Pauperes and the First Crusade: from Antioch to Jerusalem
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A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin. -
The Trial by Fire of Peter Bartholomew: a Case Study in Medieval Social Conflict' Kostick, Conor
'The trial by fire of Peter Bartholomew: a case study in medieval social conflict' Kostick, Conor Citation Kostick, C. (2012). 'The trial by fire of Peter Bartholomew: a case study in medieval social conflict'. Leidschrift : Met Het Kruis Getekend, 27(December), 21-40. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73165 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73165 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). The trial by fire of Peter Bartholomew: a case study in medieval social conflict Conor Kostick If Omnipotent God talked to this man face to face, and Saint Andrew revealed the Holy Lance to him when he was keeping vigil, let him walk through the fire unhurt; but if this is a lie let him and the Lance he will carry in his hand be consumed by fire. 1 The ordeal by fire of Peter Bartholomew during the course of the First Crusade (1096-1099) is one of the more dramatic examples of a medieval trial by ordeal. Much discussed by historians of the crusades, it deserves wider attention as a case study of a particular type of legal case: one where contending political and social factions agree to put their dispute to a test, a test whose outcome they then attempt to influence. Despite the canonical hesitancy over the legitimacy of the practice of the ordeal, 2 at the time of the First Crusade the trial by ordeal was a powerful tradition, invoked especially in circumstances where other evidence was lacking.3 In his An Introduction to English Legal History, however, J.H. -
The Holy Lance of Antioch
The Holy Lance of Antioch A Study on the Impact of a Perceived Relic during the First Crusade Master Thesis By Marius Kjørmo The crucified Jesus and the Roman soldier Longinus with the spear that would become the Holy Lance. Portrait by Fra Angelico from the Dominican cloister San Marco, Florence. A Master Thesis in History, Institute of Archaeology, History, Culture Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Spring 2009. 2 Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................5 List of Maps..................................................................................................................................6 List of Illustrations.......................................................................................................................6 Cast of Characters.......................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................9 1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................9 1.2. Lance Historiography..........................................................................................................11 1.3. Terms and Expressions.......................................................................................................13 -
Peter the Hermit: Straddling the Boundaries of Lordship, Millennialism, and Heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Perdios, Stanley, "peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12431. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12431 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Hermit: Straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy by Stelios Vasilis Perdios A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Program of Study Committee: Michael D. Bailey, Major Professor John W. Monroe Jana Byars Kevin Amidon Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Stelios Vasilis Perdios, 2012. All Rights reserved. ii Table of Contents Chapter Page Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Crisis of Secular Lordship 7 Chapter Three: The Crisis of Spiritual Lordship 35 Chapter Four: Lordship on the Eve of the Millennium 65 Chapter Five: Conclusion 95 Bibliography 99 1 Chapter One: Introduction When is a hermit not a hermit? When he is Peter the Hermit who led the Popular Crusade in the year 1096. -
THE EYEWITNESSES the Major Latin Eyewitness Accounts of the First
CHAPTER ONE THE EYEWITNESSES The major Latin eyewitness accounts of the First Crusade consist of the anonymously written Gesta Francorum, a near identical version of the same text by Peter Tudebode, Raymond of Aguilers’s Historia Francorum and Fulcher of Chartres’s Historia Hierosolymitana. Each of the eyewitnesses had a distinct perspective on the events they wrote about and, although sharing a similar social vocabulary, reveal a consider- able difference in emphasis in their writing about the social structure of the expedition. The Gesta Francorum The Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum is the most studied and inÁ uential account of the First Crusade. It was the version of events that had the greatest impact in its day and it formed the basis of most of the subsequent twelfth century histories of the First Crusade. Although a new edition by Marcus Bull is in preparation, the most recent modern edition is that of Rosalind Hill (1962), which was issued with an accompanying English translation. It is Hill’s edition that is used for this discussion.1 The author of the Gesta Francorum is unknown, leading to considerable discussion over the centuries as to his background. There is no doubting that the emphasis of the author was slanted towards the activities of the South-Italian Norman prince Bohemond I of Taranto and a strong consensus has been reached that the author travelled from Italy as far as Antioch in the contingent of Bohemond.2 There is far more colour 1 Editions of the Gesta Francorum: J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanover, 1611); RHC Oc. -
Crusaders Under Siege: the Battle of Antioch in Documents And
Crusaders Under Siege: The Battle of Antioch in Documents and Historical Narrative Jacob M. Rambin History Faculty advisor: Chris Craun By the 2nd of June, 1098, Crusading armies of the West during the First Crusade had been laying continuous siege to the Turkish-held city of Antioch for nearly 8 months. On the 2nd, they took the city of Antioch only to find they were themselves under siege in the very city they had fought so hard to take. This siege of the city by the atabeg of Mosul, Kerbogha, was to last from the 7th of June to the 28th and would try the very heart of the Crusading army as they attempted to break the siege. There was no time to replenish their supplies or even to clear the streets of the rotting dead left over from the previous battle. Because of this, the Crusaders suffered from starvation and disease throughout this grueling period. The Crusading army was trapped and unable to flee, leaving them with quite literally only two options, victory or annihilation. In their desperation, rather than collapse into disorder and chaos, their suffering found its way to the safety valve of mysticism and credulity. A monk, Peter Bartholomew, came forward reporting visions of the Holy Lance which he claimed could be found buried under the floor of the cathedral of St. Peter. The chronicles agree that a relic was indeed found and presented as the Lance, but many of the chroniclers and participants considered it a fraud placed there for CLA Journal 1 (2013) pp. -
The Struggle for the Conquest of Antioch (1097-1098) the Struggle
The Struggle for the Conquest of Antioch (1097-1098) The Struggle for the Conquest of Antioch (1097-1098): Muslim and Christian Perspectives of a Critical Battle during the First Crusade Mersadi’s Dâ Curtsinger Pope Urban II’s sermon at the Council of Clermont in 1095 calling for Christians of Europe to recapture Jerusalem in the name of God brought forth a widespread response from people of all social ranks.1 These included princeps (princes or leaders), minors (petty knights, castellans, and lords), the populous (the poor and laborers), and, lastly, the clergy.2 The following excerpt from Urban’s letter provides instructions on how the Christian community could join this cause: Your brotherhood, we believe, has long since learned from many accounts that a barbaric fury has deplorably afflicted and laid waste the churches of God in the regions of the Orient. More than this, blasphemous to say, it has even grasped in intolerable servitude its churches and the Holy City of Christ, glorified by his passion and resurrection. Grieving with pious concern at this calamity, we visited the regions of Gaul and devoted ourselves largely to urging the princes of the land and their subjects to free the churches of the East. We solemnly enjoined upon them at the council of Auvergne (the accomplishment of) such an undertaking, as a preparation for the remission of all their sins. And we have constituted our most beloved son, Adhemar [sic], Bishop of Puy, leader of this expedition and undertaking in our stead, so that those who, perchance, may wish to undertake this journey should comply [w]ith his commands, as if they were their own, and submit fully to his loosings or bindings, as far as shall seem to belong to such an office. -
Muslim and Christian Perspectives of a Critical Battle During the First Crusade
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CONQUEST OF ANTIOCH (1097-1098): MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES OF A CRITICAL BATTLE DURING THE FIRST CRUSADE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Program at Hanover College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts by Mersadi’s Dā Curtsinger Fall Term 2016 Advisor: J. Michael Raley, Ph.D. APPROVAL SHEET THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CONQUEST OF ANTIOCH (1097-1098): MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES OF A CRITICAL BATTLE DURING THE FIRST CRUSADE by Mersadi’s Dā Curtsinger Read and Approved by: __________________________________________(Advisor) J. Michael Raley, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Medieval and Renaissance Studies Program and Chair, Department of History ___________December 14, 2016______________________ Date ii Copyright © 2016 Mersadi’s Curtsinger All Rights Reserved. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE . .i APPROVAL SHEET . .ii COPYRIGHT PAGE . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . .iv LIST OF FIGURES . v ABSTRACT . vi I. INTRODUCTION . 1 II. THE SOURCES . .5 II.1. Muslim Sources for the Battle of Antioch . .5 II.2. Crusader Sources for the Battle of Antioch . .7 II.3. The Byzantine Source for the Battle of Antioch . .12 III. THE FIRST SIEGE OF ANTIOCH . .12 III.1. The City of Antioch . .. .12 III.2. The Journey to Antioch . .15 III.3. The Fear of Yaghi Siyān . .20 III.4. The Crusaders Arrive and the Battle Begins . .23 III.5. The Death of Yaghi Siyān. .28 IV. THE SECOND SIEGE OF ANTIOCH . .. .29 IV.1. The Arrival of Kerbogha’s Army at Antioch. 30 IV.2. Kerbogha and His Mother Have a Frank Discussion . -
Read Transcript
History of the Crusades. Episode 13. The First Crusade IX. Hello again. When we left the Crusaders last year, they had found themselves in a bizarre predicament. The good news was, after eight months of trying, they had finally managed to breach Antioch's walls and had taken over the city. The not so good news was that once inside, they found Antioch's stores depleted and discovered there was nothing much worth plundering. The bad news was, soon after taking the city a large Muslim force, led by Kerbogha of Mosul, surrounded Antioch, trapping the Crusaders inside. Now, in case you had too much egg-nog over the holidays and have forgotten most of the previous episodes dealing with the siege of Antioch, these are the things you need to know. Tatikios, the representative of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius, abandoned the siege, so there is currently no one who can claim Antioch on behalf of the Emperor. Stephen of Blois also deserted the siege, strangely, on the morning of the very day that the Crusaders stormed the walls, and is currently making his way back home to Europe. Bohemond has taken a shine to the city. He wants Antioch. He wants it very, very badly, and has been doing everything in his power, overtly and covertly, to position himself to take possession of it. Right, everyone on board? Let us proceed. This was the situation facing the Crusaders at Antioch. The entire Crusading forces now numbered less than 30,000 people, and a large number of these were non-combatants. -
First Crusader Conceptions of Meteorology and the Miraculous
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WEATHER OR NOT: FIRST CRUSADER CONCEPTIONS OF METEOROLOGY AND THE MIRACULOUS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE By KRISTIN RAFFA Norman, Oklahoma 2021 WEATHER OR NOT: FIRST CRUSADER CONCEPTIONS OF METEOROLOGY AND THE MIRACULOUS A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE BY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF Dr. Rienk Vermij, Chair Dr. Kerry Magruder Dr. Craig Martin ©Copyright by KRISTIN RAFFA 2021 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements I wish to thank my advisor, Rienk Vermij, for always welcoming my questions, avidly supporting my educational endeavors, and pushing me to be my best. I am grateful for Kerry Magruder's conversations with me that have shaped my perspective and approach to writing and researching. Craig Martin's scholarship greatly influenced my academic path, and I'm thankful for his kind advice and guidance that have helped me grow in my learning. It has been an incredible privilege to learn from these three. My cohort and fellow grad students made life in Norman fun and memorable, and the professors in the History of Science Department enriched my learning experience. A special thanks goes to Stella Stuart and Sam Fellows, who are both amazing people. I am also thankful for input from James Naus and his continued willingness to answer my questions. I'm grateful to my mom for having coffee with me in the mornings and being my biggest cheerleader, and to my dad for giving me the best music suggestions while I study. -
The First Crusade
THE FIRST CRUSADE By Edward Grant Ries, KTJ Priory of Robert the Bruce May 15, 2005 1 The First Crusade European society survived raids of Magyars, Vikings, and Saracens, and its economy and society were recovering quickly. There was a spirit of adventure apparent in European art, literature, and action. This was manifested in an increased popularity of pilgrimages -- journeys to distant holy places to worship and view the relics of saints. Pilgrimage was a religious activity, but many pilgrims enjoyed themselves like tourists in any age. Europe was in a period of expansion, and its capacity for conquest had grown during years of fending off raiders from all directions. Most importantly, Italian city-states had developed navies of merchant/fighting vessels that seized control of the Mediterranean. They reconquered Sicily and southern Italy from the Muslims, and there was a sense that the force of Islam was spent and that the way east lay open. In the 7th century, the caliph Umar took Jerusalem. He did not cut off pilgrimages at first, but early in the 11th century. the Fatimid caliph Hakim persecuted Christians and despoiled the Holy Sepulcher. Persecution abated after his death (1021), but relations grew strained when Jerusalem passed (1071) from tolerant Egyptians to fanatical Seljuk Turks. Since their victory at Manzikert (1071), Seljuk Turks pressed toward Constantinople and were now within sight of the city. Alexius Comnenus, the eastern emperor, needed reinforcements. He had seen western knights under the command of Count Robert of Flanders, while returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He had been impressed by their fighting ability and decided to hire twelve hundred of them. -
The Experience of Sickness and Health During Crusader Campaigns to the Eastern Mediterranean, 1095–1274
The Experience of Sickness and Health During Crusader Campaigns to the Eastern Mediterranean, 1095–1274 Joanna Elizabeth Phillips Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds, Institute for Medieval Studies January 2017 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Joanna Elizabeth Phillips to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2017 The University of Leeds and Joanna Elizabeth Phillips iii Acknowledgements My foremost thanks are due to my supervisors, Iona McCleery and Alan V. Murray, to whom I owe a great deal. Their supportive guidance, high standards, wisdom, and expertise have tempered this work from beginning to end. Their helpful suggestions can not be quantified, and any errors herein are entirely my own. This work was made possible by funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, for which I am very grateful. The Institute for Medieval Studies and the School of History at the University of Leeds have been my home for the past ten years, and I would like to pay credit to the generations of medievalists who have passed through and left their contribution to the department. In my own time, I have benefited immeasurably from the dynamic and inspirational community of the Institute and School, both staff and students, as well as the members of the Health, Medicine, and Society research cluster, who have broadened my outlook (and my reading).