DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Document of FILE COPY The World Bank wTTsI) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY R ?- 2 £:f ;6 Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. P-2170-3GT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE Public Disclosure Authorized EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT CREDIT TO THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FOR A WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized November 21, 1977 Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Official Rate 1 Egyptian Pound (LE) US$2.56 or SDR 2.118 1 US Dollar LE 0.391 Parallel Market Rate Until February 1976: 1 Egyptian Pound (LE) US$1.70 1 US Dollar LE 0.59 From February to May 1976: 1 Egyptian Pound (LE) US$1.56 1 US Dollar LE 0.64 From May 21, 1976: 1 Egyptian Pound (LE) US$1.47 1 US Dollar LE 0.68 From December 1, 1976: 1 Egyptian Pound (LE) US$1.43 1 US Dollar LE 0.70 ABBREVIATIONS ACR Advisory Committee for-Reconstruction AWA Alexandria Water General Authority GODE Gulf Organization for the Development of Egypt GOPW General Organization for Potable Water GOSSD General Authority for Sewerage and Sanitary Drainage MOHAR Ministry of Housing and Reconstruction M&LT Medium and Long Term UNDP United Nations Development Program FISCAL' YEAR January 1 - December 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT Credit and Pro1ect Summary Borrower: Arab Republic of Egypt Amount: $2.0 million Terms: Repayable in 10 years, including 2 years of grace, through semi-annual installments at a service charge of 3/4 of I percent per annum. The credit would be refunded under any later loan or credit the Bank/IDA might make for the water supply project itself. Pro1ect Description: The project would finance the foreign costs of a feasibil- ity study and related technical assistance to help (i) identify and prepare a regional water supply project, (ii) define a suitable regional grouping for water supply ser- vices in the territory served by the General Organization for Potable Water (GOPW), and (iii) develop appropriate management, organization and financial structures for re- gional water supply authorities which would operate under the direction of GOPW. Estimated Costs: U-S$ million Local Foreizn Total Technical and Managtement Personnel Project Manager - .120 .120 Engineers and Technicians .152 .962 1.114 Management Team - .500 .500 Other Supply and Personnel Administrative and Clerical Support, .077 .010 .087 Travel .028 .122 .150 Sub-total .257 1.714 1.971 Physical Contingencies .026 .172 .198 Price Contingencies .017 .114 .131 Total .300 2.000 2.300 This document has raetrictod distribution oad may be wed by recipients only in the performance | of their omcial duties. Its contents may not otherwbo be disclosed without World Dank authorization. Financing Plan: Local Foreign Total --------- (US$ '000)-------- IDA - 2.0 2.0 Government .3 - .3 Total .3 2.0 2.3 Estimated Disbursements: IDA FY 78 79 -- (US$ '000)-- Annual .2 1.8 Cumulative .2 2.0 Rate of Return: Not applicable Appraisal Report: None. Consultants: 264 man-months of technical and professional personnel, including the project manager, engineers and technicians will be required. The average cost of consulting ser- vices, excluding contingencies, is estimated at $6,600 per man-month. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT CREDIT TO THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FOR A WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Arab Republic of Egypt, for the equivalent of $2.0 million to finance the foreign exchange cost of a Water Supply Engineering and Technical Assistance Project. In accordance with the normal procedures for credits of this type, the credit would have a term of 10 years with two years of grace; it would subsequently be refinanced under any later loan or credit that the Bank Group might make for a water supply project itself. PART I - THE ECONOMY 1/ 2. An Economic Report on the Arab Republic of Egypt (No. 870a-EGT), dated January 5, 1976, has been distributed to the Executive Directors. An updating economic report dated March 22, 1977 was distributed to the Executive Directors on June 8, 1977. A basic economic mission visited Egypt in May/June 1976 and its report is under preparation. Updating missions visited Egypt in October 1976, January 1977 and July 1977; the findings of these missions are incorporated in this report. Country data sheets are attached as Annex I. Background 3. From 1960 to 1966 Egypt experienced rapid growth (around 6 percent a year in real terms) under fairly rigid centralized planning and control. This system came under increasing pressure in the second half of the decade follow- ing bad harvests and increased defense expenditures, particularly as a result of the civil war in Yemen. It deteriorated further after the war of 1967, with the loss of the Sinai oil fields, the closure of the Suez Canal, the abandonment of the Canal cities and the cost of resettling the population of about a million, and the virtual cessation of Western economic assistance. With the continuing military confrontation in the Middle East, Egypt further increased defense spending at the expense of other types of consumption and of its development program. Thus, in 1973 the economic picture was one of rigorously curtailed private consumption and inadequate investment, with a deteriorating capital stock of infrastructure and productive facilities. Real GDP growth for 1967-73 averaged only 3.5 percent a year. 1/ Part I of this report is virtually identical to Part I of the recent President's Report for the Suez Canal Expansion project, distributed to the Executive Directors on July 27, 1977. 4. The changed political situation after October 1973 laid the ground- work for a new "open-door" policy enunciated by President Sadat and approved in a national referendum in May 1974. This policy reflects a major effort to accelerate economic development through modernization and making Egypt's largely publicly owned and centrally controlled economy more market-oriented. Specifically, the policy envisaged (i) decentralization of decision-making in state-owned enterprises, (ii) liberalization of the private sector, (iii) in- centives for private foreign investment, and (iv) expanded economic coopera- tion with Arab countries. Since 1974 Egypt has initiated a number of steps which are expected to lead to a significant restructuring of the economy. In particular, steps have been taken to remove some of the restrictions on pri- vate business activities, to decentralize public enterprise management, to encourage foreign private investment, to expand foreign exchange transactions outside the official rate, and to loosen many of the restraints on banking activities. 5. Substantial inflows of external assistance from both Arab countries and Western aid donors and institutions have eased some of the problems of the Egyptian economy in making the transition. However, major structural diffi- culties remain, largely due to the continuing tension in the region and the neglect of investment. These structural difficulties are also linked to the major immediate weaknesses of the economy: the large deficit in the balance of payments, the low level of government savings, and low efficiency in public sector enterprises. 6. A new government was formed in November 1976 following elections to the People's Assembly, which were the first in which a choice of candidates representing diverse political views was offered to the voters. The Cabinet was strengthened on the economic side, and a Deputy Prime Minister for Finan- cial and Economic Affairs was appointed to coordinate economic policy-making, while President Sadat directed that economic questions should be in the fore- front of the new Cabinet's tasks. Since then two minor cabinet reshuffles have taken place. Recent Economic Developments 7. Growth in National Income. Real growth in GDP (1975 prices) in- creased from less than 3 percent in 1973 to about 3.2 percent in 1974 and an estimated 9.8 percent in 1975 1/; the rise is attributed largely to recovery of industrial activity through the provision of greater aid-financed inputs, increased construction (particularly in the Canal Zone) and growth of trade and services. The high rate of growth for 1975 was in part due to the recovery of the Sinai oil fields (November 1975) and the reopening of the Suez Canal (June 1975). If their effect on growth of the gross domestic product is ex- cluded, the overall growth rate is estimated (by the Ministry of Planning) at 8.0 percent. Preliminary production data for 1976 indicate that the economy continued to expand. The estimated rate of growth of 6.1 percent, however, reflects increasing capacity constraints in some sectors. 1/ Ministry of Planning. -3- 8. Investment. Egypt was able to sustain a higher level of investment during 1974 and 1975, largely as a result of generous external assistance from Arab countries. Gross investment increased from $1,373 million in 1973 to $2,867 million in 1975 (in 1975 prices). This included a considerable replen- ishment of stocks, which had been drawn down in the pre-October 1973 period. During 1976, as a result of shortages of both domestic and foreign resources, investment is estimated at only about $2,300 million (1975 prices). 9. Public Finance. Because of the size of the public sector, the bulk of Egypt's domestic financial resources for development is mobilized through the state budget and public sector corporations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 900 History, Geography, and Auxiliary Disciplines
    900 900 History, geography, and auxiliary disciplines Class here social situations and conditions; general political history; military, diplomatic, political, economic, social, welfare aspects of specific wars Class interdisciplinary works on ancient world, on specific continents, countries, localities in 930–990. Class history and geographic treatment of a specific subject with the subject, plus notation 09 from Table 1, e.g., history and geographic treatment of natural sciences 509, of economic situations and conditions 330.9, of purely political situations and conditions 320.9, history of military science 355.009 See also 303.49 for future history (projected events other than travel) See Manual at 900 SUMMARY 900.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901–909 Standard subdivisions of history, collected accounts of events, world history 910 Geography and travel 920 Biography, genealogy, insignia 930 History of ancient world to ca. 499 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds .1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901 Philosophy and theory of history 902 Miscellany of history .2 Illustrations, models, miniatures Do not use for maps, plans, diagrams; class in 911 903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history 901 904 Dewey Decimal Classification 904 904 Collected accounts of events Including events of natural origin; events induced by human activity Class here adventure Class collections limited to a specific period, collections limited to a specific area or region but not limited by continent, country, locality in 909; class travel in 910; class collections limited to a specific continent, country, locality in 930–990.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf (472.06 K)
    Scrophulariaceae in the flora of Egypt 1. Systematic revision of the indigenous taxa M. Nabil El Hadidi Amal I. Hosny Nahed El Husseini and Eman Shamso The Herbarium, Faculty of Science Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. El-Hadidi M. N., Hosny A. I., El-Husseini N. & Shamso E., 1999. Scrophulariaceae in the flora of Egypt. 1. Systematic revision of the indigenous taxa. Taeckholmia 19(2): 227-259. The indigenous taxa of Scrophulariaceae represented in the flora of Egypt were systematically revised. This revealed the presence of 50 species belonging to 16 genera, 8 tribes and 3 sub-families. Kickxia gracilis, K. pseudoscoparia, Scrophularia sinaica, Veronica scardica and V. rubrifolia are new records to the flora of this country. For each species, valid name, synonymes (if any), type, distribution (local and global) and selected specimens are given. A key for the genera of the family, keys for species belonging to genera with more than one species; and for the infra-specific taxa of polymorphic species are provided Key words: Flora of Egypt, Scrophulariaceae, indigenous taxa, Kickxia gracilis, K. pseudoscoparia, Scrophularia sinaica, Veronica scardica, V. rubrifolia. Introduction Scrophulariaceae is a large family comprising about 292 genera and nearly 3000 species of cosmopolitan distribution; consisting mainly of herbs and few shrubs and lianas. The members of the family are generally recognized by their typically bilateral symmetric tubular flowers, ( actinomorphic in Verbascum) and their many- seeded capsular fruits. The family is of limited economic use, the best known applications are the drugs Digitalin and Digoxin extracted from species of Digitalis. Many genera are well known as garden ornamentals as species of Antirrhinum and Veronica.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Central Asian Ties of a Tenth-Century Muslim Ruler in Egypt
    THE CENTRAL ASIAN TIES OF A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM RULER IN EGYPT Jere L. Bacharach University of Washington (Seattle) he sultans who ruled Egypt and Syria between 648 Al-Ikhshid, whose full name was Abu Bakr T AH/1250 CE and 792/1390 were born in Central Muhammad ibn Tughj ibn Juff, was the third Asia or were direct descendants of Central Asians. generation of his family to serve the ‘Abbasid The earlier Tulunid dynasty (254–92/868–905) was caliphate.1 His grandfather, Juff, was among the founded by the son of a Central Asian named Tulun mamluks imported from non-Islamic Central Asia, who had been brought into the Islamic world to serve probably the Ferghana region. His father, Tughj, in the ‘Abbasid caliph’s military as a mamluk (slave began his career in Iraq where Muhammad b. Tughj soldier). There is very little evidence that in either was born on 15 Rajab 268/8 February 882. Tughj went period these military rulers highlighted their Central on to serve the Tulunid dynasty of Egypt and Syria. Asian origins through titles or the use of symbols He held the governorships of Damascus, Tiberias, and specifically tied to their family origins (Treadwell 2017, Aleppo and was one of the most important Tulunid p. 37). An exception is the policies of one Muhammad generals.2 Muhammad b. Tughj gained his first ibn Tughj ibn Juff (323–34/935–46), the grandson of administrative and military experience during this a Central Asian-born mamluk, who established rule period, serving as governor of Tiberias for his father over Egypt and Palestine of the dynasty known as the (Ibn Saʻīd 1899, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Analysis to Support Sustainable Approaches to City
    People wait for the tram at the station, Alexandria, Egypt @ eFesenko / Shutterstock.com Legislative Analysis to Support Sustainable approaches to City Planning and Extension in Egypt LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE ii APPROACHES TO CITY PLANNING AND EXTENSION IN EGYPT LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES TO CITY PLANNING AND EXTENSION IN EGYPT iii LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES TO CITY PLANNING AND EXTENSION IN EGYPT LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE iv APPROACHES TO CITY PLANNING AND EXTENSION IN EGYPT Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2015 December, 2015 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat off the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this document do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States. References to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the United Nations, and a failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Excerpts from the
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Ottoman Past
    “Remembering” Egypt’s Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914 Dissertation Presented in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Doğa Öztürk, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Prof. Carter V. Findley, Advisor Prof. Jane Hathaway Prof. Scott Levi Copyrighted by Doğa Öztürk 2020 Abstract Scholarship on modern Egyptian history supports a narrative that depicts Egypt emerging as an independent political entity in the mid-19th century and steadily marching towards becoming a sovereign nation-state in the first decades of the 20th century. The Ottoman cultural context, within which Egypt operated at this time, is usually nowhere to be found in this story. This dissertation remedies this gap in the literature and “remembers” Egypt’s Ottoman past between 1841, when Mehmed Ali Pasha was granted the hereditary governorship of Egypt, and 1914, when Egypt’s remaining political ties to the Ottoman Empire were severed by the British Empire. Primarily based on a variety of sources produced in Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, it argues that even though the political ties between Istanbul and Cairo were weakening and a more distinct Egyptian identity was on the rise at this time, the Ottoman cultural consciousness continued to provide an important framework for the ruling and intellectual elite of Egypt, as well as the wider segments of the Egyptian public, until World War I. Taking a thematic approach to the subject, the dissertation demonstrates how the Ottoman imperial court culture provided a blueprint for the ruling elite in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demands of Muhammad Ali Pasha (JCC)
    TMUN J S O E I E N T T T I C R M IS IS COM THE DEMANDS OF MUHAMMAD ALI PASHA FEBRUARY 1821 DIRECTOR CHAIRS STEVE ZHU GAIA BELLAVISTA CLAIRE LATOSINSKY TMUN JOINT CRISIS COMMITTEES A Letter from Your Director 2 Glossary of Terms 3 A Brief Profile of the Ottoman Empire 4 Geography of the Ottoman Empire 4 Founding and Expansion 5 Society, Government, and Economy 5 The Balance of Power, Troubles in the Balkans and the Congress of Vienna 7 Questions to Consider 8 Muhammad Ali Pasha: General, Viceroy, Conqueror 9 Military Campaigns under the Ottoman Empire and Rise to Power 9 Reformist Vali 10 The Demands of Muhammad Ali Pasha 12 Questions to Consider 13 Appendix: Beyond the Ottoman World 14 The Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna and its Aftermath 14 The Eastern Question and European influence in the Ottoman Empire 15 The Nature of Warfare in the 19th century 15 Bibliography 17 J S O E I E N T T IT C R M ISIS COM 1 TMUN JOINT CRISIS COMMITTEES A LETTER FROM YOUR DIRECTOR Dear Delegates, It is my highest privilege to be your director for this year’s historical Joint Crisis Committee: The Demands of Muhammad Ali Pasha. I am a second-year student at the University of Toronto majoring in Political Science and History, and this will be my first time directing a crisis committee. Nonetheless, I intend to make this conference a fruitful learning experience for the interrelated subjects of military science, diplomacy and statecraft. Managing internal affairs on the homefront, facing a determined enemy on the fields of battle, maintaining popular support at home, overseeing the logistics of a war effort, and propping up strained economies can be a daunting task for even the most experienced statesman or military leader.
    [Show full text]
  • Compounds of Modernity: National Order and the Other in Egypt (1940-Present)
    Compounds of Modernity: National Order and the Other in Egypt (1940-present) By Momen-Bellah Mohsen El-Husseiny A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair Professor Greig Crysler Professor Ananya Roy Professor Cihan Tugal Summer 2015 Abstract Compounds of Modernity: National Order and the Other in Egypt (1940-present) by Momen-Bellah Mohsen El-Husseiny Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair The dissertation Compounds of Modernity aimed at moving beyond meta-narratives and theoretical frameworks of neoliberalism and globalization to analyze the contemporary gated communities and spaces of exclusion. Instead of analyzing enclaves as products of neoliberalism and global culture, the dissertation looks at them as “processes of urban explosion” embedded in the history of power and control. Building new housing settlements on the periphery is not anew. The state technocrats, architects, and urban planners had always used these projects as instruments towards controlling population, hygienic development, and citizen formation. By looking at how the design of these compounds had changed with time, I generate a set of narratives concerning power, spatial governance, dealing with hygiene as a thing to control, the othering of citizens, and modernizing the nation-state. The changing rhetoric and underlying logic to manipulate the erection of these new compounds reveals how the state categorizes its citizens and invents the “other.” The construction of the “risk society” is a mere political and social construct in Egypt’s modern history.
    [Show full text]
  • About Cairo and Its Informal Areas Cairo’S Informal Areas Between Urban Challenges and Hidden Potentials - Facts
    ABOUT CAIRO AND ITS INFORMAL AREAS CAIRO’S INFORMAL AREAS BETWEEN URBAN CHALLENGES AND HIDDEN POTENTIALS - FACTS. VOICES. VISIONS. About Cairo and its Informal Areas Previous photo A glance on informal housing Cairo: A Broader View in the greenery. by REGINA KIPPER Cairo is a chaotic megalopolis where life is characterized by extremes, both of tradition and of modernity. When people are asked what the city means to them, individual answers vary tremendously, depending on a person’s relationship to the place. Tourists, for example, or those who have not been there, may think of the pyramids, the pharaohs, the Nile, Islamic Cairo, or perhaps a generalized image of ‘the Orient.’ The responses of Cairenes, however, tend to describe aspects of their everyday lives, problems such as “traffic jams,” “pollution,” “noise,” or “crowdedness.” Today’s Cairo, like any city of comparable size, can be a frustrating place for both residents and visitors alike. But Cairo is also a place where people find many occasions to celebrate together, and where visitors are welcomed an improved living situation. In terms of investment Given the spatial and demographic size with sincere openness. In short, Cairo is a diverse and development, Egypt can be seen as a country of city of stark contrasts. two speeds, with a huge gap between the fast-paced of informal areas, it is only a slight exaggeration to say The importance of Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is city and the much slower rural and peri-urban areas. highlighted by the city’s several names—al-Qahirah Everything in Cairo is faster than in other parts of that they represent the normal situation (‘the Victorious’), Umm al-Dunia (‘Mother of the Egypt: the growth rate of the city, the traffic, and the World’), or simply Masr (the Arabic name for the pace of life in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Study of Capparaceae from Egypt: Revisited
    ® The African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2009 Global Science Books Taxonomic Study of Capparaceae from Egypt: Revisited Wafaa M. Kamel1* • Monier M. Abd El-Ghani2 • Mona M. El-Bous1 1 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt 2 The Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The systematic revision of the Egyptian species belonging to the family Capparaceae based on fresh materials with extensive field observations and herbarium materials is reported. This revision showed the presence of four genera Boscia, Capparis, Cadaba and Maerua. Species delimitation in Capparis was re-evaluated, resulting in the recognition of four species of Capparis: C. decidua (Forssk.) Edgew, C. sinaica Veill., C. spinosa L. (with three varieties viz., spinosa, canescens and deserti) and C. orientalis Veill. The last species is proposed to be elevated from var. inermis to the species level. Our results revealed also that leaves, stipules, flowers and fruit characters are of significant taxonomic value. A key for identification of the genera, species and varieties is provided. Type, synonyms, and selected specimens for each species are also presented. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Capparaceae, Boscia, Capparis, Cadaba, Maerua taxonomy, Egypt INTRODUCTION more than one genus from any of the tribes recognized by the authors, monophyly was contradicted (Hall et al. 2002). Capparaceae is a medium-sized family of approximately Hutchinson’s classification is particularly unsatisfactory 40–45 genera and 700–900 species, whose members present because it splits two genera, Maerua and Cadaba, into dif- considerable diversity in habit, fruit, and floral features ferent tribes because they are polymorphic with respect to (Cronquist 1981; Heywood 1993; Mabberley 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Mixed Courts of Egypt,1875-1949;A Study of Their
    THE MIXED COURTS OF EGYPT,1875-1949;A STUDY OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION,AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON POST-WAR EGYPTIAN LAW MARK STANLEY WADIH HOYLE Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) Department of Law. v SEPTEMBER 1983. (c) 1983 Mark SW Hoyle ProQuest Number: 11015845 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11015845 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT. This study starts with an Introduction,describing the historical background of Egypt.Chapter 1,Origins of the Mixed Courts,covers the build up to the reforms of 1875,and Chapter 2 deals with the Structure and Laws of the Mixed Courts,including their organisation,judiciary,and administration,and how the sovereignty of Egypt was affected.Chapter 3,the first of seven chapters dealing with the history of the courts over their lifespan, is on 1875 to 1885,which covers the first important move of the Mixed Courts-upholding the law against the Khedive,thus showing that even the ruler of Egypt was subject to the law.
    [Show full text]
  • AL-FUST at Its Foundation & Early Urban Development
    AL-FUST AT Its Foundation & Early Urban Development AL-FUSTAT Its Foundation and Early Urban Development Wladyslaw B. Kubiak THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO PRESS Publisher’s Note In the transliterated Arabic, the hamza is indicated by an apostrophe (‘), the ‘ayn by a reversed apostrophe (‘). Following our current standard practice, long vowels and emphatic consonants are not marked. Copyright © 1987 and 2016 by The American University in Cairo Press Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt 113 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 420 www.aucpress.com First published in 1987 by the American University in Cairo Press All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher ISBN 978 1 61797 741 1 Contents Foreword 7 Introduction IO Abbreviations of Publications Referenced in the Text 14 Chapter I The Source Material 17 Documents 17 Narrative Sources 18 Archaeological Sources 29 Chapter II The Geography of the Site 32 'Amal As/al 34 'Amal Fauq 36 The Northern Area of al-Kharab 37 The Southern Area of al-Kharab 38 Al-Qarafa al-Kubra 40 East Bank Environs 42 The Nile 43 Al-Djazira 47 The Western Channel of the Nile 48 The Western Bank 49 Chapter III The Pre-Islamic Settlements 50 Chapter IV The Foundation and a Town in the Making 58 The Selection of the Site 58 The Settlers 61 Division of Land 65 Organisation of the Camp-Town 70 Chapter V Demographic Evolution
    [Show full text]