Vol. 7, No. 7 July 1997 INSIDE • Call for Editors, p. 15 GSA TODAY • Employment Service, p. 21 • 1997 GSA Annual Meeting, p. 28 A Publication of the Geological Society of America Evidence for Life in a Martian Meteorite?

Harry Y. McSween, Jr. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996

ABSTRACT The controversial hypothesis that the ALH84001 mete- orite contains relics of ancient martian life has spurred new findings, but the question has not yet been resolved. Organic matter probably results, at least in part, from terrestrial contamination by Antarctic ice meltwater. The origin of nanophase magnetites and sulfides, suggested, on the basis of their sizes and morphologies, to be biogenic remains con- tested, as does the formation temperature of the carbonates that contain all of the cited evidence for life. The reported nanofossils may be magnetite whiskers and platelets, proba- bly grown from a vapor. New observations, such as the possi- ble presence of biofilms and shock metamorphic effects in the carbonates, have not yet been evaluated. Regardless of the ultimate conclusion, this controversy continues to help define strategies and sharpen tools that will be required for a Mars exploration program focused on the search for life.

INTRODUCTION Since the intriguing proposal last summer that martian mete- orite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 contains biochemical markers, bio- genic minerals, and microfossils (McKay et al., 1996), scientists and the public alike have been treated to a variety of claims sup- porting or refuting this hypothesis. Occasionally, the high visibil- ity of the controversy has overshadowed the research effort (e.g., Begley and Rogers, 1997), but I believe that science will benefit significantly from this experience. If the hypothesis is confirmed, Figure 1. Mars is thought to be the parent body of a dozen igneous it will rank among the major discoveries of all time. If not, McKay meteorites (achondrites). The ALH84001 achondrite was recovered in and his colleagues have still demonstrated that microparticles, sol- Antarctica in 1984, but it was not recognized as a martian sample until uble minerals, and possibly organic matter can survive on the red a decade later. This orthopyroxene cumulate rock (cube is 1 cm) is planet for billions of years, which provides a hopeful outlook for a crosscut by fracture zones (see thin section view; long axis is ~0.5 cm), Mars exploration program focused on the search for life. within which tiny carbonate globules were deposited. The carbonate grains are associated with organic matter and contain microparticles This article reviews recently published research bearing on suggested to be martian nanofossils and biogenic minerals. this important topic. Most of this literature exists only as confer- Photographs courtesy of NASA. ence abstracts and technical comments in scientific journals. There seems to be virtually no argument, at least within the plane- tary science community, that ALH84001 is a sample of the ancient (~4.5 Ga) martian crust (e.g., Mittlefehldt, 1994; McSween, 1994; a sample containing ~1 ppm PAHs ranks as a triumph of analyti- Clayton and Mayeda, 1996; Goswami et al., 1997). This ultramafic cal ingenuity. Although PAHs do not play a significant role in the igneous rock (Fig. 1) is crosscut by breccia zones containing small biochemistry of terrestrial organisms, they can form by geochem- carbonate grains, which are the hosts for organic matter as well as ical transformation of certain hydrocarbons present in decayed reported biogenic materials and microfossils. This article addresses organisms. PAHs also form by abiotic processes such as the and expands upon the four lines of evidence for possible biologic combustion of fossil fuels, and they are common constituents activity cited by McKay et al. (1996). of chondritic meteorite kerogens (Zenobi et al., 1989). Anders (1996) noted that PAHs are produced by pyrolosis (thermal ORGANIC MATTER decomposition) whenever graphite formation is kinetically inhib- McKay et al. (1996) described fused hydrocarbon rings (poly- ited. He further pointed out that the “few specific PAHs” from C14 cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs) associated with the car- bonates in ALH84001. The identification of specific molecules in Meteorite continued on p. 2 IN THIS ISSUE GSA TODAY July Vol. 7, No. 7 1997 Evidence for Life in a Research and Fellowship Opportunities ..... 19 Martian Meteorite ...... 1 Officers and Past Chairs of GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173) is published In Memoriam ...... 2 Sections and Divisions ...... 20 monthly by The Geological Society of America, Inc., Correction ...... 2 GSA Employment Service ...... 21 with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. GSAF Update ...... 6 AIPG Becomes Associated Society ...... 21 Mailing address: P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301- 9140, U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Col- Rock Stars—Florence Bascom ...... 8 July Bulletin and Geology Contents ...... 24 orado, and at additional mailing offices. 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STAFF: Prepared from contributions from the GSA staff and membership. Executive Director: Donald M. Davidson, Jr. Meteorite continued from p. 1 technique similar to that used by McKay Science Editors: Suzanne M. Kay, Department of Geo- et al. (1996) for ALH84001. EETA79001 logical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Molly F. Miller, Department of Geology, Box 117-B, to C22 in ALH84001 suggested to be bio- also contains a low-mass assortment of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 genic by McKay et al. (1996) comprise all unalkylated PAHs with masses from C14 to Forum Editor: Bruce F. Molnia homologs in this carbon number range, C , as well as a weaker high-mass enve- U.S. Geological Survey, MS 917, National Center, 22 Reston, VA 20192 and thus do not require a selective (biolog- lope. The abundance of PAHs (~1 ppm) is Managing Editor: Faith Rogers ical) source. Clement and Zare (1996) similar to that in ALH84001, although the Production & Marketing Manager: James R. Clark countered that differences in alkylation relative proportions of specific PAHs Production Editor and Coordinator: Joan E. Manly Graphics Production: Joan E. Manly, Leatha L. Flowers (the addition of side chains) of the low- inferred from the spectra are slightly dif- mass and high-mass envelopes of the ferent, possibly resulting from differences ADVERTISING: Classifieds and display: contact PAHs suggest both low- and high-tempera- in ionization efficiencies for the distinct Ann Crawford (303) 447-2020; fax 303-447-1133; ture processing, which might arise through laser wavelengths used in the analyses. [email protected] diagenesis of decomposed biologic matter. Becker et al. (1997) also performed experi- Issues of this publication are available as electronic Bell (1996) suggested that abiotic PAHs ments demonstrating that PAHs are selec- Acrobat files for free download from GSA’s Web Site. They can be viewed and printed on various personal could have accreted to Mars as constitu- tively adsorbed onto carbonate. This find- computer operating systems: MSDOS, MSWindows, ents of organic-rich asteroid impactors, ing, along with the determination that the Macintosh, and Unix, using the appropriate Acrobat several of which still remain in martian assortment of PAHs in both martian mete- reader. The readers are widely available, free, including from GSA at: http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/index.htm. orbit as the moons Phobos and Deimos. orites is similar to that measured in This publication is included on GSA’s annual CD-ROM, New research has focused mostly on Antarctic ice, suggests that the PAHs in GSA Journals on Compact Disc. Call GSA Publication characterization of the organic matter in both meteorites may result from organic Sales for details. EETA79001, another martian meteorite contamination by ice meltwater. On the Printed in U.S.A., using pure soy inks and recyclable found in Antarctica. Becker et al. (1997) paper. extracted PAHs using a laser ionization Meteorite continued on p. 3

2 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Meteorite continued from p. 2 magnetite morphologies in this meteorite distribution and random arrangement, would imply a rich community of organ- and were argued to be similar in size and basis of the low abundances of PAHs in isms. Bradley et al. (1996) suggested that morphology to magnetites in ALH84001 ice, Wright et al. (1997a) suggested that the whisker morphologies containing carbonates. the quantity of meltwater that would have internal structural defects (Fig. 2) and McKay et al. (1996) suggested that to be flushed through the meteorite was twins are unlike the characteristics of bio- tiny grains of pyrrhotite inside the carbon- prohibitive; however, Antarctic meteorites genic magnetite. Thomas-Keprta et al. ates in ALH84001 may have formed by are sometimes found in puddles, and (1997) noted that twinning does some- sulfate-respiring bacteria. Biogenic sulfides evaporation of this water would concen- times occur in biologically induced mag- typically contain isotopically light sulfur, trate PAHs. The presence of optically netite, and that at least one bacterium is as terrestrial bacteria preferentially utilize active amino acids (almost exclusively known to produce magnetite rods, 32S in making excreted sulfide. Small L-enantiomers, the same forms found in although the specific dislocations seen in grains of pyrite occurring outside the car- terrestrial proteins) in EETA79001 ALH84001 magnetite whiskers have not bonates in ALH84001 have been inferred, (McDonald and Bada, 1995) supports the yet been observed in biogenic grains. on the basis of textural criteria, to have idea of organic contamination in the polar Magnetotactic bacteria string crystal- coprecipitated with carbonate (although environment, and the measured carbon lographically oriented magnetite grains Gibson et al. [1996] suggested that these isotopic compositions of organic matter in together into chains (magnetosomes; Fig. were unrelated to the sulfides within car- both meteorites (δ13C = –22‰ to –25‰; 2) that increase the net magnetic moment, bonates). Measured sulfur isotopic compo- Wright et al., 1989; Grady et al., 1994) are used for sensing Earth’s geomagnetic field. sitions of the pyrite grains (δ34S = +2‰ to indistinguishable from terrestrial values. Thomas-Keprta et al. (1997) interpreted +8‰; Shearer et al., 1996; Greenwood et The carbon isotopic composition of the five or six aligned cuboid particles in al., 1997) appear to be inconsistent with carbon source (presumably the atmo- ALH84001 as a possible magnetosome, but biologic formation, unless the sulfate pre- sphere, with δ13C = ~ +40‰) implies a without data on crystallographic orienta- cursor was extremely isotopically heavy, fractionation of >60‰ between it and tions of the grains or evidence for the for- the supply of sulfate was limited, or mar- organic matter (Grady et al., 1996). Iso- mer existence of an organic membrane tian organisms utilized sulfur via different topic effects of this magnitude on Earth holding the chain together. However, the biochemical pathways. require a complex community of organ- preservation of intact fossil magnetosomes McKay et al. (1997) recently proposed isms that includes methane-producing is uncommon (Chang and Kirschvink, yet another kind of biogenic material in bacteria and methylotropic bacteria that 1989). ALH84001—lacy network structures in convert methane into biomass. Such an Magnetotactic bacteria produce mag- acid-etched carbonates and pyroxenes interpretation for ALH84001 depends on netite within their cells, but some other which resemble microbially secreted the assumption that both the atmosphere terrestrial bacteria form extracellular mag- organic polymers (biofilms). Although and organic matter equilibrated with the netite (Stolz et al., 1990). Vali et al. (1997) they contain carbon, an organic composi- same fluid. A previous announcement of described extracellular magnetite pro- tion for these curious structures has not even more extreme carbon isotopic frac- duced in the laboratory by thermophilic yet been established. tionation in ALH84001 carbonate (widely bacteria; the diamond-shaped grains in reported in the British press as evidence these cultures show a wide range in size Meteorite continued on p. 4 for life) can now be explained as possible laboratory contamination (Wright et al., 1997b).

BIOGENIC MATERIALS Another line of evidence for life in ALH84001 cited by McKay et al. (1996) is the presence within carbonates of nanophase magnetite grains morphologi- cally similar to those produced by terres- trial magnetotactic bacteria. Coexisting sulfides (pyrrhotite and greigite were ten- tatively identified) within the carbonates were also suggested to be biogenic. McKay et al. (1996) argued that coprecipitation of magnetite and sulfides, with concomitant dissolution of carbonate (inferred from its porous microtexture), indicates disequilib- rium and thus points to biologic media- tion. The geochemical basis for this argu- ment has been criticized by Anders (1996) and Browning and Bourcier (1997). Bradley et al. (1996) presented trans- mission electron microscopic images of a variety of tiny magnetite whiskers (rods and ribbons) and platelets in ALH84001 carbonates, adding to the assortment of Figure 2. TEM images of single-domain magnetite grains within ALH84001 carbonates and in magne- cuboid, teardrop, and irregular grains totactic bacteria. a: Chains of crystallographically oriented nanophase magnetites in Magnetococcus bac- described by McKay et al. (1996). The terium are linked by lipid membranes (scale bar is 100 nm; from Stolz et al., 1990). b: Well-formed mag- morphologies of bacterially produced netite platelet in ALH84001 appears morphologically similar to some biogenic magnetites. c: Magnetite magnetite grains are generally species- whisker in ALH84001 contains an axial screw dislocation, indicative of spiral growth, probably from a specific (Bazylinski, 1995), so the diverse vapor. Lattice fringe orientations on either side of the dislocation (marked by white lines) are distinct. Platelet and whisker images from John Bradley (MVA, Inc.).

GSA TODAY, July 1997 3 Meteorite continued from p. 3 The nanofossil controversy, although (McKay and Lofgren, 1997). Romanek et important in itself, may possibly be moot al. (1994) used the oxygen isotopic com- NANOFOSSILS in the case of ALH84001. Bradley et al. positions of carbonates, determined from (1997) proposed that the magnetite an acid dissolution model, to argue that Perhaps the most exciting suggestion whiskers and platelets they observed in they formed by reaction with aqueous flu- by McKay et al. (1996) was that tiny carbonates are the nanofossils described ids at temperatures <80 °C. Hutchins and “ovoid and elongated forms” in by McKay et al. (1996). No other Jakosky (1997) revised the carbonate for- ALH84001 carbonates were nanofossils. microparticles with the sizes and mor- mation temperatures to <250 °C on the Examination of uncoated microparticles in phologies of the nanofossils have been basis of a model of atmospheric fractiona- ALH84001 using atomic force microscopy observed in the carbonates, and fields tion of oxygen and carbon prior to incor- (Steele et al., 1997) demonstrates that they of oriented magnetite whiskers resemble poration in carbonates. New ion micro- are not artifacts of sample preparation. published SEM images of nanofossils (Fig. probe analyses of oxygen isotopes in Although some microparticles in terrestrial 3). The spiral growth mechanism deduced carbonate globules indicate highly vari- carbonates have been described as nano- from the presence of axial screw disloca- able compositions. In particular, Valley fossils (e.g., Folk, 1993), the evidence is tions in magnetite whiskers (Bradley et al., et al. (1997) reported δ18O = +9.5‰ to exclusively morphological, and the 1996) argues against replacement of 20.5‰, whereas Leshin et al., 1997 indi- hypothesis remains controversial. microorganisms by magnetite. cated values of +5.6‰ to +21.6‰. Valley The microparticles described as et al. (1997) argued that precipitation of nanofossils in ALH84001 are generally CONDITIONS OF carbonates with these compositions sug- 30 to 150 nm in longest dimension, sig- CARBONATE FORMATION gests nonequilibrium processes at tem- nificantly smaller than terrestrial microor- peratures <300 °C. Leshin et al. (1997) ganisms. Only viral symbionts and spores The documentation of terrestrial explained a correlation of carbonate that cannot be recultured are commonly and martian microfossils and biomarkers mineral chemistries with oxygen isotopes of this size. The internal volumes of these requires, among other criteria, that the (Fig. 4) as possibly resulting from high- microparticles are commonly thought by paleoenvironment be a plausible one for temperature processes. biologists to be too small to hold sufficient biological activity (e.g., Knoll and Walter, Harvey and McSween (1996) noted organic solute molecules to carry out the 1996). Thus, understanding the formation that the apparent absence of hydrous phyl- required metabolic and genetic functions conditions of the ALH84001 carbonate losilicates in ALH84001 was inconsistent (e.g., Morowitz, 1996). However, it is globules, which are the containers for vir- with reaction of an aqueous hydrothermal plausible that starved bacteria could tually all of the evidence cited for life, is fluid with an orthopyroxenite host rock. have shrunk prior to their encapsulation critical to the argument. Terrestrial organ- They favored a high-temperature reaction within the carbonates. Thomas-Keprta isms survive at temperatures generally involving a CO -rich, supercritical fluid. et al. (1997) sidestepped the size issue by below 120 °C, and it seems unlikely that 2 Thomas-Keprta et al. (1997) described suggesting that elongated filaments in extraterrestrial biota could exist at temper- several nanometer-sized grains with basal ALH84001 may be discarded bacterial atures far in excess of this value. Con- spacings of 10–11 Å, which they inter- appendages. straining the temperature of formation for preted as smectites. Such grains appear the carbonates has proved to be the most to be rare. Valley et al. (1997) described contentious subject to date. terrestrial carbonate veins that formed Globular carbonates in ALH84001 at low temperatures from aqueous fluids are chemically zoned (Fig. 4), with calcite- without producing hydrous minerals. ankerite cores and magnesite-siderite rims Comparisons of ALH84001 carbonate (Harvey and McSween, 1996). Granular elemental compositions and phase equi- carbonates are compositionally similar to globule cores and are concentrated in pockets and veins throughout the rock Meteorite continued on p. 5

Figure 4. Backscattered electron image (above) of a zoned carbonate globule shows a core of calcite- ankerite (gray) and rim of magnesite (black)-siderite (white) (horizontal axis figure is ~150 µm; courtesy of David Mittlefehldt, Lockheed-Martin Engineering Science Services). Some carbonates have been frac- tured and disaggregated by shock. Elemental and oxygen isotopic compositional variations (from Harvey Figure 3. Comparison of an SEM image of and McSween [1996] and L. Leshin [personal commun.], respectively) are illustrated in the figure below. putative nanobacteria in ALH84001 carbonates The 700 °C phase boundaries are from Anovitz and Essene (1987); carbonate analyses bridging the gap (above) and a TEM image of oriented magnetite between ankerite and siderite represent points overlapping several grains. Chemical zoning in carbon- whiskers in carbonates (below). Photomicrographs ates has been cited as evidence for disequilibrium between zones, but the correlation between calcium courtesy of NASA and John Bradley (MVA, Inc.), content and oxygen isotopic composition may also be rationalized by closed-system fractionation within respectively. a fluid-poor system.

4 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Meteorite continued from p. 4 libria, suggesting formation temperatures THE NATURE OF of >650 °C (Mittlefehldt, 1994; Harvey and McSween, 1996), have been criticized by MAGMATISM IN THE some workers (McKay and Lofgren, 1997; Shearer et al., 1996; Treiman, 1997; Valley APPALACHIAN OROGEN et al., 1997), who stressed that extensive edited by A. Krishna Sinha, Joseph B. Whalen zoning and isotopic heterogeneity make and John P. Hogan, 1997 any attempt to use mineral-exchange geothermometry suspect. Disequilibrium The thermal evolution of mountain belts is would presumably also invalidate temper- commonly recorded in the distribution, origin, ature constraints imposed by stable iso- and ages of magmatism. In this volume, 20 tope fractionation (Romanek et al., 1994; contributors present the latest petrological, Leshin et al., 1997). Kinetic control of isotopic, and geochemical evidence to highlight growth might offer an explanation as to why different lines of evidence suggest the contribution of igneous rocks to the evolution distinct formation conditions. of the Appalachian orogen in both Canada and Several other assessments of tempera- the United States. These papers emphasize the ture have reached conflicting conclusions. use of modern geochemical and petrologic data The assemblage of tiny magnetite whiskers to discriminate the sources yielding magmas, and platelets described in ALH84001 car- bonates by Bradley et al. (1996) resemble and thus the nature of the crust and mantle. The grains of many substances condensed wealth of data available in this work provides a significant stepping-stone to more from vapors, and the spiral growth mecha- rigorous interpretation of the assembly and origin of the Appalachian orogen. nism documented for some magnetite MWR191, 438 p., indexed, ISBN 0-8137-1191-6, $135.00, GSA Members $108.00 whiskers (Fig. 2) is consistent with vapor- phase growth. Natural magnetite whiskers have been described in terrestrial volcanic 1-800-472-19881-800-472-1988 fax 303-447-1133 • www.geosociety.org sublimates and grown experimentally Publication Sales • P.O. Box 9140 • Boulder, CO 80301 • 303-447-2020 Memoir volumes are from hot (<800 °C) fumarole gases. 8-1/2" x 11" hardbound. Kirschvink et al. (1997) marshaled PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING AND HANDLING magnetic evidence in support of a low- temperature origin of ALH84001 carbon- ates. From a breccia zone they separated two joined orthopyroxene grains, one of phism synchronous with or postdating ers will disagree. Even if some martian which contained carbonate globules on its carbonate formation implies that, how- organic matter is present, it may be impos- surface. Each pyroxene grain had stable ever the carbonates in ALH84001 formed, sible to disentangle its properties from the natural remnant magnetization (NRM) they must have undergone significant apparent overprint of terrestrial contami- with directions differing by 50° to 80°. temperature excursions. nation. The mineralogical characterization These researchers concluded that the of the nanofossils as magnetite whiskers grains were not significantly heated after CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK and platelets requires independent confir- rotation in the breccia zone. Since the car- mation. Before we can constrain the tem- The question of whether ALH84001 bonates precipitated from fluids percolat- perature of formation of the carbonates, it contains evidence for early martian life ing through this crushed zone at some will be necessary to ascertain whether they remains unresolved. Part of the difficulty later time, they must have formed at low formed by equilibrium or disequilibrium in addressing this problem relates to the temperature. The NRM temperature con- processes. In any case, the recognition highly interdisciplinary nature of the argu- straint assumes that no rotation of grains that shock has affected this meteorite after ments, involving complex and sometimes occurred after carbonate formation. How- carbonate formation suggests that the arcane aspects of mineralogy, igneous and ever, the carbonate globules themselves temperature history of the carbonates was carbonate petrology, isotope geochemistry, are sometimes fractured and fragmented more complex than has been appreciated. microbiology and micropaleontology, (Fig. 4), allowing the possibility that asso- More studies of the morphology, structure, organic chemistry, shock metamorphism, ciated pyroxene grains were rotated by and chemistry of proposed biominerals hydrogeology, and paleomagnetism. shock following carbonate formation. and biofilms in ALH84001 are necessary Another difficulty derives from the fact Scott et al. (1997) described shock- before the origin of these materials can be that we do not commonly observe and melted veins of plagioclase and silica specified. analyze rocks or, for that matter, fossilized glasses containing carbonate in Regardless of whether or not or living organisms at these scales. As a ALH84001. They envisioned the carbon- ALH84001 is ultimately judged to contain result, there are not enough studies of ates having formed at high temperatures relics of ancient martian organisms, the terrestrial analogs to allow adequate inter- during an impact event. Their sample report of McKay et al. (1996) has focused pretations of the data. There is now a seri- apparently did not contain the carbonate scientists’ concentration (not to mention ous attempt to supplement the terrestrial globules studied by McKay et al. (1996), the attention of the rest of the world) on database with studies at these scales but chemical zoning patterns suggest that the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Mars (e.g., Allen et al., 1997; Vali et al., 1997). these carbonates were part of the same is the most Earthlike of planets, and it is My own assessment is that two of the generation. McKay and Lofgren (1997) certainly within the realm of possibility four lines of evidence cited by McKay et al. likewise noted the presence of feldspathic that it once harbored microorganisms. (1996)—the presence of extraterrestrial glass, but their observation that the glass NASA’s planned Mars exploration program organic matter and of nanofossils in intrudes carbonate globules argues that will directly address the question of life, ALH84001—have been seriously chal- shock melting postdated carbonate forma- lenged and possibly refuted, although oth- tion. The observation of shock metamor- Meteorite continued on p. 6

GSA TODAY, July 1997 5 GSAF UPDATE

Valerie G. Brown, Director of Development, GSA Foundation

From the Ground Up Revenue 1992–1995 1996 1997 Total In May, we reported on the 1996 Second Century Fund fund-raising results. The accompanying Members $2,278,375 $ 262,313 $ 50,816 $2,591,505 chart shows the cumulative fund-raising Other Individuals $ 1,300 $ 3,226 $ 200 $ 4,726 results from the inception of the Second Government $ 544,512 $ 594,869 $ 0 $1,139,381 Century Fund campaign in 1992 to the Foundations $ 513,165 $ 16,000 $ 10,000 $ 539,165 end of April 1997, summarizing both the Industry $ 693,500 $ 74,712 $ 500 $ 768,712 total gifts received and the sources of the Annual Campaign $ 480,391 $ 104,522 $ 8,746 $ 593,659 gifts. The revenues include cash, pledges, Pardee Bequest $2,677,309 $2,677,309 program grants, and deferred gifts, reflect- Total Revenues $7,188,552 $1,055,642 $ 70,262 $8,314,457 ing the considerable variety not only of those who support GSA but also of the ways in which support can be given. sity of Queensland in Australia. He came The GSA Foundation is truly fortu- to the United States in 1977 as a senior nate to be the beneficiary of such excel- geologist for Superior Oil’s Minerals Divi- lence and experience. Dummett Joins sion. Since 1989, Dummett has been affili- Foundation Board ated with BHP Minerals, where he now serves as senior vice president and group A Milestone The GSA Founda- general manager of the Exploration Since beginning the program in 1988, tion is honored to Group. the GSA Foundation has awarded over welcome Hugo T. Dummett’s contributions to his pro- $125,500 to the GSA sections for match- Dummett as its fession have been equally wide-ranging. He ing student travel grants. Each year, the newest trustee. is a member of the Association of Explora- grants assist college students to attend A member of GSA tion Geochemists, the Society of Economic the section meetings and GSA’s Annual since 1985, Dummett Geologists, which named him as the 1996 Meeting. In 1997, the Foundation has established an Thayer Lindsley Distinguished Lecturer, increased the amount of its awards important career and the American Institute of Mining Engineers, to $4,000 per section. reputation in miner- the Geological Society of South Africa, and The awards are paid from the un- als exploration. the USGS resource program advisory board restricted gifts GSA members make to the A graduate of South Africa’s Univer- to the National Academy of Sciences. In Foundation. This is another important sity of Witwatersrand, Dummett worked 1997, he was awarded the William L. Saun- benefit made possible by your in South Africa and Canada before pursu- ders Gold Medal by the Society for Mining, generosity! ■ ing postgraduate education at the Univer- Metallurgy and Exploration.

Meteorite continued from p. 5 Begley, S., and Rogers, A., 1997, War of the worlds: Gibson, E. K., Jr., McKay, D. S., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., Newsweek, v. 129, no. 6, p. 56–58. and Romanek, C. S., 1996, Response to technical com- ment: Science, v. 274, p. 2125. among other topics, over the next decade. Bell, J. F., 1996, Technical comment: Science, v. 274, p. 2121–2122. Goswami, J. N., Sinha, N., Murty, S. V. S., Mohapatra, The controversy about possible biological R. K., and Clement, C. J., 1997, Nuclear tracks and light Bradley, J. P., Harvey, R. P., and McSween, H. Y., Jr., noble gases in Allan Hills 84001: Preatmospheric size, activity in a martian meteorite is allowing 1996, Magnetite whiskers and platelets in the fall characteristics, cosmic-ray exposure duration and the scientific community to reexamine its ALH84001 martian meteorite: Evidence of vapor phase formation age: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 32, growth: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, thinking and hone its skills for that effort. p. 91–96. p. 5149–5155. Grady, M. M., Wright, I. P., Douglas, C., and Pillinger, Bradley, J. P., Harvey, R. P., and McSween, H. Y., Jr., ACKNOWLEDGMENTS C. T., 1994, Carbon and nitrogen in ALH84001 (abs.): 1997, Magnetite whiskers and platelets in the Meteoritics, v. 29, p. 469. I appreciate thoughtful and construc- ALH84001 martian meteorite: Evidence of vapor phase growth (ab.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, Grady, M. M., Wright, I. P., and Pillinger, C. T., 1996, tive reviews by Peter Buseck, Andy Knoll, p. 147–148. Opening a martian can of worms?: Nature, v. 382, p. 575–576. and John Valley. Browning, L. B., and Bourcier, W. L., 1997, Did the porous carbonate regions in ALH84001 form by low Greenwood, J. P., Riciputi, L. R., and McSween, REFERENCES CITED temperature inorganic processes? (ab.): Lunar and Plan- H. Y., Jr., 1997, Sulfur isotopic variations in sulfides etary Science, v. 28, p. 161. from shergottites and ALH84001 determined by ion Allen, C. C., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., McKay, D. S., and microprobe: No evidence for life on Mars (abs.): Lunar Chang, S.-B. R., and Kirschvink, J. L., 1989, Magnetofos- Chafetz, H. S., 1997, Nanobacteria in carbonates (abs.): and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 459–460. Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 29–30. sils, the magnetization of sediments, and the evolution of magnetite biomineralization: Annual Review of Earth Harvey, R. P., and McSween, H. Y., Jr., 1996, A possible Anders, E., 1996, Technical comment: Science, v. 274, and Planetary Sciences, v. 17, p. 169–195. high-temperature origin for the carbonates in the mar- p. 2119–2120. tian meteorite ALH84001: Nature, v. 382, p. 49–51. Clayton, R. N., and Mayeda, T. K., 1996, Oxygen iso- Anovitz, L. M., and Essene, E. J., 1987, Phase equilibria tope studies of achondrites: Geochimica et Cosmochim- Hutchins, K. S., and Jakosky, B. M., 1997, Carbonates in in the system CaCO3-MgCO3-FeCO3*: Journal of Petrol- ica Acta, v. 60, p. 1999–2017. martian meteorite ALH84001: A planetary perspective ogy, v. 28, p. 389–414. on formation temperature: Geophysical Research Let- Clement, S. J., and Zare, R. N., 1996: Response to tech- ters (in press). Bazylinski, D. A., 1995, Structure and function of the nical comment: Science, v. 274, p. 2122–2123. bacterial magnetosome: ASM News, v. 61, p. 337–343. Kirschvink, J. L., Maine, A., and Vali, H., 1997, Paleo- Folk, R. L., 1993, SEM imaging of bacteria and nanobac- magnetic evidence of a low-temperature origin of car- Becker, L., Glavin, D. P., and Bada, J. L., 1997, Poly- teria in carbonate sediments and rocks: Journal of Sedi- bonate in the martian meteorite ALH84001: Science, cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Antarctic mar- mentary Geology, v. 63, p. 990–999. tian meteorites, carbonaceous chondrites and polar ice: v. 275, p. 1629–1633. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 475–481. Meteorite continued on p. 7

6 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Donors to the Foundation— GSA Foundation March and April 1997 Digging Up P.O. Box 9140 the Past Boulder, CO 80301 (303) 447-2020 • [email protected] Biggs Excellence J. Hoover Mackin Most memorable in Earth Science Award early geologic Education Fund Joseph A. Mason experience: Enclosed is my contribution in the amount of Laurel Pringle Goodell Minority Fund “Never having seen $______. Blechschmidt Fund Frederic H. Wilson my Ph.D. thesis area, Please add my name to the Century Plus Roster Xerox Corporation, USA* the first sight of (gifts of $150 or more). Research Fund snow capped Doris M. Curtis Richard W. Please credit my gift to the Ruby-East Memorial Allmendinger ______Fund. Humboldt Range Grover & Sally E. Murray David J. Borns made me gasp, PLEASE PRINT (in memory of Dorothy Yehuda Eyal ‘It’s mine all Jung Echols & Chilton E. Paul F. Hoffman mine!’” Name ______Prouty) K. Aubrey Hottell Gregory K. Middleton Address ______John T. Dillon Alaska —Robert P. Jeanette M. Sablock Scholarship Award Sharp City/State/ZIP ______Elizabeth L. Miller SAGE Wolfgang H. Berger Phone ______Dwornik Planetary Thomas C. Davenport Geoscience Award Jonathan D. Fernald Joseph M. Boyce Pamela P. Fisco Richard D. Harvey Unrestricted— Asahiko Taira GEOSTAR Peter A. Nielsen Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr.* Foundation Manuel Tello-B* Manuel Tello-B* David A. Stephenson* Frederick L. Klinger Andrew G. Alpha Richard I. Walcott Jeffrey M. Krempasky Stanton N. Ballard Dean G. Wilder Hydrogeology Second Century Fund Howard & Jean Lipman Archie W. Berry, Jr.* Garrett E. Zabel Division Award Barbara A. Bekins Foundation* Byrl D. Carey, Jr. David A. Stephenson* Larry S. Bowlds Unrestricted—GSA Garry D. McKenzie Norman Bayne Cranford Frank A. Campini Brian G. Anderson IEE John Montagne John F. Jefferson-Squibb Foundation* Darinka Zigic Briggs Thomas C. Davenport Jon Olsen John A. Larson William W. Craig Laurel Pringle Goodell Anthony H. Fleming Orrin H. Pilkey Eric A. Lauha Charles C. Daniel III Alan D. Hoagland David A. Stephenson* Prentice Hall* John N. Louie Gordon P. Eaton* Louis S. Hochman Charles Marsh Christopher Anne Suczek V. Standish Mallory Swapan S. Ghosh Lloyd W. Staples Woodruff, Jr. Peter K. Matthews Harold T. Stearns Manuel Tello-B* Philip Oxley* Fellowship Award Dean G. Wilder *Century Plus Roster (gifts of $150 or more) Dominic A. Perruccio Harmon Craig*

Meteorite continued from p. 6 Morowitz, H. J., 1996, Technical comment: Science, Valley, J. W., Eiler, J. M., Graham, C. M., Gibson, v. 273, p. 1639–1640. E. K. Jr., Romanek, C. S., and Stolper, E. S., 1997, Low- temperature carbonate concretions in the martian Knoll, A. H., and Walter, M. R., 1996, Evolution of Romanek, C. S., Grady, M. M., Wright, I. P., Mittle- meteorite, ALH84001: Evidence from stable isotopes hydrothermal ecosystems on Earth (and Mars?): Chich- fehldt, D. W., Socki, R. A., Pillinger, C. T., and Gibson, and mineralogy: Science, v. 275, p. 1633–1637. ester, UK, Wiley, p. 198–213. E. K., Jr., 1994, Record of fluid-rock interactions on Mars from the meteorite ALH84001: Nature, v. 372, Vali, H., Zhang, C., Sears, S. K., Lin, S., Phelps, T. J., Leshin, L. A., McKeegan, K. D., and Harvey, R. P., 1997, p. 655–657. Cole, D., Onstott, T. C., Kirschvink, J. L., Williams- Oxygen isotopic constraints on the genesis of carbon- Jones, A. E., and McKay, D. S., 1997, Formation of mag- ates from martian meteorite ALH84001 (abs.): Lunar Scott, E. R. D., Yamaguchi, A., and Krot, A. N., 1997, netite and Fe-rich carbonates by thermophilic bacteria and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 805–806. Shock melting of carbonate, plagioclase, and silica in from deep terrestrial subsurface: A possible mechanism the martian meteorite ALH84001 (abs.): Lunar and McDonald, G. D., and Bada, J. L., 1995, A search for for biomineralization in ALH84001 (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1271–1272. endogenous amino acids in the martian meteorite Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1473–1474. EETA79001: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, Shearer, C. K., Layne, G. D., Papike, J. J., and Spilde, Wright, I. P., Grady, M. M., and Pillinger, C. T., 1989, p. 1179–1184. M. N., 1996, Sulfur isotopic systematics in alteration Organic materials in a martian meteorite: Nature, assemblages in martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001: McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., v. 340, p. 220–222. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X. D. F., p. 2921–2926. Wright, I. P., Grady, M. M., and Pillinger, C. T., 1997a, Maechling, C. R., and Zare, R. N., 1996, Search for past Evidence relative to the life on Mars debate. (2) Amino life on Mars: Possible relic biogenic activity in martian Steele, A., Goddard, D. T., Stapleton, D., Smith, J., acid results (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, meteorite ALH84001: Science, v. 273, p. 924–930. Tapper, R., Grady, M., McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Jr., p. 1587–1588. Thomas-Keprta, K. L., and Beech, I. B., 1997, Atomic McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Thomas-Keprta K., force microscopy imaging of ALH84001 fragments Wright, I. P., Grady, M. M., and Pillinger, C. T., 1997b, Romanek, C. S., and Allen, C. C., 1997, Possible (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1369–1370. Isotopically light carbon in ALH84001: Martian biofilms in ALH84001 (abs.): Lunar and Planetary metabolism or Teflon contamination? (abs.): Lunar Science, v. 28, p. 919–920. Stolz, J. F., Lovley, D. R., and Haggerty, S. E., 1990, Bio- and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1591–1592. genic magnetite and the magnetization of sediments: McKay, G. A., and Lofgren, G. E., 1997, Carbonates in Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 4335–4361. Zenobi, R., Philippoz, J.-M., Buseck, P. R., and Zare, ALH84001: Evidence for kinetically controlled growth R. N., 1989, Spatially resolved organic analysis of the (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 921–922. Thomas-Keprta, K. L., Romanek, C., Wentworth, S. J., Allende meteorite: Science, v. 246, p. 1026–1029. McKay, D. S., Fisler, D., Golden, D. C., and Gibson, McSween, H. Y., Jr., 1994, What we have learned E. K., 1997, TEM analyses of fine-grained minerals in Received April 4, 1997; revision received April 23, 1997; about Mars from SNC meteorites: Meteoritics, v. 29, the carbonate globules of martian meteorite ALH84001 accepted April 28, 1997 ■ p. 757–779. (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1433–1434. Mittlefehldt, D. W., 1994, ALH84001, a cumulate Treiman, A. H., 1997, Chemical disequilibrium in car- orthopyroxenite member of the martian meteorite clan: bonate minerals in martian meteorite ALH84001: Meteoritics, v. 29, p. 214–221. Inconsistent with high formation temperature (abs.): Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 28, p. 1445–1446.

GSA TODAY, July 1997 7 A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom

Jill S. Schneiderman, Department of Geology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0312, [email protected]

Geologists know Florence Bascom (1862–1945) as “the first 1875, the woman geologist in this country.” Though Bascom was the sec- university ond woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology in the United States (Mary admitted Holmes earned a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Michi- women, gan in 1888), the moniker is appropriate. Bascom was the first and in 1877 woman hired by the U.S. Geological Survey (1896), the first Florence woman to present a paper before the Geological Society of Wash- enrolled. Like ington (1901), the first woman elected to the Council of the Geo- other women logical Society of America (elected in 1924; no other woman was students, she had elected until after 1945), and the first woman officer of the GSA limited access to (vice president in 1930). She was an associate editor of the Ameri- the library and gym- can Geologist (1896–1905) and a four-starred geologist in the first nasium, and was prohib- edition of American Men of Science (1906), which meant that her ited access to classrooms colleagues regarded her as among the country’s hundred leading already filled with men. She earned geologists. After joining the Bryn Mawr College faculty, Bascom Bachelor’s degrees in Arts and Letters (1882) and a Bachelor’s founded the college’s geology department. This site became the degree in Science (1884). locus of training for the most accomplished female geologists of Florence Bascom’s early interest in geology is attributed to a the early 20th century. driving tour with her father and his friend Edward Orton, a geol- Bascom was an expert in crystallography, mineralogy, and ogy professor at Ohio State. Margaret Rossiter (1981) perceives petrography. Trained by leaders in metamorphism and crystallog- Orton as a key individual in providing women access to the study raphy including Roland Irving and Charles Van Hise (University of geology. Shortly thereafter, Florence studied geology at Wis- of Wisconsin), George Huntington Williams (Johns Hopkins), consin and earned a Master’s degree in 1887. As Isabel Smith and Victor Goldschmidt (Heidelberg, Germany), she worked in observed, it must certainly have been an exciting time to be a these fields during their infancy. Her earliest contribution was geology student; John Wesley Powell navigated the Colorado her dissertation, in which she showed petrographically that rocks River, and Clarence King surveyed the 40th parallel and became previously considered sediments were metamorphosed lava flows the first director of the USGS (Smith, 1981). (Aldrich, 1990; Bascom, 1893). An expert on crystalline rocks of In 1889, Bascom was permitted to take graduate school the Appalachian Piedmont, she published more than 40 research classes at Johns Hopkins University. Sitting behind a screen dur- papers, including USGS Bulletins and Folios. Additionally, she ing classes so as not to “disrupt” male students, Florence must published research on Piedmont geomorphology, particularly the have been sustained by her research advisor, G. H. Williams, and provenance of surficial deposits. by her father. In a letter dated September 1891, John Bascom Born in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1862, Florence was wrote “… you better put a stone or two in your pockets to throw the youngest of six children of Emma Curtiss Bascom, suffragist at those heads that are thrust out of windows” (Arnold, 1983). and schoolteacher, and John Bascom, professor of oratory and In 1893 she was granted the Ph.D. rhetoric at Williams College. Her father supported the women’s suffrage and temperance movements and advocated coeducation. In 1874, he became president of the University of Wisconsin. In

INTRODUCTION Bernard of Chartres, an 11th-12th century philosopher and teacher, said that we are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more than they and for a greater distance, not by any virtue of our own but because we are carried high and raised aloft by their stature. All of us have our geological heroes, those giants on whose shoulders we stand. To encourage recognition of these luminaries and to provide inspiration for students and young professionals, the GSA History of Geology Division presents Rock Stars, brief profiles of our geological giants. If you have any comments on these profiles, please contact Robert N. Ginsburg, University of Miami, RSMAS/MGG, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149-1098, E-mail: [email protected]. —Robert N. Ginsburg, History of Geology Division Florence Bascom contemplates Yellowstone Lake (Wyoming) from Fishing Rock in 1915. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.

8 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Though known for her contributions to understanding bers in geology, whether in academia, government, or industry, mountain-building processes, Bascom was also an educator. En we recall with admiration Florence Bascom’s pioneer status. route to her Ph.D., she taught at the newly founded Hampton Institute for Negroes and American Indians, now Hampton Uni- REFERENCES CITED versity (1884–1885), Rockford College (1887–1889) and Ohio Aldrich, M. L., 1990, Women in geology, in Kass-Simon, G., and Farnes, P., eds., State University (1893–1895). Recruited in 1895 to teach at Bryn Women of science: Righting the record: Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Mawr, where geology was considered adjunct to other natural p. 42–71. sc ences, she worked in storage space in a building newly con- Arnold, L. B., 1983, The Wissahickon controversy: Florence Bascom vs. her students: structed for biology, chemistry, and physics. Over two years, Earth Sciences History, v. 2, p. 130–144. she developed a substantial mineral, rock, and fossil collection. Bascom, F., 1893, The structures, origin, and nomenclature of the acid volcanic rocks of South Mountain: Journal of Geology, v. 1, p. 813–832. She then proceeded to train a generation of young women who would ultimately succeed as professionals. Louise Kingsley, Ogilvie, Ida H., 1945, Florence Bascom 1862–1945: Science, v. 102, p. 320–321. Katherine Fowler Billings, petrologists Anna Jonas Stose and Rossiter, M.W., 1981, Geology in nineteenth-century women’s education in the United States: Journal of Geological Education, v. 29, p. 228–232. Eleanora Bliss Knopf, crystallographer Mary Porter, paleontologist Julia Gardner (all at the USGS), petroleum geologist Maria Stad- Smith, I.F., 1981, The stone lady: A memoir of Florence Bascom: Bryn Mawr, Pennsyl- vania, Bryn Mawr College, 49 p. nichenko, Barnard’s glacial geomorphologist Ida Ogilvie, Scripps College’s Isabel Fothergill Smith, Bryn Mawr’s Dorothy Wyckoff, and Anna Heitonen—these women studied and worked with ADDITIONAL READING Florence Bascom as a prelude to their careers. Schneiderman, J. S., 1997, Florence Bascom, in Garraty, J. A., ed., American national Former students employed the words rigorous, incisive, and biography: New York, Oxford University Press. consistent to describe Bascom. With great expectations of her stu- Schneiderman, J. S., 1991, Growth and development of a woman scientist and educa- dents, she was proud of their successes. In a 1931 letter to Profes- tor: Earth Sciences History, v. 11, p. 37–39. ■ sor Herman Fairchild, she wrote, “ I have always claimed that there was no merit in being the only one of a kind.... I have con- siderable pride in the fact that some of the best work done in geology today by women, ranking with that done by men, has been done by my students.... these are all notable young women who will be a credit to the science of geology.” Heeding her father’s suggestion that she “make work an immediate joy,” geology, education, and Bryn Mawr were her life. Contemplative, she wrote, “The fascination of any search after truth lies not in the attainment, which at best is found to be very relative, but in the pursuit, where all the powers of the mind and character are brought into play and are absorbed in the task. One feels oneself in con- tact with something that is infinite and one finds a joy that is beyond expres- sion in ‘sounding the abyss of science’ and the secrets of the infinite mind” (Smith, 1981). Perhaps such thoughts brought quietude, for as Ida Ogilvie (1945) com- mented, “Probably no one will ever know all the diffi- culties that she encoun- tered, but little by little she achieved her purpose of making her department one of the best in the country.” Bascom’s contribu- tions to Piedmont geology are still valued and uti- lized by geologists work- ing in that area. Further- more, as women struggle Florence Bascom with compasses. Field trip in the Grand Canyon(?), 1906. Florence Bascom is second from today to even the num- Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. front. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.

GSA TODAY, July 1997 9 Penrose Conference Scheduled Linking Spatial and Temporal Scales in Paleoecology and Ecology May 14–18, 1998

A Geological Society of America data or theory. Models that attempt to dynamics. We will examine how data can Penrose Conference, “Linking Spatial and explain what regulates diversity and how best be collected with a goal of testing Temporal Scales in Paleoecology and Ecol- diversity gradients are established require and refining these models, and we will ogy,” cosponsored by the Ecological Soci- a knowledge of both present-day pattern consider how new models can focus our ety of America and the Paleontological and historical background, creating nec- efforts in data collection and at the same Society, will be held May 14–18, 1998, essary—but often overlooked—linkages time accommodate the real limitations near Annapolis, Maryland. between ecology and paleoecology. of field data. Because of its highly inter- This interdisciplinary conference will Ecological theories on the formation and disciplinary nature, this conference will address the question of how understand- dynamics of species assemblages have be organized to maximize the amount of ing of patterns of modern and ancient largely concentrated on processes operat- discussion and interaction time available. species distributions and the processes ing over time scales that can be observed Plenary-type talks will be very limited: that regulate those patterns are influenced by individuals, either ignoring the rich, therefore participants interested in attend- by the spatial and temporal scales at long-term records of paleoecology or ing will generally be requested to present which data are collected. utilizing them in overly simplistic ways. data sets or model results as posters. The This issue lies at the interface of Conversely, interpretations of fossil assem- meeting is being held near Annapolis to paleoecology and ecology, yet researchers blages have been greatly influenced by take advantage of two outstanding field- in these disciplines only rarely have the recent thinking about patch dynamics in trip localities nearby: the Virginia Coastal opportunity to meet and discuss this populations, metapopulation theory, and Long Term Ecological Research Site (field- important area of mutual interest. The various concepts of controls on commu- trip leader: Bruce Hayden) and the richly time is particularly appropriate for such nity structure, often without much sophis- fossiliferous Miocene Calvert Cliffs (field a conference because interest in macro- tication on the part of the paleoecological trip co-leaders: Patricia Kelly and Susan ecology and the interpretation of high- community concerning the strengths and Kidwell). resolution paleoecological data for under- limitations of these theories. How much is Participation in the conference will standing global change processes and paleontological interpretation influenced be limited to 80 people. Participation for community organization through time by ignoring or minimizing the ecological some graduate students will be partially is growing rapidly. importance of rare species? Is time- subsidized. Persons interested in attending There is a wealth of untapped infor- averaging of fossil assemblages a boon should contact Andrew Cohen, Depart- mation available in both disciplines. This because it permits accumulation of even ment of Geosciences, University of Ari- vast store of information awaits the syn- those rare species, or is it an unfortunate zona, Tucson, AZ 85721. Applications thesis of differing viewpoints, informed bias because it mixes spatial and temporal should consist of a curriculum vitae, a by differing spatial and temporal scales abundance patterns? cover letter indicating your general areas of observation. A major goal of this con- Data concerning spatial and temporal of interest, and data sets or models you ference is to stimulate the collaborations scaling in communities can be interpreted would be interested in presenting at the required to generate such syntheses. only in light of models that guide our meeting. The application deadline is Biodiversity assessment and conservation understanding of pattern. A major empha- December 15, 1997. Formal invitations strategies are critically dependent upon sis of this conference will be not only to will be mailed no later than January 15, understanding the scale and historical evaluate existing data sets on spatial and 1998. The registration fee, which will variability of the systems studied—topics temporal scaling but to span the gap cover lodging, meals, ground transporta- that might be informed by paleontological between data and theory of community tion, field trip, and other conference costs, except personal incidentals, has not yet been established. Co-conveners of the conference are: Andrew S. Cohen, Dept. of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, Penrose Conference (520) 621-4691, fax 520-621-2672, [email protected]; James H. Proposals Encouraged Brown, Dept. of Biology, 167 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albu- The Penrose Conferences, named in honor of R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., a benefactor of the querque, NM 87131, (505) 277-9337, Geological Society of America, were established in 1969 by the Society as a further step in fax 505-277-0304, [email protected]; its service to the science of geology. The conferences provide the opportunity for exchange Dale Springer, Dept. of Geography and of current information and exciting ideas pertaining to the science of geology and related Earth Science, Bloomsburg University, fields. They are intended to stimulate and enhance individual and collaborative research and Bloomsburg, PA 17815, (717) 389-4108, to accelerate the advance of the science by the interactions and development of new ideas. fax 717-389-3028, dspringe@planetx. bloomu.edu; Peter Holterhoff, Dept. of l Geosciences, Gould-Simpson Building, For Guidelines Contact GSA Headquarters University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, (303) 447-2020, ext. 131 • fax 303-447-1133 • [email protected] (520) 621-4618, fax 520-621-2672, [email protected]. ■

10 GSA TODAY, July 1997 WASHINGTON REPORT

Bruce F. Molnia Eileen Claussen, USGS Director Gordon Eaton, and NSF Assistant Director Robert Corell. Washington Report provides the GSA membership with a window Foreign participants came from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, on the activities of the federal agencies, Congress and the legislative Cambodia, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Den- process, and international interactions that could impact the geo- mark, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands, science community. These reports present summaries of agency and New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Russian Federation, interagency programs, track legislation, and present insights into Seychelles, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, and the Washington, D.C., geopolitics as they pertain to the geosciences. United Kingdom. International organizations represented included the United Nations (UN), UN Environmental Programme (UNEP), UN Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the Organi- Oceans and Security zation of American States (OAS), and the Commission of the Euro- pean Union (EU). Distinguished foreign participants included A significant meeting for the U.S. ocean science community, Lord Stanley Clinton-Davis, new United Kingdom Minister of Oceans and Security, was held on Capitol Hill May 19– 21, 1997. Trade, Portuguese Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National The meeting, sponsored by the Advisory Committee on the Pro- Defense Antonio Vitorino, UN Assistant Secretary General Nay tection of the Sea (ACOPS), Global Legislators for a Balanced Htun, and UNEP Director Elizabeth Dowdeswell. Environment (GLOBE), and the Consortium for Oceanographic A primary purpose of the meeting was to raise the level of Research and Education (CORE), was hosted by Congressman awareness on Capitol Hill about ocean partnerships, both domes- Curt Weldon (R—PA). The meeting was attended by 90 foreign tic and international (see November 1996 Washington Report), representatives from 28 countries and about 115 U.S. participants and about the upcoming “Year of the Oceans.” The United from government, academia, industry, and the NGO community. Nations has proclaimed 1998 as the “Year of the Oceans.” Distinguished U.S. speakers and panelists included Vice-President In his welcoming remarks, Congressman Weldon stressed the Al Gore, House Speaker Congressman Newt Gingrich (R—GA), theme of oceanographic partnerships. He emphasized the need to Secretary of Defense William Cohen, Secretary of the Navy John progress more aggressively in strengthening ocean research and to Dalton, Senator Jeff Bingaman (D—NM), Congressman George provide the scientific community with greater access to previously Brown (D—CA), Congressman Sam Farr (D—CA), Congressman classified data. He stated that military and environmental concerns Wayne Gilchrist (R—MD), Congressman Patrick Kennedy (D— should be dovetailed and existing capabilities united to enhance RI), Congressman Floyd Spence (R—SC), Congressman Dana the capability for effective ocean management. He concluded by Rohrabacher (R—CA), Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Paul saying that by the year 2000, a new movement to protect the Gaffey, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Sherri Goodman, NOAA Administrator James Baker, Assistant Secretary of State Oceans continued on p. 12

GSA ON THE WEB Visit the GSA Web Site at http://www.geosociety.org. From our home page you can link to many information resources. Here are some highlights:

On our Membership page you'll learn about the GSA DRP entries since 1992, in Adobe Acrobat format for easy Employment Service, find out how to become a GSA Campus download via your browser. These Data Repository entries Representative, or learn how to get forms to join GSA as a pro- supplement some articles in GSA’s journals. This is a new, fessional or as a student. You’ll also find information here on faster way to obtain these data. how to nominate a GSA Member to Fellowship standing. Every month, you’ll find tables of contents and abstracts GSA will accept abstracts for the Annual Meeting via its of journal articles for GSA Bulletin and Geology, plus informa- Web form again this year. The form for Salt Lake City is avail- tion for authors on preparation of articles for submission to able under the “Meetings” heading on our home page. Com- GSA. plete instructions are provided. In the Education section, read about GSA’s educational See the Meetings page for information on the 1997 GSA programs, including PEP (Partners for Education Program), Annual Meeting. Featured are: symposia and theme listings, and the Earth and Space Science Technological Education Pro- abstracts submittal information, field trips, continuing educa- ject (ESSTEP). Find out about GSA’s environment and public tion courses, special programs, registration information, and policy activities in the Institute for Environmental Edu- travel and lodging information. Information on the 1997 cation section, including updates on the GSA Congressional GeoVentures can also be found at this site. Science Fellowship program, the Roy J. Shlemon Applied Under Publications, you can link to the GSA Bookstore Geology Mentor Program, and the U.S. Geological on the Web, where you can shop for any GSA book, map, or Survey–National Biological Service scientific opportunities transect in print, read descriptive copy, and order these publi- workshop. cations via our secure (encrypted) credit-card ordering system. Under Foundation you will find information on the You can browse publication lists, or use our powerful search Foundation and the current annual giving campaign, a list of engine. Many items are still on sale, and will not be available trustees and officers, and several ways to make a planned gift. when this sale is over. You’ll also find Information for Contrib- See the Administration section for information on GSA utors of journal articles, and much other information on items Medals and Awards, research grants, and other general infor- such as article offprints and copyright permissions. mation about GSA. You can also link to the pages for GSA Sec- The GSA Data Repository (DRP) is here, too. You’ll find all tions and Divisions for specific information on each of these.

GSA TODAY, July 1997 11 Oceans continued from p. 11 Protection of the Black Sea presented the keynote speech on Environmental Security. He stated that if mankind was to avoid oceans should be established, and in particular, environmental serious deterioration in human security in the next century, a awareness and education should permeate every community, every change in many aspects of lifestyle would be required in order activity, and every country, in order to leave a solid legacy of a to reduce waste production, eliminate overconsumption, and clean ocean and a stable global environment. improve the protection of natural habitats and landscapes. He The meeting addressed four key themes: Economic Security, added that in the aquatic environment, particularly urgent action Environmental Security, Food Security: Fisheries, and Research is required to mitigate environmental “hot spots,” but that action and Defense. Half-day panels addressed these themes in the geo- should not be restricted to conflict resolution. An understanding graphic context of the seas of the Americas, seas of the Russian of the root causes of environmental degradation, coupled with Federation, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean. Keynote speeches, individual and collective commitment to take action to address presented for each theme, showed how closely related and inter- these issues, would inevitably lead to an improvement in long- twined the four themes are. term security. Andrew Steer, Director of Environment at the World Bank Scott Parsons, Assistant Deputy Minister, Department of presented the keynote speech on Economic Security. He stated Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, stated that food security from that global dependency on coastal and marine ecosystems for the world’s oceans and aquaculture will depend on the imple- food and livelihoods, coupled with an increased vulnerability of mentation of new integrated approaches to resource conservation human settlements and investments to human-induced shifts in and management. Production from world fisheries was now stabi- ocean processes such as climate change and sea-level rise, require lizing after a fivefold increase over the past half century. Techno- that appropriate environmental management frameworks and logical innovations and development of a global market for fish economic policies be put in place to secure sustainable develop- products had combined with activities unrelated to fishing to ment of marine and coastal resources. This is becoming even place unprecedented stress on world fish resources. These include more critical as about 2/3 of the world’s population is concen- overfishing, habitat loss due to pollution and physical degrada- trated in the coastal zone. He described a series of priorities for tion, and changes in the marine environment, such as El Niño. the international community: (1) implement international con- Admiral Gaffney presented the Research and Defense ventions such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, (2) keynote speech. He stated that environmental issues are becom- invest in knowledge, (3) reform economic policies that under- ing more and more important in the formulation of national mine sustainable use of marine resources, (4) invest directly in policy and defense policy. Environmental degradation, scarcity, marine conservation, (5) apply new tools for coastal and marine urbanization, and spread of infectious diseases, among other management, (6) ensure adequate funding, and (7) coordinate factors, contribute to world instability, often leading to conflicts, efforts regionally. often drawing neighbors and allies into regional turmoil. Gaffney Laurence Mee, Coordinator of the Global Environmental stated that U.S. defense environmental programs were becoming Fund (GEF) Programme for Environmental Management and an important topic in which to engage military forces from all over the world, including those of new democracies. All must understand environmental issues and conditions that may generate conflict, in order that conditions for peace may be maintained in their place. House Speaker Newt Gingrich began his presentation by stating that science and navies have always been closely linked. Without the assistance of the British Navy, Darwin would never have been able to travel to the Galapagos and would not have made the key observations that led to the development of his theory of evolution. Gingrich stated that “we know remarkably little about remarkably large parts of the oceans.” He told the scientific community to “be bold, not practical in their thinking and planning.” He said that Congress would provide the practical eye to the ideas of the scientific community. Gingrich proposed three priority initiates for the ocean science community and described a four-part action plan to achieve the success of the ini- tiatives: (1) the development of a world database that could lead to the formulation of a “virtual ocean.” Gingrich predicted that such a system would require about 20 years to implement. This “system” should be available to all nations and contribute deci- sively to a global understanding of the oceans; (2) the develop- ment of an International Biodiversity Year (IBY) patterned on the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of the 1950s. He suggested that the concept of the IBY could be developed over the next five years. The result of the IBY would be an order of magnitude increase in the understanding of world biodiversity; and (3) a global analysis and development by each nation of a cost-benefit analysis of activities in the environmental sector. The panels and plenary sessions resulted in more than 70 recommendations and a Potomac Declaration: Towards Enhanced Ocean Security into the Third Millennium. The Declaration was submitted to the Special Session of the UN General Assembly held in June. A follow-on meeting to the Oceans and Security Meeting will be held in January 1998 in Stockholm, Sweden, to launch the “Year of the Oceans,” to act on the numerous recom- mendations, and to implement the Potomac Declaration. ■

12 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Institute for Environmental ENVIRONMENT MATTERS Education

Global Impacts of Mining and Urbanization on Fluvial and Coastal Systems—The San Juan Case Study

W. R. Osterkamp, U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ 85745 R. A. Morton, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, TX 78713

At scales ranging from local water- ESPROMUD and related activities, (3) to The San Juan case study focuses on sheds to the entire world, environmental provide a forum in which members of the 802-km-square Loiza drainage basin, stresses imposed on natural resources are ESPROMUD could assess progress, and the largest of Puerto Rico, and the adja- fundamental concerns to managers and (4) to provide an opportunity for planning cent and mostly urbanized 67-km-square planners, earth scientists, members of future activities. Rio Piedras Basin. Streams draining these the business community, government basins, and the coastal zone into which officials, and citizens. Throughout the they discharge, have been affected IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT: Holocene, land-surface changes often strongly by population growth of Puerto A CASE STUDY have been dominated by human activities, Rico’s capital city, San Juan, and nearby particularly agriculture. In addition to The San Juan area of northeastern metropolitan areas. Urban growth intensi- deforestation, land degradation, and soil Puerto Rico, including drainage basins fied during two recent periods: (1) after erosion associated with farming, major that provide water and mineral resources 1953 when construction of Carraizo Dam transformations of landscapes and of flu- to the metropolitan area, is a case study on the Rio Grande de Loiza increased the vial and coastal systems are increasingly of the ESPROMUD project. This area was supply of municipal water by impounding evident in areas of human habitation and selected to illustrate the burden that can stream flow in Loiza Reservoir (or Lago mineral extraction. More recent global his- be placed on hydrologic, geologic, and Loiza), and (2) in the 1960s in response to tory indicates that the environmental biologic resources ground-water effects of urbanization and related activi- by rapid, loosely development that ties of mining, quarrying, and infrastruc- regulated urban supported indus- ture development are principal factors growth, and how, trial expansion. promoting change in the nature and in turn, poorly Carraizo Dam and processes of Earth’s surface. planned use of The history of and problems the Loiza Reservoir One international environmental the resources may were originally geological project that addresses Earth- inhibit further related to urban expansion constructed for surface problems caused by population economic develop- hydroelectric growth is ESPROMUD (Earth-Surface Pro- ment. Specific goals in northeastern Puerto Rico power generation. cesses, Materials Use, and Urban Develop- of the San Juan have been closely tied to The reservoir, ment: understanding the human contribu- case study are to which collects tion to global geomorphological change). describe and quan- changes in economic runoff from the The ESPROMUD project is part of the tify the magnitudes upper 540 km of Ecosystem Processes and Biodiversity clus- of the direct and activities on the island, the basin, increased ter within the scientific program of SCOPE indirect people- the water contribu- (the Scientific Committee on Problems of driven changes that and thus to the extraction tion to the urban the Environment). Major objectives of the have resulted from area by nearly 60%. ESPROMUD project are to compile and urbanization, to of available water and The ground-water evaluate information regarding the effects evaluate the influ- mineral resources needed resources were of urbanization and extractive industries ence of the changes developed from on Earth-surface processes, to identify gaps on geomorphic for economic development. karstic limestone in the understanding of these effects, and and hydrologic that occurs in near- to develop models that relate environmen- processes, to assess coast areas of tal impact to stages of population growth the consequences Puerto Rico. The and economic development. These objec- of the changes on history of and tives are being met through studies of people, other biota, problems related areas that exhibit problems related to and their environments, and to suggest to urban expansion in northeastern Puerto urban expansion and mineral extraction. urban and extractive practices consistent Rico have been closely tied to changes in As part of the 1996 Annual Meeting with a stable society. Credible estimates of economic activities on the island, and of the Geological Society of America, in urban expansion and extraction activities thus to the extraction of available water Denver, Colorado, ESPROMUD and GSA’s at the global scale seem feasible only if and mineral resources needed for eco- Institute for Environmental Education considerable time is spent collecting perti- nomic development. cosponsored the theme session “Global nent information from representative Seven of 20 papers at the theme Impacts of Mining and Urbanization on urban areas. An essential element of the session focused on the ESPROMUD case Fluvial and Coastal Systems.” Purposes San Juan case study, therefore, is to com- study for the San Juan area. The first, by of the session were (1) to inform the geo- pile data summarizing urban growth and Maria Angeles Alonso Diago, documented science community of the purpose and the impacts of that growth on water and physical characteristics, land use, and pop- functions of SCOPE projects, (2) to dissem- mineral resources. inate results of research coming out of San Juan continued on p. 14

GSA TODAY, July 1997 13 San Juan continued from p. 13 related to urban growth,” noted that min- GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS? eral extraction in Puerto Rico is limited at Additional papers during the session ulation-growth histories of the San Juan present to sand, gravel, and other rock focused on other regions and processes area, and reasons why the San Juan area is resources necessary for construction and and included such findings as: an example pertinent to global trends in related infrastructure development. Terres- • Worldwide human activities accounted urbanization. Her paper, “Induced surface- trial sources of alluvial deposits, however, for a net storage of water during the last process changes in Rio Loiza Basin, Puerto are nearly depleted, a difficulty that may half century that has minimized the rate Rico,” anticipated succeeding, in-depth result in the mining of offshore supplies of observed relative sea-level rise. discussions on urban growth, resulting soil of sand, deterioration of riverine, coastal, • In areas including Malaysia, Japan, and disturbance, erosion, and sedimentation and nearshore marine habitats, and inade- Korea, human translocation of materials in a major water-supply reservoir of San quate supplies of building materials to in rapidly expanding urban centers Juan, and the possible social and eco- meet construction needs for the expand- exceeds the large-scale natural transfers nomic consequences of future water short- ing urban area. The scarcity of mobile of surficial materials by earthquakes and ages due to reduced reservoir storage sand and gravel to replenish stores of bot- high rainfall. capacity. tom land and coastal sediment may also • As a result of human activities, denuda- have an inhibiting effect on tourism and tion rates in the Besaya Basin, Spain, related elements of the economy that WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS increased by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude, depend on a continuing flux of sediment and flood frequencies increased 4 to 7 Detailed discussions of the San from uplands. times. Juan–Loiza Basin case study began with In “Impacts of mining and urbaniza- • Long-term fluvial responses to sediment “Land use, upland erosion, and reservoir tion along the north coast of Puerto Rico: loading in the American and Sacra- sedimentation, Lago Loiza, Puerto Rico,” A case study of the San Juan metropolitan mento rivers, California, are complex by A. C. Gellis, R. M. T. Webb, W. J. Wolfe, area,” R. T. M. Webb and R. A. Morton and typically involve histories punctu- and S. C. I. McIntyre. The authors found identify problems of destroyed wetlands, ated by periods of both aggradation and that Lago Loiza, the principal water supply degraded water and sediment quality, degradation, depending on the time of reservoir of the San Juan metropolitan altered water circulation patterns, acceler- the study relative to the timing and area, has lost 47% of its storage capacity ated beach retreat, increased risk of storm volume of sediment released by mining. to unanticipated rapid sedimentation. overwash, and the construction of engi- • Environmental contamination in Causes of the sedimentation have been neering structures to mitigate hazards Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene Valley decreased soil disturbance and erosion induced by caused by coastal-zone modifications. in time through a combination of agriculture, urban expansion, and mass Among the changes that have led to these improved mining practices and the abil- movements triggered by tropical cyclones. problems in San Juan are the dredging of ity of nature to dilute the pollution. At present, projections suggest that Lago lagoons, the mining of sand from beaches, • Implementation of environmental regu- Loiza will be filled with sediment early in dunes, and river valleys, and the near lations and improved manufacturing the next century. elimination of fluvial-sediment discharge techniques in the Great Lakes region are Hydrologic problems accompanying to the coast owing to extractions upstream causing a decrease in the accumulation population increases and urban expansion and the impoundment of sediment in rates of contaminated sediment. were described by W. R. Osterkamp. His reservoirs such as Lago Loiza. Environ- The San Juan case study seems to paper, “Water-supply and water-quality mental restoration measures to offset the suggest that urbanization tends to exploit problems related to urban growth, Loiza negative impacts of urbanization include available resources in such a manner as to Basin, Puerto Rico,” examines the difficul- wetland reconstruction, diversion of con- be self-limiting. Puerto Rico, a water-rich ties faced by the San Juan area in provid- taminated wastewater formally discharged island, continues to be burdened with a ing potable water to its expanding popula- to San Juan Bay, and the possible dredging deficiency of municipal water supplies, tion. This study suggests that the effects of of sediment from Lago Loiza. construction materials, and construction shifting to an industrial economy are also A final paper dealing with the San sites that can sustain urban and industrial causing water shortages and the reduced Juan case study, “Global impacts of min- expansion. Terrestrial sources of sand and potential for urban growth both in San ing and urbanization on coastal systems— gravel are nearly depleted, and limited Juan and elsewhere in Puerto Rico. A conceptual model” by R. A. Morton, limestone resources are being actively Mass wasting, generally triggered extended specific observations of coastal mined. An implication is that improperly by hurricanes, is documented by M. C. change to the general case. The model rec- regulated urban expansion contributes to Larsen, as a major process contributing ognizes that the alteration of coastal pro- the exhaustion of local resources, while sediment to Lago Loiza. His paper, “An cesses by human activities largely depends diversion of water and mineral resources extreme case of mass wasting in the on tidal range and wave conditions, and to San Juan from other parts of the island humid tropics: The agriculturally devel- less strongly on terrain and climate. necessarily curtails growth of other urban oped Cayaguas watershed, Puerto Rico,” Impacts by human development on areas. An expanding population accompa- demonstrates that as much as 75% of coastal systems are important because nied by a purposeful change from an the sediment released by mass movement they tend to disrupt sediment supplies, agrarian economy to an industrial empha- during the past 70 years in northeastern accelerate soil loss, degrade water and sis has reduced agricultural production Puerto Rico remains as colluvium and allu- sediment quality, modify current and and therefore has increased Puerto Rico’s vium in lowlands. This stored material wave patterns, and increase the relative dependence on food imports. The changes represents a supply of sediment that, if rise in sea level. Morton stresses that the in land use and economic direction pro- remobilized during periods of high runoff, modeling of impacts from mining and moted rapid urban population increases, may continue to cause sediment deposi- urbanization and the prediction of future and infrastructure in support of the popu- tion in Lago Loiza and in some flood-plain conditions require an accounting of the lation growth has been inadequate to keep areas of Rio Grande de Loiza well into the natural and artificial mass movements of pace. Thus, deficiencies in the municipal 21st century. materials imported into, exported out of, water-delivery and sewage systems and the Carroll Ann Hodges and W. R. and transferred within the coastal zone, scarcity of raw materials for continuing Osterkamp, in “Mining and quarrying in including the direct and indirect transfers the San Juan/Loiza Basin area, Puerto Rico, from fluvial systems. San Juan continued on p. 15

14 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Call for Field Trip Guidebook 1998 Officer and and Continuing Education Councilor Nominees Manual Editors Council announces the following officer and councilor candi- dates. Biographical information on all candidates will be mailed Two editorships recently approved by the GSA Committee with the ballot to all voting members in August. on Publications and GSA Council may generate two new publications series for the Society. PRESIDENT (1998) The Field Trip Guidebook editor will establish and maintain Victor R. Baker, Tucson, Arizona criteria standards and guidelines for a formal guidebook series (similar to that of the Society of Economic Geologists). It is VICE-PRESIDENT (1998) anticipated that field trip leaders at the GSA Annual Meeting Gail M. Ashley, Piscataway, New Jersey will have the option of electing to publish their guidebook in the series. The editorship will be supported for all reasonable TREASURER (1998) costs as well as registration to the annual meeting or expenses of an annual field trip of choice. David E. Dunn, Richardson, Texas

The Continuing Education editor will solicit course notes from COUNCILOR (1998–2000), POSITION 1 courses presented at the GSA Annual Meeting, to be published Rhea Lydia Graham, Placitas, New Mexico in book form utilizing GSA publication standards (similar to the Murray W. Hitzman, Golden, Colorado Mineralogical Society of America series). The editorship will be supported for all reasonable costs and will have discretionary COUNCILOR (1998–2000), POSITION 2 support linked to pages published in a given year. Douglas W. Burbank, University Park, Pennsylvania It is anticipated that these series will begin when and if editors John M. Bartley, Salt Lake City, Utah are identified and approved for a three-year term. Interested applicants should contact: COUNCILOR (1998–2000), POSITION 3 Donald M. Davidson, Jr. Stephen C. Porter, Seattle, Washington Executive Director Allison R. (Pete) Palmer, Boulder, Colorado The Geological Society of America Phone: (303) 447-2020, ext. 139 COUNCILOR (1998–2000), POSITION 4 E-mail: [email protected] Bruce A. Blackerby, Fresno, California Joaquin S. Ruiz, Tucson, Arizona

San Juan continued from p. 14 alterations tend to increase natural haz- ards such as landslides, flooding, and ero- About People infrastructure development are discourag- sion. In developing countries, small-scale ing further urban growth in northeastern mining that is unregulated or illegal GSA Member Charles S. Puerto Rico. accounts for a large percentage of minerals Bartlett, Abingdon, Virginia, has Collectively, the papers presented at and building materials extracted and the been elected president of the newly this theme session demonstrate that the total area of disturbed land. formed Southern Appalachian Geo- environmental impacts of mining and Complete abstracts and author infor- logical Association (SAGA). Member urbanization of fluvial and coastal systems mation for this session are available in Fred Webb, Appalachian State Uni- are similar throughout the world, and sev- the 1996 GSA Abstracts with Programs, versity, is the North Carolina repre- eral recurring themes are evident. Surface v. 28, no. 7, p. A79–A81, A200–201. ■ sentative to the group. The International Association of Volcanologists has awarded its high- est honor, the Thorarinsson Medal, to GSA Fellow Richard V. Fisher, GSA Headquarters Services Area University of California, Santa Barbara. Bates (Maine) College has hon- in addition to the regular exhibit BOOKSTORE ored GSA Member Lois K. Ongley with its Kroepsch Award for Excel- hours, the Services area will be open MEMBERSHIP lence in Teaching. again on Thursday, from 9:00 a.m. to Fellow Karl A. Riggs, 2:00 p.m. FOUNDATION Starkville, Mississippi, has been appointed International Man of the SAGE & PEP Year 1996–1997 by the International Biographical Centre (Cambridge, Visit Us! UK).

GSA TODAY, July 1997 15 Identify rock colors accurately with a GSA Rock-Color Chart!

his handy tool provides 115 genuine Munsell® Color Stan- dards (chips), each with its cor- Trect ISCS-NBS* color name and unique Munsell alpha-numeric notation. Find any rock color on the chart and the Munsell notation underneath gives you the value (degree of lightness), the hue (color), and the chroma (degree of saturation) for that color. Use these notations in your writing to commu- nicate exact color information that anyone can understand. Designed primarily for field use, the chart nevertheless indicates the range of rock colors for all purposes and is accurate for wet or dry specimens. Chiefly used to describe medium- to fine-grained rocks, it is also helpful in working with coarse-grained rocks. This version was manufactured for GSA by the Munsell Corporation to exacting Munsell standards for color accuracy. Printed on Munsell’s special color-neutral stock, the chart includes a viewing mask. *Inter Society Color Council-National Bureau of Standards. RCC001, 16 p., $26.00 1-800-472-1988 GSA Publication Sales ¥ 3300 Penrose Place , P.O. Box 9140 ¥ Boulder, CO 80301-9140 303-447-2020 ¥ fax 303-447-1133

16 GSA TODAY, July 1997 GSA Names 1997 Medal and Award Recipients

PENROSE MEDAL GSA DISTINGUISHED SERVICE GEORGE P. W OOLLARD John D. Bredehoeft AWARD AWARD U.S. Geological Survey Robert L. Fuchs (GEOPHYSICS DIVISION) Water Resources Division President, GSA Foundation Robert S. White 345 Middlefield Road, MS 439 3300 Penrose Place Department of Earth Sciences Menlo Park, CA 94025 Boulder, Colorado 80301 University of Cambridge Richard A. Hoppin Cambridge CB3 OEZ DAY M EDAL Department of Geology United Kingdom University of Iowa Edward Irving Iowa City, IA 52242-1379 9363 Carnoustie Crescent HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AWARD Faith E. Rogers RFR #2 Kennard B. Bork Geological Society of America Sidney, BC V8L 5G7 Department of Geology and Geography 3300 Penrose Place Canada Denison University Boulder, Colorado 80301 Granville, Ohio 43023-1438 DONATH MEDAL Bennie W. Troxel 2961 Redwood Road (YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD) Napa, CA 94558-4131 O.E. MEINZER AWARD Edouard G. Bard (HYDROGEOLOGY DIVISION) CEREGE, CNRS FU17-URA132 Leonard F. Konikow Université d’Aix–Marseille III RIP RAPP ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOLOGY AWARD U.S. Geological Survey 13545 Aix BP80–Provence Cedex 4 431 National Center France Tjeerd H. van Andel Reston, Virginia 20191 Department of Earth Sciences NEW HONORARY FELLOWS University of Cambridge Downing Street G.K. GILBERT AWARD John R. L. Allen Cambridge CB2 3EQ (PLANETARY GEOLOGY DIVISION) Postgraduate Research Institute for United Kingdom Sedimentology Ronald Greeley The University of Reading Department of Geology P.O. Box 227 GILBERT H. CADY AWARD Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404 Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB (COAL GEOLOGY DIVISION) United Kingdom Alexander R. Cameron Daniel Bernoulli Research Scientist Emeritus KIRK BRYAN AWARD Geologisches Institut Geological Survey of Canada (QUATERNARY GEOLOGY AND ETH-Zentrum 3519 Benton Dr., NW GEOMORPHOLOGY DIVISION) Sonneggstrasse 5 Calgary, Alberta T2L 1W7 Zurich CH 8092 Canada Grant A. Meyer Switzerland Department of Geology Middlebury College Umberto G. Cordani E.B. BURWELL, JR., AWARD Middlebury, Vermont 05753-6151 Instituto de Estudos Avançados (ENGINEERING GEOLOGY DIVISION) Universidade de São Paulo Stephen G. Wells Antiga Reitoria - Cidade Universitaria Robert L. Schuster Desert Research Institute CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP U.S. Geological Survey (Retired) P.O. Box 60220 Brazil 1941 Golden Vue Drive Reno, Nevada 89506 Dan P. McKenzie Golden, Colorado 80401 A. J. Timothy Jull BIRPS Bullard Laboratories A. Keith F. Turner Department of Geosciences Madingley Road Department of Geology and Geological University of Arizona Cambridge, CB3 0EZ Engineering Tucson, Arizona 85721 United Kingdom Colorado School of Mines 1516 Illinois Street STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Golden, Colorado 80401-1887 AND TECTONICS DIVISION CAREER CONTRIBUTION AWARD Hans Ramberg Murklevagen 5 Uppsala S-75646 Sweden

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18 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Research and Fellowship Opportunities

Research Opportunities is expected to produce written work suit- that would be carried out in the six-month able for publication in a professional jour- period. The Fellow will be expected to for Undergraduates in nal. Criteria for evaluation of proposals produce a written report upon completion Tropical Lake Studies include the applicant’s professional and of the project. All applications must be educational qualifications and demon- accompanied by a professional resume The Nyanza Project is a new summer strated writing ability; importance and rel- and letter of nomination from the faculty research training program for under- evance of the proposed topic to the field; host(s) at the cooperating educational graduates, sponsored by the International and the likelihood of producing written institution(s). Faculty members should Decade of East African Lakes (IDEAL) and work that leads to better understanding also indicate the institution’s ability to funded by the National Science Founda- of issues and improved practice, or policy provide research facilities, including tion and the Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity in the field. Candidates may be from busi- library, work space, telephone, and com- Project. This 6-week program is open to ness, government, legal practice or univ- puter access. Applicants must hold U.S. sophomore–senior level undergraduates ersities. A stipend of $20,000 plus benefits citizenship or permanent resident status. of any nationality attending a U.S. college is available for the semester, along with Candidates may obtain an application or university, or to students from the secretarial and research assistance. The form from the Earthquake Engineering countries surrounding Lake Tanganyika School of Law offers office space, use of Research Institute, 499 14th St., Suite 320, (Tanzania, Burundi, Zambia, and Zaire), all University of Colorado libraries and Oakland, CA 94612-1934, (510) 451-0905, who are interested in continuing research other facilities, and participation in Natu- fax 510-451-5411, [email protected], or from careers in any aspect of aquatic sciences ral Resources Law Center programs. In EERI’s Web site at http://www.eeri.org. (limnology, ecology and evolutionary biol- addition, the Fellow will be in proximity Deadline for receipt of all application ogy, conservation biology, geolimnology, to several important agencies and experts, materials at EERI is September 5, 1997. and paleolimnology). Students who are within and outside the university, who Announcement of the award will be members of underrepresented minority are performing research in the energy and made October 17, 1997. groups are particularly encouraged to natural resources fields. Candidates should apply. The program will take place at submit a proposal in the form of a letter Kigoma, Tanzania, to take advantage of or statement describing a research project, research opportunities at Lake Tanganyika. International Lithosphere along with a resume. One or more (a max- Students who are accepted into the pro- imum of three) letters of support should Program Projects gram will have their airfare, room and be submitted directly. Address applications The Inter-Union Commission on board and research expenses paid by and letters to Kathryn Mutz, Natural the Lithosphere (ICL) invites proposals the project and will be given a stipend. Resources Law Center, Campus Box 401, for new projects to be conducted under Applications for the 1998 program Boulder, CO 80309-0401. Application the auspices of the International Litho- (June 1–July 10) will be accepted until deadline is August 31, 1997. sphere Program (ILP). Established in 1980 January 1, 1998. For additional information, contact: by the International Council of Scientific For further information, contact: Kathryn Mutz, (303) 492-1287, fax 303- Unions (ICSU), the ILP seeks to elucidate (for U.S. student inquiries) The Nyanza 492-1297, [email protected]. the nature, dynamics, origin, and evolu- Project, Dept. of Geosciences, University tion of the lithosphere through interna- of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, phone tional, multidisciplinary research projects (520) 626-7312, fax 520-621-2672, and coordinating committees. [email protected], http://www. Earthquake Hazards Since 1990, ILP projects have been geo.arizona.edu/nyanza; or (for African Reduction Fellowship operating under the umbrella of four pro- student inquiries) Lake Tanganyika Under a cooperative agreement gram themes: (1) Geoscience of Global Biodiversity Project, P.O. Box 90, Kigoma, with FEMA, the Earthquake Engineering Change; (2) Continental Dynamics and Tanzania, phone 255-695-2992, fax 255- Research Institute offers a 1998 Profes- Deep Processes; (3) Continental Litho- 695-2993, [email protected], http://www. sional Fellowship to provide an opportu- sphere; (4) Oceanic Lithosphere. ILP pro- nri.org/Lake_Tanganyika. nity for a practicing professional to gain vides each project leader with a small greater skills and broader expertise in amount of money (about $5000/year) for earthquake hazards reduction, either by administration and travel. Further finan- El Paso Energy enhancing knowledge in the applicant’s cial support for scientific investigations, Corporation own field or by broadening his or her conferences, and workshops must be Law Fellowship knowledge in a related, but unfamiliar sought from national and international discipline. This fellowship is aimed at funding agencies; experience suggests that The Natural Resources Law Center of the career professional and is designed to ILP’s “stamp of approval” offers consider- the University of Colorado School of Law bring together an experienced practitioner able credibility to grant applications. invites applications for the El Paso Energy with professionals conducting significant Information on current ILP projects Corporation Law Fellowship for spring research, providing an opportunity to can be obtained from the 1995 ILP Annual semester (January–May) 1998. The Fellow enrich the applicant’s knowledge and Report, which is available from ILP Secre- will spend a semester in residence at the skills and broaden the research base with tary General Joerg Erzinger or through School of Law, researching a topic con- challenges faced in practice. The Profes- ILP’s home page at http://www.gfz- cerning oil and gas, minerals, energy, sional Fellowship is not intended to fund potsdam.de/pb4/ilp/. All ILP projects or related public land law. While in resi- work toward a degree. The fellowship pro- must have an international character dence, the Fellow will participate in activi- vides a stipend of $30,000, commencing and should address issues of interest to ties of the Law School and the Center, in January 1998, to cover tuition, fees, and both parent unions (IUGG and IUGS). and will have an opportunity to exchange relocation and living expenses for a six- ideas with faculty and students in both month period. Applicants must provide Research Opportunities formal and informal sessions. The Fellow a detailed work plan for a research project continued on p. 20

GSA TODAY, July 1997 19 Officers and Past Chairs of Sections and Divisions 1997–1998 Section Officers and Past Chairs

CORDILLERAN SECTION NORTH-CENTRAL SECTION NORTHEASTERN SECTION Alison B. Till ...... Chair William I. Ausich ...... Chair Jon C. Boothroyd ...... Chair Margaret E. Rusmore ...... Vice-Chair Walter C. Sweet ...... Vice-Chair Allan Ludman ...... Vice-Chair Bruce A. Blackerby ...... Secretary George R. Hallberg ...... Secretary Kenneth N. Weaver . . Secretary-Treasurer J. Casey Moore ...... Past Chair Thomas J. Evans ...... Past Chair Susan D. Halsey ...... Past Chair Alexander Zaporozec . . . . Past Vice-Chair ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION SOUTHEASTERN SECTION Larry T. Middleton ...... Chair SOUTH-CENTRAL SECTION Ernest A. Mancini ...... Chair Ronald C. Blakey ...... Vice-Chair Elizabeth Y. Anthony ...... Chair Larry D. Woodfork ...... Vice-Chair Kenneth E. Kolm ...... Secretary M. Charles Gilbert ...... Vice-Chair Harold H. Stowell . . . . Secretary-Treasurer Nancy J. McMillan ...... Past Chair Rena M. Bonem . . . . . Secretary-Treasurer Robert Whisonant ...... Past Chair Timothy F. Lawton ...... Past Vice-Chair Mark Cloos ...... Past Chair Mark Steltenpohl ...... Past Vice-Chair

1997 Division Officers and Past Chairs

ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEOLOGY GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION PLANETARY GEOLOGY DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION James R. Zimbelman ...... Chair E. James Dixon ...... Chair Ellen P. Metzger ...... Chair Cassandra R. Coombs . . . First Vice-Chair Rolfe D. Mandel ...... First Vice-Chair David W. Mogk ...... First Vice-Chair Dan Britt ...... Second Vice-Chair C. Reid Ferring ...... Second Vice-Chair Martha Sykes ...... Second Vice-Chair Ralph Harvey ...... Secretary-Treasurer William C. Johnson . . Secretary-Treasurer David F. Mastie ...... Secretary-Treasurer Larry S. Crumpler ...... Past Chair Edwin R. Hajic ...... Past Chair Barbara M. Manner ...... Past Chair QUATERNARY GEOLOGY AND COAL GEOLOGY DIVISION HISTORY OF GEOLOGY DIVISION GEOMORPHOLOGY DIVISION James R. Staub ...... Chair Paul R. Seaber ...... Chair Karen L. Prestegaard ...... Chair Brenda S. Pierce ...... First Vice-Chair Gerard V. Middleton . . . . First Vice-Chair Leslie D. McFadden . . . . . First Vice-Chair Cortland F. Eble ...... Second Vice-Chair William A. S. Sargeant . Second Vice-Chair Ardith K. Hansel . . . . . Second Vice-Chair Thomas D. Demchuk ...... Secretary William M. Jordan . . . Secretary-Treasurer J. Steven Kite ...... Secretary-Treasurer John H. Calder ...... Past Chair William R. Brice ...... Past Chair William L. Graf ...... Past Chair

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY DIVISION SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY DIVISION DIVISION Warren W. Wood ...... Chair Richard A. Davis, Jr...... Chair Helen L. Delano ...... Chair Darryll T. Pederson . . . . . First Vice-Chair Greg H. Mack ...... First Vice-Chair Vincent S. Cronin ...... Chair-Elect Mary Jo Baedecker . . . . Second Vice-Chair Evan K. Franseen . . . . . Second Vice-Chair Scott F. Burns ...... Secretary Joe C. Yelderman, Jr. . . Secretary-Treasurer David McCormick . . . Secretary-Treasurer John R. Giardino ...... Past Chair John W. Hess, Jr...... Past Chair Rebecca J. Dorsey ...... Past Chair

GEOPHYSICS DIVISION INTERNATIONAL DIVISION STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND Kenneth P. Kodama ...... Chair Ian W. D. Dalziel ...... President TECTONICS DIVISION Eugene D. Humphreys . . . First Vice-Chair Gabor Tari ...... First Vice-President Terry L. Pavlis ...... Chair Susan E. McGeary . . . . Second Vice-Chair John J. W. Rogers . . Second Vice-President Vicki L. Hansen ...... First Vice-Chair G. Randy Keller . . . . . Secretary-Treasurer Suzanne Stephen Marshak . . . . Second Vice-Chair Alan R. Levander ...... Past Chair Mahlburg Kay ...... Secretary-Treasurer Arthur G. Goldstein . . Secretary-Treasurer James W. Skehan ...... Past President John M. Bartley ...... Past Chair

Research Opportunities mum 5 years) and expected participants, 49-331-288-1474; [email protected]) continued from p. 19 together with short comments explaining or ILP President Alan Green (Institute of how the project will address ILP’s principal Geophysics, ETH-Hoenggerberg, CH-8093, The ILP is now accepting suggestions for goals and program themes. The proposed Zurich, Switzerland, phone 41-1-633-2657, four to five new projects to begin in 1998. leader and co-leaders of the project should fax 41-1-633-1065, [email protected]. A nonexclusive list of potential research also submit one-page curriculum vitae. phys.ethz.ch. Proposals should arrive at topics is described in the 1995 Annual Further information on ILP activities and the ILP Secretariat in Potsdam by July 31, Report. Project proposals based on these guidelines is available from ILP Secretary 1997, for initiation of projects in January and other topics would be most welcome. General Joerg Erzinger (ILP Secretariat, 1998, and by December 31, 1997, for Each proposal should be no longer than GeoForschungsZentrumPotsdam, initiation of projects in July 1998. ■ four pages and contain information on Telegrafenberg A540, 14473, Potsdam, the project’s objectives, duration (maxi- Germany, phone: 49-331-288-1421, fax

20 GSA TODAY, July 1997 applicant should have. The GSA computer will take it from there. You will receive a printout that in- GSA Employment Service cludes the applicants’ names, addresses, phone numbers, areas of specialty, type of employment desired, degrees held, years receive your materials by September 1, of professional experience, and current Looking for a your record will be included in the infor- employment status. Résumés for each New Job? mation employers receive prior to the applicant are sent with each printout at no meeting. Submit the form on page 22 additional charge. For 1997, the cost of a re you looking for a new position early to receive maximum exposure! Don’t printout of one or two specialty codes is in the field of geology? The GSA forget to indicate on your application $175. (For example, in a recent job search A Employment Service offers an form that you would like to interview in for an analyst of inorganic materials, the economical way to find one. Potential October. Good luck with your job search! employer requested the specialty codes employers use the service to find the For additional information or of geochemistry and petrology.) Each qualified individuals they need. submission of forms, please contact additional specialty is $50. A printout of You may register any time throughout T. Michael Moreland, Manager, Mem- the applicant listing in all specialties is the year. Your name will be provided to all bership Services, Geological Society of available for $350. (Specialty codes printed participating employers who seek individ- America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO in boldface type are considered major uals with your qualifications. If possible, 80301, (303) 447-2020, or member@ headings. If you request a listing of one of take advantage of GSA’s Employment geosociety.org. the subspecialties, applicants coded under Interview Service, which is conducted the major category will be included but each fall in conjunction with the Society’s not those coded under the other related Annual Meeting. The service brings poten- Looking for a subspecialties.) If you have any questions tial employers and employees together New Employee? about your personalized computer search, for face-to-face interviews. Mark your GSA Membership Services will assist you. calendar for the 1997 GSA Annual hen was the last time you hired The GSA Employment Service is avail- Meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah. a new employee? Did you waste able year round. However, GSA also con- To register, complete the application W time and effort in your search ducts the Employment Interview Service form on this page, prepare a one- to for a qualified geoscientist? Let the GSA each fall in conjunction with the Society’s two-page résumé, and mail it with your computerized search file make your Annual Meeting (this year in Salt Lake payment to GSA headquarters. One-year job easier. City, Utah, October 20–23). You may rent listing for GSA Members and Student How does it work? Complete the interview space in half-day increments Associates in good standing: $30, Employer’s Request for Earth Science from GSA. Our staff will schedule all nonmembers: $60. Applicants form on page 23. Remember interviews with applicants for you, the NOTE TO APPLICANTS: If you to specify educational and professional recruiter. In addition, GSA offers a message plan to interview at the GSA Annual experience requirements as well as the service, complete listing of applicants, Meeting, GSA must receive your materials specialty area or areas of expertise your copies of résumés at no additional charge, no later than September 1, 1997. If we and a posting of all job openings. ■

American Institute of Professional Geologists Stanford University, Stanford California Geophysics, Rockphysics & Reservoir Now GSA Associated Society Properties of Gas Hydrate Zones Under The Ocean The GSA Council has accorded the American Institute of Professional Geologists Workshop to review and discuss the use of Associated Society status. Organizations can associate with GSA for the purpose marine seismic data and well logs to eval- of cooperation in annual, section, or division meetings, and in publications. uate location, amounts, potential produc- The American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG), founded in 1963, is tivity of methane from or under hydrates, dedicated to promoting geology as a profession. It presently has more than 5,000 as well as mechanical stability of hydrated members in the U.S. and abroad, organized into 37 regional Sections. The Institute ocean bottom sediments. Meeting adheres to the principles of professional responsibility and public service and is the announcement and registration at: only international organization that certifies the competence and ethical conduct of http://pangea.stanford. edu/~margaret/ geological scientists in all branches of the science with members employed in industry, srbhomepage.html government, and academia. Deadline for Applications and Abstracts The Institute holds an annual meeting and actively lobbies at the state and federal August 15 level on issues of interest to geologists. AIPG also provides materials designed to Sponsor enhance the knowledge and professional skills of its members, as well as distributing Amos Nur publications involving geologically related matters of public concern. c/o Geophysics Dept Officers for 1997 are: President Jonathan G. Price, President-Elect Stephen M. Testa, Stanford University, Vice President Dennis Pennington, Secretary Robert H. Fakundiny, Treasurer Robert M. Stanford, CA 94035-2215; Colpitts, Jr., Editor J. Dale Nations. [email protected] fax 415/723-1188

GSA TODAY, July 1997 21 FOR ACCOUNTING USE ONLY Rec. $30 $60 Ck # ______GSA ______APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT MATCHING SERVICE Add. ______(Please type or print legibly with black ink) Ltr. ______TITLE Dr. Mr. Ms. Mrs. Miss DATE ______

NAME (last name first) ______E-MAIL ______MAILING ADDRESS ______MAILING ADDRESS ______CITY ______STATE ______ZIP CODE ______DATE AVAILABLE ______TELEPHONE ( ) ______/ ______VISA ______area code Business Home If not U.S. citizen, list visa

EXPERIENCE Must use specialty codes listed below. PRESENT SPECIALTY Choose three that best describe your expertise in order of importance. Choose one from codes listed below ______1. ______2. ______3. ______YEARS EXPERIENCE IN THIS SPECIALTY ______

PRESENT EMPLOYER ______TYPE OF POSITION DESIRED (Check as many boxes as apply.) Interested in: Academic Government Industry Other Specific interest: Administration Exploration/Production Field Research Teaching Will accept employment in: U.S. only U.S. with foreign assignments Either GIVE NUMBER OF YEARS EXPERIENCE FOR ANY OF THE FOLLOWING THAT ARE APPLICABLE Administrative_____ Exploration/Production_____ Field_____ Research_____ Teaching_____ Total geological experience______KNOWLEDGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES: French German Russian Spanish Other______ACADEMIC TRAINING College or University Degree (rec’d or expected) Year Major Minor IIII IIII IIII Postgraduate work beyond highest degree in (field) ______Number of years ______

SPECIALTY CODES Select those that best describe your ability. Use codes in boldface only when other breakdowns are inadequate. 100 Economic Geology 223 low temperature 350 Mathematical Geology 454 paleobotany 620 Remote Sensing 101 coal geology 224 stable isotopes 351 computer science 455 paleoecology 621 photogeology 102 geothermal, etc. 225 geochronology 352 statistical geology 500 Petroleum Geology 622 photogrammetry 103 metallic deposits 250 Geomorphology 400 Mineralogy 501 exploration 630 Science Editing 104 nonmetallic deposits 300 Geophysics 401 crystallography 502 subsurface strat. 650 Sedimentology 105 mining geology 301 seismic 402 clay mineralogy 520 Petrology 651 sed. processes 120 Engineering Geology 302 gravity/magnetics 410 Museum (curator) 521 igneous 652 sed. environments 150 Environmental Geology 303 seismicity 420 Oceanography 522 metamorphic 720 Stratigraphy 160 Public Education & Com- 304 paleomagnetism 421 marine geology 523 sedimentary (clastic) 750 Structural Geology munication 320 Hydrogeology 422 coastal geology 524 sedimentary (carb.) 751 tectonics 200 General Geology 321 hydrochemistry 450 Paleontology 525 experimental 752 tectonophysics 220 Geochemistry 322 ground water 451 invertebrate 550 Planetology 753 rock mechanics 221 organic 323 surface water 452 vertebrate 575 Quaternary Geology 800 Volcanology 222 high temperature 330 Library 453 micropaleontology 600 Regional Geology

Résumé must be attached, limited to two pages, typewritten on one side only, to be acceptable for reproduction to employers. Include your name, address, and phone number; concise details of work experience; and majors/minors on degrees. Fee:$30 if you are a Member or Student Associate of GSA in good standing (Member #______), $60 if you are not a member of GSA. Payment in U.S. funds (check, money order, or charge information must accompany form). Make check payable to the Geological Society of America. ≈ This application will be active for one year.

Check/Money Order MasterCard VISA Card Expires American Express or Optima Signature Mo/Yr Card Number Required for credit card payment I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Date

I agree to release GSA or their representatives from responsibility for errors that may occur in processing or distributing these data. I understand that GSA makes no guaran- tee of contact by an employer in this service. I agree to notify GSA Employment Service immediately of (1) change of address, (2) acceptance of a position.

Signature (required) ______I will/will not attend the 19 _____ GSA Annual Meeting in ______EMPLOYER’S REQUEST FOR EARTH SCIENCE APPLICANTS (Please type or print legibly)

NAME ______DATE ______ORGANIZATION ______MAILING ADDRESS ______CITY ______STATE _____ ZIP CODE ______TELEPHONE ( ) ______area code Number

E-MAIL ______FAX ( ) ______SPECIALTY CODES (see list below) List the specialty code numbers that you wish to order, or check here if you want the entire file of applicants in ALL specialties. 1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______

POSITION DATA: What position(s) do you expect to fill? ______In what area(s)? ______Degree requirements ______Number of positions available ______

SPECIALTY CODES 100 Economic Geology 223 low temperature 350 Mathematical Geology 454 paleobotany 620 Remote Sensing 101 coal geology 224 stable isotopes 351 computer science 455 paleoecology 621 photogeology 102 geothermal, etc. 225 geochronology 352 statistical geology 500 Petroleum Geology 622 photogrammetry 103 metallic deposits 250 Geomorphology 400 Mineralogy 501 exploration 630 Science Editing 104 nonmetallic deposits 300 Geophysics 401 crystallography 502 subsurface strat. 650 Sedimentology 105 mining geology 301 seismic 402 clay mineralogy 520 Petrology 651 sed. processes 120 Engineering Geology 302 gravity/magnetics 410 Museum (curator) 521 igneous 652 sed. environments 150 Environmental Geology 303 seismicity 420 Oceanography 522 metamorphic 720 Stratigraphy 160 Public Education & Com- 304 paleomagnetism 421 marine geology 523 sedimentary (clastic) 750 Structural Geology munication 320 Hydrogeology 422 coastal geology 524 sedimentary (carb.) 751 tectonics 200 General Geology 321 hydrochemistry 450 Paleontology 525 experimental 752 tectonophysics 220 Geochemistry 322 ground water 451 invertebrate 550 Planetology 753 rock mechanics 221 organic 323 surface water 452 vertebrate 575 Quaternary Geology 800 Volcanology 222 high temperature 330 Library 453 micropaleontology 600 Regional Geology

Applicants seeking employment in: Experience desired (years): Academic Government Industry Other ______None 1Ð5 6-plus Administrative Minimum degree required: None B.A. or B.S. M.A. or M.S. Ph.D. Exploration/Production Field Minimum professional experience: Research None 1Ð5 years 6-plus years Teaching

Employment in: U.S. only U.S. with foreign assignments Either

Foreign Languages: French German Russian Spanish Other ______Not required

I am interested in interviewing applicants through the GSA 1. I agree to use this service for valid recruiting purposes. Employment Service at the 19____ Annual Meeting in 2. I agree that no placement charges will be assessed to any ap- ______. plicant participating in the GSA Employment Matching Service.

Signature (required) ______Total fee enclosed ...... $______Or invoice requested ...... $______Date ______VOLUME 25 July BULLETIN and NO. 7 P. 577Ð672 GEOLOGY Contents JULY 1997 579 Superfaults John G. Spray The Geological Society of America 583 Ordovician and Silurian metamorphic cooling ages along the Laurentian margin of the Quebec Appalachians: Bridging the gap between New England and Newfoundland Sébastien Castonguay, Alain Tremblay, Gilles Ruffet, Gilbert Féraud, Nicolas Pinet, Volume 109, Number 7, July 1997 Marc Sosson 587 Antarctic continental weathering changes during Eocene-Oligocene CONTENTS cryosphere expansion: Clay mineral and oxygen isotope evidence Christian Robert, James P. Kennett 789Ð798 Northern Andean crustal evolution: New U-Pb geochronological 591 Reaction-induced microcracking: An experimental investigation of a constraints from Ecuador mechanism for enhancing anatectic melt extraction S. R. Noble, J. A. Aspden, and R. Jemielita J. A. D. Connolly, M. B. Holness, D. C. Rubie, T. Rushmer 595 Early Mesozoic subduction in the Eastern Mediterranean: Evidence 799Ð808 Common lead, Sm-Nd, and U-Pb constraints on petrogenesis, from Triassic eclogite in northwest Turkey crustal architecture, and tectonic setting of the Penokean orogeny Aral I. Okay, Patrick Monié (Paleoproterozoic) in Wisconsin Nicholas Van Wyck and Clark M. Johnson 599 Rotation and exhumation of a thrust plane: Apatite fission-track data from the Glarus thrust, Switzerland M. K. Rahn, A. J. Hurford, M. Frey 809Ð824 Quaternary glacial history of Mount Olympus, Greece Geoffrey W. Smith, R. Damian Nance, and Andrew N. Genes 603 Millennial-scale climatic oscillations during the last interglaciation in central China 825Ð840 A case for Sirius Group alpine glaciation at Mount Fleming, South An Zhisheng, Stephen C. Porter Victoria Land, Antarctica: A case against Pliocene East Antarctic 607 Zirconium abundance in granulite-facies minerals, with implications Ice Sheet reduction for zircon geochronology in high-grade rocks Arjen P. Stroeven and Michael L. Prentice Geoffrey Fraser, David Ellis, Stephen Eggins 611 Evidence for a contribution from two mantle plumes to island-arc 841Ð854 Mid-crustal deformation at the southern flank of the Sudbury Basin, lavas from northern Tonga central Ontario, Canada J. I. Wendt, M. Regelous, K. D. Collerson, A. Ewart Ulrich Riller and W. M. Schwerdtner 615 Evolution of rift basins and low-angle detachments in multilayer analog models 855Ð868 Geostatistical analysis of regional hydraulic conductivity variations in A. P. Gartrell the Snake River Plain aquifer, eastern Idaho J. A. Welhan and M. F. Reed 619 Silica depletion of the thermocline in the eastern North Pacific during glacial conditions: Clues from Ocean Drilling Program Site 893, Geodynamic evolution and tectonostratigraphic terranes of Santa Barbara basin, California 869Ð884 W. H. Berger, C. B. Lange, A. Weinheimer northwestern Argentina and northern Chile Heinrich Bahlburg and Francisco Hervé 623 Resolving denudational histories in orogenic belts with apatite fission-track thermochronology and structural data: An example Provenance of the upper Miocene Modelo Formation and subsidence from southern Spain 885Ð899 Christopher Johnson analysis of the Los Angeles basin, southern California: Implications for paleotectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions 627 Is the ancestral Yellowstone hotspot responsible for the Tertiary Peter E. Rumelhart and Raymond V. Ingersoll “Carlin” mineralization in the Great Basin of Nevada? Gary L. Oppliger, J. Brendan Murphy, George H. Brimhall Jr. 900Ð914 High-Mg andesites from the Gila Bend Mountains, southwestern 631 Influence of rock strength properties on escarpment retreat across Arizona: Evidence for hydrous melting of lithosphere during passive continental margins Miocene extension Jeffrey K. Weissel, Michele A. Seidl Robert Lopez and K. L. Cameron 635 Simulation of sedimentary facies on the Northern California Shelf Yong Zhang, Donald J. P. Swift, Alan W. Niedoroda, Christopher W. Reed, Julian A. Thorne 639 Fast rift propagation at a slow-spreading ridge MOVING? Don’t risk missing a single issue of Martin C. Kleinrock, Brian E. Tucholke, Jian Lin, Maurice A. Tivey GSA Today! If you’re planning on changing your 643 Sulfur cycle in buried evaporites address, simply write in your new address and mail R. H. Worden, P. C. Smalley, A. E. Fallick this coupon along with your subscription mailing label (use label from this newsletter) to: GSA, Mem- 647 Reduced rapakivi-type granites: The tholeiite connection Carol D. Frost, B. Ronald Frost bership Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. Or you may call with your change of address 651 Dating crust-mantle separation: Re-Os isotopic study of mafic information— (303) 447-2020 or 1-800-472-1988 or E-mail us at mem- xenoliths from central Arizona Sonia Esperança, Richard W. Carlson, Steven B. Shirey, Douglas Smith [email protected]. (Report address changes at least six weeks in advance. If possible, give us your 655 Red Sea detachment and basement core complexes in Eritrea Christopher J. Talbot, Woldai Ghebreab change of address by the tenth of the month.) 659 High-resolution record of foraminiferal response to late Quaternary PLEASE PRINT sea-ice retreat in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea Stefan Nees, Alexander V. Altenbach, Heidemarie Kassens, Jörn Thiede Name ______663 Reconciliation of San Andreas slip discrepancy by a combination of interior Basin and Range extension and transrotation near the coast Address ______William R. Dickinson, Brian P. Wernicke ______Forum 666 New constraints on the Slate Islands impact structure City ______Comment: H. C. Halls Comment: R. A. F. Grieve, P. B. Robertson State/ZIP/Country ______Reply: Virgil L. Sharpton, Burkhard O. Dressler 669 Mono-sample Pb-Pb dating of pyrrhotite and tourmaline: Proterozoic Phone (business hours) ______vs. Archean intracratonic gold mineralization Comment: Jeremy P. Richards, Paul A. Wagner I do not wish to have this number in the Membership Directory. Reply: Robert Frei, Thomas Pettke 671 Estimating the Final Size of Geology Manuscripts Using Electronic Files Change my voting section to: ______672 Guidelines for Geology Authors

24 GSA TODAY, July 1997 Environmental & GSA Section Meetings — 1998 Engineering Geoscience Contents Call for Papers

Volume III, Number 1, Spring 1997 NORTHEASTERN SECTION SOUTHEASTERN SECTION 1 Aubrey D. (Pete) Henley, Honorary Member March 19–21, 1998 March 30–31, 1998 Association of Engineering Geologists Holiday Inn By the Bay, Charleston Civic Center, 3 Jasper L. Holland, Honorary Member Portland, Maine Charleston, West Virginia Association of Engineering Geologists Abstract Deadline: Abstract Deadline: 7 1996 AEG Professional Paper: Graduate Division November 14, 1997 November 21, 1997 A Graphical Method for the Classification Submit completed abstracts to: Submit completed abstracts to: of Rock and Weak Rock Masses Based on Marc C. Loiselle Peter Lessing Field Observations Kirk Palicki Maine Geological Survey WV Geological & Economic Survey 13 1996 AEG Professional Paper: 22 State House Station P.O. Box 879 Undergraduate Division Augusta, ME 04333-0022 Morgantown, WV 26507-0879 The Methods and Results of an Historical (207) 287-2801 (304) 594-2321 and Geological Records Search on the [email protected] [email protected] Carondelet Coke Works, St. Louis, Missouri Eric J. Triplett 21 Hydraulic Modeling for Lahar hazards at Cascades Volcanoes NORTH-CENTRAL SECTION CORDILLERAN SECTION John E. Costa March 19–20, 1998 April 7–9, 1998 31 Regional Landslide-Hazard Evaluation Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio California State University, Using Landslide Slopes, Western Wasatch Abstract Deadline: Long Beach, California County, Utah Michael D. Hylland and Mike Lowe November 14, 1997 Abstract Deadline: 45 Enhanced Migration of Gasohol Fuels in Submit completed abstracts to: December 12, 1997 Clay Soils and Sediments David H. Elliot Submit completed abstracts to: W. M. Stallard, B. Herbert, H-C Choi and Department of Geological Sciences James C. Sample M. Y. Corapcioglu Ohio State University Department of Geological Sciences 55 Geology of Lima, Peru Moses Karakouzian, Mario A. Candia, Richard V. 125 South Oval Mall California State University Wyman, Mervyn D. Watkins and Nick Hudyma Columbus, OH 43210 Long Beach, CA 90840 89 History of Engineering Geology in the (614) 292-5076 (562) 985-4589 California Department of Water Resources [email protected] [email protected] Larry James, Raymond Richter and Robert Bean 111 The Role of Soil Behavior on Damage Caused by the Dinar Earthquake (South- SOUTH-CENTRAL SECTION ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION western Turkey) of October 1, 1995 Kamil Kayabali March 23–24, 1998 May 25–26, 1998 University of Oklahoma, Northern Arizona University, 123 Design and Construction of Roman Roads: The Case of Via Egnatia in the Aegean Norman, Oklahoma Flagstaff, Arizona Thrace, Northern Greece Abstract Deadline: Abstract Deadline: G. S. Xeidakis and E. G. Varagouli December 1, 1997 December 12, 1997 Technical Notes Submit completed abstracts to: Submit completed abstracts to: 133 Case Studies of Rockfall in Soft Versus Judson Ahern Wendell Duffield Hard Rock School of Geology & Geophysics U.S. Geological Survey Robert W. Day University of Oklahoma 2255 Gemini Road 141 Estimated Number of Manufactured 100 E. Boyd St., Suite 810 Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Gas and Other Coal-Tar Sites in the United States Norman, OK 73019-0628 (520) 556-7000 Allen W. Hatheway (405) 325-3253 [email protected] 143 Improving Ekofisk Subsidence Monitoring [email protected] Interpretations ✁ Marius J. Mes, Herbert Landau and Christian Luttenberger 1998 SECTION MEETING ABSTRACT FORM REQUEST Book Reviews To: GSA Abstracts Coordinator, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140 153 Roadside Geology of South Dakota by John Paul Gries or E-mail: [email protected] reviewed by Perry H. Rahn 154 Drilling and Blasting of Rocks Please send _____ copies of the 1998 GSA Section Meeting abstract form. by Carlos Lopez Jimeno, Emilio Lopez Jimeno and Francisco Javier Ayala Carcedo reviewed by William F. Kane Name ______155 Geotechnical Materials in Construction by Marian P. Rollings and Raymond S. Rollings Address ______reviewed by Allen W. Hatheway 156 Geotechnical Engineering by Renato Lancellotta ______reviewed by Olivier P. Muff 158 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering by Steven L. Kramer City ______State______ZIP ______reviewed by Allen W. Hatheway

GSA TODAY, July 1997 25 26 GSA TODAY, July 1997 CALENDAR

August Only new or changed information is stanford.edu, fax 415-723-1188, http://pangea. August 25–27, Hydrogeology of Washington published in GSA Today. A complete listing stanford.edu/~margaret/srbhomepage.html. State 2nd Symposium, Olympia, Washington. can be found in the Calendar section on (Abstracts deadline: August 15, 1997.) Information: Nadine Romero, Washington State the Internet: http://www.geosociety.org. Dept. of Ecology, (360) 407-6116, nrom461@ November ecy.wa.gov. November 12–14, 19th New Zealand Geo- thermal Workshop, Auckland, New Zealand. 1997 Penrose Conferences September Information: Convenors, c/o Geothermal Institute, September 30–October 4, Association of Engi- September University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, neering Geologists 40th Annual Meeting, September 10–15, Faults and Subsurface Fluid Auckland, New Zealand, fax 64-9-373-7436, Portland, Oregon. Information: Gary Peterson, Flow: Fundamentals and Applications to [email protected], http://www.auckland. (503) 635-4419, [email protected]; Hydrogeology and Petroleum Geology, ac.nz/gei/. http://geoweb.tamu.edu/aeg/. Albuquerque and Taos, New Mexico. Information: William C. Haneberg, New Mexico Bureau of October 1998 Meetings Mines and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Insti- October 6–9, Ecuador Mining ’97, Cuenca, tute of Mining and Technology, 2808 Central Ave. Ecuador. Information: George H. Roman, Engineer- January SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, (505) 262-2774, ing & Mining Journal, 29 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL January 26–29, Tailings and Mine Waste ’98, fax 505-255-5253, [email protected]. For more 60606-3298, (773) 342-1167 or (312) 726-2802, Fort Collins, Colorado. Information: Linda Hinshaw, information, see http://www.nmt.edu/~haneberg/ fax 773-342-5744 or 312-726-2574, ghroman@ Dept. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State Uni- Fluids.html. msn.com. versity, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372, (970) 491-6081, fax 970-491-3584 or 7727. September 23–28, Tectonics of Continental October 7–10, Mining Equipment, Processing Interiors, Cedar City, Utah. Information: Michael of Mineral Resources, New Technology, March Hamburger, Dept. of Geological Sciences, Indiana Ecology (ETER-97) 3rd International Exhibition March 18–20, GSA Northeastern Section University, Bloomington, IN 47405, (812) 855-2934, and Symposium, St. Petersburg, Russia. Infor- Meeting, Portland, Maine. fax 812-855-7899, [email protected]. mation: Vladimir Lelis, P.O. Box 215, 199004, March 19–20, GSA North-Central Section St. Petersburg, Russia, phone 7-812 355-7952, fax Meeting, Columbus, Ohio. 1997 Meetings +7-812 213-5926, 112-2348, [email protected], http://www.restec.ru/. March 23–24, GSA South-Central Section July Meeting, Norman, Oklahoma. July 16–19, Geo-Logan ’97 (American Society October 21–22, Geophysics, Rock Physics & Reservoir Properties of Gas Hydrate Zones March 30–31, GSA Southeastern Section of Civil Engineers Geo-Institute Annual Technical Meeting, Charleston, West Virginia. Conference), Logan, Utah. Information: Sara Under the Ocean, Stanford, California. Informa- Hansen or Vicki Wiser, 1-800-538-2663. tion: Amos Nur, c/o Dept. of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035-2215, amos.nur@ Calendar continued on p. 30

GSA TODAY, July 1997 27 GSA ANNUAL MEETINGS

1997 Salt Lake City, Utah ◆ October 20–23 Salt Palace Convention Center ◆ Little America Hotel

GSA Student Associate Member Travel Grants The GSA Foundation has awarded matching grants to the six GSA Sections. The money, when combined with equal funds from the sections, is used to assist GSA Student Associates traveling to GSA meetings. The following sections offer assistance for travel to the Annual Meeting in Salt Lake City. The remaining two sections offer assistance to their section meeting. For information and deadlines, contact your section secretary. ◆ North-Central—George Hallberg, (319) 335-4500, [email protected] ◆ Northeastern—Kenneth Weaver, (410) 554-5532, [email protected] ◆ South-Central—Rena Bonem, (817) 755-2361, [email protected] ◆ Southeastern—Harold Stowell, (205) 348-5098, [email protected] GSA Continuing Education Courses — Register now!

1. Analysis of Veins in Sedimentary Rocks—An Introduc- National Association of Geoscience Teachers. Faculty: Alexandra tion for Structural Geologists. Saturday, October 18 and Moore, Hartwick College; Louis A. Derry and Andrew J. Kurtz, Sunday, October 19. Salt Palace Convention Center. Cosponsored Cornell University. Limit: 30. Fee: $280, students $260; includes by Structural Geology and Tectonics Division. Faculty: David V. course manual and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. Wiltschko, John W. Morse, and Will Lamb, Texas A&M Univer- 7. Environmental Issues at Modern and Historic Mining sity, College Station; Danny M. Rye, Yale University. Limit: 40. Sites. Sunday, October 19, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Salt Palace Fee: $280, students $260; includes course manual and lunch Convention Center. Faculty: Donald D. Runnells, Clinton L. both days. CEUs: 1.6. Strachan, Edward F. Redente, and Thomas A. Shepherd, Shepherd 2. Techniques of Geostatistical Estimation and Sim- Miller, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado. Limit: 50. Fee: $200, students ulation Applied to Environmental Geology. Saturday, $180; includes course manual and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. October 18 and Sunday, October 19. University of Utah. 8. Geology of Coal Bed Methane: The Perspective from Cosponsored by Engineering Geology Division. Faculty: Sean A. Basin and Thermal History Studies. Sunday, October 19. McKenna and Christopher A. Rautman, Sandia National Lab- Salt Palace Convention Center. Cosponsored by Coal Geology Divi- oratories. Limit: 25. Fee: $320, students $300; includes course sion. Faculty: Charles E. Barker, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver; manual and lunch both days. CEUs: 1.6. Andrew R. Scott and Roger Tyler, Bureau of Economic Geology, 3. Computer Visualization of Three-Dimensional Defor- University of Texas at Austin. Limit: 50. Fee: $200, students $180; mation and Application to Upper-Crustal Settings. Satur- includes course manual and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. day, October 18 and Sunday, October 19. Salt Palace Convention 9. Geomorphic Applications of In Situ–Produced Center. Cosponsored by Structural Geology and Tectonics Division. Cosmogenic Isotopes. Sunday, October 19. University of Utah. Faculty: Steven F. Wojtal, Oberlin College; Basil Tikoff, Rice Cosponsored by Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division. University. Limit: 30. Fee: $380, students $360; includes course Faculty: Paul R. Bierman, University of Vermont; Alan R. Gillespie, manual, computer software, and lunch both days. CEUs: 1.6. University of Washington. Limit: 30. Fee: $260, students $240; 4. Applications of Environmental Isotopes to Solving includes course manual, computer files, and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. Hydrologic and Geochemical Problems. Sunday, Octo- 10. Visualization in the Geosciences. Sunday, October 19. ber 19. Salt Palace Convention Center. Cosponsored by Salt Palace Convention Center. Faculty: Paul J. Morin, University Hydrogeology Division. Faculty: Carol Kendall and Thomas D. of Minnesota; Mark McBride, Groundwater Metrics, Silver Bullen, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park. Limit: 50. Fee: $205, Springs, Maryland. Limit: 50. Fee: $325, students $305; includes students $155; includes course manual, lunch, and casual post- course manual and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. course reception. CEUs: 0.8. 11. Paleosols for Sedimentologists. Sunday, October 19. Salt 5. Buck Rogers, Field Geologist: 21st Century Electronic Palace Convention Center. Cosponsored by Sedimentary Geology Wizardry for Mapping and Field Data Collection. Sunday, Division. Faculty: Greg H. Mack and H. Curtis Monger, New October 19, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Salt Palace Convention Cen- Mexico State University. Limit: 30. Fee: $195, students $175; ter. Cosponsored by History of Geology Division. Faculty: John H. includes course manual and lunch. CEUs: 0.8. Kramer, Condor Earth Technologies, Inc., Sonora, California; Todd Fitzgibbon, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park. Limit: 35. 12. Practical Remote Sensing for Geology. Sunday, Octo- Fee: $230, students $210; includes course manual and lunch. ber 19. Salt Palace Convention Center. Cosponsored by Quater- CEUs: 0.8. nary Geology and Geomorphology Division. Faculty: James M. Ellis, The MapFactory, Inc., Walnut Creek, California. Limit: 30. 6. Dynamical Systems Modeling for Undergraduate Fee: $240, students $220; includes course manual and lunch. Education: From Coleman Coolers to Computers. Sunday, CEUs: 0.8. October 19. New Horizons Computer Facility. Cosponsored by

28 GSA TODAY, July 1997

Call for Papers: April and June GSA Today 1998 Preregistration Deadline: September 19 Toronto, Ontario, Canada October 26–29 Technical Program Schedule: Metro Toronto Convention Centre September GSA Today and the Web Sheraton Toronto Centre Hotel and Towers Registration and Housing Register General Chair: information: June GSA Today. Today! Jeffrey J. Fawcett, University of Toronto Technical Program Chairs: Denis M. Shaw, McMaster University, Announcing … Andrew Miall, University of Toronto Due date for symposia and theme proposals: Late-Breaking Research Sessions January 2, 1998

for Salt Lake City 1997 GSA Annual Meeting Call for Field Trip Proposals: October 20–23, 1997, Salt Palace Convention Center We are interested in proposals for single-day and multi-day field trips beginning or ending in Toronto, and dealing with all aspects Exciting new data or breakthroughs of the geosciences. Please contact the Field Trip Chairs listed below. Pierre Robin, University of Toronto, Dept. of Geology, over the summer? 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada, Present your work at the GSA Annual Meeting this fall! (416) 978-3022, fax 416-978-3938

Special instructions for submitting an abstract for the Henry Halls, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Late-Breaking Research Sessions: Canada, (905) 828-5363, fax 905-828-3717, ◆ An abstract on late-breaking research may be submitted [email protected] after September 1 until midnight, September 30, 1997. ◆ Abstracts must be submitted using the Web form; they may not be submitted on paper or by e-mail: http://www.geosociety.org CALL FOR ◆ Space will be limited and selection will be based on scien- CONTINUING EDUCATION tific merit. ◆ The author will be asked to provide a brief explanation of COURSE PROPOSALS why the abstract deserves consideration after the usual Due December 1, 1997 deadline for this meeting. The GSA Committee on Continuing Education invites those ◆ The author may designate either oral and/or poster, interested in proposing a GSA-sponsored or cosponsored although space limitations may require reclassification. course or workshop to contact GSA headquarters for proposal ◆ Because of scheduling limitations, you may present only guidelines. Continuing Education courses may be conducted one volunteered paper in oral or poster mode. If you have in conjunction with all GSA annual or section meetings. We already had a volunteered abstract accepted, please do not are particularly interested in receiving proposals for the 1998 submit another. Toronto Annual Meeting or the 1999 Denver Annual Meeting. Proposals must be received by December 1, 1997. Selection Abstract Fee: For this meeting, a nonrefundable abstract fee of courses for 1998 will be made by February 1, 1998. For of $50 must accompany each Late-Breaking Research abstract those planning ahead, we will also consider courses for 1999 submitted. Our Web-template form will ask for credit-card at that time. information. We have installed one of the best-known and For proposal guidelines or information, contact: most respected Secure Server systems for transmission of Edna Collis, Continuing Education Coordinator, GSA your credit-card data to fully protect your confidential infor- headquarters, 1-800-472-1988, ext. 134, E-mail: mation. [email protected]. Schedule: Abstracts will be reviewed by the Annual Program Committee. Electronic acceptance notices will be sent out the first week in October giving the place and time of presenta- FOR INFORMATION tion. Late-Breaking Research Sessions (oral and poster) will be held on Thursday, October 23, 1997. ON ANY GSA MEETING CALL THE GSA MEETINGS DEPARTMENT Publication: The abstracts will not be published in the abstract volume, although they will be published on the Web 1-800-472-1988 or (303) 447-2020, ext. 133 along with the Web abstracts and paper copies will be made E-Mail: [email protected] available on site. WWW: http://www.geosociety.org

GSA TODAY, July 1997 29 Attention!Attention! authors … editors … and … contributors to GSA’s older volumes

Many GSA publications are going out of print now that our Last Chance Sale is over. Bulk quantities of several titles are now available for sale. These are offered under the following conditions: 1. Contact us for lists and quantities of items available (see address below). 2. Make your offer for the entire quantity of any title(s) in which you’re interested. First-come, first-served. 3. Shipping charges will be additional and will be quoted upon receipt of your offer, subject to we’re movin’ your acceptance. ‘em out fast! 4. Prepayment in U.S. funds required. Major credit cards accepted. All sales final. last chance to CONTACT purchase bulk GSA Marketing, Att: Remainders, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301 303-447-2020 x153 remainders at dis- counted prices! 1-800-472-1988 • fax 303-447-1133 • E-mail: [email protected] OFFERS MUST BE RECEIVED BY AUGUST 15, 1997

Calendar continued from p. 27 phone (27)-21-650-2931; fax: 27-21-650 3783, End of May, GSA Rocky Mountain Section or James Gurney, phone (27)-21-531-3162, Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona. April fax 27-21-531-9887. April 7–8, Pennsylvanian and Permian Geol- June ogy and Petroleum in the Southern Mid- May June 29–July 2, 15th Caribbean Geological continent, Norman, Oklahoma. Information: May 3–7, 34th Forum on the Geology of Conference, Kingston, Jamaica. Information: Kenneth S. Johnson, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Industrial Minerals, Norman, Oklahoma. Trevor Jackson, 15th Caribbean Geological Confer- University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd St., Room Information: Kenneth S. Johnson, Oklahoma ence, c/o Dept. of Geography & Geology, Univer- N-131, Norman, OK 73019, (405) 325-3031 or Geological Survey, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. sity of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, fax 1-800-330-3996, fax 405-325-7069. Boyd St., Room N-131, Norman, OK 73019, (405) 809-977-6029. 325-3031 or 1-800-330-3996, fax 405-325-7069. April 7–9, GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting, July Long Beach, California. May 17–22, American Society for Surface July 11–17, IAVCEI International Volcanologi- Mining and Reclamation 15th National cal Congress ’98, Rondebosch, South Africa. April 13–17, Seventh International Kimberlite Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. Information: Dianne Information: Secretariat, IAVCEI 1998, Dept. of Conference, Cape Town, South Africa. Informa- Throgmorton, Coal Research Center, Southern Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, tion: Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-4623, Rondebosch, South Africa, fax: 27-21-650-3783, Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700, (618) 536-5521, fax 618-453-7346, diannet@ [email protected], http://www.uct.ac.za/ South Africa, e-mail [email protected], siu.edu. (Abstract deadline: September 15, 1997.) depts/geolsci/ivc98/. August August 23–28, 6th International Conference on Paleoceanography, Lisbon, Portugal. 78th AMS Annual Meeting Information: Fatimá Abrantes, Assoc. Portuguesa de Paleoceanografia, Apt. 7618 Alfragide, 2700 Amadora, Lisbon, Portugal, phone 351-1- J ‒,  i P, A 346-3915, fax 351-1-342-4609, icp6fatima@ mail.telepac.pt. October The 78th Annual Meeting of the American October 6–9, German Geological Society 150th Annual Meeting, Berlin, Germany. Infor- Meteorological Society will be held in Phoenix, Arizona, mation: Johannes Schroeder, Inst. für Angewandte January 11–16, 1998. GSA is a cosponsor of the meeting. Geowissenschaften II, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, D- 10587 Berlin, Germany, phone 49-30-314-23650, For more information: AMS Meetings fax 49-30-314-21107, [email protected].

45 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108 Send notices of meetings of general interest, in (617) 227-2426, fax 617-742-8718. format above, to Editor, GSA Today, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, E-mail: [email protected].

30 GSA TODAY, July 1997 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

Published on the 1st of the month of issue. Ads (or can- regarding the position and department can be obtained cellations) must reach the GSA Advertising office one from our Web page or month prior. Contact Advertising Department (303) by writing to: Chairman, Department of Geology and Geo- 447-2020, 1-800-472-1988, fax 303-447-1133, or E-mail: physics, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409- [email protected]. Please include complete 0410. The deadline for application is September 15, 1997. address, phone number, and E-mail address with all cor- UMR is an Equal Opportunity Employer. respondence. Per line ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HYDROLOGY Per Line for each New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology invites for addt'l month applications for a new tenure-track position in the Hydrol- Classification 1st month (same ad) ogy Program. The position is a joint appointment between Situations Wanted $1.75 $1.40 the Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Positions Open $6.50 $5.50 the Geophysical Research Center, a state-funded Consultants $6.50 $5.50 research agency. Applicants should have a Ph.D. in the Services & Supplies $6.50 $5.50 Earth Sciences or a related field at the time of appoint- Opportunities for Students ment. We seek candidates with expertise in water/land first 25 lines $0.00 $2.35 surface interactions (e.g., watershed hydrology, hydrogeo- additional lines $1.35 $2.35 morphology, or hydroclimatology) who have strong quanti- Code number: $2.75 extra tative skills and an interest in field problems. Excellence in research and potential for future growth are the most Agencies and organizations may submit purchase order or important qualifications. Responsibilities will include devel- payment with copy. Individuals must send prepayment oping an active program of extramurally funded research, with copy. To estimate cost, count 54 characters per line, supervising and supporting graduate students, and teach- including all punctuation and blank spaces. Actual cost ing two upper-division or graduate courses per year. The may differ if you use capitals, centered copy, or special successful candidate will join a program of five full-time characters. Hydrology faculty, eight adjunct faculty, and 30 graduate students. Hydrology is part of the Department of Earth and To answer coded ads, use this address: Code # ----, Environmental Science, consisting of 16 faculty and 150 GSA Advertising Dept., P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO undergraduate and graduate students. Additional geo- 80301-9140. All coded mail will be forwarded within science professionals on campus include the 28 staff 24 hours of arrival at GSA Today office. members of the Bureau of Mines, New Mexico's geologi- cal survey. For futher information on the position and on New Mexico Tech see http://griffy.nmt.edu/Hydro/ posi- tion.html. Applicants should submit a letter of interest, Positions Open resume, college transcripts, and the names of three refer- ences to New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, MINERALOGY/PETROLOGY/STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Human Resources, 801 Leroy Pl., Wells Hall Box C-048, The Department of Geology and Geophysics,University of Socorro, New Mexico 87801. To receive full consideration Missouri-Rolla, announces a tenure-track position at the all materials must be assistant professor level. The successful candidate must received by 1 September hold the Ph.D., will be expected to teach mineralogy, 1997. New Mexico Tech is petrology, and/or structural geology at the undergraduate an equal opportunity/affir- level, and will develop a graduate research program (M.S. mative action employer. Director of Curriculum Development and Ph.D.) in one of those areas. Additional information American Geological Institute he American Geological Institute invites applications for CONTACT Tthe position of Director of Curriculum Development from GSA Today Advertising geoscience educators with experience in K–12 Earth-science ADS GET P.O. Box 9140 curriculum development and management of large educational Boulder, CO 80301 projects. A doctoral degree in the geosciences or Earth science 303-447-2020 x153 education is required, and classroom experience is preferred. RESULTS 1-800-472-1988 [email protected] This position provides an unparalleled opportunity for an Earth science professional committed to advancing the status of science education in the nation's schools based on the National Science Education Standards and the educational goals of AGI CALL FOR and its Member Societies. The successful candidate will manage AGI's K–12 curriculum GSA Today Correspondent development projects from AGI headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. S/he will interact on a day-to-day basis with project for Student Matters investigators, directors of other state and national education programs, professional societies, and private sector supporters. GSA seeks a Member or Fellow willing to coordinate S/he will provide intellectual oversight on the content, and be responsible for a regular (monthly) contribution for pedagogy, assessment, and publishing of project-related GSA Today dealing with matters of interest to undergraduate materials in cooperation with project investigators. S/he will also and graduate student members of the Society. GSA head- manage logistical and financial operations of funded projects. quarters will provide support for operations of this enter- The successful candidate will also be expected to identify and prise. We anticipate a one-year obligation beyond 1997, but develop support for new program-related activities. we hope to begin publishing contributions this year. Applicants should send a letter of interest, vita, and names/ Interested parties should send a statement of interest addresses of three references to the AGI Education Search and a short vita to the address below. The position will Committee, American Geological Institute, 4220 King Street, remain open until a suitable candidate is identified. Alexandria, VA 22302-1502 (fax 703-379-7563). Appointment is Executive Director anticipated no later than September 1997. Review of Geological Society of America applications will begin immediately. Applications will be P.O. Box 9140 accepted until the position is filled. For more information about Boulder, CO 80301 AGI, its programs and activities, visit our Web site at [email protected] . AA/EOE.

GSA TODAY, July 1997 31 Geological Society of America

Annual Meeting and Exposition

Salt Lake City, Utah October 20–23 MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC TO CAMBRIAN

Abstracts Due July 8

Preregistration Due September 19

Program Schedule September GSA Today and the Web RIFTINGCENTRALRIFTING NORTH AMERICA EDITED BY See June GSA Today R. W. Ojakangas, A. B. Dickas, and J. C. Green, 1997 for information on: ◆ Technical Program ◆Continuing Education Most of these papers, presented at the Tenth International Basement Courses Tectonics Conference, deal with a wide variety of aspects of the 1.1 Ga ◆Field Trips Midcontinent Rift System of North America, including tectonics, strain analysis, sedimentology, geophysics, ◆Exhibits and economic geology, and how they interrelate. The remaining contributions concern other rift-related ◆Registration structures and rock units in the North American midcontinent that date from the time of rifting into the ◆Lodging and Travel Cambrian. Many of the significant features described in this book are buried under Paleozoic and Quater- or see the GSA Web site: nary strata and are known chiefly from geophysical surveys and scattered drilling. These papers provide www.geosociety.org new insights and interpretations for the foundations of the U.S. continental midsection. SPE312, 328 p., paperback, indexed, ISBN 0-8137-2312-4. Nonmembers $100.00; GSA Members $80.00

CENTRALCENTRAL ANDAND edited by L. Glover, III and A. E. Gates, 1997 In 1962 Harry Hess’s History of Ocean Basins gave a mechanism and a measure of credibil- SOUTHERN ity to the ancient hypothesis of continental drift. The new model has been successful in APPALACHIAN explaining Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics; therefore, it is remarkable that today there exists no general agreement on the number, SUTURES age, and location of older Appalachian RESULTS OF THE sutures. This volume contributes to under- EDGE PROJECT AND standing these sutures. Topics include: the RELATED STUDIES nature of metavolcanic Carolina-Avalon ter- rane and its problematic western boundary in the Piedmont of central Georgia; the Cambrian(?) emplacement of Carolinian rocks against Laurentia in southern Virginia; and reactivation of the southern Vir- 1 For information: Volumes are 8- /2" x 11" paperback. Prices include shipping and handling. ginia suture as a major zone of crustal weakness that moved during GSA Meetings Dept. every subsequent tectonic event. Two papers argue against a suture in P.O. Box 9140 Publication Sales the Blue Ridge and suggest that the Laurentian plate boundary is the Boulder, CO 80301 P.O. Box 9140 central Piedmont suture. A regional paper interprets the “Taconic”-Car- (303) 447-2020 Boulder, CO 80301 olinian suture and the Laurentian margin through the central (800) 472-1988 1-800-472-1988 Appalachians and offshore continental margin. [email protected] fax 303-447-1133 SPE314, 142 p., ISBN 0-8137-2314-0. Nonmembers $50.00; GSA Members $40.00 http://www.geosociety.org www.geosociety.org