Cairo and Alexandria at the Beginning of the 20Th Century an Analysis Based on Population and Education Censuses for 1907/8

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Cairo and Alexandria at the Beginning of the 20th Century An Analysis Based on Population and Education Censuses for 1907/8

Hiroshi KATO and Erina IWASAKI

Contents

１. Year of 1907, the starting point for the historical statistics in modern Egypt ２. Demographic structure of Cairo and Alexandria in the 1907 population census ３. Education census for 1907/8 ４. Education situations of Egypt in 1907/8 ５. Education situations of Cairo and Alexandria in 1907/8

The aim of this paper is to review the education census for 1907/81 and to point out some characteristics of the twin cities of modern Egypt, Alexandria and Cairo, at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper is composed of five chapters. Chapter 1 gives the introductory remarks on the historical background of the education census for 1907/8. Chapter 2 describes brief ly the demographic structure of Cairo and Alexandria, referring to the 1907 population census. The last three chapters review the education situations of Cairo and Alexandria, being based on the education census for 1907/8; Chapter 3 presents the census concerned; Chapter 4 makes a general survey of the education situations of Egypt in 1907/8; and finally Chapter 5 examines the education situations of Cairo and Alexandria in 1907/8.

1. Year of 1907, the starting point for the historical statistics in modern Egypt

The beginning of the 20th century is a turning point in the history of modern Egypt. In

1 ------Niz4 arat al-Malīya, Idara ‘Umum al-Ih4 sa’, Kashf ih4 s4 a’ al-talamidh al-mawjudīn bi’l-madaris - - al-‘umumīya wa’l-khus4 us4 īya bi’l-qut4 r al-mis4 rī 1907-1908, al-Mat4 ba‘a al-Amīrīya bi-Mis4 r, 1908. We appreciate Mr. Nobuyasu Inuzuka, researcher on the education system in modern Egypt, for his kind collaboration in the data base works. 324 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

1906, the Dinshaway Incident happened and the trial of Egyptian villagers involved provoked again the anti-British feeling in Egypt. In the next year, Lord Cromer, Britain’s agent and de facto governor of Egypt from 1883 after the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, resigned Britain’s consul general in Cairo. Egypt was colonized by the European Great Powers under the long rule by Cromer. However, paradoxically, this was the period when the Nation-State of Egypt was rapidly formed. The modernization of the national administration and the growing concern for statistics as a tool of rule were not suddenly generated by the Western presence but arose from the maturation of the Egyptian state and, within the Egyptian bureaucracy, from administrative necessity under the reigns of Muhammad Ali (ruled 1805-48) and his successors. However, this process assumed a more drastic form in 1876 when the state went bankrupt and was placed under the international supervision and especially after 1882 when the British army occupied Egypt in the suppression of Urabi Revolution. Those events represented the imperialist interference of the European powers in Egyptian affairs, but they also brought the rationalization of national finances, which had not previously differentiated between resources of the Royal family and those of the state. The road to establishing a national economy was open. Government agencies established Statistics Bureaus to provide the information for the administration. Ministry of Finance was the center to which the statistical information was sent. The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882. The 1882 effort was really a preparatory step; the first true population census was conducted in 1897. Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927, 1937, and 1947. The surveys conducted by British officials were, as they boasted, by far the most detailed and thorough ever conducted in Egypt. Japan, itself a late developer which undertook colonial ventures in the early 20th century, regarded Egypt as a ‘bad example’ from which to learn, but considered its colonial administration to be a positive model. The British administration in Egypt served as a model for the administrators who controlled Taiwan and Korea. For example, Japanese administrators assiduously studied the ‘scientific’ land survey conducted at the end of the 19th century in Egypt as well as the land tax revision which accompanied it in order to conduct an even more comprehensive survey in Korea from 1911 and revise land taxes2. From the beginning, the emphasis in accumulating statistical data centered on population statistics gathered through censuses. Needless to say, however, population statistics are the basic data which make possible the compilation of economic, social, and other statistics.

2 Hiroshi Miyajima, “The Korean Land Survey in Comparative Historical Perspective”, in Tetsu Nakamura et al. eds., The Modern Economic Structure of Korea, Nihon Hyoron-sha, Tokyo, 1990 (in Japanese). CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 325

Therefore, attention has been devoted to gathering statistics in areas other than population when the opportunities exist. One such case was 1897, when the general population census was accompanied by other statistics gathering. One of the results of the latter is A. Boinet, Géographie économique et administrative de l'Egypte, Basse-Egypte I (Cairo, 1902)3. The volume was compiled at the village level and includes various data on the lives of villagers. However, it covers only three governorate in Lower Egypt. Although further volumes were announced, no similar works covering other prefectures were ever published. Statistics on social and economic aspects of village life were also collected at the time of ------the 1907 census. One result was Niz4 arat al-Malīya, Ih4 sa’īya ‘umumīya ‘an al-muh4 afaz4 at wa - al-mudīrīyat li-l-qut4 r al-mis4 rī [The general statistics of Egypt by administration units] (Cairo, 1909), published by the Ministry of Finance. In addition, detailed statistics on education were gathered and published as the education census for 1907/8. They served as a basis for time series analyses of educational statistics.

2. Demographic structure of Cairo and Alexandria in the 1907 population census

This chapter will explain some characteristics on the demographic structure of Cairo and Alexandria at the beginning of the 20th century, based on the 1907 population census. The census contains information on the subjects concerned, such as number of population by sex, literacy, religion and birthplace. Unfortunately, information on the population by nationality is not available. However, the data on the birthplace of the population born outside Egypt by country are found in the census. These data are agglomerated to the regional level in Section 2-1 to 2-3, and to the qism level in Section 2-4 and 2-54.

3 The paper by Hiroshi Kato, titled “The Data on Periodical (Weekly) Market at the End of the 19th Century in Egypt － The Cases of Qaliubiya, Sharqiya, and Daqahliya Provinces”, Mediterranean World XIII, the Mediterranean Studies Research Group, Hitotsubashi University, 1992 is based on this literature. 4 Egypt is administratively composed of two regions: Lower Egypt is the northern part of the country from Cairo to the Mediterranean, and Upper Egypt is the southern part from Cairo to the border between Egypt and Sudan. Each region is divided into three hierarchical divisions: governorate, qism, and shiyakha for urban area and governorate (mudīrīya), markaz, and qarya (village) for rural area. The large cities such as Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said and Suez are counted as individual governorates. 326 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

2-1 Population by region of birthplace and residence

Table 2-1-1 Population by region of birthplace and residence (%) Region of residence Other Urban Cairo Alexandria Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Total Birthplace Governorates Cairo 62.8 1.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 4.0 Alexandria 1.5 66.2 1.1 0.4 0.0 2.3 Other Urban 0.2 0.3 53.3 0.1 0.0 0.5 Governorates Lower Egypt 9.7 6.1 18.6 97.3 0.4 48.6 Upper Egypt 14.3 7.3 9.1 1.2 98.9 42.8 Foreign country 11.5 18.2 16.7 0.7 0.4 1.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Number) (654476) (332246) (86640) (5443766) (4635391) (11152519) Note: Other Urban Governorates include Port Said, Ismailiya, Arish, Suez and Sinai.

In the Urban governorates, the population of those born in rural Egypt (Lower and Upper Egypt) occupies higher percentage than it may be expected: Cairo (24.0%), Alexandria (13.4%) and Other Urban Governorates (27.9%). The percentage of population born in the rural Egypt in Cairo (24.0%) is higher than in Alexandria (13.4%), while the percentage of the population born in the foreign countries in Alexandria (18.2%) is higher than in Cairo (11.5%).

Table 2-1-2 Population born outside Egypt by country of birthplace (%)

Cairo Alexandria Other Urban Governorates Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Total US 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 Armenia 2.0 2.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 1.6 Austria 2.4 3.1 4.2 0.7 0.4 2.2 Belgium 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 British Isles 7.6 5.4 3.3 0.8 2.1 5.0 Bulgaria 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 Canada 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Denmark 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 France 3.5 2.9 7.1 1.9 1.0 3.1 Germany 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.7 Greece 19.4 27.6 40.5 22.3 8.7 22.9 India 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 Italy 8.8 15.4 13.2 2.2 2.5 9.3 Malta 0.7 2.0 4.1 0.8 0.3 1.3 Montenegro 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Persia 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 Portugal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Roumania 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Russia 1.1 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.8 Soudan 17.8 7.0 6.6 42.9 72.3 23.1 Spain 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Switzerland 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Syria 17.7 14.7 9.9 15.4 3.9 14.6 Tunis 1.9 2.4 0.4 3.1 1.3 2.1 Turkey 12.9 13.8 7.8 6.3 4.5 10.9 Yemen 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 Other Countries 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Number) (75221) (60496) (14490) (37260) (17833) (205300) Note: The data on the population born outside Egypt are not that of nationality. However, the CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 327

proportion of the population born outside Egypt can be considered as that of foreigner, since most of the inhabitants born outside Egypt are assumed to be foreigners and not Egyptian.

The ten largest countries of origin for the population born outside Egypt are Sudan (23.1%), followed by Greece (22.9%), Syria (14.6%), Turkey (10.9%), Italy (9.3%), British Isles and Malta (6.3%), France (3.1%), Austria (2.2%), Tunisia 82.1%) and Armenia (1.6%). The countries in Table 2-1-2 are classified into five categories by region: (1) the Middle Eastern countries (Morocco, Persia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen), (2) the countries which have many of their natives settled in Egypt (Armenia and Greece), (3) the Western countries (United States of America, Austria, Belgium, British Isles and Malta, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland), (4) Russia and the Balkan (Bulgaria, Montenegro and Rumania) and (5) Asia (India). The percentages of the population born in the Middle Eastern countries are: 51.4% in Cairo, 38.3% in Alexandria, 25.2% in Other Urban Governorates, 69.5% in Lower Egypt and 82.6% in Upper Egypt. The percentages of the population born in the Western countries are: 24.6% in Cairo, 30.2% in Alexandria, 33.1% in Other Urban Governorates, 7.0% in Lower Egypt and 7.2% in Upper Egypt. The three largest countries of origin for the population born outside Egypt are ; Greece (19.4%), Sudan (17.8%) and Syria (17.7%) in Cairo; Greece (27.6%), Italy (15.4%) and Syria (14.7%) in Alexandria; Greece (40.5%), Italy (13.2%) and Turkey (7.8%) in Other Urban Governorates; Sudan (42.9%), Greece (22.3%) and Syria (15.4%) in Lower Egypt; Sudan (72.3%), Greece (8.7%) and Turkey (4.5%) in Upper Egypt. Interestingly, the population born in Greece is one of the three largest in all regions in Egypt.

2-2 Population of regions in Egypt by religion

Table 2-2 Population of regions by religion (%)

Muslims Copts Roman Catholics Protestants Greek Orthodox Eastern Christians Jews Others Total (Number) Cairo 81.0 6.2 3.1 1.0 3.5 2.1 3.1 0.0 100.0 (654476) Alexandria 72.9 2.4 7.5 1.0 9.1 2.7 4.4 0.0 100.0 (332246) Other Urban Governorates 77.1 1.7 8.8 0.8 10.1 1.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 (87086) Lower Egypt 97.7 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 100.0 (5480517) Upper Egypt 87.9 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (4635653) Total 91.8 6.3 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 100.0 (11220533) Note: “Copts” include Orthodox Copts, Catholic Copts, Protestant Copts.

Upper Egypt has a remarkably high percentage (12.0%) of Copts. Cairo has relatively few Christians (15.9%), among which Copts are the largest group. In contrast, Alexandria has a higher percentage (22.7%) of Christians composed mainly of non-Copts. 328 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

2-3 Population of regions in Egypt by literacy

Table 2-3 Population able to read and write by region (%, number) Proportion of read & write (%) Population (number) Male Female Total Male Female Total Cairo 28.0 8.1 18.7 346,965 307,511 654,476 Alexandria 30.1 11.8 21.5 175,862 156,384 332,246 Other Urban Governorates 23.7 11.3 18.1 47,490 39,596 87,086 Lower Egypt 8.5 0.3 4.4 2,725,972 2,754,545 5,480,517 Upper Egypt 6.7 0.2 3.4 2,320,351 2,315,302 4,635,653 Total 9.8 1.1 5.4 5,616,640 5,573,338 11,189,978

Note: Population includes all age group.

A sharp contrast can be observed between the urban Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria and Other Urban Governorates) and the rural Egypt (Lower and Upper Egypt), and between males and females.

2-4 Population of qism in Cairo and Alexandria by religion The data on Cairo and Alexandria are agglomerated to the qism level as in the following tables in order to clarify the demographic characteristics and differences of these twin cities.

Table 2-4-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by religion (%) (see also Map 2-4-1 in the Appendix) Muslims Copts Roman Catholics Protestants Greek Orthodox Eastern Christians Jews Others Total (Number) Abidin 72.1 4.9 7.7 3.6 7.2 2.0 2.5 0.0 100.0 (53356) Bab al-Sha'riya 77.7 9.3 4.1 0.1 3.5 3.7 1.5 0.0 100.0 (56483) Bulaq 91.1 5.6 1.9 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 (89613) Darb al-Ahmar 93.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.6 3.1 0.0 100.0 (67132) Azbakiya 27.9 29.7 12.8 1.5 13.2 9.9 4.8 0.1 100.0 (46551) Gamaliya 84.4 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.7 1.1 11.8 0.0 100.0 (59054) Hilwan 82.0 3.1 4.4 1.7 4.4 2.3 2.2 0.0 100.0 (7646) Khalifa 97.5 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 (53886) Muski 44.1 4.3 12.5 0.8 20.2 4.9 13.2 0.0 100.0 (22031) Misr al-Qadima 92.6 6.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 (31457) Saiyyda Zainab 96.3 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 (64999) Shubra 76.9 10.3 3.0 0.9 3.9 4.8 0.3 0.0 100.0 (48870) Wayli 79.1 3.8 2.5 4.7 2.0 1.5 6.3 0.0 100.0 (53398) Total 81.0 6.2 3.1 1.0 3.5 2.1 3.1 0.0 100.0 (654476)

Table 2-4-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by religion (%) (see also Map 2-4-2 in the Appendix) Muslims Copts Roman Catholics Protestants Greek Orthodox Eastern Christians Jews Others Total (Number) Attarin 35.7 1.4 20.0 2.0 28.1 6.9 5.8 0.1 100.0 (37285) Gumruk 86.2 0.9 0.4 0.6 4.4 0.8 6.6 0.0 100.0 (71545) Karmuz 86.2 4.0 2.2 0.1 4.7 2.3 0.3 0.0 100.0 (52200) Labban 64.5 3.0 20.0 0.1 8.1 2.5 1.7 0.0 100.0 (42465) Manshiya 39.4 1.0 13.1 0.8 23.7 7.2 14.7 0.0 100.0 (24993) Mina al-Basal 95.6 1.7 1.0 0.2 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 100.0 (51453) Moharram Bey 70.7 4.5 6.3 2.0 7.4 3.1 6.0 0.0 100.0 (50144) Port of Alexandria 15.2 0.4 26.5 35.0 22.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 (2161) Total 73.3 2.4 7.4 0.8 9.0 2.7 4.4 0.0 100.0 (330085) CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 329

2-5 Population of qism in Cairo and Alexandria by literacy

Table 2-5-1 (Cairo) Population able to read and write by qism (%, number) (see also Map 2-5-1 in the Appendix)

Proportion of read & write (%) Population (number) Male Female Total Male Female Total Abidin 36.1 17.2 27.4 28,628 24,728 53,356 Bab al-Sha'riya 25.9 5.3 15.8 28,781 27,702 56,483 Bulaq 14.9 2.5 9.1 47,380 42,233 89,613 Darb al-Ahmar 35.5 3.4 20.8 36,417 30,715 67,132 Azbakiya 50.8 28.7 40.7 25,200 21,351 46,551 Gamaliya 28.0 2.4 16.2 31,905 27,149 59,054 Hilwan 31.4 15.7 23.6 3,835 3,811 7,646 Khalifa 18.4 2.1 10.5 27,902 25,984 53,886 Muski 45.7 23.4 35.4 11,852 10,179 22,031 Misr al-Qadima 11.1 1.1 6.5 17,058 14,399 31,457 Sayyida Zainab 28.3 5.0 16.8 32,901 32,098 64,999 Shubra 23.8 9.9 17.1 25,332 23,538 48,870 Wayli 29.3 11.3 21.3 29,774 23,624 53,398 Total 28.0 8.1 18.7 346,965 307,511 654,476

Note: Population includes all age groups.

Table 2-5-2 (Alexandria) Population able to read and write by qism (%, number) (see also Map 2-5-2 in the Appendix) Proportion of read & write (%) Population (number) Male Female Total Male Female Total Attarin 51.7 39.9 46.0 19,252 18,033 37,285 Gumruk 26.6 3.5 15.5 37,209 34,336 71,545 Karmuz 18.4 3.5 11.3 27,177 25,023 52,200 Labban 26.7 12.8 20.1 22,499 19,966 42,465 Manshiya 51.8 25.5 40.3 14,038 10,955 24,993 Mina al-Basal 16.9 1.3 9.6 27,370 24,083 51,453 Moharram bey 33.0 14.8 24.3 26,203 23,941 50,144 Port of Alexandria 72.2 68.1 72.1 2,114 47 2,161 Total 29.6 11.8 21.2 173,748 156,337 330,085

Note: Population includes all age groups.

3. Education census for 1907/8

3-1 Contents of the census The education census for 1907/8 was published by General Bureau of Statistics, - - - - - Ministry of Finance, titled Kashf ih4 sa’ al-talamidh al-mawjudīn bi’l-madaris al-‘umumīya - wa’l-khus4 us4 īya bi’l-qut4 r al-mis4 rī 1907-1908 (the title of English version: Statistical Return of Pupils Attending Public and Private Schools in Egypt for the Year 1907-08) in 1908 (in 1909 330 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI for English version). The information available from the census is as follows: ① name of school, ② locality of school, ③ year of school foundation, ④ nationality of school founder, ⑤ dependence (al-taba‘īya) of school, ⑥ degree of instruction (darajat al-ta‘līm) of school, ⑦ principal language (al-lugha al-rasmīya) of school, ⑧number of students exempted from the tuition fee by sex, ⑨number of students per teacher, ⑩ number of students by nationality, and ⑪ number of students by religion5. The census is composed of two sections. The first consists of the ‘recapitulatory tables’ - - - (jadawil ijmalīya): the second consists of the ‘detailed tables’ (jadawil tafs4 īlīya)by school. In each section, the data are arranged in 10 tables, according to the eight categories mentioned above. The following Chapter 4 and 5 is based on the data in the second section. Initially, the eight categories will be explained in this section.

Name of school The total number of schools at the time of the census in December 1907 is 735. Private Kuttabs (Koran schools) are excluded in the census.

Locality of school In the census, Egypt is administratively divided into : the rural Egypt called ‘Mudirias’ and the urban Egypt called ‘Governorates’ (Muhafzas in Arabic). ‘Mudirias’ are Qalyubiya, Sharqiya, Gharbiya, Daqahliya, Minufiya and Buhayra in Lower Egypt, and Giza, Fayyum, Bani Swayf, Minya, Asyut, Girga, Qina and Aswan in Upper Egypt. ‘Governorates’ are the two largest cities of Cairo, Alexandria and Canal called ‘Umum Qanal (Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez). The localities are classified in Chapter 4 and 5 as follows : Cairo, Alexandria and Other Urban Governorates for the localities in the urban Egypt, and Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt for the localities in the rural Egypt. The units of the localities are ‘markaz’, the subdivision of Mudiria, in the rural Egypt, and ‘qism’, the subdivision of Muhafza, in the urban Egypt. However, some schools, especially in Alexandria, are identified by the name of street, square, etc. This fact makes it difficult to identify the locality of some schools.

Year of school foundation Chapter 4 and 5 use the following classification for the year of school foundation: before 1859, 1860-1869, 1870-1879, 1880-1889, 1890-1899 and after 1900. 1882 is the year of turning point in the history of modern Egypt, when the British army occupied Egypt.

5 The word ‘tala-midh’, pl. of ‘tilmīdh’, is translated into pupils, scholars or students in the English version of the census. In this paper, the word of students is used for its translation. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 331

Nationality of school founder The nationality of school founder is described by the term ‘jinsīyat al-madrasa’ in Arabic (the nationality of school). Their nationalities are as follows: Egyptian, British, American, Austrian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian and Other. The word ‘Egyptian’ includes not only the native Egyptians, but also those ‘belonging to Turkish subjects’. And this is due to the difficulty of distinction between native Egyptian and Turkish. Because of the similar reason, the citizens of the Great Powers include the subjects called ‘protégé’ under their jurisdiction.

Dependence of school In Chapter 4 and 5, schools are categorized into the following school types, based on the dependence organizations and nationalities of school founders in Appendix Table 3.

Egyptian Public Private Islamic Coptic Other Christian Jewish (Israeli) Other Foreign Secular Religious American Austrian British Dutch French German Greek Italian

Degree of instruction The degrees of instruction are classified as follows by sex (male, female, mix): - 1 Infantile & Preparatory (al-at4 fal wa tahd4 4 īrī) - 2 Preparatory & Primary (tahd4 4 īrī wa ibtida’ī) 3 Primary (ibtida-’ī) 4 Primary & Secondary (ibtida-’ī wa tha-nawī) 5 Secondary (tha-nawī) 6 Commercial (tija-rī) 7 Higher (‘a-lī) 8 Training (li-l-mu‘allimīn) 332 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

- 9 Special (khus4 usī) - - 10 Primary & Technical (s4 ina‘ī wa ibtida’ī) - 11 Technical (s4 ina‘ī) - - - 12 Evening (Prim. Special & Tech.) (laylī: ibtida’ī, khus4 us4 ī wa s4 ina‘ī)

Only 287 schools have a single levels of instruction (mainly primary schools for males). The rest have two or three levels of instruction.

Principal language Principal languages are as follows: Arabic, English, French, Italian, German, Greek, Arabic & English, Arabic & Armenian, Arabic & Turkish and Arabic & French.

Number of students exempted from the tuition fee by sex The data is by sex of students.

Number of students per teacher The number of teachers totals 5,475. Its number by nationality of school founder is as follows: Egyptian (3,147), French (1,185), American (410), Greek (154), English (153), Austrian (68), German (60), Dutch (7) and Other (24).

Number of students by nationality Nationalities of students are as follws: Egyptians and Foreigners (British, Austrians, French, Germans, Greeks, Italians and Others).

Number of students by religion Religions of students are as follows: Muslims, Christians (Copts, Orthodox, Catholics and Protestants), Jews and Others. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 333

4. Education situations of Egypt in 1907/8

This chapter overviews the education census for 1907/8 by school type and locality of school.

4-1 School type

Table 4-1 Schools and students by school type (number, %) Schools Students Number % Number % Egypt Public 81 11.0 30,515 26.9 Private Islamic 120 16.4 17,609 15.5 Coptic 101 13.8 14,202 12.5 Other Christian 6 0.8 1,219 1.1 Jewish (Israeli) 6 0.8 1,274 1.1 Other 10 1.4 1,230 1.1 Foreign Secular 63 8.6 10,824 9.5 Religious American 156 21.3 12,465 11.0 Austrian 10 1.4 1,647 1.5 English 23 3.1 1,607 1.4 French 124 16.9 15,726 13.9 German 3 0.4 511 0.5 Greek 4 0.5 1,223 1.1 Italian 25 3.4 3,219 2.8 Dutch 2 0.3 159 0.1 Total 734 100.0 113,430 100.0 Note: “Other Christian” include Private Syrian School, Orthodox Armenian Patriarchate, Maronite Community, Private Armenian School, Armenian Community, and Catholic Greek Community. “Other” include Freemasons Lodge and Massai el-Mashkura Society.

The school types that have the largest number of schools and students are: ‘Foreign Religious American’, ‘Foreign Religious French’, ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’, ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ and ‘Egyptian Public’ for schools, and ‘Egyptian Public’, ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’, ‘Foreign Religious French’, ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ and ‘Foreign Religious American’ for students. 334 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

4-2 Locality of school

Table 4-2 School type by locality of school (number of schools & students) Other Urban Lower Upper Cairo Alexandria Total Governorates Egypt Egypt Number of Egyptian Public 35 11 2 16 17 81 Schools Private Islamic 28 38 6 27 21 120 Coptic 18 5 1 23 54 101 Other 11 2 0 9 0 22 Foreign Secular 19 23 13 7 1 63 Religious American 8 4 1 32 111 156 French 26 24 15 13 46 124 Other 22 19 3 10 13 67 Total 167 126 41 137 263 734 Number of Egyptian Public 17,914 2,564 277 7,051 2,709 30,515 Students Private Islamic 6,254 4,573 656 3,366 2,760 17,609 Coptic 2,282 709 151 4,020 7,040 14,202 Other 2,085 450 1,188 3,723 Foreign Secular 3,330 5,556 1,462 446 30 10,824 Religious American 1,257 400 87 2,318 8,403 12,465 French 5,425 4,781 1,509 1,566 2,445 15,726 Other 2,929 3,503 223 744 967 8,366 Total 41,476 22,536 4,365 20,699 24,354 113,430

Upper Egypt has the largest number of schools (35.8%). At the Governorate level, however, the largest number of schools are found in Cairo (22.8%), followed by Alexandria (17.2%), Assiut (11.8%) and Minya (7.6%). The ‘Egyptian’ schools are predominant in Cairo and Lower Egypt: Cairo (55.0% of schools, 68.8% of students) and Lower Egypt (54.7%, 75.5%), ‘Foreign’ schools, on the other hand, are the majority Alexandria, Other Urban Governorates and Upper Egypt: Alexandria (55.6%, 63.2%), Other Urban Governorates (78.0%, 75.2%) and Upper Egypt (65.0%, 48.6%). ‘Egyptian Public’ schools are concentrated in Cairo (43.2%, 58.7%). ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ schools, on the other hand, are found throughout Egypt, while ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ schools are located more in the rural Egypt: Lower Egypt (22.8%, 28.3%) and Upper Egypt (53.5%, 49.6%). ‘Foreign Secular’ schools are concentrated in Alexandria (36.5%, 51.3%). ‘Foreign Religious French’ and ‘Foreign Religious Other’ schools are found throughout Egypt, while ‘Foreign Religious American’ schools are mostly located in Upper Egypt (71.2%, 67.4%). CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 335

4-3 Nationality of school founder

Table 4-3-1 School type by nationality of school founder (number of schools & students) Egypt Britain France Italy Germany Greece Austria US Russia Holland Total Number of Egyptian Public 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 Schools Private Islamic 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 Coptic 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 Other 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Foreign Secular 0 2 13 15 2 28 0 1 1 0 62 Religious American 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 0 0 156 French 0 0 124 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 Other 0 23 0 25 3 4 10 0 0 2 67 Total 324 25 137 40 5 32 10 157 1 2 733 Number of Egyptian Public 30,515 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,515 Students Private Islamic 17,609 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,609 Coptic 14,202 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,202 Other 3,723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,723 Foreign Secular 0 680 2,079 2,547 311 4,551 0 175 411 0 10,754 Religious American 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,465 0 0 12,465 French 0 0 15,726 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,726 Other 0 1,607 0 3,219 511 1,223 1,647 0 0 159 8,366 Total 66,049 2,287 17,805 5,766 822 5,774 1,647 12,640 411 159 113,360 Note: 2 schools of “Foreign Secular” are excluded because the nationalities of their founders are unkunown.

Table 4-3-2 Locality by nationality of school founder (number of schools & students)

Egypt Britain France Italy Germany Greece Austria US Russia Holland Total Number of Cairo 92 9 34 11 2 6 3 8 1 0 166 Schools Alexandria 56 9 28 10 2 12 5 4 0 0 126 Other Urban Governorates 9 2 16 6 0 6 0 2 0 0 41 Lower Egypt 75 5 13 3 0 7 0 32 0 2 137 Upper Egypt 92 0 46 10 1 1 2 111 0 0 263 Total 324 25 137 40 5 32 10 157 1 2 733 Number of Cairo 28,535 1,012 6,760 1,506 292 1,375 258 1,257 411 0 41,406 Students Alexandria 8,296 888 5,464 2,638 466 3,086 1,298 400 0 0 22,536 Other Urban Governorates 1,084 81 1,570 531 0 837 0 262 0 0 4,365 Lower Egypt 15,625 306 1,566 279 0 446 0 2,318 0 159 20,699 Upper Egypt 12,509 2,445 812 64 30 91 8,403 0 0 24,354 Total 66,049 2,287 17,805 5,766 822 5,774 1,647 12,640 411 159 113,360 Note: 2 schools of “Foreign Secular” are excluded because the nationalities of their founders are unknown.

The schools founded by the natives of Egypt, US and France are the three largest and occupy 84.3% of schools and 85.2% of students: Egypt (44.2%, 58.3%), US (21.4%, 11.2%) and France (18.7%, 15.7%). Regarding the school type, the schools founded by Egyptians are as follows: ‘Egyptian Public’ (25.0%, 46.2%), ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ (37.0%, 26.7%) and ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ (31.2%, 21.5%). The interesting fact is that almost all of the schools founded by Greeks are categorized as ‘Foreign Secular’, while those founded by Americans are categorized as ‘Foreign Religious’. The type of schools founded by French are as follows: ‘Foreign Secular’ (9.5%, 90.5%) and ‘Foreign Religious’ (11.7%, 88.3%). The case of US is exceptional, as 70.7% of the schools founded by Americans are located in Upper Egypt. The regional distribution of the schools founded by Egyptians and French are as follows: in case of Egyptians, Cairo (28.4 %, 43.2%), Alexandria (17.3%, 12.6%), Other Urban Governorates (2.8%, 1.6%), Lower Egypt (23.1%, 23.7%) and Upper Egypt (28.4%, 336 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

18.9%), and in case of French, Cairo (24.8 %, 38.0%), Alexandria (20.4%, 30.7%), Other Urban Governorates (11.7%, 8.8%), Lower Egypt (9.5%, 8.8%) and Upper Egypt (33.6%, 13.7%).

4-4 Year of school foundation

Table 4-4-1 School type by year of foundation (number of schools)

Before 1859 1860-1869 1870-1879 1880-1889 1890-1899 After 1890 Total Egyptian Public 5 8 12 16 12 28 81 Private Islamic 1 4 2 5 43 61 116 Coptic 2 1 4 11 32 51 101 Other 1 1 1 0 11 8 22 Foreign Secular 1 7 8 17 13 17 63 Religious American 2 6 9 22 54 55 148 French 10 6 5 22 35 29 107 Other 2 5 6 13 21 18 65 Total 24 38 47 106 221 267 703

TableTable 44-4-2-4-2 LLocalityocality o fof s cschoolhool by by ye ayearr of fofou foundationndation (nu (numbermber of s cofh oschools)ols) Before 1859 1860-1869 1870-1879 1880-1889 1890-1899 After 1890 Total Cairo 12 14 18 17 48 54 163 Alexandria 8 10 6 18 42 41 125 Other Urban Governorates 2 7 3 11 7 11 41 Lower Egypt 2 1 6 24 50 49 132 Upper Egypt 0 6 14 36 74 112 242 Total 24 38 47 106 221 267 703

Although the majority of schools are founded after 1890, two different trends can be observed as to the school type, firstly on ‘Egyptian Public’ and ‘Foreign Secular’, and secondly on ‘Egyptian Private’ and ‘Foreign Religious’. As to ‘Egyptian Public’ and ‘Foreign Secular’, the schools founded after 1890 is 49.4% and 47.6% respectively. However, schools established before 1880 are not few: ‘Egyptian Public’ (30.9%) and ‘Foreign Secular’ (23.8%). As to ‘Egyptian Private’ and ‘Foreign Religious’, almost all of the schools are founded after 1890: ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ (89.7%), ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ (82.2%), ‘Foreign Religious American’ (73.7%), and ‘Foreign Religious Other’ (60.0%), except ‘Foreign Religious French’. Some of the ‘Foreign Religious French’ schools are established in the earlier period: 19.6% before 1880, especially 9.3% before 1859. As for locality of school, most of the schools in the rural Egypt are founded after 1890: Lower Egypt (75.0%) and Upper Egypt (76.9%). Some of the schools in the urban Egypt, on the other hand, are established before 1880: 27.0% in Cairo, 19.2% in Alexandria, and 29.3% in Other Urban Governorates. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 337

4-5 Degree of instruction

Table 4-5-1 School type by degree of instruction (number of schools & students)

Kindergarten & Pre-elementary Elementary Industrial & Elementary Secondary Commercial High Teacher Specialized Industrial Night Total pre-elementary & Elementary & Secondary elementary Number of Egyptian Public 15 0 34 0 3 0 11 10 5 0 2 1 81 Schools Private Islamic 87 2 25 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 120 Coptic 76 6 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 101 Other 14 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Foreign Secular 26 0 30 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 63 Religious American 98 15 42 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 French 36 4 81 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 124 Other 29 6 26 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 67 Total 381 34 261 2 10 1 14 11 6 1 7 6 734 Number of Egyptian Public 944 9,361 1,909 0 15,827 0 869 846 27 325 407 0 30,515 Students Private Islamic 4,821 132 11,890 0 85 0 151 90 22 97 284 37 17,609 Coptic 4,445 840 8,699 0 138 0 60 0 0 0 20 0 14,202 Other 917 380 2,271 0 148 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 3,723 Foreign Secular 1,405 7,579 0 1,238 166 327 0 0 0 58 51 10,824 Religious American 4,420 1,248 6,345 155 231 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 12,465 French 2,041 662 11,256 0 1,516 166 0 0 0 0 85 0 15,726 Other 1,694 459 4,905 55 352 0 6 0 0 0 158 737 8,366 Total 20,687 13,082 54,854 210 19,535 332 1,486 936 49 422 1,012 825 113,430 Note: “Evening” schools include Primary Evening school, Special Evening school, and Technical Evening school.

Table 4-5-2 Locality of school by degree of instruction (number of schools & students)

Kindergarten & Pre-elementary Elementary Industrial & Elementary Secondary Commercial High Teacher Specialized Industrial Night Total pre-elementary & Elementary & Secondary elementary Number of Cairo 80 3 51 0 7 1 7 8 5 0 2 3 167 Schools Alexandria 69 3 42 2 2 0 2 0 0 1 4 1 126 Other Urban 22 3 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 41 Governorates Lower Egypt 87 5 37 0 1 0 4 2 0 0 1 0 137 Upper Egypt 123 20 116 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 263 Total 381 34 261 2 10 1 14 11 6 1 7 6 734 Number of Cairo 5,146 621 18,644 0 3,649 249 10,963 723 721 0 279 481 41,476 Students Alexandria 4,228 461 14,120 210 1,492 83 1,024 0 0 97 528 293 22,536 Other Urban Governorates 1,224 322 2,678 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 4,365 Lower Egypt 4,093 261 11,515 0 250 0 4,351 163 0 0 66 0 20,699 Upper Egypt 5,996 2,056 15,349 0 136 106 73 147 27 57 407 0 24,354 Total 20,687 3,721 62,306 210 5,617 438 16,411 1,033 748 154 1,280 825 113,430 Note: “Evening” schools include Primary Evening school, Special Evening school, and Technical Evening school.

The majority of schools are preparatory (Infantile & Preparatory) or primary (Preparatory & Primary and Primary) schools regardless of school type: ‘Egyptian’ (59.3% of preparatory schools, 16.8% of primary schools and 28.1% of preparatory students, 53.7% of primary students) and ‘Foreign’ (46.1%, 20.2% and 49.8%, 68.5%). However, this tendency is more eminent in ‘Foreign’ school type (95.9% of schools and 88.7% of students). Most of the higher and specialized education (Secondary, Commercial, Higher, Training, Special and Technical) belong to the school type of ‘Egyptian Public’ (65.3%, 77.0%). And also, the higher and specialized education are exclusively located in Cairo and Alexandria: Cairo (61.2%, 65.0%) and Alexandria (16.3%, 12.2%). 338 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

4-6 Principal language

Table 4-6-1 School type by principal language (schools & students) (%) Arabic English French Italian German Greek Arabic & English Arabic & Armenian Arabic & Turkish Arabic & French Total (Number) Number of Egyptian Public 91.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (81) Schools Private Islamic 52.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.8 0.0 0.8 0.8 100.0 (120) Copt 14.9 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (101) Other 50.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 27.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 (22) Foreign Secular 1.6 3.2 22.2 23.8 3.2 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (63) Religious American 18.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (156) French 33.9 0.0 64.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 100.0 (124) Other 25.8 12.1 7.6 27.3 3.0 6.1 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (66) Total 34.2 1.8 13.9 4.5 0.6 4.6 39.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 (733) Number of Egyptian Public 96.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (30515) Students Private Islamic 47.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.9 0.0 0.9 1.0 100.0 (17609) Copt 10.4 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (14202) Other 43.6 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 1.1 23.4 24.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 (3723) Foreign Secular 1.6 6.3 19.9 23.5 2.9 45.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (10824) Religious American 15.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (12465) French 12.1 0.0 86.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 (15726) Other 18.5 9.3 10.9 32.4 5.4 14.7 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (8299) Total 40.8 2.2 14.9 4.6 0.7 5.5 30.0 0.8 0.1 0.4 100.0 (113363)

TTableable 4-6-24-6-2 LocalityLocality of o fschool schoo lby by principal principa languagel langua g(schoolse (scho o&ls students)& stude n(%)ts) (%)

Arabic English French Italian German Greek Arabic & English Arabic & Armenian Arabic & Turkish Arabic & French Total (Number) Number of Cairo 35.3 2.4 24.6 6.0 1.2 4.2 25.2 0.6 0.6 0.0 100.0 (167) Schools Alexandria 42.9 4.8 23.0 7.9 1.6 10.3 8.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 (126) Other Urban Governorates 24.4 0.0 34.2 14.6 0.0 14.6 9.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 100.0 (41) Lower Egypt 21.9 0.7 9.5 0.7 0.0 5.1 60.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 (137) Upper Egypt 37.4 0.8 1.9 2.3 0.0 0.4 57.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (262) Total 34.2 1.8 13.9 4.5 0.6 4.6 39.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 100.0 (733) Number of Cairo 52.6 1.8 18.1 3.3 0.7 4.3 17.6 1.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 (41476) Students Alexandria 36.2 3.1 25.9 11.7 2.1 13.9 5.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 (22536) Other Urban Governorates 26.5 0.0 29.3 12.2 0.0 19.2 7.8 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0 (4365) Lower Egypt 37.5 0.5 8.2 0.2 0.0 2.2 50.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 100.0 (20699) Upper Egypt 30.4 3.6 2.5 2.6 0.0 0.1 60.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (24287) Total 40.8 2.2 14.9 4.6 0.7 5.5 30.0 0.8 0.1 0.4 100.0 (113363)

The most frequently used principal languages are Arabic & English (39.6%), Arabic (34.2%) and French (13.9%). ‘Egyptian Public’ schools use Arabic as the principal lauguage of instruction (91.4% of schools, 96.0% of students). ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ schools, on the other hand, use Arabic (52.5%, 47.1%) or Arabic & English (45.8%, 50.9%). Contrary to these school types, most of ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ schools, mainly use Arabic & English (83.2%, 88.7%) languages. ‘Foreign’ schools use their native languages for instruction, except ‘Religious American’ schools which use Arabic & English (80.8%, 77.0%). As for locality of school by principal language, more than half of schools in the rural Egypt use Arabic & English: Lower Egypt (60.6%, 50.4%) and Upper Egypt (57.3%, 60.7%). In the urban Egypt, the school instructions are given in the native languages of their school founders, although Cairo has higher percentage (25.2%, 17.6%) of the instruction given in Arabic & English more than other cities. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 339

4-7 Number of students per teacher, proportion of female students and students exempted of tuition fee

Table 4-7-1 Number of students per teacher by region & school type

Other Urban Lower Upper Cairo Alexandria Total Governorates Egypt Egypt Egyptian Public 13.3 11.1 14.5 17.4 12.9 13.5 Private Islamic 7.0 9.5 8.2 9.0 10.5 8.8 Coptic 10.9 7.3 15.1 10.0 20.1 15.0 Other 8.0 4.0 10.0 8.1 Foreign Secular 7.3 11.8 13.9 15.2 15.0 11.0 Religious American 7.6 11.9 10.9 11.8 23.3 19.4 French 8.4 10.4 17.7 6.7 35.4 16.6 Other 9.4 11.5 9.5 12.8 12.0 10.9 Total 8.8 10.4 13.4 10.9 21.7 13.9 (Number of teachers) (4340) (2722) (426) (1837) (1482) (10807) (Number of students) (41476) (22536) (4365) (20699) (24354) (113430)

Table 4-7-2 School type and locality of school by proportion of female students (%)

Other Urban Lower Upper (Total number Cairo Alexandria Total (Total number of �tudents) Governorates Egypt Egypt of �tudents) Other Urban Lower Upper (Total number Egyptian Public 2.1 44.1 0.0 4.5 6.1 8.8 (10261) Cairo Alexandria Total Private Islamic 23.2 31.1 42.5 32.0 25.0 27.8 (16476) (Total number of �tudents) Governorates Egypt Egypt of �tudents) Coptic 36.0 33.7 55.0 33.9 39.1 37.1 (13824) Other 44.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 30.6 (3271) Egyptian Public 2.1 44.1 0.0 4.5 6.1 8.8 (10261) Foreign Secular 13.4 5.6 6.4 7.1 0.0 7.8 (8217) Private Islamic 23.2 31.1 42.5 32.0 25.0 27.8 (16476) Religious American 51.4 57.1 46.0 39.3 47.4 46.4 (11840) Coptic 36.0 33.7 55.0 33.9 39.1 37.1 (13824) French 3.0 12.8 35.8 19.4 2.0 10.4 (12813) Other 14.4 16.4 0.0 27.4 35.5 20.2 (5871) Other 44.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 30.6 (3271) Total 18.5 19.2 24.5 26.1 33.5 24.5 (82573) Foreign Secular 13.4 5.6 6.4 7.1 0.0 7.8 (8217) Religious American 51.4 57.1 46.0 39.3 47.4 46.4 (11840) French 3.0 12.8 35.8 19.4 2.0 10.4 (12813) Other 14.4 16.4 0.0 27.4 35.5 20.2 (5871) Table 4-7-3 Students exempted of tuition fee by school type & educational level (%) Total 18.5 19.2 24.5 26.1 33.5 24.5 (82573) Kindergarten & Pre-elementary & Elementary Industrial & Elementary Secondary Commercial High Teacher Specialized Industrial Night Total pre-elementary Elementary & Secondary elementary Egyptian Public 31.0 13.3 3.4 45.5 93.8 23.7 63.0 19.7 100.0 29.5 Private Islamic 27.2 10.9 30.1 38.2 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 96.7 0.0 29.8 Coptic 26.1 16.3 24.6 6.5 100.0 35.0 25.4 Other 33.2 100.0 29.9 51.5 0.0 34.9 Foreign Secular 16.7 28.4 21.3 50.0 50.0 81.4 100.0 25.0 Religious American 18.1 18.7 14.0 7.7 11.0 1.5 15.9 French 25.6 62.9 58.7 3.2 0.0 93.4 45.3 Other 43.0 15.7 34.8 100.0 14.2 100.0 70.8 100.0 38.7 Total 25.1 25.0 29.6 53.9 16.5 20.0 50.1 94.3 20.3 81.5 69.0 87.5 28.6 340 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

Table 4-7-4 Students exempted of tuition fee by school type & region (%) Other Urban Lower Upper Cairo Alexandria Total Governorates Egypt Egypt Egyptian Public 28.6 29.1 0.0 30.9 32.9 29.5 Private Islamic 31.5 30.0 24.4 19.0 43.9 29.8 Coptic 29.8 23.0 5.4 16.4 28.9 25.4 Other 31.4 95.6 13.9 34.9 Foreign Secular 21.9 21.3 32.7 35.6 36.7 25.0 Religious American 14.4 8.8 12.8 14.7 16.8 15.9 French 20.6 29.5 51.4 30.3 89.9 45.3 Other 38.0 37.0 33.3 24.1 57.1 38.7 Total 27.6 29.7 34.4 20.4 32.4 28.6 The average number of students per teacher is 13.9. The school type with the highest average number per teacher is ‘Foreign Religious American’ (19.4), while the school type with the lowest average number is ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ (8.8). The region with the highest average number per teacher is Upper Egypt (21.7), while Cairo (8.8) has the lowest average number. The female students average 24.5% of students. The school types having the highest percentages of female students are ‘Foreign Religious American’ (46.4%) and ‘Egyptian Private Coptic’ (37.1%), while the school types with the lowest percentage are ‘Foreign Secular’ (7.8%) and ‘Egyptian Public’ (8.8%). The urban Egypt has lower percentage of female students than the rural Egypt: in the urban Egypt, Cairo (18.5%), Alexandria (19.2%) and Other Urban Governorates (24.5%) and in the rural Egypt, Lower Egypt (26.1%) and Upper Egypt (33.5%). The exemption system of tuition fee prevails in ‘Egyptian’ schools more than in ‘Foreign’ schools. In ‘Egyptian’ schools, the students of the Higher, Training and Technical levels benefit from the exemption system of tuition fee. As for the Primary level, the exemption ratio is lower in ‘Foreign Religious French’ schools than in ‘Egyptian Public’ schools. No eminent difference by locality of school can be observed, except the remarkably high percentage of ‘Foreign Religious French’ schools in Upper Egypt.

4-8 Religion and nationality of students

Table 4-8-1 School type by students’ nationality (%, number of students)

Egyptians British Austrians French Germans Greeks Italians Others Total (Number) Egyptian Public 97.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.4 100.0 (30515) Private Islamic 99.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 (17609) Coptic 99.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 100.0 (14202) Other 90.6 1.0 0.5 3.2 0.3 0.4 3.5 0.4 100.0 (3723) Foreign Secular 20.3 2.4 1.8 2.8 1.6 45.1 22.5 3.4 100.0 (10824) Religious American 97.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 100.0 (12465) French 55.6 5.8 2.9 7.1 1.3 8.0 15.6 3.8 100.0 (15726) Other 47.1 4.7 3.1 3.1 1.4 19.6 15.3 5.5 100.0 (8366) Total 81.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 0.5 7.0 5.6 2.0 100.0 (113430) CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 341

Table 4-8-2 Locality of school by students’ nationality (%, number of students) Egyptians British Austrians French Germans Greeks Italians Others Total (Number) Cairo 81.3 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.6 5.4 5.8 2.9 100.0 (41476) Alexandria 55.4 3.9 1.6 3.1 1.0 18.2 13.5 3.2 100.0 (22536) Other Urban Governorates 39.5 6.3 3.6 4.4 0.6 21.3 18.2 6.1 100.0 (4365) Lower Egypt 95.7 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 2.7 0.5 0.4 100.0 (20699) Upper Egypt 99.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 100.0 (24354) Total 81.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 0.5 7.0 5.6 2.0 100.0 (113430)

Table 4-8-3 School type by students’ religion (%, number of students) Muslims Copts Orthodox Catholics Protestants Jews Others Total (Number) Egyptian Public 91.2 8.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 100.0 (30526) Private Islamic 93.6 6.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 (17609) Coptic 22.1 76.4 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 (14202) Other 25.3 9.9 25.4 6.1 0.0 33.2 0.0 100.0 (3723) Foreign Secular 8.9 4.9 49.2 25.8 2.6 8.4 0.2 100.0 (10824) Religious American 18.8 73.1 3.0 0.9 1.7 1.9 0.5 100.0 (12465) French 7.8 20.3 11.3 42.4 0.7 17.1 0.3 100.0 (15726) Other 15.0 16.9 20.4 22.4 1.6 22.9 0.9 100.0 (8366) Total 47.8 25.5 9.1 10.4 0.7 6.3 0.2 100.0 (113441)

Table 4-8-4 Locality of school by students’ religion (%, number of students) Muslims Copts Orthodox Catholics Protestants Jews Others Total (Number) Cairo 59.4 13.3 8.0 10.3 0.5 8.1 0.2 100.0 (41476) Alexandria 35.1 5.1 21.1 23.5 1.2 13.7 0.3 100.0 (22536) Other Urban 30.7 3.7 26.6 36.1 0.9 1.9 0.0 100.0 (4376) Governorates Lower Egypt 66.8 23.4 4.1 2.5 0.5 2.6 0.0 100.0 (20699) Upper Egypt 26.4 71.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 100.0 (24354) Total 47.8 25.5 9.1 10.4 0.7 6.3 0.2 100.0 (113441)

The three largest nationalities of students are Egyptian (81.0%), Greek (7.0%) and Italian (85.6%). Naturally, almost all of the students of ‘Egyptian’ schools are Egyptians. ‘Foreign Secular’ schools have students who have same nationalities as their school founder. ‘Foreign Religious’ schools, on the other hand, attract Egyptians. Especially all of ‘Foreign Religious American’ schools are exclusively attended by Egyptians. The number of foreign students are low in the rural Egypt (Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt). The percentage of Egyptian students in Cairo (81.3%) is remarkably higher than in other urban Egypt: Alexandria (55.4%) and Other Urban Governorates (39.5%). However, in Alexandria and Other Urban Governorates, Greek and Italian students cannot be considered low. The religious composition of students is as follows: Muslims, (47.8%), Copts (25.5%), Catholics (10.4%), Orthodox (9.1%), Jews (6.3%) and Protestants (0.7%). 91.2% of the students in ‘Egyptian Public’ schools are Muslims, and 8.0% are Copts. Naturally, the students in ‘Egyptian Private Islamic’ and ‘Coptic’ schools are mainly Muslims 342 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

(93.6%) and Copts (76.4%) respectively, and 33.2% of the students are Jews in ‘Egyptian Private Other’ schools. The percentages of students by religion reflect the composition of foreigners in Egypt: the majority of Orthodox, Catholics and Jews are Greeks, Italians and French, and Austrians respectively. The case of ‘Foreign Religious American’ schools is exceptional, in that the majority of students are Copts (73.1%). In Cairo and Lower Egypt, the largest groups of students by religion are Muslims (59.4% and 66.8% respectively). In Alexandria and Other Urban Governorates, the majority groups of students are Christians and Jews: in Alexandria, Christians (45.8%) and Jews (13.7%), and in Other Urban Governorates, Christians (63.6%) and Jews (1.9%). In Upper Egypt, on the other hand, 71.0% of the students are Copts.

5. Education situations of Cairo and Alexandria in 1907/8

This chapter compares the characteristics of the education situations in the twin cities of Cairo and Alexandria, using the previously described statistic.

5-1 Type of school

Graph 5-1-1 (Cairo) Type of school (schools) (see also Map 5-1-1 in the Appendix)

Foreign religious other Egyptian public 13% 20%

French religious 16%

Egyptian Islamic American religious 17% 5% Foreign secular 11% Egyptian Coptic Egyptian other 11% 7% CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 343

Graph 5-1-2 (Alexandria)Type of school (schools) (see also Map 5-1-2 in the Appendix) Foreign religious other Egyptian public 15% 9%

Egyptian Islamic French religious 30% 19%

American religious 3% Egyptian Coptic Foreign secular 4% 18% Egyptian other 2% Graph 5-1-3 (Cairo) Type of school (students) Foreign religious other 6% French religious 14% American religious Egyptian public 3% 43% Foreign secular 8% Egyptian other 5% Egyptian Coptic 6% Egyptian Islamic 15%

Graph 5-1-4 (Alexandria) Type of school (students) Foreign religious other Egyptian public 16% 11%

Egyptian Islamic 20% French religious 21% Egyptian Coptic 3% American religious Egyptian other 2% Foreign secular 2% 25% 344 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

The percentage of ‘Egyptian Public’ schools is high in Cairo (20%), while that of ‘Foreign Secular’ schools is high in Alexandria (18%). This contrast appears clearer when schools are classified by the number of their students: ‘Egyptian Public’ (43%) in Cairo and ‘Foreign Secular’ (25%) in Alexandria. The percentage of ‘Egyptian Religious Islamic’ schools is high in Alexandria (30%), while ‘Egyptian Religious Coptic’ schools is relatively high in Cairo (11%). However, this contrast is not clear when schools are classified by the number of their students.

5-2 Nationality of school founder

Graph 5-2-1 (Cairo) Nationality of school founder (schools)

Greece Austria US Russia 4% 2% 5% 1% Germany 1% Italy 7%

Egypt France 20% 55%

Britain 5%

Graph 5-2-2 (Alexandria) Nationality of school founder (schools)

Austria US Greece 4% 3% 10% Germany 2% Italy Egypt 8% 44%

France 22% Britain 7% CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 345

Graph 5-2-3 (Cairo) Nationality of school founder (students)

Austria Greece US 1% Russia Germany 3% 3% 1% 1% Italy 4% France 16%

Britain 2% Egypt 69%

Graph 5-2-4 (Alexandria) Nationality of school founder (students)

Austria US 6% 2% Greece 14% Egypt 36% Germany 2% Italy 12%

Britain France 4% 24%

Although the difference between Cairo and Alexandria is not clear in the number of schools, the sharp contrast can be observed between two cities in the number of students. In Cairo, 69% of students are Egyptians, while in Alexandria, 64% are foreigners. 346 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

5-3 Year of school foundation

Graph 5-3 -1 (Cairo) Year of foundation by school type (schools)

40 Foreign religious other French religious 30 American religious 20 Foreign secular Egyptian other Number of schools 10 Egyptian Coptic Egyptian Islamic 0 Egyptian public Before 1860- 1870- 1880- 1890- After 1859 1869 1879 1889 1899 1890

Year of foundation

Graph 5-3-2 (Alexandria) Year of foundation by school type (schools) 60

Year of foundation

As mentioned in the previous chapter, the years of school foundation in Cairo and Alexandria range widely, compared to the rural Egypt. In Cairo, 27.0% of schools are founded before 1880 and 62.5% after 1890, while in Alexandria, 19.2% of schools are founded before 1880 and 66.4% after 1890. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 347

5-4 Degree of instruction

Graph 5-4-1 (Cairo) Degree of instruction (schools)

Industrial & Commercial Specialized 1% Teacher 3% Night 5% 2% High 4% Secondary Kindergarten & 4% pre-elementary 48%

Elementary 31% Pre-elementary & Elementary 2%

Graph 5-4-2 (Alexandria) Degree of instruction (schools)

Industrial & elementary, Secondary High Industrial 2% 2% 4% Night Elementary & 1% Secondary 2%

Elementary Kindergarten & pre- 33% elementary 54%

Pre-elementary & Elementary 2% 348 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

Graph 5-4-3 (Cairo) Degree of instruction (students)

Specialized Industrial Night 2% 1% Kindergarten & 1% pre-elementary Teacher 12% 2% High Pre-elementary & 26% elementary 1%

Commercial 1% Secondary Elementary 9% 45%

Graph 5-4-4 (Alexandria) Degree of instruction (students)

Industrial & elementary 0% Industrial High 2% Night Commercial5% 1% 0% Kindergarten & Secondary pre-elementary 7% 19% Elementary & secondary 1% Pre-elementary & elementary 2%

Elementary 63%

As to the degree of instruction, Cairo and Alexandria do not much differ in the number of schools . However, they contrast sharply in the number of students. In Cairo, Higher and Special educations have the high percentages, while in Alexandria, Infantile and Primary educations are predominant. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 349

5-5 Principal language

Graph 5-5-1 (Cairo) Principal language (schools)

Arabic & Armenian Arabic & Turkish 1% 1% Arabic & English 25% Arabic 35%

Greek 4% German 1% English 2% Italian French 6% 25%

Graph 5-5-2 (Alexandria) Principal language (schools)

Arabic & Arabic & English Armenian 9% 1% Greek 10%

German Arabic 2% 42% Italian 8%

French English 23% 5% 350 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

Graph 5-5-3 (Cairo) Principal language (students)

Arabic & Armenian Arabic & Turkish Arabic & English 1% 0% 18%

Greek 4% German 1% Arabic 53% Italian 3% French 18% English 2%

Graph 5-5-4 (Alexandria) Principal language (students)

Arabic & Armenian Arabic & English 2% 5% Greek 14% Arabic 36% German 2% Italian 12%

English French 3% 26%

Cairo has a high percentage of schools teaching in Arabic & English (25% of schools, 18% of student), while Alexandria has the relatively high percentage of schools with Greek language (10%, 14%), reflecting the large presence of Greek schools. CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 351

5-6 Nationality and religion of students

Graph 5-6-1 (Cairo) Students’ nationality (%)

Greek Italian 6% Other nationality German 5% 3% 1% French 2% Austrian 1% British 1%

Egyptian 81%

Graph 5-6-2 (Alexandria) Students’ nationality (%)

Other nationality Italian 3% 14%

Greek 18% Egyptian 55% German 1% French 3% British Austrian 4% 2% 352 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

Graph 5-6-3 (Cairo) Students’ religion (%)

Other religion Protestant Jew 0% 1% 8% Catholic 10%

Orthodox 8% Muslim 60% Copt 13%

Graph 5-6-4 (Alexandria) Students’ religion (%)

Other religion Jew 0% 14%

Protestant Muslim 1% 36%

Catholic 23%

Copt Orthodox 5% 21%

Table 5-6-1 (Cairo) Religions of students by school type (%) Muslims Copts Orthodox Catholics Protestants Jews Others Total Egypt Public 67.5 20.8 1.4 0.5 1.8 1.3 0.0 43.2 Private Islamic 24.4 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 15.0 Coptic 1.3 35.6 0.9 0.2 1.4 0.2 2.4 5.6 Other Christian 0.1 1.1 14.6 5.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 2.0 Jewish (Israeli) 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 36.3 0.0 3.1 Foreign Secular 2.6 7.2 20.8 23.1 59.9 13.4 18.1 8.0 Religious American 0.7 15.1 3.1 1.1 10.4 2.0 7.2 3.0 Austrian 0.1 0.9 0.9 2.6 0.5 1.1 9.6 0.6 English 1.0 3.2 1.0 0.3 6.3 0.9 12.0 1.3 French 1.6 12.6 20.4 58.8 15.8 40.9 49.4 13.8 German 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.3 Greek 0.0 0.1 35.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.9 Italian 0.3 0.2 0.8 6.7 2.7 2.1 1.2 1.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Number) (24655) (5531) (3335) (4290) (222) (3360) (83) (41476) CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 353

Table 5-6-2 (Alexandria) Religions of students by school type (%)

Muslims Copts Orthodox Catholics Protestants Jews Others Total Egypt Public 31.2 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 11.4 Private Islamic 57.1 4.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.3 Coptic 2.5 40.1 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.1 Other Christian 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 Jewish (Israeli) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foreign Secular 1.6 9.4 70.8 26.4 51.9 14.5 9.0 24.8 Religious American 1.0 11.9 1.2 0.5 2.6 2.1 38.5 1.8 Austrian 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.1 0.0 5.8 English 2.4 3.1 1.2 2.1 13.0 7.9 15.4 3.0 French 2.5 12.2 12.9 53.8 15.6 30.4 2.6 21.2 German 0.1 0.3 0.7 4.7 5.6 0.7 5.1 1.5 Greek 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Italian 1.6 10.8 3.7 12.1 11.1 2.2 29.5 5.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (Number) (7911) (1144) (4761) (5288) (270) (3084) (78) (22536)

Egyptian students (81%) are the predominant group in Cairo, while foreign students (45%) are considerable in Alexandria. The largest group of foreign students in Cairo is Italians (6%). The two largest groups of foreign students in Alexandria, on the other hand, are Greeks (18%) and Italians (14%). As for the students by religion, Muslims (59.4%) are of considerable number in Cairo, while wider variety of the religious groups, Egyptian or foreign, are present in Alexandria. The comparison between nationality and religion of students reveals the ethno-religious circumstances in modern Egypt in which the ethnicity and the religion were intertwinned. The religious categories of Egyptians in those days are composed of Muslims, Copts, Jews, and Orthodox as well, but who are mainly Greek. 354 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

List of Tables Table 2-1-1 Population by region of birthplace and residence (%) Table 2-1-2 Population born outside Egypt by country of birthplace and region (%) Table 2-2 Population of regions by religion (%) Table 2-3 Population able to read and write by region (%, number) Table 2-4-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by religion (%) Table 2-4-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by religion (%) Table 2-5-1 (Cairo) Population able to read and write by qism (%, number) Table 2-5-2 (Alexandria) Population able to read and write by qism (%, number) Table 4-1 Schools and students by school type (number, %) Table 4-2 School type by locality of school (number of schools & students) Table 4-3 -1 School type by nationality of school founder (number of schools & students) Table 4-3 -2 Locality by nationality of school founder (number of schools & students) Table 4-4-1 School type by year of foundation (number of schools) Table 4-4-2 Locality of school by year of foundation (number of schools) Table 4-5-1 School type by degree of instruction (number of schools & students) Table 4-5-2 Locality of school by degree of instruction (number of schools & students) Table 4-6-1 School type by principal language (schools & students) (%) Table 4-6-2 Locality of school by principal language (schools & students) (%) Table 4-7-1 Number of students per teacher by region & school type Table 4-7-2 School type and locality of school by proportion of female students (%) Table 4-7-3 Students exempted of tuition fee by school type & educational level (%) Table 4-7-4 Students exempted of tuition fee by school type & region (%) Table 4-8-1 School type by students’ nationality (%, number of students) Table 4-8-2 Locality of school by students’ nationality (%, number of students) Table 4-8-3 School type by students’ religion (%, number of students) Table 4-8-4 Locality of school by students’ religion (%, number of students) Table 5-6-1 (Cairo) Religions of students by school type (%) Table 5-6-2 (Alexandria) Religions of students by school type (%)

List of Graphs Graph 5-1-1 (Cairo) Type of school (schools) Graph 5-1-2 (Alexandria) Type of school (schools) Graph 5-1-3 (Cairo) Type of school (students) Graph 5-1-4 (Alexandria) Type of school (students) Graph 5-2-1 (Cairo) Nationality of school founder (schools) Graph 5-2-2 (Alexandria) Nationality of school founder (schools) Graph 5-2-3 (Cairo) Nationality of school founder (students) Graph 5-2-4 (Alexandria) Nationality of school founder (students) CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 355

Graph 5-3 -1 (Cairo) Year of foundation by school type (schools) Graph 5-3-2 (Alexandria) Year of foundation by school type (schools) Graph 5-4-1 (Cairo) Degree of instruction (schools) Graph 5-4-2 (Alexandria) Degree of instruction (schools) Graph 5-4-3 (Cairo) Degree of instruction (students) Graph 5-4-4 (Alexandria) Degree of instruction (students) Graph 5-5-1 (Cairo) Principal language (schools) Graph 5-5-2 (Alexandria) Principal language (schools) Graph 5-5-3 (Cairo) Principal language (students) Graph 5-5-4 (Alexandria) Principal language (students) Graph 5-6-1 (Cairo) Students’ nationality (%) Graph 5-6-2 (Alexandria) Students’ nationality (%) Graph 5-6-3 (Cairo) Students’ religion (%) Graph 5-6-4 (Alexandria) Students’ religion (%) 356 H. KATO and E. IWASAKI

Appendix

Tables Table 1 (Cairo) Type of schools by shiyakha (number of schools)(1907/8) Table 2 (Alexandria) Type of schools by shiyakha (number of schools)(1907/8) Table 3 School type classification by dependence & nationality (1907/8)

Photos 1.Cairo Photo 1.1 Bab al-Sha‘riyya School (reconstructed after the 1992 Cairo Earthquake) (Egyptian Public) (Bab al-Sha‘riya) Photo 1.2 Collège de la Salle (depending of the Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes) (French Religious) (Zahir) Photo 1.3 School of Notredame de la Délivrande (French Religious) (today, located at Bab al-Sha‘riya) Photo 1.4 Saint Joseph’s College (depending of the Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes) (French Religious) (Muski) Photo 1.5 El-Tewfiq Central School (Egyptian Private Coptic) (the branch school in Bab al-Sha‘riya) Photo 1.6 Dame du Bon Pasteur School (depending on the Congrégation du Bon Pasteur) (French Religious) (Muski) Photo 1.7 Saniya Girl’s School (Egyptian Public) (Nasriya) Photo 1.8 Mohamed Aly School (Egyptian Public) (Sayyida Zainab) Photo 1.9 Khedivia School (Egyptian Public) (Sayyida Zainab, formerly Darb el-Gamamiz) Photo 1.10 Jewish School abandoned (Egyptian Private Jewish) (Hara al-Yahud) - Photo 1.11 Jewish Community School (Egyptian Private Jewish)(renamed as Madrasa al-Nas4 ir - al-Ibtida’īya after 1956) (left building, the building at right was formerly Mah4 kama Isra’īlīya, now iron workshop) (Khurunfish) Photo 1.12 Abbas School (Egyptian Public) (Sabtiya)

2. Alexandria Photo 2.1 German Catholic School (depending on the Charles Borromée Society) (German Religious) (Salah al-Din Street, Attarin) Photo 2.2 Saint Vincent de Paul School (depending on the Filles de la Charité) (French Religious) (Sidi al-Mitwwali Street, Attarin) Photo 2.3.1 Ras el-Tin School (Egyptian Public) (Attarin) Photo 2.3.2 Ras el-Tin Girl’s High School (Egyptian Public) (Ras al-Tin) Photo 2.4 Don Bosco Institution (depending on the Pères Salésiens) (Italian Religious) (former Khediwi al-Awwal Street, Attarin) CAIRO AND ALEXANDRIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY 357

Photo 2.5 Greek School (behind the church) (Greek Religious) (Greek Street, Attarin) Photo 2.6 Sainte Cathérine Free School (belonging to Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes) (French Religious) (St.Catherine Square, Attarin) Photo 2.7 Jewish School (behind the synagogue) (Austrian Jewish) (Attarin) Photo 2.8 Mère de Dieu School (depending on the Congrégation de la Mère de Dieu) (French Religious) (former Rosetta Street, Raml) Photo 2.9 Victoria College (British Secular) (Muntaza) Photo 2.10 Taher Bey School (formely depending on the Waqfs Administration, now annex to Taher Bey Mosque and used as kuttab) (Egyptian Private Islamic) (Taher Bey Mosque Street, Ras al-Tin, Gumruk) Photo 2.11 El-Haggary School (formerly depending on Orwa el Woska Society) (Egyptian Private Islamic) (Haggari, Ras el-Tin, Gumruk) Photo 2.12 Mohammad Aly Technical School (formerly depending on the Orwa el Woska - Society) (now renamed as Madrasa al-S hat4 bī al-Thanawīya Makanikīya) (Egyptian Private Islamic) (now Suez Canal Street, Raml)

List of Maps Map 2-4-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by religion (1907) (%) Map 2-4-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by religion (1907) (%) Map 2-5-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by literacy (1907) (%) Map 2-5-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by literacy (1907) (%) Map 5-1-1 (Cairo) Type of school by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8) Map 5-1-2 (Alexandria) Type of school by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8) Table 1 (Cairo) Type of schools by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8) Table 1 (Cairo) Type of schools by shiyakha (number of schools)(1907/8) Qism Shiyakha Egyptian Foreign Total ID Name ID Name Public Private Secular Religious Islamic Coptic Other American French Other 102 Hilwan 10205 Hilwan al-Balad 1 4 5 106 Misr al-Qadima 10606 Ruda wa Miqyas 2 2 4 106 Misr al-Qadima 10611 Fumm al-Khalig wa Dir al-Nahas 1 1 107 Sayyida Zainab 10701 Insha wa Munira 1 1 2 107 Sayyida Zainab 10704 Darb al-Gadid 4 4 107 Sayyida Zainab 10706 Sayyida 1 7 8 107 Sayyida Zainab 10707 Atris 1 1 107 Sayyida Zainab 10708 Ayni 3 3 107 Sayyida Zainab 10711 Khayra 1 1 107 Sayyida Zainab 10712 Darb al-Gamamiz 3 3 108 Khalifa 10803 Baqli 2 2 108 Khalifa 10804 Tunisi 1 1 108 Khalifa 10807 Khalifa 2 2 108 Khalifa 10809 Saliba 1 1 109 Abidin 10903 Dawawin 1 1 109 Abidin 10905 Saqqayin 2 1 3 109 Abidin 10907 Fawwala 2 2 109 Abidin 10908 Bab al-Luq 1 2 3 109 Abidin 10909 Rahba Abidin 1 2 3 1 7 110 Muski 11001 Ramli 1 1 110 Muski 11008 Darb al-Ginina 1 2 3 110 Muski 11009 Safi al-Din 5 5 111 Qasr al-Nil 11101 Ismailiya 2 1 1 4 111 Qasr al-Nil 11102 Garden City 1 2 3 112 Bulaq 11201 Abu al-Ila 2 2 1 1 7 2 1 16 112 Bulaq 11207 Sabtiya 3 3 113 Azbakiya 11304 Faggala 1 5 3 2 1 2 1 15 113 Azbakiya 11306 Qulali 3 2 5 113 Azbakiya 11307 Urabi (Tawfiqiya) 2 1 3 113 Azbakiya 11308 Clot Bik 1 1 1 3 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11402 Dawudiya 1 1 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11403 Darb al-Ahmar ‘ 1 1 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11406 Ghuriya 1 1 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11407 Qirabiya 1 1 2 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11408 Mugharbilin 2 2 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11409 Bab al-Wazir wa Gharib 1 1 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11410 Taht al-Rab‘ 1 1 114 Darb al-Ahmar 11411 Hara al-Rum 1 1 115 Gamaliya 11501 Azhar 1 1 115 Gamaliya 11503 Gamaliya 1 2 3 115 Gamaliya 11505 Khurunfish 1 1 115 Gamaliya 11511 Mashhad al-Husayni 2 2 115 Gamaliya 11514 Bin al-Surin 1 1 115 Gamaliya 11515 Gawhar al-Qaid 3 3 116 Bab al-Sha‘riya 11608 Bab al-Sha‘riya 1 1 1 3 117 Zahir 11704 Zahir 1 3 3 7 117 Zahir 11706 Ghamra 1 1 118 Sharabiya 11804 Mahmasha 1 1 119 Shubra 11904 Gisr Shubra 2 1 2 5 122 Wayli 12204 Abbasiya al-Bahriya 2 2 1 1 2 8 122 Wayli 12206 Abbasiya al-Gharbiya 1 1 123 Hadaiq al-Qubba 12303 Qubba (Balad) 2 2 124 Zaytun 12401 Zaytun al-Bahriya 2 2 133 Salam 13302 Salam al-Gharbiya 1 1 Note: (1) Shiyakha and qism are the administrative units at the present time. (2) The location of schools is classified using the “Place names” in the statistics and the information collected with the assistance of CAPMAS staff. (3) Shiyakha and qism that did not have schools at the time of census are excluded. Source: Education census for 1907/8

358 Table 2 (Alexandria) Type of schools by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8)

Qism Shiyakha Egyptian Foreign Total ID Name ID Name Public Private Secular Religious Islamic Coptic Other American French Other 201 Muntaza 20104 Siyuf Bahri 1 1 202 Raml 20201 Abis 4 2 6 202 Raml 20205 Qas‘i Qibli 2 1 3 204 Bab Sharqi 20401 Ibrahimiya Bahri wa Sidi Gabir 1 1 2 4 204 Bab Sharqi 20403 Azaritu wa Shatbi 1 1 204 Bab Sharqi 20404 Hadra Qibli 2 2 4 206 Attarin 20602 Attarin Sharq 2 1 2 1 6 206 Attarin 20603 Attarin Gharb 2 8 1 1 12 206 Attarin 20605 Misalla Sharq 1 2 1 4 206 Attarin 20606 Misalla Gharb wa Sharif Basha 1 2 2 5 207 Manshiya 20701 Manshiya al-Kubra 1 3 5 9 207 Manshiya 20704 Suq al-Turk 1 1 208 Karmuz 20802 Bab Sidra al-Barrani Sharq 1 1 208 Karmuz 20808 Karmuz Sharq 1 1 208 Karmuz 20810 Nubar 1 1 209 Labban 20901 Gudud wa Labban(Warsha) 1 1 2 209 Labban 20902 Ginina al-Saghira wa Kum Bakir 1 1 209 Labban 20903 Ginina al-Kabira wa Suq al-Mi‘iz 1 1 209 Labban 20910 Hara al-Farahda 1 1 3 2 1 8 209 Labban 20911 Suq al-Gum‘a wa Munir 2 1 1 4 209 Labban 20912 Mishmis al-Basal 1 1 210 Gumruk 21001 Abu Shusha 1 1 210 Gumruk 21002 Birka 2 1 3 210 Gumruk 21003 Bilqatriya 1 1 2 210 Gumruk 21006 Halwagi 3 3 210 Gumruk 21007 Sayyala Sharq 1 1 210 Gumruk 21009 Shimirli wa Zawiyat al-A‘rag 2 2 210 Gumruk 21011 Mazar 1 3 4 210 Gumruk 21012 Maghawri 1 1 210 Gumruk 21014 Ras al-Tin 3 5 8 210 Gumruk 21015 Zawiya al-Qubbaniya 1 1 211 Mina al-Basal 21104 Qabbari 1 1 211 Mina al-Basal 21109 Mafruza Gharb 1 1 211 Mina al-Basal 21111 Kum al-Shuqafa 2 1 3 212 Dikhila 21205 Maks 2 2 215 Burg al-Arab al-Gadida 21502 Abu Sir 1 2 1 2 6 215 Burg al-Arab al-Gadida 21504 Zira‘al-Bahri 1 1 1 1 5 1 10 215 Burg al-Arab al-Gadida 21515 ? 1 1

Note: See the note in Appendix Table 1. Source: Education Census for 1907/8

359 Table 3 School type classification by dependence & nationality (1907/8)

Nationality School type English name Arabic Name Egypt Public Egyptian Government �� Egypt Public Waqfs Administration �� Egypt Private Islamic Musulman Benevolent Society �� Egypt Private Islamic Orwa el-Woska Society �� Egypt Private Islamic Private Waqfs �� Egypt Private Islamic Private Musulman Schools �� Egypt Private Coptic El-Tewfiq Coptic Society �� Egypt Private Coptic Private Coptic School �� Egypt Private Coptic El-Tehzib Coptic Society �� Egypt Private Coptic Coptic Benevolent Society �� Egypt Private Coptic Coptic Catholic Community �� Egypt Private Coptic Coptic Orthodox Community �� Egypt Private Coptic El-Nahda Coptic Society �� Egypt Private Coptic Waqf Coptic �� Egypt Private Coptic Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate �� Egypt Private Other Christian Armenian Community �� Egypt Private Other Christian Private Syrian School �� Egypt Private Other Christian Orthodox Armenian Patriarchate �� Egypt Private Other Christian Maronite Community �� Egypt Private Other Christian Private Armenian School �� Egypt Private Other Christian Catholic Greek Community �� Egypt Private Jewish (Israeli) Private Jewish School �� Egypt Private Jewish (Israeli) Jewish Community �� Egypt Private Other Massai el-Mashkura Society �� Egypt Private Other Itina el-Insani Society �� Egypt Private Other Freemasons Lodge �� Foreign Secular American Private American School �� Foreign Secular English Private English School �� Foreign Secular German German Government �� Foreign Secular German Private German School �� Foreign Secular Greek Private Greek School �� Foreign Secular Greek Greek Community �� Foreign Secular French Private French School �� Foreign Secular French French Government �� Foreign Secular French Suez Canal Campany �� Foreign Secular Other Private School �� Foreign Secular Italian Italian Government �� Foreign Secular Italian Subsidized by the Italian Government �� Foreign Secular Austrian Jewish Community �� Foreign Religious American American Mission �� Foreign Religious Austrian Amera Thora Society �� Foreign Religious Austrian Baron's Menasce's Foundation �� Foreign Religious Austrian Père de la Mission de l'Afrique Centrale �� Foreign Religious Austrian Mères de la Nigritie �� Foreign Religious English Church of Scotland Mission �� Foreign Religious English Egypt General Mission �� Foreign Religious English North Africa Mission �� Foreign Religious English Maltese Benevolent Society �� Foreign Religious English Church Missionary Society �� Foreign Religious English Jerusalem and the East Mission �� Foreign Religious French Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes �� Foreign Religious French Filles de la Charité �� Foreign Religious French Paroisse de Sainte Catherine �� Foreign Religious French Mission Franciscaine de Terre Sainte �� Foreign Religious French Congrégation de la Mère de Dieu �� Foreign Religious French Compagnie de Jésus �� Foreign Religious French Alliance Israélite Universelle �� Foreign Religious French Congrégation du Bon Pasteur �� Foreign Religious French Notredame de la Délivrande �� Foreign Religious French Mission Africaine de Lyon �� Foreign Religious Greek Orthodox Greek Community �� Foreign Religious German Charles Borromée Society �� Foreign Religious German Sudan Pionier Mission �� Foreign Religious Dutch Dutch Mission �� Foreign Religious Italian Pères Salésiens �� ~�� Foreign Religious Italian Dante Alighieri Society �� Foreign Religious Italian Missionaires Franciscaines ��

Note: (1) “Jewish community” is classified as an Egyptian institution in Cairo, and as an Austrian institution in Alexandria. (2) “Nationality” refers to the nationality of the school founder. Source: Education census for 1907/8 360 1.Cairo

Photo 1.1 Bab al-Sha‘riyya School Photo 1.2 Collège de la Salle

Photo 1.3 School of Notredame de la Délivrande Photo 1.4 Saint Joseph’s College

Photo 1.5 El-Tewfiq Central School Photo 1.6 Dame du Bon Pasteur School

361 Photo 1.7 Saniya Girl’s School Photo 1.8 Mohamed Aly School

Photo 1.9 Khedivia School Photo 1.10 Jewish School abandoned

Photo 1.11 Jewish Community School Photo 1.12 Abbas School

362 2. Alexandria

Photo 2.1 German Catholic School Photo 2.2 Saint Vincent de Paul School

Photo 2.3.1 Ras el-Tin School

Photo 2.4 Don Bosco Institution

Photo 2.3.2 Ras el-Tin Girl’s High School

Photo 2.5 Greek School Photo 2.6 Sainte Cathérine Free School

363 Photo 2.7 Jewish School Photo 2.8 Mère de Dieu School

Photo 2.9 Victoria College Photo 2.10 Taher Bey School

Photo 2.11 El-Haggary School Photo 2.12 Mohammad Aly Technical School Source: Photo 1.12 is provided by Prof. Tetsuya Tanaka. Other photos were photographed by the author in March 2006.

364 Map 2-4-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by religion (1907) (%) QismName 106 Misr al-Qadima 107 Sayyida Zainab 108 Khalifa 109 Abidin (11104) (Ma‘ruf) 110 Muski 112 Bulaq 113 Azbakiya 114 Darb al-Ahmar 115 Gamaliya 116 Bab al-Shar‘riya 119 Shubra 122 Wayli

Note: (1) The administrative border of qism is modified to match the division at the time of census. (2) The population of Ma‘ruf (11104) in qism Abidin is separately shown, because the qism border of Abidin (109) alongside the Nile is partially different from the border line at the time of census. The border area alongside the Nile was not yet developed at that time. Source: Population census of 1907, digital administrative border map (1997).

Map 2-4-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by religion (1907) (%) Qism Name 205 (left) Port of Alexandria 205 (right) Muharram Bey 206 Attarin 207 Manshiya 208 Karmuz 209 Labban 210 Gumruk 211 Mina al-Basal

Note: (1) The administrative border of qism is modified to match the division at the time of census. (2) The population of qism Attarin (206) is shown in two circle graphs, both of which located within the administrative border of the present time. Source: Population census of 1907, digital administrative border map (1997). 365 Map 2-5-1 (Cairo) Population of qism by literacy (1907) (%) Qism Name 106 Misr al-Qadima 107 Sayyida Zainab 108 Khalifa 109 Abidin (11104) (Ma‘ruf) 110 Muski 112 Bulaq 113 Azbakiya 114 Darb al-Ahmar 115 Gamaliya 116 Bab al-Shar‘riya 119 Shubra 122 Wayli

Note: see the note in Map 2-4-1. Source: Population census of 1907, digital administrative border map (1997).

Map 2-5-2 (Alexandria) Population of qism by literacy (1907) (%) Qism Name 205 (left) Port of Alexandria 205 (right) Muharram Bey 206 Attarin 207 Manshiya 208 Karmuz 209 Labban 210 Gumruk 211 Mina al-Basal

Note: see the note in Map 2-4-2. Source: Population census of 1907, digital administrative border map (1997).

366 Map 5-1-1 (Cairo) Type of school by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8)

Note: (1) The administrative borders of qism and shiyakha are the ones at the present time. (2) The location of schools is identified using the “place name” in the statistic, and the information collected through the fieldwork with the assistance of CAPMAS staff. (3) For the names of qism and shiyakha, see the Appendix Table 1. Source: Education census for 1907/8, digital administrative border map (1997).

367 Map 5-1-2 (Alexandria) Type of school by shiyakha (number of schools) (1907/8)

Note: (1) See the note in Map 5-1-1. (2) For the names of qism and shiyakha, see the Appendix Table 2. Source: Education census for 1907/8, digital administrative border map (1997).

368