DOCSLIB.ORG

Egyptian Labor Corps: Logistical Laborers in World War I and the 1919 Egyptian Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Egyptian Labor Corps: Logistical Laborers in World War I and the 1919 Egyptian Revolution EGYPTIAN LABOR CORPS: LOGISTICAL LABORERS IN WORLD WAR I AND THE 1919 EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kyle J. Anderson August 2017 © 2017 i EGYPTIAN LABOR CORPS: LOGISTICAL LABORERS IN WORLD WAR I AND THE 1919 EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION Kyle J. Anderson, Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 This is a history of World War I in Egypt. But it does not offer a military history focused on generals and officers as they strategized in grand halls or commanded their troops in battle. Rather, this dissertation follows the Egyptian workers and peasants who provided the labor that built and maintained the vast logistical network behind the front lines of the British war machine. These migrant laborers were organized into a new institution that redefined the relationship between state and society in colonial Egypt from the beginning of World War I until the end of the 1919 Egyptian Revolution: the “Egyptian Labor Corps” (ELC). I focus on these laborers, not only to document their experiences, but also to investigate the ways in which workers and peasants in Egypt were entangled with the broader global political economy. The ELC linked Egyptian workers and peasants into the global political economy by turning them into an important source of logistical laborers for the British Empire during World War I. The changes inherent in this transformation were imposed on the Egyptian countryside, but workers and peasants also played an important role in the process by creating new political imaginaries, influencing state policy, and fashioning new and increasingly violent repertoires of contentious politics to engage with the ELC. The institutionalization of the ELC thus entailed a re- ii articulation of the networked space of the British colonial state in Egypt, which would have important implications for Egyptian history. In particular, I track how the spatial transformations necessary to recruit, transport, and deploy roughly half a million workers and peasants from all corners of Egypt in the ELC structured mass politics during in the 1919 Egyptian revolution. Focusing on the role of ELC laborers in the broader revolutionary process can serve to check the validity of the common belief that the centralized nationalist movement coordinated the rural uprisings that spread throughout the countryside in March 1919. I argue that the cause of these uprisings cannot be reduced to sympathy with the urban- based nationalist movement. I find that recruitment for the ELC engendered a variety of violent demonstrations in the countryside as early as May 1918, and played an important role in motivating anti-British violence during the 1919 revolution, over and above any sympathies to the nationalist movement. iii NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Fusha or classical Arabic words have been transcribed according to a simplified system based on the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES). For texts, songs, and plays written or performed in colloquial Egyptian, I have modified the transliteration system based on IJMES. Instead of jim (j) I use (g); instead of qaf (q) I use a hamza (’). iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have benefitted greatly from the encouragement and support provided by my family, friends, and colleagues. First, I would like to thank my advisors Ziad Fahmy, Deborah Starr, and Mostafa Minawi for their intellectual insight, patience, and camaraderie as they shepherded me through my graduate education. I would also like to thank the entire faculty, staff, and graduate student body of the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, which exposed me to the sweep of Middle Eastern history, as well as the Department of History at Cornell, which served as a second home for me. Finally, I would like to thank the staff of the British National Archives, especially Juliette Desplat, as well as the staffs at the Imperial War Museum, the British National Library, the Egyptian National Library (Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya), the American University in Cairo, the Kautz Family YMCA Archives at the University of Minnesota, the French National Archives (Archives Nationales) in Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, and the French Foreign Ministry Archives (Ministiére des Affaires Ètrangers) at La Courneuve. I discovered the Egyptian Labor Corps while on a research trip which was made possible by a generous grant from the Mario Einaudi Center at Cornell University. I am thankful to Nathan Brown, Ellis Goldberg, and Santanu Das for providing a sounding board for me as I worked out the viability of this topic during those early days in London. This dissertation required a year and a half of intensive research and writing in Egypt, during which time I benefitted from the support and wisdom of a variety of people. Ilka Eickhof organized a regular reading group for PhD researchers at the Netherlands-Flemish Institute (NVIC), which was regularly attended by Claire Panetta, v Patricia Kubala, Ian Steele, Edna Bonhomme, Lara Ayad, Farid Y. Farid, and Yakein Abdelmagid. The American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) funded six months of this research, and provided a supportive research environment with a cohort of fellows including Nefertiti Takla, Zoe Griffith, Andrew Simon, Mukaram Hhana, Jason Brownlee, and Noha Radwan. Special thanks to Djodi Deutsch for making it all happen, and to Zoe for her continued friendship and keen editing eye. The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) funded an additional year of this research, and put me in touch with colleagues whose friendship I value, including Lucia Carminati and Angela Giordani. I am grateful to Khaled Fahmy, Madame Amira, and Mohamed Rabieh for helping me with my application to the Egyptian National Archives, and I thank Latifa M. Salim and Ashraf Sabry for pointing me towards valuable primary resources available in Egyptian libraries. I would also like to thank the team behind Hawa’ al-Hurriyya, including Leila Soleiman, Alia Mossallam, and Zainab Magdy, for meeting with me and bringing important popular culture sources on the ELC to my attention. Nermine Hassan Sayed was more than just an Arabic tutor for me during this time; she was a dear friend and a window into aspects of Egyptian culture of which I was previously unaware. Thanks to Olivia Betea, Mohamed Abdel Rehim Ali, Amr Shaaban Abdallah, Mohamed Bahrawi, and Hisham Abdien for making it an unforgettable time. Finally, I am eternally grateful to my parents, who sacrificed a lot for my education and helped instill in me a sense of ethical responsibility and intellectual curiosity. Most of all, I would like to thank my mother, Janice Anderson, whose love, editorial, intellectual, and emotional support made this dissertation possible. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………….ix I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………....1 a. Workers and Peasants in Middle East Studies………………………………..…3 b. Colonialism and the Production of Logistical Space……………………..……8 i. Transcending the Center/Periphery Spatial Imaginary……...…10 ii. The City and the Countryside…………………………………………..….13 iii. Colonialism as a Spatial Process………………………………………….15 iv. The Production of Space at the Scale of Logistics……………..…..18 v. The Politics of Logistical Labor……………………………………….…..20 c. Sources and Methodology……………………………………………………………..24 d. The Plan of the Present Work…………………………………………………..……28 II. Chapter One: The Origins of the Idea…………….………………………………...30 a. Violence, Trade, and British Rule in Egypt……………………………………...33 i. Colonial Laborers, Imperial Logistics…………………………………..36 b. The Non-West of the Western Front…………………………………………...….42 c. Ottoman Entry into the War………………………………………………………..…49 i. Defending Egypt Against Ottoman Attack………………………...….52 ii. Attacking the Ottomans in Gallipoli and Mesopotamia………....55 iii. The Advance through Sinai/Palestine………………………………….61 d. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..……..65 III. Chapter Two: A New Corvée………………………………………….……………….…71 a. Hired Labor……………………………………………………………………………….….75 b. Calling up the Reserve…………………………………………………………………..78 c. “Administrative Pressure”……………………………………………………….…….80 i. Local Intermediaries………………………...………………………….……..84 d. Engaging with the Recruitment Network—Contracting..………………...88 i. Petitioning…………………………………………………………………………92 ii. Violent Resistance………………………………………………………….…..92 e. The Government’s Response: Re-instituting the Corvée………………….95 f. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………99 IV. Chapter Three: From Home to the Front……………………………………….103 a. Internment and Inspection in Provincial Towns…………………………...105 i. Medical Discipline and Dissimulation………………………………..110 b. Logistics Cities: Distribution and Supply……………………………………...113 i. From Workers and Peasants to Military Laborers……………...118 ii. Port Cities, Base Depots, and Desertion……………………………..120 c. Crossing the Sea and Sand……………………………………………………….…..124 i. Life on “the Line”……………………………………………………………...128 ii. Shipping Laborers…………………………………………………………….130 d. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….135 V. Chapter Four: Race, Space, and Place in an ELC Camp…………..……….144 a. Race and British Attitudes Towards the ELC………………………………...148 b. The Racialized Production of Space at a Labor Camp…………………….151 vii i. The Middle Eastern Front…...…………………………………………….156 ii. The Body of the Laborer…………………………………………………...160 c. ELC Laborers’ Experiences of Place…………………………………………..….166 i. Group
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5.3 Water Environment
    5.3 Water Environment (1) Scarcity and Degradation of Freshwater in Egypt The water resources of Egypt could be divided into two systems; the Nile system and the groundwater system in desert area. The Nile system consisting of the Nile River, its branches, the irrigation canals, the agricultural drains and the valley and Delta aquifers. These water resources are interconnected. This system is replenished yearly with approximately 58.5 billion m3 of freshwater, as is given in the survey by MWRI. Egypt depends on the Nile for almost all of water resources; naturally, it is a crucial issue on how to preserve water quality of the River Nile. On the other hand, water in desert area is in deep sandstone aquifer and is generally non-renewable source, though considerable amounts of water are stored in the groundwater system. Table 5.13: Water Balance of the River Nile Water balance 3 Items (billion m /yr) Inflow Outflow & use HAD release 55.50 Effective rainfall 1.00 Sea water intrusion 2.00 Total inflow 58.50 Consumptive use agriculture 40.82 Consumptive use industries 0.91 Consumptive use domestic 0.45 Evaporation 3.00 Total use and evaporation 45.18 Navigation fresh water 0.26 Fayoum terminal drainage 0.65 Delta drainage to the sea 12.41 Total outflow 13.31 Source: MWRI Water demand in Egypt has been increasing due to population growth, higher standard of living, reclaiming new land, and advancing industrialization. Available water per capita per year for all purpose in 1999 was about 900ｍ3; nonetheless, it is expected to fall to 670ｍ3 and 536ｍ3 by the years 2017 and 2025, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Case Study
    National Park Service National Park Service U. S. Department of the Interior Civic Engagement www.nps.gov/civic/ Civic Engagement and the Gulag Museum at Perm-36, Russia Through communication with former prisoners and guards and an international dialogue with other "sites of conscience," The Gulag Museum at Perm-36, Russia, is building all its programs on a foundation of civic engagement. In December 1999, National Park Service (NPS) Northeast Regional Director Marie Rust became a founding member of the International Coalition of Historic Site Museums of Conscience. At the Coalition’s first formal meeting, Ms. Rust met Dr. Victor Shmyrov, Director of the Gulag Museum at Perm-36 in Russia, another founding institution of the Coalition. Dr. Shmyrov’s museum preserves and interprets a gulag camp built under Joseph Stalin in 1946 near the city of Perm in the village of Kutschino, Russia. Known as Perm-36, the camp served initially as a regular timber production labor camp. Later, the camp became a particularly isolated and severe facility for high government officials. In 1972, Perm-36 became the primary facility in the country for persons charged with political crimes. Many of the Soviet Union’s most prominent dissidents, including Vladimir Bukovsky, Sergei Kovalev and Anatoly Marchenko, served their sentences there. It was only during the Soviet government’s period of “openness” of Glasnost, under President Mikael Gorbachev, that the camp was finally closed in 1987. Although there were over 12,000 forced labor camps in the former Soviet Union, Perm-36 is the last surviving example from the system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Experience of Labor: Archaeological Contributions To
    4 Barbara L. Voss (芭芭拉‧沃斯) Pacific Railroad, complained about the scarcity of white labor in California. Crocker proposed that Chinese laborers would be hardworking The Historical Experience and reliable; both he and Stanford had ample of Labor: Archaeological prior experience hiring Chinese immigrants to work in their homes and on previous business Contributions to Interdisciplinary ventures (Howard 1962:227; Williams 1988:96). Research on Chinese Railroad construction superintendent J. H. Stro- Railroad Workers bridge balked but relented when faced with rumors of labor organizing among Irish immi- 劳工的历史经验：考古学对于中 grants. As Crocker’s testimony to the Pacific 国铁路工人之跨学科研究的贡献 Railway Commission later recounted: “Finally he [Strobridge] took in fifty Chinamen, and a ABSTRACT while after that he took in fifty more. Then, they did so well that he took fifty more, and he Since the 1960s, archaeologists have studied the work camps got more and more until we finally got all we of Chinese immigrant and Chinese American laborers who could use, until at one time I think we had ten built the railroads of the American West. The artifacts, sites, or twelve thousand” (Clark 1931:214; Griswold and landscapes provide a rich source of empirical informa- 1962:109−111; Howard 1962:227−228; Chiu tion about the historical experiences of Chinese railroad 1967:46; Kraus 1969a:43; Saxton 1971:60−66; workers. Especially in light of the rarity of documents Mayer and Vose 1975:28; Tsai 1986; Williams authored by the workers themselves, archaeology can provide 1988:96−97; Ambrose 2000:149−152; I. Chang direct evidence of habitation, culinary practices, health care, social relations, and economic networks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
    [Show full text]
  • 100 YEAR COMMEMORATION of the GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN Go To
    HOME / FRONT 100 YEAR COMMEMORATION OF THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN Go to www.penrithregionalgallery.org to download a copy of this Digital Catalogue HOME / FRONT INTRODUCTION The 100 year anniversary of the 25 April 1915 landing As the basis for her drawings, the artist researched and commencement of battle at ANZAC Cove, Gallipoli, and chose historical photographs from the collection of presents a very special opportunity for Australians to reflect the Australian War Memorial. Additional research saw upon conflict, sacrifice and service across the intervening O’Donnell travel to Turkey in March of 2014 to meet with years. historians, visit war museums ,ANZAC battle sites and to survey the terrain and imagine herself and others upon the As a public gallery, concerned to present exhibitions peninsula’s rocky landscape of hell in1915. Imagining what relevant to its community, Penrith Regional Gallery & happened to Australian countrymen and women so far from The Lewers Bequest was keen to make a meaningful home, fighting Turkish soldiers in defence of their homeland contribution to this anniversary. Albeit, so much had been as a consequence of old world geopolitical arrangements, said and written of the Campaign, of its failures, of the old was a difficult and melancholic task. men who led from a safe distance, and of the bravery of the young who fought, the question hovered - “What was left to As the artist walked the scarred earth she found scattered say?” relics of war - pieces of spent shrapnel, fragments of barbed wire, bone protruding from the earth, trenches, now After much consideration we have chosen to devote our worn and gentle furrows, the rusting, hulking, detritus of the Main Gallery Autumn exhibition to an examination of the world’s first modern war.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Television and Public Sphere in Egypt: Is There a Link? Dr
    Satellite Television and Public Sphere in Egypt: Is there a Link? Dr. Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada Professor of Communication, Cairo University Acting Dean, Faculty of Mass Communication, MSA University www.crcegypt.com Introduction Among the most salient developments in present societies are fundamental and rapid changes of mass media. Public discussions and academic literature are speculating on the societal consequences of these changes. There is a concern that media changes contribute to a deterioration of the political process in general and to a fragmentation of the public sphere and an increase of political cynicism in particular (Schulz, in Splichal, 2001). Research on this area has mixed conclusions on how communication technologies affect the public sphere. More importantly is that political and communication sciences literature on democratization offer little guidance on the hypothesized relationship between electronic communications and public sphere and the level of democracy within a nation. This is of course not surprising; given the novelty of the Internet, e-mail, direct satellite broadcasting and even the widespread availability of fax machines. (Hill & Hughes). On the other hand, we should not read the ongoing broadcast transformation as a linear process leading to a truly independent and critical political role for television in contemporary Arab societies. The emergencies of commercial television and the restructuring of government-operated systems are in no way conducive to political pluralism and diversity in Arab societies dominated by authoritarian political systems (Aysh, 2002). I argue that most of questions about the impact of satellite television on the public sphere in the Arab world have not been answered yet and what has been written on the subject reflects individual understanding of the hypothesized links between developments of satellite television and that of public sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographie Zur Geschichte Der Bibliotheken Der Stadt Mainz (PDF)
    Iris Hartmann / Annelen Ottermann / Ursula Schneider / Martin Steinmetz Auswahlbibliographie1 Entwicklung der Stadtbibliothek ab Herbst 2011 20 Jahre Mainzer Bibliotheksgesellschaft (1994 – 2014). Mehr Dz MAI, 2014 als nur »a little help«, Z mog 10, 2014 Mainz. Vierteljahreshefte für Kultur, Politik, Wirtschaft, Ge- schichte 4 (2014), S. 118-119. Bibliothek donnerstags geschlossen, MF 66:2°/3, 2012 Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 29.2.2012. Bruch, Katharina: Spardruck mit enormen Kräften. Füh- MF 66:2°/3, 2012 rungspersonal (sic!) diskutiert mit OB Ebling. Auf Schwer- punkte reduziert, Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 19.5.2012 Busch, Thomas: Drastisches Sparpaket erzwingt grundlegende Z 44:4°/227, 2012 Umstrukturierung, Bibliotheken heute, 8 (2012), 1, S. 11. CDA kritisiert Bibliothekspolitik, MF 66:2°/3, 2011 Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 22.10.2011. CDU greift Grosse an. Opposition fürchtet Aus für Stadtbib- MF 66:2°/50, 2011 liothek, Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung <Mainz>, 3.11.2011 CDU kritisiert Sparplan. [Bezug zum Artikel »Schränke statt MF 66:2°/3, 2014 Menschen« vom 18..1.2014], Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 21.1.2014. CDU und ÖDP: Sparpaket ist Mogelpackung, MF 66:2°/3, 2011 Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 12.11.2011. CDU will keine Steuererhöhung. Fraktion spricht sich für MF 66:2°/3, 2011 Einsparungen in der Stadtverwaltung aus. »Beck duckt sich weg«, Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 12.12.2011. Dick, Ursula: Zum Untergang verurteilt. MF 66:2° /3, 2017 [Leserbrief zur Situation der Stadtbibliothek] Allgemeine Zeitung <Mainz>, 22.04.2017 Dietz, Jochen: Kultur soll nicht bluten. Der designierte OB- 65:2°/65, 2011 Kandidat Augustin stellt sich vor, 1 Stand: 23.12.2020 2 Iris Hartmann / Annelen Ottermann / Ursula Schneider / Martin Steinmetz Frankfurter Rundschau, 2.12.2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization (ACSM) Strategy
    Egypt National TB Control Program Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization (ACSM) Strategy INDEX ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 3 FOREWARD ............................................................................................................... 4 WHERE TO FROM HERE? ..................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................6 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................7 1.1 Advocacy Communication and Social Mobilization ............................................8 2. SITUATION ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 10 2.1 Country Data ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Knowledge Attitudes and Practices ................................................................... 13 2.3 ACSM Needs Assessment Findings ...................................................................14 2.4 Program Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities .............................................15 3. ACSM STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 17 Strategy and Social Mobilization Communication, (ACSM) Advocacy, 3.1 ACSM Strategy Goal 20092014- .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Report on Plague Investigations in Egypt
    VOLUME XXIII NOVEMBER, 1924 No. 2 A REPORT ON PLAGUE INVESTIGATIONS IN EGYPT. BY G. F. PETRIE, M.D.1 AND MAJOR RONALD E. TODD, R.A.M.C, ASSISTED BY DR RLAD SKANDER AND DR FOUAD HILMY. (With 1 Map and 2 Charts.) CONTENTS. PAGE A Survey of the History of Plague in Egypt 117 The Species of Rodents trapped in the Houses, Feluccas, and Cultivated Areas of Upper Egypt 122 Observations in Upper Egypt on the Range of Excursion of the House Rodents: R. rattus and Acomys cahirimis 124 Observations on the Relation between Epizootic and Epidemic Plague in Upper Egypt 126 The Seasonal Prevalence of Bubonic Plague and its Relation to Climate . 132 General Considerations on the Epidemiology of Bubonic Plague in Egypt . 139 The Epidemiology of Pneumonic Plague in Egypt 143 The Prevention of Plague in Egypt 149 A SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF PLAGUE IN EGYPT. The Physiographical Features and the Population of Egypt. THE two generally recognized divisions of the country are the Delta (Lower Egypt), extending from the Mediterranean littoral to Cairo; and Upper Egypt, the narrow strip of alluvial soil in the Nile Valley from Cairo to Wadi Haifa. The valley of the Nile is a rift valley formed by the subsidence of a narrow belt in the neighbourhood of a line of fracture on the earth's surface; from Cairo to Aswan town its length is 880 kilometres (547 miles), and its width varies from 3 to 21 kilometres (2 to 13 miles). The province of the Faiyum is a depression which is irrigated from the Nile by the Bahr Yusef Canal, one of the old natural drainage channels of the valley.
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) - Revised 2Nd Edition Compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018
    EGYPT, YEAR 2015: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Revised 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2006 to 2015 category number of incidents sum of fatalities battle 314 1765 riots/protests 311 33 remote violence 309 644 violence against civilians 193 404 strategic developments 117 8 total 1244 2854 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2015: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - REVISED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 11 JANUARY 2018 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 18 incidents killing 4 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Bani Ebeid, Gamasa, Kom el Nour, Mit Salsil, Sursuq, Talkha.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER XXII on Their Return to Egypt the Australian Formations Were Sent to the Suez Canal Zone and Helped to Form There A
    CHAPTER XXII EGYPT : REORGANISATION OF THE A.I.F. ON their return to Egypt the Australian formations were sent to the Suez Canal zone and helped to form there a new defensive front for Egypt. Simultaneously with this service the force was reorganised : the infantry into five divisions, forming, with the New Zealand Division, two army corps destined for the Western Front ; the light horse into the Anzac Mounted Division and other mounted units which became part of a British force which fought for the rest of the war in Egypt, Sinai, and Palestine. The self-government of the force in all matters of internal administration was established, though not yet entirely recognised by all the authorities that dealt with it; in the medical service the new director, his powers being now confirmed by the Commonwealth Govern- ment but not fully admitted by the War Office, collected the new medical staff of the A.I.F., hastened clearance to Australia, finalised reforms in the dental and nursing services, and carried out in the A.A.M.C. units a reorganisation, which embodied several experiments of interest. * * 8 The closing of the Gallipoli campaign opened for the A.I.F. a new phase in its history, with service in a much wider and more diversified sphere of action. The next Return to three months were occupied in a complete Eemt reconstruction and reorganisation of the force, carried out while the troops were taking their part in the dispositions for the new strategic situation. The mise-en-scine of the reorganisation was the neighbourhood of the Suez Canal.
    [Show full text]
  • État Sommaire Des Fonds D'archives Privées Série AP
    AVERTISSEMENT TRÈS IMPORTANT Pour approfondir votre recherche, pour remplir une demande de consultation de documents dont l’accès est soumis à une autorisation ou à une dérogation, la consultation de l’État sommaire n’est pas suffisante. Il est indispensable que vous consultiez aussi au préalable les inventaires et répertoires plus détaillés. Ils sont consultables soit en ligne (voir la rubrique « Inventaires et répertoires en ligne »), soit en salle des inventaires des Archives nationales (site de Paris). Les demandes de consultation rédigées uniquement à partir de l’État sommaire risquent de vous être retournées, afin que vous précisiez votre recherche. ÉTAT SOMMAIRE DES FONDS D’ARCHIVES PRIVÉES SÉRIE AP (1 à 680 AP) État revu et mis à jour à la date du 20 juin 2011 Archives nationales (site de Paris) Section des Archives privées AVERTISSEMENT AU LECTEUR Chaque notice de fonds comprend : – la cote du fonds dans la série AP (archives personnelles et familiales), AB XIX (fonds d’érudits et collections d’autographes) ou Mi (microfilm) ; – l’intitulé du fonds ou de la collection : titre que porte le fonds de toute ancienneté (chartrier de Tournon) ou titre forgé sur le nom de son producteur. On a distingué les fonds organiquement constitués, résultant de l’activité d’une personne physique ou morale dans l’exercice de ses activités, des collections de pièces diverses rassemblées par des érudits ou des amateurs d’autographes (collection de Coppet, par exemple). Dans le cas d’un individu isolé, le fonds a reçu pour appellation le prénom et le nom du producteur (fonds Alexandre Millerand) ; dans le cas d’une famille, seul a été retenu le patronyme.
    [Show full text]