally and globally, and international competition for critical Baltic Gas project with a key role to map the occurrence of minerals. The strategy includes a number of specific strategic free gas, to quantify the flux of gas and to study the processes topics. As these topics have been discussed between scientists and parameters governing methane generation and con- and management over a long period and in some cases are sumption. Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection related to new and on-going Survey projects, these topics are areas under the Habitats Directive of the European Union. reflected in many of the papers in this year’s issue of Review Some results from mapping of a Natura 2000 area with bub- of Survey activities. bling reefs in the inner Danish waters are presented in this The reader will find contributions covering several of our volume. Another paper describes how Øresund became a new strategic topics such as: ‘Past and future climate’, ‘Geol- strait between 8000 and 9000 years ago due to sea-level rise ogy across land and sea’, ‘Geology in the public arena’, ‘Water after an earlier history of being dry land with some bogs and resources under pressure’, ‘Oil and gas supply and transition lakes, and later a fjord. to green energy’ and ‘Geothermal energy and heat storage’, The coastal cliff Stevns Klint is a classical locality for field as well as papers on other subjects from GEUS’ very broad trips, especially for studying the world’s best exposed Creta- project portfolio. Some of them describe specific, short pro- ceous–Tertiary boundary, but also for the beautiful scenery. jects, and others focus on results from some of our long-term For this reason an understanding of the risks of cliff collapse monitoring projects on for example groundwater, gas stor- is crucial, and an analysis of the different collapse types in- age, ice and earthquakes.