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Descargar Trabajo En Formato ISSN 1514-4186 ISSN on-line 1666- 9479 INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CORRELACION GEOLÓGICA (INSUGEO) Serie Correlación Geológica 23 Historia de la Mineralogía Ricardo J. Sureda Profesor de Mineralogía Universidad Nacional de Salta - CONICET Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung Heidelberg Alumni International Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo Universidad Nacional de Tucumán San Miguel de Tucumán 2008 CONSEJO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS Y TECNICAS Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica (INSUGEO) Director: Dr. Florencio G. Aceñolaza Directores alternos: Dr. Alejandro Toselli y Dr. Alfredo Tineo Editor: Dr. Florencio G. Aceñolaza Consejo Editor: Dr. Alejandro J. Toselli (INSUGEO), Dr. Alfredo Tineo (INSUGEO), Dr. Rafael Herbst (INSUGEO), Dra. Juana N. Rossi de Toselli (INSUGEO), Dra. Susana B. Esteban (INSUGEO), Dr. Guillermo F. Aceñolaza (INSUGEO), Dr. M. Franco Tortello (UNLa Plata), Dr. Carlos Cingolani (UN La Plata), Dr. Roberto R. Lech (CENPAT-Trelew), Dr. Ricardo Alonso (UN Salta); Dra Beatriz Coira (UN Jujuy), Dr. Juan Carlos Gutierrez- Marco (CSIC-España), Dra. Isabel Rábano (IGME-España), Dr. Julio Saavedra Alonso (CSIC-España), Dr. Hübert Miller (U. München-Alemania), Dr. Alcides N. Sial (U. Pernambuco-Brasil), Dra. Valderez Ferreira. (U. Pernambuco- Brasil), Dra. Renata Guimaraes Netto (UNISINOS, Brasil). Dirección: Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica. Miguel Lillo 205. 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO. Serie Correlación Geológica Es una serie periódica editada por el INSUGEO. Tiene por objeto dar a conocer información de interés geológico, siendo los trabajos allí publicados originales (entendiéndose que no hayan sido publicados ni sometidos simultáneamente a otras publicaciones). En ella se incluyen artículos temáticos como asimismo trabajos monográficos. Todas las contribuciones tienen revisión siendo puestas en consideración de miembros del Consejo editor y de árbitros especialistas (ver Instrucciones a los autores).El contenido de los artículos es de responsabilidad de cada autor. Está indizada en Latindex, Ulrich´s International Periodical Directory, SCIRUS, Geo Ref, Zoological Record e integra Informe Académico de Thomson Gale. Serie Correlación Geológica 1: Segunda Reunión del Proyecto 192 IGCP-UNESCO. Serie Correlación Geológica 2: Geología de América del Sur. Serie Correlación Geológica 3: Procesos Metalogenéticos. Serie Correlación Geológica 4: El Ciclo Pampeano en el Noroeste Argentino. Serie Correlación Geológica 5: Eventos del Paleozoico Inferior en Latinoamérica. Serie Correlación Geológica 6: Cuencas Sedimentarias Argentinas. Serie Correlación Geológica 7: Actas del V Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafia. Serie Correlación Geológica 8: El Magmatismo del Noroeste Argentino. Serie Correlación Geológica 9: El Paleozoico Inferior en Latinoamérica y la Génesis del Gondwana. Serie Correlación Geológica 10: Geología del Noroeste 2da Edición (En prensa). Serie Correlación Geológica 11: Hidrogeología Subterránea. Serie Correlación Geológica 12: El Paleozoico Inferior en el Noroeste del Gondwana. Serie Correlación Geológica 13: II Congreso Argentino de Hidrogeología. Serie Correlación Geológica 14: El Neógeno de Argentina. Serie Correlación Geológica 15: Geología de los Cuerpos Ígneos. Serie Correlación Geológica 16: Aspects of the Ordovician System in Argentina. Serie Correlación Geológica 17: Ordovician from the Andes. Serie Correlación Geológica 18: Proceedings of the 7th. International Graptolite Conference. Serie Correlación Geológica 19: Simposio Bodenbender. Serie Correlación Geológica 20: Hidrogeología del Valle de Santa María. Serie Correlación Geológica 21: Temas de la Geología; I y 2. Serie Correlación Geológica 22: Geología y Recursos Geológicos de la Mesopotamia. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica Miguel Lillo 205 4000 - San Miguel de Tucumán - República Argentina Índice Introducción .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Antecedentes prehistóricos y la antigüedad clásica ............................................................................ 13 El Medievo ................................................................................................................................................ 15 La Ilustración Renacentista ..................................................................................................................... 19 El impulso fundacional de la Bergakademie Freiberg........................................................................ 22 Las bases de la cristalografía morfológica ............................................................................................ 27 Los fundamentos químicos en la identificación mineral ................................................................... 30 La cristalografía en el siglo XIX............................................................................................................. 32 Química mineral, cristaloquímica y mineralogía sistemática en el siglo XIX ................................ 39 Óptica mineral en el siglo XIX .............................................................................................................. 48 Los microscopios de polarización y su producción industrial.......................................................... 56 Los fundamentos físicos de la óptica mineral ..................................................................................... 59 Las aplicaciones petrográficas de la óptica mineral ............................................................................ 60 La mineralogía sistemática fuera de Europa Central en el siglo XIX.............................................. 64 La mineralogía en América anglosajona durante el siglo XIX ......................................................... 71 La mineralogía en Latinoamérica ........................................................................................................... 74 Los rayos X y la cristalografía estructural avanzan en el siglo XX .................................................. 83 La mineralogía y la petrología experimentales también avanzan en el siglo XX ........................... 91 La mineralogía y las nuevas Ciencias de la Tierra en el siglo XX .................................................. 102 La mineragrafía o microscopía de menas y su historia .................................................................... 106 Mineralogía en el siglo XX: la Asociación Mineralógica Internacional (IMA) ............................ 122 Los mineralogistas durante el siglo XX en América del Norte y Japón ....................................... 131 Los mineralogistas durante el siglo XX en Europa .......................................................................... 159 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................................... 176 A mis queridos amigos, que siempre han alegrado las horas de mi vida ... Prólogo Admiramos una piedra preciosa luciendo en un colgante, nos ilumina, refleja luces; un tallado adecuado realza la belleza que ese mineral nos ofrece. Nos llama a conocer su historia, cómo fue originalmente, de dónde proviene. Y, más nos apasiona si encontramos en la naturaleza minerales rodeados de superficies planas, a veces brillantes, que originan distintas formas poliédricas; entonces queremos descubrir su interior, y, lo podemos conseguir, saber cómo están organizados sus átomos, constatar que se distribuyen con un orden perfecto, además llegamos a conocer las características de cada átomo, saber porqué de las diversas formas y colores de los distintos minerales, aunque no se presenten como cristales. Si dirigimos la vista no a un cristal sino a diversos objetos del mundo tecnológico actual: celulares, agendas electrónicas, cámaras fotográficas, relojes, memorias de computadoras, etc., nos enteramos que entre los elementos de origen mineral que los componen existe uno fundamental para su funcionamiento, el litio, metal alcalino poco abundante que hoy tiene muchas aplicaciones; éste es solo uno de los tantos metales que nos provee el mundo mineral, resultado de los avances en los estudios mineralógicos, en este caso asociado a la tecnología. Si nos remontamos a épocas en que reinaba la naturaleza, ésta exclusivamente es la que proporcionó los elementos para la evolución del saber. Los minerales tuvieron un papel importante, y es la mineralogía la ciencia que ha penetrado en ese ámbito, comenzando con pasos lentos y luego con la aceleración que demanda la actualidad. Esta historia de la mineralogía desarrollada por el Dr. Ricardo José Sureda Leston, Investigador del CONICET, comienza con las primeras acciones que realiza el hombre para integrar a su vida el mundo mineral; incursiona en un largo camino desde diferenciar los distintos materiales y sus aplicaciones, observaciones atraídas por lo desconocido; evidencia que interés y perseverancia llevan al progreso de toda idea. Se ocupa de personajes y vaivenes en los distintos tiempos, hasta llegar al establecimiento de la ciencia mineralógica. Describe los avances, con minuciosos detalles, siguiendo en orden cronológico el desarrollo de los conocimientos científicos y del instrumental que poco
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