TAXONOMIC REVISION OF FLORA OF RAWALAKOT, DISTRICT POONCH AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Sajjad Hussain
(Regd. No. 99-GRTB-1475)
Session: 2009-12
Department of Botany Faculty of Science and Technology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad
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TAXONOMIC REVISION OF FLORA OF RAWALAKOT, DISTRICT POONCH AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
By
Sajjad Hussain
(Regd. No. 99-GRTB-1475)
A dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of philosophy In Botany
Session 2009-2012
Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 3
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Dedicated to
MY MOTHER WHO HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN INSPIRATION FOR ME
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CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgements xii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures ix
List of Plates ix
Abstract xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22
4.1. Results 22
4.1.1. Checklist of angiosperm of Rawalakot 22
4.1.2. Flora of Rawalakot 39
4.1.2.1. Acanthaceae 39
4.1.2.2. Aceraceae 41
4.1.2.3. Amaranthaceae 41
4.1.2.4. Apiaceae 44
4.1.2.5. Apocynaceae 46
4.1.2.6. Araliaceae 47
4.1.2.7. Aristolochiaceae 48
4.1.2.8. Asclepiadaceae 48
4.1.2.9. Asteraceae 48
4.1.2.10. Balsaminaceae 66
4.1.2.11. Berberidaceae 67 6
4.1.2.12. Boraginaceae 68
4.1.2.13. Brassicaceae 69
4.1.2.14. Buddlejaceae 75
4.1.2.15. Buxaceae 75
4.1.2.16. Caesalpiniaceae 75
4.1.2.17. Cannabaceae 76
4.1.2.18. Caprifoliaceae 76
4.1.2.19. Caryophyllaceae 77
4.1.2.20. Chenopodiaceae 80
4.1.2.21. Convolvulaceae 81
4.1.2.22. Cucurbitaceae 82
4.1.2.23. Cuscutaceae 84
4.1.2.24. Ebenaceae 84
4.1.2.25. Elaeagnaceae 86
4.1.2.26. Euphorbiaceae 87
4.1.2.27. Fagaceae 88
4.1.2.28. Gentianaceae 91
4.1.2.29. Geraniaceae 92
4.1.2.30. Guttiferae 94
4.1.2.31. Hippocastanaceae 94
4.1.2.32. Juglandaceae 95
4.1.2.33. Labiatae 95
4.1.2.34. Malvaceae 104
4.1.2.35. Meliaceae 105
4.1.2.36. Mimosaceae 106
4.1.37. Moraceae 106
4.1.2.38. Myrsinaceae 109 7
4.1.2.39. Nyctaginaceae 109
4.1.2.40. Oleaceae 110
4.1.2.41. Onagraceae 111
4.1.2.42. Oxalidaceae 112
4.1.2.43. Papilionaceae 112
4.1.2.44. Polygonaceae 123
4.1.2.45. Plantaginaceae 127
4.1.2.46. Primulaceae 128
4.1.2.47. Punicaceae 130
4.1.2.48. Ranunculaceae 131
4.1.2.49. Rhamnaceae 134
4.1.2.50. Rosaceae 136
4.1.2.51. Rubiaceae 144
4.1.2.52. Rutaceae 147
4.1.2.53. Salicaceae 146
4.1.2.54. Sapindaceae 149
4.1.2.55. Saxifragaceae 130
4.1.2.56. Scrophulariaceae 151
4.1.2.57. Simaroubaceae 154
4.1.2.58. Solanaceae 154
4.1.2.59. Tiliaceae 157
4.1.60. Ulmaceae 158
4.1.2.61. Urticaceae 159
4.1.2.62. Valerianaceae 160
4.1.2.63. Verbenaceae 161
4.1.2.64. Violaceae 63 8
4.1.2.65. Vitaceae 63
Monocotyledons 165
4.1.2.66. Amaryllidaceae 165
4.1.2.67. Araceae 165
4.1.2.68. Asparagaceae 168
4.1.2.69. Colchicaceae 170
4.1.2.70. Commelinaceae 171
4.1.2.71. Cyperaceae 171
4.1.2.72. Iridaceae 177
4.1.2.73. Juncaceae 177
4.1.2.74. Liliaceae 178
4.1.2.75. Melanthiaceae 179
4.1.2.76. Orchidaceae 180
4.1.2.77. Poaceae 181
4.1.2.78. Smilacaceae 199
4.1.3. Ethno botany of angiosperm flora of Rawalakot 215
4.2. DISCUSSION 235
Summary 250
Recommendations 252
Literature cited 254
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List of Tables
Table No. Page
3.1. Study sites visited during field work 15
4.1. Check list of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 24
4.2. List of rare species in study area 37
4.3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 219
List of Figures
Figure No.
3.1. Average minimum and maximum temperature in Rawalakot 16 3.2. Average Rain fall in during different months of the 17 year in Rawalakot 3.3. Geographic location of study area (Right) and satellite
Imagery of sampling sites (Left) 17
4.1. Life form in the angiosperms flora of Rawalakot 23
4.2. Abundance of different species in flora of Rawalakot 24
4. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 216
List of Plates
Plate No.
01. A. Justicia adhatoda B. Barleria cristata 200 C. Dicliptera bupleuroides D. Achyranthes aspera E. Alternanthera pungens F. Amaranthus hybridus
02. A. Sanicula elata B. Aristolochia punjabensis 201 C. Conyza bonariensis D. Cichorium intybus E. Artemisia scoparia F. Artemisia vulgaris
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03. A. Taraxacum officinale B. Achillea millefolium 202 C. Tagetes minuta D. Cirsium falconeri E. Senecio nudicaulis F. Prenanthes altissima
04. A. Erigeron multiradiatus B. Centaurea iberica 203 C. Gnaphalium affine D. Saussurea heteromalla E. Helianthus tuberosus F. Gerbera gossypina
05. A. Trichodesma indicum B. Lepidium virginicum 204 C. Arabidopsis wallichiana D. Lonicera quinquelocularis E. Cerastium glomeratum F. Cerastium dichotomum
06. A. Cerastium dahuricum B. Sagina saginoides 205 C. Ipomoea hederacea D. Elaeagnus umbellata E. Euphorbia helioscopia F. Gentiana prostrata
07. A. Geranium ocellatum B. Geranium rotundifolium 206 C. Geranium collinum D. Geranium rubifolium E. Juglans regia F. Prunella vulgaris
08. A. Leonurus cardiaca B. Ajuga bracteosa 207 C. Calamintha debilis D. Colebrookea oppositifolia E. Otostegia limbata F. Mentha longifolia
09. A. Jasminum officinale B. Oxalis corniculata 208 C. Lathyrus odoratus D. Lathyrus aphaca E. Trifolium dubium F. Trigonella fimbriata
10. A. Astragalus psilocentros B. Oxytropis mollis 209 C. Medicago falcata D. Aeschynomene indica E. Lespedeza juncea F. Crotalaria medicaginea
11. A. Crotalaria medicaginea B. Polygonum aviculare 210 C. Persicaria amplexicaulis D. Persicaria nepalensis E. Persicaria hydropiper F. Persicaria lapathifolia
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12. A. Rumex hastatus B. Lysimachia japonica 211 C. Androsace rotundifolia D. Anagallis arvensis E. Ranunculus arvensis F. Ranunculus hirtellus
13. A. Clematis gouriana B. Thalictrum minus 212 C. Rhamnus purpurea D. Ziziphus spina-christi E. Fragaria nubicola F.Rubus ellipticus
14. A. Cotoneaster microphyllus B. Galium aparine 213 C. Rubia cordifolia D. Dodonaea viscosa E. Verbascum thapsus F. Scilla griffithii
15. A. Cyperus niveus B. Cyperus cyperoides 214 C. Erioscirpus comosus D. Fuirena pubescens E. Carex decaulescens F. Carex filicina
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Acknowledgements
The long journey of pursuing doctoral studies wouldn’t be possible without the munificent help and support of many individuals. The first and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ghulam
Murtaza and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Rizwana Aleem Qureshi for their dedicated supervision with immeasurable advice, support and encouragement throughout my
PhD. My special acknowledgement goes to Prof. Dr. Syed Abul Majid, the
Chairman Department of Botany for his valuable advice and comments, particularly, on early draft of this research.
My sincere and special thanks go to Prof. Ghulam Mustafa for his constant encouragement and support during my research work. I would also like to appreciate the comments and advice of Dr. Hamayun Shaheen, Prof. Ashfaq
Ahmad, Mr. Hafiz Tariq and Mr. Rizwan Taj during my research work at various stages. My heartiest thanks go to my brother Prof. Dr. Sadiq Hussain and Bhabi Dr.
Tallat Hameeda for their support throughout my career and other affairs of my life.
I would like to thank from the bottom of my heart to my friends Jamil
Ahmed and Zafeer Kiani for their assistance and cooperation in composing final draft of thesis. I would also like to thank Majid Kahlil, Muhammad Luqman,
Touseef Ahmad, Azhar Raheem and Saleem Tariq for their unconditional support, love and cheerful encouragement. Last but not least my deepest thanks go to my nephew Hassan Bin Sadiq for his company at home and during field work.
Sajjad Hussain
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Abstract
Rawalakot located in Western Himalaya with an area of about 381 sq. km at an elevation ranging from 4500 ft to 8700 ft above the sea level. Present study aimed to analyze Taxonomic study of angiosperm Flora of Rawalakot. For this purpose selected localities were frequently visited during March 2009 to October
2012. The collected specimens were identified, listed and used for taxonomic studies. The result showed that angiosperm flora of Rawalakot was represented by
381 species belonging to 238 genera and 78 families. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the dominant families with 38 species and 37 species followed by Papilionaceae with 26 species, Rosaceae with 22 species, Labiatae with 20 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 12 species each and Polygonaceae with 10 species. These eight families constitute about 46 percent of entire angispermic flora. The flora was represented by 37 monogeneric families of which 25 were monospecific. Life form of flora of Rawalakot showed that out of 381 species 274 were herbs, 45 shrubs, 44 trees, 12 subshrubs and 07 lianas. The dominant genera were Quercus, Persicaria,
Cyperus, and Geranium with 5 species each followed by Ranunculus, Cerastium,
Salix, Impatiens, Rubus, Veronica, Solanum, Artemisia and Carex with 4 species each. The abundance category of flora of Rawalakot showed that there were 34 dominant species, 95 abundant, 83 frequent, 109 occasional, and 61 species are rare.
The study of phytogeographical affinities of flora concluded that flora of
Rawalakot have typical Himalayan touch with 202 Himalayan species, with 26
Eurasian species, 19 Mediterranean species, 49 Asian species, 15 Euro-African 14
species, 15 Euro-Siberian species,19 Asian-African species, 25 American species and 3 Australian species.
Ethnobotanical studies of Flora of Rawalakot indicate that out 381 species
173 were medicinal of which 59 were frequently used by local inhabitant for varies ailments, 158 were used as fodder for animals, 111 were weedy in nature, 68 species used as fuel, 22 as timber, 33 species were fruit yielding, 21 species used as vegetables, 31 were ornamental, 25 used for fencing loans and fields, 9 for thatching and sheltering houses and huts and 13 species were considered as poisonous.
The flora of Rawalakot was represented by 61 rare species which were endangered. Some of important species Ulmus wallichiana, Melia azedarach,
Celtis eriocarpa, Bauhinia variegata Grewia eriocarpa, Populus alba, Acer caesium, Sapindus mukorossi, Albizia odoratissima, Debregeasia salicifolia,
Hypericum oblongifolium, Zanthoxylum armatum, Astragalus psilocentros,
Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster microphyllus, C.roseus, Buddleja asiatica,
Calotropis procera and Vitex negundo require special attention for protection.
It is concluded that deforestation and poplar industry along habitat loss, over grazing, unawareness, fire practices and unwise extraction of medicinal plants are the major threats to the biodiversity of Rawalakot. It is now realized that an immediate action is needed at local and national level for biodiversity conservation for future generations.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Himalaya the emporium of biological resources and botanical wealth has been divided into three phytogeographical regions; the Eastern Himalayas, Central
Himalaya and the Western Himalaya which included tropical, subtropical, temperate and alpine zones (Rana, et. al., 2001). Extensive topographical variations in the area support variety of plant species ranging from subtropical flora of plains and alpine flora of higher altitude (Afshan et al. 2011). Kashmir an integral part of
Western Himalaya identified as global centre of plant diversity (Shinwari and
Shinwari 2010). About 80 percent of endemic species of angiosperms of Pakistan are confined to western mountains and Kashmir (Ali, 1978; Ali and Qaisar, 1986;
Ali 2008). Number of workers have conducted taxonomic, phytosociological and ethno botanical studies of Pakistan and Kashmir but due to vastness and inaccessibility with variable climatic zones ranging from subtropical to alpine zones several areas are still unexplored. Rawalakot an integral part of Western
Himalayan Kashmir received least attention of taxonomists. Topographically
Rawalakot is mountaineous area and is located in moist temperate Himalaya. Moist temperate Himalaya deserve special attention to the conservation of environment and sustainable development of natural resources (Haq et al., 2010).
After earthquake 2005 the flora of Rawalakot is under severe stress. This stress greatly reduced trees and shrubs population which ultimately influence overall flora. Much of covered land is now converted into bare land. In finding new places for house construction, cutting trees for buildings, fuel and commercial purposes, grazing by the animals, annual fire practices, medicinal plants extraction, 16
cultivation of commercial trees and lack of appropriate knowledge about species status are the main factors contributing to the stress on flora. This situation will become worse if present stress on vegetation continues. Recently efforts were made to protect forests of the area but were not result oriented due to poor planning and monitoring. In this regard it is necessary that local people of the area should have awareness about the floral diversity. Herbaria should have correctly identified plants of smaller units of areas even at District levels. There is also a need of coordination between local people, research institutions, forest department and universities to use more appropriate methods for finding conservation status of species. It is therefore necessary to pay special attention to protect, conserve and maintain natural flora. For this pupose all the villages were frequently visited for collection of samples for taxonomic studies.
Biologists discovering new species from different parts of world, so the number of new species is always increasing. The estimated number of living species ranges from 10 million to 50 millions (Wilson 1992). But it is the rough estimate and we are unaware of exact number of species on earth. Pakistan with about 6000 species of vascular plants including both native and introduced have relatively low rate of endemism about 7 percent as compared to rest of the world
(Ali, 2008). Stewart (1972) conducted vegetation survey of Pakistan and Kashmir including Poonch valley. His monumental work “An Annotated Catalogue of
Vascular plants of Pakistan and Kashmir” in which he included 5783 species served as a bases for all kind of botanical studies in Pakistan and Kashmir.
Initiated in 1968 with first fascicle Flacourtiaceae in 1970 Nasir and Ali (1970-
1989; Ali and Nasir, 1989-1991) and Ali and Qaisar (1993-2008) published 215 17
families including 1389 genera and 4758 species from Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in Flora of Pakistan (Ali, 2008). The Flora of Pakistan includes six phytogeographical regions such as Mediterranean, Saharo-Sindian, Euro-Siberian,
Irano-Turanian, Sino-Japanese and Indian. Asteraceae is the dominant families of
Pakistan with 649 species followed by Poaceae with 579 species, Papilionaceae with 439 species Brassicaceae with 250 species and Cyperaceae with 202 species
(Ali and Qaiser, 1986).
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is spread over an area of 222236 square kilometers (Raina, 1981) and bordered in North by China, East by Tibet, South by
Himachal Pradesh and Punjab of India, West to Rawalpindi District and
Khaberpakhton Khwa of Pakistan. In 1947 State of Jammu and Kashmir was politically divided into Pakistani administrated Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan and
Indian administrated Kashmir. Azad Kashmir with its capital at Muzaffarabad, is the smallest of entity and covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres. The Kashmir
Himalaya in particular is identified as a global center of plant diversity and endemism. According to Pei (1992), the total number of plant species in Himalaya-
Hindu Kush ranges is about 25,000. The total number of angiosperms in Kashmir
Himalaya is about 3054 (Jee et. al., 1989). About 80 percent of endemic angiosperms of Pakistan are confined to Northern and Western mountains (Ali and
Qaisar 1986; Ali, 2008). The vegetation of Azad Kashmir can be divided into 4 categories; Subtropical vegetation can be divided into (Dry scrub forest vegetation and Pine forest vegetation); Temperate forest vegetation is divided into (Moist
Temperate and Dry Temperate Forest) vegetation; Sub alpine vegetation and alpine vegetation. 18
Being the part of great Himalaya Rawalakot is rich in plant diversity but no proper taxonomic servays were carried out for floral diversity, therefore taxonomic information are uncommon. Natural vegetation of the area varies from humind temperate to alpine vegetation. In urban area of Rawalakot and its allied villages
Populus spp. are dominant followed by Rubinia pseudoacacia, Berberis lycium,
Pyrus pashia and Ficus palmata. Lower areas like, Lower Parat, Tain, Hellan and
Mori Fuman Shah, Dodonea viscosa, Adhatoda vesica and Punica granatum are dominant species. Streams are mostly seasonal. Almost all the streams banks are occupied by Salix spp. These forests occur in foothills slops above which lies pine forests. All the vegetation wild and cultivated totally depends on annual rainfall. In spite of diverse floral diversity; the flora of the area is under pressure especially after earth quake 2005 due to increasing demands for wood and medicinal plants.
As there is hardly any taxonomic work carried out in the area, a detailed study focusing on floral diversity was needed. The current study will give true picture of flora of the area for policy makers for conservation of biodiversity. Study on regional flora is crucial as it provide information about specific species of particular area. The valuable data obtained through these studies could be used for future studies (Qureshi et al., 2011). Such studies may serve to understand species distribution pattern along complex range of environmental variables (Vats and
Singh, 2002). A good flora is expected to provide a work which could be used for proper identification of all plants, so that its utilization could be taken on scientific and systematic basis. The identification of local plants along with description of area is very important, it can show specific species of the area, their occurrence, 19
growing season, species stability, diverse species, new species and effect of climatic conditions like drought and over grazing (Ali, 2008).
This study was conducted to obtain true picture of flora of Rawalakot. The main objective of this study were;
1. To compile floristic of angiosperm flora of Rawalakot.
2. To collect all the angiosperms of the area and use them for taxonomic
studies.
3. To assess the factors threatening to the flora of Rawalakot.
4. To obtain information on abundance of the species.
5. To obtain check list of rare species.
6. To obtain ethnobotanical information of the flora of Rawalakot. Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Taxonomy is the science of description and classification of organisms, essential in theoretical and applied biology (Guerra-Garicia et al., 2008), and also essential in the inventory of life (Lincoln et al., 1998; Wagele, 2005). Taxonomy as a science is the synthesis of data derived from collected specimens to define and circumscribe species and their distributions (Standen et al., 2013). The taxonomy of living objects, has its origins in the ancient Greece, when the first basic classification was proposed by Aristotle and its modern form dates back to
Linnaeus who introduced binomial classification about 250 year ago (Godfray
2002). Traditionally taxonomy covers three areas of stages; Alpha, Beta and
Gamma taxonomy (Kapoor, 1998; Disney 2000). Alpha taxonomy is the identification and description of objects; beta taxonomy is the arrangement of objects into categories and gamma taxonomy is the analysis of intraspecific variations, ecotypes and polymorphisms. The term systematics is the classification of objects based on their evolutionary interrelationships. According to Vane-
Wright and Cranston (1992) systematics is the science of naming, classifying and discovering the natural relationships among organisms. The ultimate task of systematics is to document and understand the extent and significance of the earth’s biodiversity. Lincoln et al., (1998) proposed that both systematics and taxonomy are synonymous. According to Kapoor (1998) taxonomy is just part of systematics but according to Wagele (2005) both terms are similar theoretically but differ practically.
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Huebner (2009) considered taxonomy as an essential tool for many fields of practical biology like microbiology and ecology. Taxonomy helps the biologists to identify the specimens they are studying. The number of described organisms is increasing continuously since the time of Linnaeus and about 1.7 million species have been named so for. It is estimated that only around 10 percent of the world biota has so for been described and in the identification and description of remaining biota taxonomy would play a major role (Wilson, 2000; Disney, 2000).
This growth requires practical, easy and flexible methods of identification of organisms for researchers to have the tools necessary to access this growing body of data. The careful and accurate identification and classification of living objects is very important as theoretical and applied biology depend on taxonomy (Kapoor,
1998). If there is lack of knowledge to identify organisms of interest no meaningful genome project, so the issues of biodiversity and conservation remained unresolved
(Nature, 2002). The taxonomic revisions, monographs and flora are most important and often the only source of data for assessing the extinction risk of plants (Standen et. al., 2013). Floristics of specific regions helps to understand species distribution along the range of complex environmental fluctuations and as such be of significance to predict their geographic relocation in response to climatic fluctuation. Such relationship is prominent within smaller geographical boundaries with relatively uniform environmental variations compared to larger areas with greater climatic diversity. Therefore information on regional flora is of great utility
(Vats and Singh, 2002). The determination of any plant growing in a particular area is the principle object of the flora which is achieved by combination of taxonomic keys and descriptions. A good flora provides all the information for proper 22
identification of all our plants-wealth so that its utilization could be taken up on a scientific and systematic basis. The correct identification of local plants along the description of area is most important as it show specific species of the particular area, growing season, species hardness, distinct species, finding new species and the effect of climate and human impact on vegetation (Ali, 2008).
The revolution in molecular biology opens new discussion in taxonomy.
Misof et al., (2005) summarized advantages and disadvantages of morphological and molecular approaches in taxonomy. They proposed that the use of molecular characters in taxonomy pose new problems. No doubt molecular data is important and contribute but when nothing is known about taxa except DNA, there is no interesting pattern to explain (Lipscomb et al., 2003). In fact they pointed out some serious problems with molecular approaches; As DNA technology is most expensive and only taxonomists in developed countries would be able to use new technology and taxonomists with least access to new technology would be excluded; problem of aligning sequences of different length; selection of suitable gene for taxonomic studies. In spite of advances in molecular approaches morphology is important in phylogeny because morphological data is crucial for solving phylogenetic relationship of fossils and living taxa; many of extinct rare taxa are known from single preserved specimen with preservatives such as formalin which impose extraction difficulties (Wiens, 2004). But according to Tautz et al.
(2003) it is a moment for DNA’s unique contribution to play central role in taxonomy and new techniques should replace older ones to solve classification problems. Whatever the case morphology should continue to play pivotal role in taxonomy because without morphology it is difficult to teach students, 23
parataxonomists and volunteers. The accurate and quick identification of taxa in laboratory and in field morphology is critical not only for taxonomy but also for many other disciplines of Biology (Dunn, 2003). Furthermore morphological data are the only set of characters that are apparent in both fossil and living taxa, it is the only approach that will lead to the integration of fossil evidence into phylogenetic hypotheses dealing with whole organisms (Schneider et al., 2009).
Stewart (1972) had collected plants all over Pakistan and Azad Kashmir including District Poonch and listed about 5783 species in his catalogue “ An
Annotated Catalogue of Vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir” and later flora treatments published subsequently have not greatly changed that overall.
Pakistan with about 6000 species of vascular plants (Haq et al., 2010) the flora of
Pakistan project started 1970 published 4758 species of 215 families and 1389 genera including 6 new genera, 78 new species, 21 new subspecies and 22 varieties and the account of five families yet to be published (Ali, 2008). Flora of Pakistan includes 400 endemic species of 169 genera and 45 families (Nasir, 1991; Ali,
2008). The dominant endemic families are Leguminoseae with 57 species,
Asteraceae 50 species, Apiaceae 34 species, Poaceae 32 species and Brassicaceae with 20 species (Ali, 1978; Ali and Qaiser, 1986; Ali, 2008) which more than 80 percent of endemic angiosperms are confined to western mountains and Kashmir.
Much of the northern hills including Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Khaberpakhtonkha and Azad Kashmir has additionally treated in Flora of Pothohar and adjoining areas by Bhopal and Chaudhri (1977a, 1977b). They proposed that mountainous areas need further studies and revisions. Beside these early contributions many workers provided number of regional floras and check lists from different parts of Pakistan. 24
Qureshi et. al., (2011) carried out floristic inventory of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid
Agriculture University research farm at Koont and its surrounding areas and recorded 130 species of 105 genera and 37 families. The seven families; Poaceae
(23.26 percent), Asteraceae (13.18 percent), Fabaceae (7.75 percent),
Amaranthaceae (6.25 percent), Euphorbiaceae (6.25 percent), Solanaceae (4.65 percent) and Boraginaceae (3.10 percent) contributed 64.44 percent of flora while rest of species (35.56 percent) belong to 100 families. Life form observations showed that flora is dominated by Therophytes which is about 43 percent, followed by phanerophytes (19 percent), cryptophytes (15 percent), hemicryptophytes (13 percent) and xeropsammophytes (10 percent). Wazir et al., (2009) Conducted vegetation survey of Champursan Valley Pakistan and recorded 152 species of vascular plants of 47 families. The dominant families were Asteraceae (16 species) and Poaceae (12species) followed by Lamiaceae (7 species), Brassicaceae (6 species), Boraginaceae (5 species), Chenopodiaceae (5 species), Papilionaceae and
Ranunculaceae (4 species). Gentianaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae,
Asclepiadaceae and Apiaceae with (3 species) each. The life form spectra indicated that therophytes and nanophanerophytes were well represented. According to
Marwat et al., (2010) the floristic diversity around the world is under threats due the alien and exotic plant taxa. In a survey of North-West Pakistan they recoded 16 invasive species viz., Xanthium strumarium, Ipomoea eriocarpa, Alternanthera pungens, Trianthema portulacastrum, Tagetes minuta, Imperata cylindrica,
Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hybridus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Broussonetia papyrifera, Ailanthus altissima, Pistia stratiotes, Phragmites australis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, Galium aparine and Emex spinosus. These were 25
aggressive in nature and replaced or suppressed the local vegetation due to prolific reproduction, easy pollination, and large number of seeds, staggered dormancy and allellopathic in nature. Alam and Ali (2010) studied the conservation status of 19 endemic taxa of Gilgit-Baltistan according to IUCN Red list Categories and
Critaria and proposed that Asparagus gharoensis is now extinct, Scaevola plumierii and Scaevola taccada are regionally extinct; Allium gilgiticum,
Arabidopsis brevicaulis, Christolea mirabilis, Consolida schlagintweitii, Elymus russellii, Mattiastrum karakoricum, Plantago baltistanica and Saxifraga duthiei are possibly extinct; Androsace russellii, Asperula oppositifolia subsp. baltistanica,
Astragalus clarkeanus, Berberis pseudumbellata subsp. gilgitica, Haplophyllum gilesii and Tanacetum baltistanicum are critically endangered, while Aconitum violaceum var. weileri and Rhodiola saxifragoides are vulnerable. They concluded that the habitat loss and climatic changes are major cause of the extinction and threatening.
Taxonomic studies are rare in Kashmir few workers have carried some phytosociological attributes of flora from Kashmir especially from the Western
Himalayan alpine Pastures of Kashmir, Bhimber Hills, Sudungali, Dirkot, Badana and Palan hills near Kotli, Bunjosa Hills Rawalakot, Machyara National Park and surroundings of Azad Kashmir. They proposed that deforestation and over grazing are the major threats to plant communities in the study areas (Malik and Hussain,
1988; Malik et al., 1990; Malik et al., 1994; Malik and Rauf, 1995 and Shaheen et al., 2011). Some of the ethnobotanical aspects of flora were also studied by number of workers from Azad Kahmir and its allied areas. The area is rich in medicinal plants and local population of area widely depend on plants for medicines and other 26
domestic and commercial purposes. Unawareness and poor living status of the people are crucial threats to the flora of the area. (Haq and Hussain, 1995; Sadiq,
1995; Khan; 1996; Shehzad et al., 1999; Shehzad and Qureshi, 2001; Dastagir,
2001; Gorsi and Shahzad, 2002; Ishtiaq et al., 2006;. Khan et al.; 2010; Khan et al.,
2012; Shaukat et al., 2012 and Bano et al., 2013).
About 3054 angiosperms belonging to 872 genera are present in Kashmir
Himalaya. The alpine and subalpine flora is represented by 1610 species of 381 genera of which about 31.66 percent taxa are endemic. This great floristic and genetic diversity of Kashmir justifies that Kashmir has a distinct phytogeographical area (Jee et al., 1989). The vascular flora of Western Himalayan region Nandiar
Valley District Battgram of Pakistan is represented by 402 species belonging to
110 families. Out of 402 species 271 are herbs, 71 shrubs, 68 trees, 6 climbing shrubs, 18 climbers and 3 are epiphytes. The recorded threats to the flora of study area are urbanization, deforestation, over grazing, habitat fragmentation, extraction of medicinal plants, introduction of the exotic taxa and habitat loss (Haq, et al.,
2010). Extensive studies on diversity in vegetation and flora of Tons Valley
Garhwal Himalaya showed that about 761 species of 480 genera and 132 families of phanerogames are present in the flora. This vegetational diversity of Garhwal can broadly be divided into forest vegetation, seasonal vegetation, aquatic vegetation and marshy vegetation. In this region Indian, Indo-Malayan, African-
Asiatic-Australian and palaeotropical elements are predominant while Euro-
Siberian and Sino elements are also present (Rana et al., 2000).
Azad Kashmir flora is diverse as it ranges from subtropical plains to alpine flora.The woody species common in the flora are Taxus wallichiana, Cornus macrophylla, 27
Diospyros lotus, Viburnum cylindricum, Acer oblongum, Rhus succedanea,
Juniperus squamata, Sageretia theezans, Dodonaea viscosa, Solanum verbascifolium, Lonicera quinquelocularis and Lyonia ovalifolia. The perennial herbs include Geranium nepalense, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Oxalis acetosella and Androsace umbellata. At the higher altitudes Betula utilis, Berberis lycium,
Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, Juglans regia and Salix species with large number of herbal diversity are common. About 10.6 percent of the total flora of Pakistan is represented in the area of Azad Kashmir and adjacent
Northern Areas of Pakistan. This great floral diversity has a number of host plants, but it is still poorly explored (Afshan et. al., 2011).
From conservation point of view present scenario of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir is not different from rest of the world and number of factors such as over grazing, illegal extraction of plant resource, continuous cutting of trees for various purposes particularly fuel and fodder, less rain fall, lowering of water table, annual fire practices, illegal honey hunters, agricultural activities, harvesting of medicinal plant, unawareness about conservation status of species, population explosion, unplanned urbanization, deforestation, and overexploitation of natural resources are threatening to the flora
(Khan 2008; Alam and Ali 2009; Khan et al, 2010a; Khan et al., 2011b; Dar et al., 2012 and Ahmad et al., 2012).
The most important objective of flora is to describe plants of particular area with the combination of taxonomic keys and descriptions. A flora can be used to identify plants of particular area so that their utilization could be taken on systemic and scientific basis (Ali, 2008). In conclusion conservation needs a flora for identification of rare plants. A good flora indicates where and which kind of 28
germplasm diversity may exists. We can extract a lot from a good flora which gives reliable identification and habitats of taxa (Tan, 2004). Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Study Area
Azad Jammu and Kashmir comprises foothills of Western Himalayas with an area of about 13, 269 Km2 lies in the North-east of Pakistan. The area can be divided into two distinct geographical zones; North and East are mostly hilly and mountainous while South and West are valleys and plains. Extensive topographical variations in the area support variety of plant species ranging from subtropical flora of plains to alpine flora of higher altitude (Afshan et al., 2011). Rawalakot is one of the Tehsil of District Poonch of Azad Kashmir (Figure 3.3). It has cover an area of about 381 Km2 and is located between 730 to 750 East longitude and 330 to 350
North latitude at the elevation ranging of 3500 ft to 8700 ft above the sea level.
Indian occupied Kashmir lies to the East, Rawalpindi District to the West, District
Hawaili to the East-North, District Bagh to the North and District Sudnuti lies to the South of Rawalakot. The study area is hilly and mountainous and can be divided into subtropical, temperate and alpine zone.
Table 3.1. Study sites visited during fields
Site 1 Bangoin Site 7 Danna Site 13 Datote
Site 2 Rehara Site 8 Dhamni Site 14 Pakhar,
Site 3 Rawalakot Site 9 Dothan Site 15 Ali soujal
Site 4 Hurnamera Site 10 Tain Site 16 Khai Gala.
Site 5 Singola, Site 11 Pachiot Site 6 Thorar Site 12 Drake
15 30
3.1.1. Climate
The climate of Rawalakot is predominantly moist temperate to alpine with cold winter and moderately hot summer. It is marked by well define four seasons a year. Spring (mid March to mid May), summer (June to mid August), autumn
(September- November) and winter (December-March). Temperature ranges from average daily maximum of 27.5oC and minimum of 15.3oC in summer to an average daily maximum of 11.9oC and daily minimum of 2oC in winter (figure 3.1).
Figure: 3.1. Average minimum and maximum temperature in Rawalakot.
The average annual precipitation is about 55.0 inches out of which about 47 inches is in the form of rainfall while the rest is in the form of snow. May is the driest month, while in the months of July and August there is heavy rainfall;
January and February are the months during which heavy snowfall occurs (Figure
3.2). However climate and length of seasons fluctuate with altitude. 31
Figure 3.2. Average Rain fall in during different months of the year in Rawalakot 3.2. Field Trips
In order to study angiosperm flora of Rawalakot in natural habitat and to do fresh collection of specimens for morphological features a totle of nine field trips were arranged during 2009-12 in various localities of Rawalakot.
Figure: 3.3. Geographic location of study area (Right) and satellite imagery of sampling sites (Left). 32
3.2.1. Data collection
During field trips following information were recorded.
Botanical Name……………………………………………………………..
Family: ………………………Locality ……………......
Local Name…………………Collector…………………Collection date…
Habit………………….……..Field number………………………………...
Ethnobotanical use (if any)……………………………….Habitat…………
3.2.2. Abundance:
The abundance of each species was recorded on the basis of population size during field surveys and given the status as D, A, F, O and R.
a. The species dominates the area having very large population was given ‘D’.
b. The species very common in many parts of area with large population was
given ‘A’.
c. The species with small population in several parts of the area was given ‘F’.
d. The species with very small population in few parts of the area was given
‘O’.
e. The species with few individuals in one part or few parts of the area was given ‘R’.
3.2.3. Collecting and numbering of specimens 33
During the field trips plants specimens were collected with roots, rhizomes, leaves, inflorescences, flowers, fruits and seeds. Each specimen was given a field number and this number was attached as fix tag. The documentation of this number was noted on field notebook.
3.2.3.1. Processing of specimens collected
All the specimens were numbered, dried and preserved by using standard herbarium techniques (Bridson and Forman, 2004; Croat, 1985; Fosberg and
Sachet, 1965; Hicks and Hicks, 1978; Womersley, 1981).
3.2.3.2. Storing of specimens in field
The collected specimens were placed in old news paper folders. These news paper folders with plant specimens were soaked in 10 percent formalin solution and stored in plastic bags.
3.2.3.3. Pressing and Drying
After arriving in Lab each plant specimen was placed in news paper sheets and pressed with the help of wooden plant presser. All the setup was placed in well arid warm place and the news papers between specimens were replaced every day for about 3 to 4 days.
3.2.3.4. Mounting
All the dried specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets with the help of glued strips. Herbarium sheets provided with standard informations; botanical name, family, local name, locality, ethnobotanical uses, date of collection, altitude, 34
collector name and specimen number. All the specimens were deposited in
Herbarium of Azad Jammu and Kashmir University (HAJKU) Muzaffarabad.
3.3. Identification
Identification was done
By comparing with authorized herbarium specimens at Quaid-e-Azam
University Islamabad.
By comparing with taxonomic keys with Flora of Pakistan [Ali, Nasir,
1989-1992 (Nos.191-204); Ali and Qaiser, 1993-1995 & 2000-2008
(Nos.191-215); Nasir and Ali, 1970-1979 (Nos. 1-131); Nasir, and Ali.
1980-1989. (Nos. 132-190)]
By comparing photographs, images and other illustrations.
3.4. Morphological studies
The taxonomic study of all the collected specimens was conducted in Botany
Research Lab. and Herbarium Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad. Various morphological characters were studied by using dissecting microscope (Celestron model=44102). Before dissection vegetative and reproductive parts were soaked in water. Observations and measurements were taken 3-5 times. The data recorded has been arranged in the taxonomic format. The morphological characters and keys were compared with taxonomic literature available. 35
3.5. Taxonomic keys: Data obtained after morphological studies of 381 species were organized and Dichotomous taxonomic keys were constructed for all the genera and species. All the families were arranged alphabatically. Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Results
4.1.1. Check list of Angiosperms of Rawalakot
The angiosperm flora of Rawalakot is represented by 381 species belonging to 238 genera and 78 families (Table. 4.1.) of which 306 are dicots and 75 are monocots. The dominant families are Asteraceae with 38 species and Poaceae with
37 species followed by Papilionaceae with 26 species, Rosaceae with 22 species,
Labiatae with 20 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 12 species each and
Polygonaceae with 10 speces. These families constitute about 46 percent of entire angispermic flora. There are 37 families Aritolochiaceae, Juglandaceae, Fagaceae,
Canabaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Myrsinaceae, Guttiferae, Tiliaceae, Oxalidaceae,
Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Buxaceae, Saxifragaceae,
Hippocastanaceae, Aceraceae, Elaeagnaceae, Simaroubaceae, Vitaceae,
Onagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ebenaceae, Cuscutaceae, Buddlejaceae,
Valerianaceae, Plantaginaceae, Iridaceae, Juncaceae, Amaryllidaceae,
Colchicaceae, Melanthiaceae, Agavaceae, Smilacaceae, Commelinaceae,
Punicaceae, Violaceae which are monogeneric of which 25 families
Aritolochiaceae, Juglandaceae, Canabaceae, Myrsinaceae, Tiliaceae, Oxalidaceae,
Rutaceae, Buxaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Aceraceae, Simaroubaceae, Onagraceae,
Caesalpiniaceae, Cuscutaceae, Buddlejaceae, Colchicaceae, Melanthiaceae,
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Iridaceae, Agavaceae, Smilacaceae,
Commelinaceae, Punicaceae, Violaceae are monospecific. Among 381 species 273
15 ii
(71.9 percent) species are herbs (121 annual, 03 biennial and 150 perennial), 45
(11.81 percent) shrubs, 44 (11.54 percent) trees, subshrubs 12 (3.14 percent) and lianas 07 (1.83 percent), (Fgure 4.1.).
The woody flora is represented by 89 species of which 45 are shrubs and 44 are tree species. The tree species belongs to 18 families and 27 genera. The dominant family is the Rosaceae with 8 species followed by Salicaceae with 7 species, Moraceae and Juglandaceae with 5 species each. Shrubs of the area represented by 24 families and 35 genera. The dominant family is Rosaceae with 9 species. Other prominent shrubs families are Papilionaceae, Rhamnaceae, and
Caprifoliaceae with 4, 3 and 3 species respectively.
Figure 4.1. Life form in the angiosperms flora of Rawalakot
The dominant genera are Quercus, Persicaria, Cyperus and Geranium with
5 species each and followed by Ranunculus, Cerastium, Salix, Impatiens, Rubus,
Veronica, Solanum, Artemisia and Carex with 4 species each. Figure 4.1.1.2 ii
iii
showed abundance category of flora of Rawalak, there are 34 (8.92 percent)
dominant species, 95 (24.93 percent) abundant, 83 (21.52 percent) frequent, 109
(28.70 percent) occasional, and 61 (16.27) species are rare (Table 4.1.1.2).
Figure. 4.2. Abundance of different species in flora of Rawalakot
Table: 4.1. Check list of Angiosperms of Rawalakot
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab Dicotyledons Acanthaceae Juss. 1 Barleria cristata L. Shrub June-September R 2 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees AH June-September F 3 Justicia adhatoda L. Shrub July-September F 4 J.japonica Thunb. PH July-September A 5 Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall. ex Kuntze SS June-September D 6 S.wallichii Nees PH June-September A Aceraceae Juss. 1 Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis Tree May-June R Amaranthaceae Juss. 1 Achyranthes aspera L. PH June-September F continued
iii
iv
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 2 A.bidentata Blume PH June-September F 3 Alternanthera pungens Kunth PH May-September F 4 Amaranthus lividus L. AH May-September F 5 A. viridus L. AH May-September F 6 A.hybridus L. AH May-September O Apiaceae Lindl. (Umbelliferae Juss.) 1 Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. PH June-July O 2 Coriandrum sativum L. AH May-June A 3 Daucus carota L. BH July-August A 4 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. PH April-September R 5 Pimpinella acuminata ( Edgew.) C.B. Clarke PH May-June O 6 P.diversifolia DC. AH May-June A 7 Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don BH June-July O 8 Scandix pecten-veneris L. AH April-May O Apocynaceae Juss. 1 Nerium oleander L. Shrub May-August F Araliaceae Juss. 1 Hedera nepalensis K.Koch. WC September-October O 2 Schefflera bengalensis Gamble WC September-October O Aritolochiaceae Juss. 1 Aristolochia punjabensis Lace SS July R Asclepiadaceae Borkh. 1 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Shrub August-September R Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl 1 Achillea millefolium L. PH June-October O 2 Anaphalis kashmiriana P.C. Pant. Rao & Garg. PH May-June A 3 A.triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B. Clarke. PH June-July O 4 A.virgata Thomson ex C.B. Clarke. PH May-June O 5 Artemisia amygdalina Decne. PH May-August O 6 A.indica Willd. PH May-August F 7 A.scoparia Waldst.& Kitam. PH May-August O 8 A. vestita Wall.ex Bess. PH May-August O 9 A.vulgaris L. PH May-August O 10 Bidens pilosa L. PH May-August D 11 Carpesium cernuum L. PH May-August A 12 Centaurea cyanus L. AH April-May D 13 C.iberica Trevir. AH April-May D continued
iv
v
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 14 Cichorium intybus L. PH June-August O 15 Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.)Petr. PH June-September A 16 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist PH April-October D 17 C.canadensis (L.) Cronquist AH April-August F 18 C.japonica (Thunb.)Less.Ex DC. AH April-August A 19 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Hort. AH June-September A 20 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. AH June-August A 21 E.multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. A Clarke PH June-August 22 Gerbera gossypina ( Royle) Beauvered PH June-July R 23 Gnaphalium affine D.Don AH April-May O 24 Helianthus annuus L. AH August-September O 25 H.tuberosus L. PH August-September O 26 Myriactis nepalensis Lees. PH June-August A 27 Prenanthes alba L. PH June-August D 28 P. altissima L. PH June-July O 29 Parthenium hysterophorus L. AH April-October D 30 Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz. AH May-August O 31 Senecio nudicaulis Buch. –Ham. exD.Don PH June-August A 32 Sonchus arvensis L. PH April-August A 33 S. asper (L.) Hill AH April-August O 34 S.oleraceus L. AH April-August O 35 Tagetes minuta L. AH August-September D 36 Taraxacum officinale Webb. PH March-April F 37 Xanthium strumarium L. SS April-July D 38 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. AH April-June R Balsaminaceae A. Rich. 1 Impatiens balsamina L. AH July-August A 2 I.brachycentra Kar. & Kir. AH July-August F 3 I.edgeworthii Hook. f. AH July-August A 4 I.scabrida DC. AH July-August A Berberidaceae Juss. 1 Berberis lycium Royle Shrub April-May F 2 Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook. F. & Thomson PH May-June R Boraginaceae Juss. 1 Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth. BH July-August O 2 C.lanceolatum Forssk. PH July-August A 3 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. PH July-August R continued v
vi
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab Brassicaceae Burnett 2 Arabidopsis wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson) N. R Bush AH April-June 3 Brassica napus L. AH April-June A 4 B.rapa subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham AH April-June A 5 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. AH April-June A 6 Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. AH April-June A 7 Eruca sativa Mill. AH April-June A 8 Lepidium perfoliatum L. AH April-June F 9 L.pinnatifidum Ledeb. AH April-June A 10 L.virginicum L. AH April-June A 11 Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton PH May-August D 12 Raphanus raphanistrum L. AH April-June A 13 R.sativus L. AH April-June A 14 Sisymbrium irio L. AH April-June O Buddlejaceae K. Wilh. 1 Buddleja asiatica Lour. Shrub March-June R Buxaceae Dumort. 1 Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Müll . Arg. Shrub Feburary-March F Caesalpiniaceae 1 Bauhinia variegata L. Tree May R Cannabaceae Martinov 1 Cannabis sativa L. AH July-September D Caprifoliaceae Juss. 1 Lonicera quinquelocularis Hard. Shrub April-June F 2 Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don. Shrub Feburary-March F 3 V.grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Shrub Feburary-March A Caryophyllaceae Juss. 1 Cerastium dahuricum Fisch. PH May-August F 2 C.dichotomum L. PH May-August F 3 C.fontanum Baumg PH May-August F 4 C.glomeratum Thuill. AH May-August F 5 Cucubalus baccifer L. PH June-July R 6 Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst. PH June-July F 7 Silene conoidea L. AH May-June F Chenopodiaceae Vent. 1 Chenopodium album L. AH July-September F continued
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S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 2 C.botrys L. AH July-September O Convolvulaceae Juss. 1 Convolvulus arvensis L. PH June-August A 2 Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. AH August-September A 3 I.hederacea Jacq. AH August-September A 4 I.purpurea (L.) Roth. AH August-September A Cuscutaceae Dumort. 1 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. AH July-September D Cucurbitaceae Juss. 1 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai AH August-September A 2 C.sativus L. AH August-September A 3 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. AH August-September A 4 Luffa cylindrica (L.)M. Roem. AH August-September A 5 Momordica balsamina L. AH August-September A 6 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi AH August-September A Ebenaceae Gürke 1 Diospyros kaki Thunb. Shrub June-July R 2 D.lotus L. Tree June-July F Elaeagnaceae Juss. 1 Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Shrub May-June O 2 E.umbellata Thunb. Shrub May-June D Euphorbiaceae Juss. 1 Euphorbia helioscopia L. AH July-August O 2 E. hirta L. AH May-October A 3 E. prostrata Aiton AH May-October A 4 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Shrub March-September O 5 Ricinus communis L. Shrub May-September F Fagaceae Dumort. 1 Quercus baloot Griff Tree April-May F 2 Q.dilatata Royle Tree April-May O 3 Q.glauca Thunb. Tree April-May O 4 Q. incana W. Bartram Tree April-May O 5 Q. semecarpifolia Sm. Tree April-May O Gentianaceae Juss. 1 Gentiana capitata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, O Prodr. AH March-april 2 G.prostrata Haenke AH March-april O 3 Swertia alata C.B. Clarke AH April-May R continued vii
viii
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab Geraniaceae juss. 1 Geranium lucidum L. AH May-August F 2 G.ocellatum Cambess AH May-August O 3 G.rotundifolium L. AH May-August O 4 G.rubifolium Lindl. PH May-August O 5 G.collinum Stephan ex Willd. PH May-August O Guttiferae Juss. 1 Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Shrub April-August R 2 H.perforatum L. PH June-August R Hippocastanaceae A. Rich. 1 Aesculus indica Wall ex Camb. Tree April-May D Juglandaceae DC. ex Perteb 1 Juglans regia L. Tree April-May O Labiatae A. L. Jussieu (Lamiaceae) 1 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. AH April-October A 2 Calamintha debilis (Bunge) Benth. AH May-August A 3 Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) Kuntze AH May-August O 4 Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Shrub Feburary-May F 5 Lamium album L. PH June-July D 6 Leonurus cardiaca L. PH June-July A 7 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. AH July-September A 8 L.mollissima Wall. ex Benth. PH July-September A 9 Mentha arvesis L. PH April-October D 10 M.longifolia (L.) L. PH April-October D 11 M.spicata L. PH April-October A 12 Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. SS May-October F 13 Nepeta erecta (Royle ex. Benth.) Benth. PH June-September O 14 Origanum vulgare L. PH May-September A 15 Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. Shrub May-June A 16 Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. PH June-September R 17 P.spectabilis Falc. ex Benth. PH June-September O 18 Plectranthus barbatus Andrews PH June-August A 19 Prunella vulgaris L. PH July-September F 20 Scutellaria prostrata Jacq. ex Benth. SS June-September O Malvaceae Juss. 1 Alcea rosea L. AH July- September O 2 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Shrub July- September O continued
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ix
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 3 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Grarcke. SS July- September O Meliaceae Juss. 1 Melia azedarach L. Tree March-April R 2 Cedrela serrata Royle Tree April-July O Mimosaceae 1 Acacia modesta Wall. Tree April-May O 2 Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Tree April-May R Moraceae Gaudich. 1 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. Tree April-June O 2 Ficus carica L. Tree April-September R 3 F. johannis Boiss. Shrub April-September R 4 F. palmata Forssk. Tree April-September F 5 Morus alba L. Tree April-May O 6 M. nigra L. Tree April-May O Myrsinaceae R.Brown 1 Myrsine africana L. Shrub May-June O Nyctaginaceae Juss. 1 Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex. Roxb. PH August-September O 2 Mirabilis jalapa L. PH September-October O Oleaceae Hoffmann. & Link 1 Jasminum humile L. Shrub May-June F 2 J.officinale L. Shrub May-June A 3 Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. Tree April-May D Onagraceae Juss. 1 Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton PH May-August O Oxalidaceae R.Br. 1 Oxalis corniculata L. AH March-April O Papilionaceae Giseke 1 Aeschynomene indica L. SS August-September F 2 Astragalus amherstianus Benth. PH April-May R 3 A.psilocentros Fisch. Shrub April-May R 4 Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians (Benth.) R Baker PH June-August 5 C.medicaginea var. medicaginea Lam. PH June-August O 6 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Tree April-May D 7 Desmodium elegans DC. Shrub May-September A 8 D.laxiflorum DC. SS May-September A 9 Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis Shrub May-September A continued ix
x
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 10 I.trifoliata L. SS May-September O 11 Lathyrus aphaca L. AH May-June O 12 L.odoratus L. AH May-June R 13 Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. Shrub August-September A 14 Lotus corniculatus L. PH April A 15 L.schimperi Steud. PH April A 16 Medicago falcata L. PH May-June O 17 M.minima (L.) L. AH May-June A 18 M.polymorpha L. AH May-June O 19 Melilotus indica (L.) All. AH May-August A 20 Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Benth. PH May-August R 21 Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Tree April-May D 22 Trifolium dubium Sibth. AH May O 23 T. repens L. PH May D 24 Trigonella fimbriata Royle ex Benth. AH May F 25 Vicia monantha Retz. AH May-June O 26 V. sativa L. AH May-June A Plantaginaceae Juss. 1 Plantago lanceolata L. PH June-September F 2 P.major L. PH June-September F Polygonaceae Juss. 1 Persicaria amplexicaulis D.Don PH May-September F 2 P.hydropiper (L.) Delarbre AH May-September F 3 P.lapathifolia (L.) Delarbr AH May-September F 4 P.maculosa Gray AH May-September F 5 P.nepalensis (Meisn) H. Gross PH May-September F 6 Polygonum plebejum R.Br., Prodr. AH May-September O 7 P.aviculare L. AH May-September O 8 Rumex acetosa L. PH May-September O 9 R.hastatus D.Don SS May-September O 10 R.nepalensis Spreng. AH May-September O Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. 1 Anagallis arvensis L. AH June-August O 2 Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. PH May-September O 3 Cortusa brotheri Pax ex Lipsky PH July-August O 4 Lysimachia japonica Thunb. PH July-August F 5 L.prolifera Klatt AH July-August F continued
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xi
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab Punicaceae Bercht. & J. Presl 1 Punica granatum L. Shrub April-May F Ranunculaceae Juss. 1 Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. WC August-September F 2 C.montana buch. –Ham. ex DC. WC June-July O 3 Ranunculus arvensis L. AH March-April O 4 R.hirtellus Royle PH June-July O 5 R.laetus Wall. ex Hook. f. & J. W. Thomson PH March-April O 6 R. muricatus L. AH March-April F 7 Thalictrum minus L. PH July-August R Rhamnaceae Juss. 1 Rhamnus purpurea Edgew. Tree May-June O 2 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Shrub June-July A 3 Z.nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Shrub April-June O 4 Z. spina-christi (L.) Desf. Shrub June-July O Rosaceae Juss. 1 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lind. Shrub July R 2 C.roseus Edgew. Shrub April-May R 3 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Shrub April R 4 Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke PH April-September O 4 Fragaria nubicola ( Hook.f.) Lindl. Ex Lacaita PH April-May A 5 F.vesca L. PH April-May O 6 Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Tree April R 7 M.pumila Mill. Tree April A 8 Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., G. Lodd. & W. O Lodd. PH April-August 9 P.reptans L. PH April-June O 10 Prunus armeniaca L. Tree April A 11 P.domestica L. Tree April A 12 P.persica (L.) Stokes Tree April A 13 Pyrus communis L. Tree April A 14 P.pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. Tree April A 15 P.pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai Tree April R 16 Rosa brunonii Lindl. Shrub March-September O 17 R.chinensis Jacq. Shrub March-September A 18 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Shrub May-June A 19 R. fruticosus L. Shrub May-June R 20 R. niveus Thunb. Shrub May-June F continued xi
xii
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 21 R. ulmifolius Schott. Shrub May-June F Rubiaceae 1 Galium aparine L. AH April-July F 2 G.asperuloides Edgew. AH April-July A 3 Rubia cordifolia L. AH May-July O 4 R.himalayensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garcke AH May-July O Rutaceae Juss. 1 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Shrub April-May R Salicaceae Juss. 1 Populus alba L. Tree April-May R 2 P.ciliata Wall. ex Royle Tree April-May D 3 P.nigra L. Tree April-May A 4 Salix alba L. Tree April-May D 5 S.babylonica L. Tree April-May O 6 S.caprea L. Tree April-May O 7 S.denticulata Andersson Tree April-May O Sapindaceae Juss. 1 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Shrub April-May D 2 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Tree June-July R Saxifragaceae Juss. 1 Bergenia ciliata Sternb. PH April-May R 2 B.stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl. PH April-May R Scrophulariaceae Juss. 1 Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. PH May-June O 2 S.nodosa L. PH May-June O 3 Verbascum thapsus L. AH July-August R 4 Veronica arvensis L. AH April-May D 5 V.hederifolia L. AH April-May A 6 V. melissifolia Desf. ex Poir. PH May-June A 7 V. persica Poir. AH April-May A Simaroubaceae DC. 1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Tree March-April A Solanaceae Juss. 1 Capsicum annuum L. AH July-August A 2 C.frutescens L. AH July-August A 3 Datura stramonium L. AH July-October O 4 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. AH July-August F 5 Solanum melongena L. PH July-August A continued xii
xiii
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 6 S. nigrum L. AH April-September R 7 S.surattense Burm. f. AH April-September R 8 S. tuberosum L. PH July-August A 9 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal SS July-August O Tiliaceae Juss. 1 Grewia eriocarpa Juss. Tree March-April R Ulmaceae Mirb. 1 Celtis eriocarpa Decne. Tree February-March R 2 Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble Tree February-March O 3 U.wallichiana Planch. Tree February-March R Urticaceae Juss. 1 Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle Shrub April -May R 2 Urtica ardens Link AH May-August R 3 U. dioica L. AH May-June R Valerianaceae Batsch 1 Valeriana jatamansi Jones PH March-June F 2 V.officinalis L. PH March-April D 3 V.pyrolifolia Decne. PH March-April A Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. 1 Lantana camara L. Shrub May-October A 2 Verbena officinalis L. PH April-August O 3 V.tenuisecta Briq. PH March-April D 4 Vitex negundo L. Shrub May-June R Vitaceae Juss. 1 Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker WC May-June O 2 Vitis vinifera L. WC May-June O Violaceae Batsch 1 Viola odorata L. PH March-April A Monocotyledons Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. 1 Allium cepa L. PH July-September A 2 A.sativum L. PH July-September A Araceae Juss. 1 Acorus calamus L. PH July-August O 2 Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott PH July-August D 3 A.jacquemontii Blume PH July-August A 4 Arum jacquemontii Blume PH July-August O continued
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S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 5 Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth PH July-August O Asparagaceae Juss. 1 Asparagus racemosus Willd. SS July-August R 2 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. PH May-June R 3 Scilla griffithii Hochr PH April-May O 4 Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La. PH May-June R 5 Agave americana L. PH Not seen R Colchicaceae DC. 1 Colchicum luteum Baker PH Feburary F Commelinaceae Mirb. 1 Commelina benghalensis L. PH July-August D Cyperaceae Juss. 1 Carex brunnea Thunb. PH May-August F 2 C.cruciata Wahlenb. PH May-August F 3 C.decaulescence V.I.Krecz. PH May-August F 4 C. filicina Nees PH May-August F 5 Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze PH May-August F 6 C.esculentus L. PH May-August F 7 C. iria L. AH May-August F 8 C. niveus Retz. PH May-August F 9 C.rotundus L. PH May-August F 10 Erioscirpus comosus (Nees) Palla PH May-August F 11 Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) Kunth PH May-August F 12 Schoenoplectus corymbosus ( Roth ex Roem. & F Schult.) J. Roynal PH May-August Iridaceae Juss. 1 Iris kashmiriana Baker PH May-June A Juncaceae Juss. 1 Juncus articulatus L. PH July-September O 2 J.inflexus L. PH July-September O Liliaceae Juss. 1 Tulipa clusiana DC. PH April-May F 2 Gagea elegans Wall. ex G.Don AH April-May F Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. 1 Schoenocaulon sp. PH June-July R Orchidaceae Juss. 1 Habenaria digitata Lindl. PH July-August R continued
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S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 2 H. intermedia D.Don, Prodr. PH July-August R 3 Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames PH July-August R 4 Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter PH July-August A Poaceae Barnhart 1 Agrostis stolonifera L. PH July-August F 2 Apluda mutica L. PH July-August O 3 Aristida cyanantha Steud. PH July-August F 4 Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. AH August-September R 5 A.prionodes (Steud.) Dandy PH August-September R 6 Arundo donax L. PH July-August O 7 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf AH June-August F 8 Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. AH June-August F 9 B.sylvaticum (Huds.)P.Beauv. PH June-July F 10 Bromus japonicus Thunb. AH June-July A 11 B.oxyodon Schrenk AH June-July A 12 B.pectinatus Thunb. AH July-August A 13 Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. PH July-August F 14 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. PH April-October D 15 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf PH July-August A 16 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler AH July-August A 17 D.sanguinalis (L.) Scop. AH July-August F 18 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv AH June-August F 19 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. AH April-June F 20 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. AH May-September O 21 E. minor Host AH May-September F 22 Helictotrichon junghuhnii (Buse) Henrard PH July-August O 23 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. PH May-August F 24 Lolium perenne L. PH May-June D 25 L.persicum Boiss. & Hohen. AH May-June D 26 L.temulentum L. PH May-June A 27 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. PH August-September O 28 O.undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem.& Schult. PH August-September F 29 Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb PH July-September F 30 P.orientale Nees ex Steud. PH July-September F 31 Poa annua L. AH Feburary-March D 32 Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. AH June-September F 33 P.monspeliensis (L.) Desf. AH June-September A continued xv
xvi
S# Taxon Habit Flowering Time Ab 34 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult AH June-October O 35 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. PH May-October F 36 Sporobolus helvolus(Trin.) T.Durand & T. Schinz PH May-June O 37 Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.)Hack. PH May-August D Smilacaceae Vent. 1 Smilax aspera L. WC September-October R 2 S.glaucophylla Klotzsch PH September-October R
Key: PH= Perennial herbs AH= Annual herbs SS=Subshrubs L=Liana
A=Abundant F= Frequent D= Dominat
O= Occasional R= Rare Ab= Abundance
Table 03: List of Rare species S# Taxon Habit Acanthaceae Juss. 1. Barleria cristata L. Shrub Aceraceae Juss. 2. Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis Tree Apiaceae Lindl. (Umbelliferae Juss.) 3. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Perennial herb Aritolochiaceae Juss. 4. Aristolochia punjabensis Lace Subshrub Asclepiadaceae Borkh. 5. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Shrub Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl 6. Gerbera gossypina ( Royle) Beauvered Perennial herb 7. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Annual herb Berberidaceae Juss. 8. Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook. F. & Thomson Perennial herb 9. Boraginaceae Juss. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Perennial herb Brassicaceae Burnett 10. Arabidopsis wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson) N. Bush Perennial herb
continue
xvi
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Taxon Habit 11. Buddlejaceae K. Wilh. 12. Buddleja asiatica Lour. Shrub Caesalpiniaceae 13. Bauhinia variegata L. Tree Caryophyllaceae Juss. 14. Cucubalus baccifer L. PH Ebenaceae Gürke 15. Diospyros kaki Thunb. Shrub Gentianaceae Juss. 16. Swertia alata C.B. Clarke Annual herb Guttiferae Juss. 17. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Shrub 18. H.perforatum L. Perennial herb Labiatae A. L. Jussieu (Lamiaceae) 19. Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. Perennial herb Meliaceae Juss. 20. Melia azedarach L. Tree Mimosaceae 21. Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Tree Moraceae Gaudich. 22. Ficus carica L. Tree 23. F. johannis Boiss. Shrub Papilionaceae Giseke 24. Astragalus amherstianus Benth. Perennial herb 25. A.psilocentros Fisch. Shrub 26. Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians (Benth.) Baker Perennial herb 27. L.odoratus L. Annual herb 28. Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Benth. Perennial herb Ranunculaceae Juss. 29. Thalictrum minus L. Perennial herb Rosaceae Juss. 30. Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lind. Shrub 31. C.roseus Edgew. Shrub 32. Cydonia oblonga Mill. Shrub 33. P.pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai Tree 34. Rubus fruticosus L. Shrub Rutaceae Juss. Continue xvii
xviii
S# Taxon Habit 35. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Shrub Salicaceae Juss. 36. Populus alba L. Tree Sapindaceae Juss. 37. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Tree Saxifragaceae Juss. 38. Bergenia ciliata Sternb. Perennial herb 39. B.stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl. Perennial herb Scrophulariaceae Juss. 40. Verbascum thapsus L. Annual herb Solanaceae Juss. 41. S. nigrum L. Annual herb 42. S.surattense Burm. f. Annual herb Tiliaceae Juss. 43. Grewia eriocarpa Juss. Tree Ulmaceae Mirb. 44. Celtis eriocarpa Decne. Tree 45. U.wallichiana Planch. Tree Urticaceae Juss. 46. Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle Shrub 47. Urtica ardens Link Annual herb 48. U. dioica L. Annual herb Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. 49. Vitex negundo L. Shrub Asparagaceae Juss. 50. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Subshrub 51. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Perennial herb 52. Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La. Perennial herb 53. Agave americana L. Perennial herb Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. 54. Schoenocaulon sp. Perennial herb Orchidaceae Juss. 55. Habenaria digitata Lindl. Perennial herb 56. H. intermedia D.Don, Prodr. Perennial herb 57. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Perennial herb Poaceae Barnhart 58. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. Annual herb Continue
xviii
xix
S# Taxon Habit 59. A.prionodes (Steud.) Dandy Perennial herb Smilacaceae Vent. 60. Smilax aspera L. Woody climber 61. S.glaucophylla Klotzsch Perennial herb
4.1.2. Flora of Rawalakot
4.1.2.1. Acanthaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 102–103. 1789; Malik and Ghafoor, Fl. Pak. 188: 1-62. 1988.
Key to the genera
1a) Calyx 5-lobed………………………..……………………………………….…2
1b) Calyx 4-lobed………………………………...…………………………..……..3
2a) Corolla campanulate, stamens 4, staminodes present or absent…..Strobilanthes
2b) Corolla tubular, biliped, stamens 2, staminodes absent………………..Dicliptra
3a) Corolla biliped, tube funnel shaped, stamens 2, staminodes absent……Justicia
3b) Corolla not clearly biliped, tubular, slender, stamens 4, staminodes present……
…..……...……………………………………………………………….Barlaria
4.1.2.1.1. Strobilanthes Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind., 781, 796. 1826.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves petiolate and sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate, corolla 6-7mm long……
…………………………………………………………………..….S.urticifolia
1b) Leaves petiolate only, ovate, corolla 12-13mm long………..…….....S.wallichii
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4.1.2.1.1.1. Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall. ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl., 2: 499. 1891.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1194); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1108).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Nepal.
4.1.2.1.1.2. Strobilanthes wallichii Nees, Pl. Asiat. Rar., 3: 87 1832.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(219); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(676).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India and Nepal.
4.1.2.1.2. Justicia L., Sp. Pl., 15. 1753.
Key to the species 1a) Perennial herbs, flowers pink, calyx 5-lobed, corolla 3mm……..…...J.japonica
1b) Shrubs, flowes white, calyx 5-lobed, corolla 20mm long…….….…J.adhatoda
4.1.2.1.2.1. Justicia japonica Thunb., Fl. Jap., 20. 1784
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1711); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1961). Distribution: Nepal,
Western India, Pakistan, Sir Lanka, Burma, Thailand.
4.1.2.1.2.2. Justicia adhatoda L., Sp. Pl., 15. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1289 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(220 );
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xxi
Distribution: Panama (probably) introduced ); Indonesia, Malaya, S.E. Asia, India and Pakistan.
4.1.2.1.3. Barleria L., Sp. Pl., 2: 636. 1753.
4.1.2.1.3.1. Barleria cristata L., Sp. Pl., 636. 1753.
Specimens examined: Maidan, 20-06-10, +4800 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1712). Distribution: S. China, Nepal, Burma, Indo-China, Philippines,
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
4.1.2.1.4. Dicliptera Juss., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 9: 267–269. 1807.
4.1.2.1.4.1. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees, Pl. Asiat. Rar., 3: 111. 1832.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1962); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1291);
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(221). Distribution:
Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India to Indo-China and W. China.
4.1.2.2. Aceraceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 250. 1789.
4.1.2.2.1. Acer L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1054.
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xxii
17534.1.2.2.1.1. Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis, Forest fl. N.W. India, 3: 111, pl.
21, 1874.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1132); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1068);
Dothan, 07-10-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );(239). Distribution:
Kashmir, Hindukush and Himalayas.
4.1.2.3. Amaranthaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 87–88. 1789; Townsend, Fl. Pak. 171: 1-
42. 1974.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves alternate, inflorescence dense or lax cymose or upper forming dense or
lax spike or panicle……………………..………………………….Amaranthus
1b) Leaves opposite, inflorescence pedunculate oblong spike or solitory or
clustered oblong spikes…………………………...………..……………….….2
2a) Stem erect, dense tomentose, inflorescence pedunculate lax oblong spikes, fruit
a capsule………………………………………………..………… Achyranthes
2b) Stem prostrate, densely pilose, inflorescence solitory or cluster or 2 or 3
globose spikes, fruit indehiscent urticle……………………..….. Alternanthera
4.1.2.3.1. Achyranthes L., Sp., Pl., 1: 204. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves up to 5cm long densely tomentose on both the surfaces……….A.aspera
1b) Leaves up to 12cm long pubescent on both the surface…………….A.bidentata
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4.1.2.3.1.1. Achyranthes aspera L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1:204. 1753.
Specimens examined: Drake, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(688); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(897); Mong
Sajjad Hussain, 23-8-2010, (HAJKU), (1247). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir,
Poonch, Western Himalaya and Asia.
4.1.2.3.1.2. Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Bijdr. Fl. nederl. Ind., 545. 1826. Specimens examined: Dothan, 22-08-2010, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1767 ); Bunjosa, 23-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(625).
Distribution: Pakistan, India China, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonch, Japan,
Indonesia and the Solomon Islands, west tropical Africa.
4.1.2.3.2. Alternanthera Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab, 28. 59. 1775.
4.1.2.3.2.1. Alternanthera pungens Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 206. 1817.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1674 ). Distribution: Tropical America, introduced in tropical areas of world.
4.1.2.3.3. Amaranthus L., SP. Pl., 2: 989. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves broadly lanceolate, perianth segments 5, style trifid……..….A.hybridus
1b) Leaves deltoid ovate or ovate, perianth segments 3, style bifid………………..2
2a) Leaves deltoid ovate, margins sinuate, apex obtuse, capsule subglobose,
1-1.5mm long………………………………………………………….A. viridus
2b) leaves ovate, margins entire, apex acuminate or mucronate, capsule pyriform,
2mm long……………………………………………………..…….…A. lividus
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xxiv
4.1.2.3.3.1. Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 1405. 1763.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 28-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1532). Distribution: Tropical and subtropical regions of world.
4.1.2.3.3.2. Amaranthus hybridus L., Sp. P1., 990. 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 f, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1280); Rehara, 17-10-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(526).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, and other Tropical & subtropical regions of world.
4.1.2.3.3.3. Amaranthus lividus L., Sp. Pl.,990. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (724 ); Paniola, 12-09-
2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1382). Distribution: Kashmir, Paksitan and other warmer regions of World.
4.1.2.4. Apiaceae Lindl., Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., (ed. 2 ); 21.1836; Nasir, Fl. Pak. 20:
1-169. 1972.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves entire, lanceolate or broadly ovate……………..………...… Bupleurum
1b) Leaves pinnately or palmately divided……………………………………..…..2
2a) Fruit with spines or uncinate bristles……………...…………………..………..3
2b) Fruit not spinous not with uncinate bristles………………………….....………4
3a) Leaves pinnately segmented, fruit with spines…………………………..Daucus
3b) Leaves palmately segmented, fruit with bristles……………….....……Sanicula
4a) Commissural vittae 2…………………………...…………………………...... 5 xxiv
xxv
4b) Commissural vittae 3 or 4……………………………..……………..Pimpinella
5a) Plants perennial, leaves up to 30cm long, fruit oblong……………..Foeniculum
5b) Plants annual, leaves up to 18cm long, fruit not oblong………………………..6
6a) Aromatic herbs, flowers purple, fruit globose, not beaked………...Coriandrum
6b) Not aromatic, flowers white, fruit beaked….………..……………...…..Scandix
4.1.2.4.1. Daucus L., Sp. Pl., 242. 1753.
4.1.2.4.1.1. Daucus carota L., Sp. Pl., 242. 1753. Specimens Examined: Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1309 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1557). Distribution: A cosmopolitan species.
4.1.2.4.2. Bupleurum L., Sp. Pl., 236. 1753.
4.1.2.4.2.1. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC., Prodr., 4:132. 1830. Specimens examined: Tarran-ni-Hill (429 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ), (1317). Distribution: Himalayas in India and W. Pakistan.
4.1.2.4.3. Sanicula L., Sp. Pl., 235. 1753.
4.1.2.4.3.1. Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr., 183. 1825.
Specimens examined: Phajjar (1262 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(482). Distribution: Pakistan, India, Western Himalaya, S.E.
Asia, South Japan to S.W. China, E. & S. Africa.
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4.1.2.4.4. Foeniculum Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., (ed. 4 ); vol. 1. 1754.
4.1.2.4.4.1. Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, 1. 1785. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(827). Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
4.1.2.4.5. Scandix L., Sp. Pl., 256. 1753.
4.1.2.4.5.1. Scandix pecten-veneris L., Sp. Pl., 256. 1753. Specimens examined: Singhola (382 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(878). Distribution: Pakistan, Asia, Europe, Australia.
4.1.2.4.6. Pimpinella L. Sp. Pl., 263. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs, flowers ebracteate, furrow vittae 3, commissural vittae 4………
………………………………………………………………………………P.diversifolia
1b) Perennial herbs, flowers bracteae, furrow vittae 2, commissural vittae 3……….
……………………………………………………………………...P.acuminata
4.1.2.4.6.1. Pimpinella acuminata ( Edgew.) C.B. Clarke, Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.
2: 686. 1879.
Specimens examined: Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1321); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1566 ); Dalkot,
10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(480). Distribution: Himalayas in
India, Kashmir, Pakistan.
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4.1.2.4.6.2. Pimpinella diversifolia DC., Prodr., 4:122. 1830. Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(874 ). Distribution: Afghanistan, Himalayas, Kashmir, Pakistan and India extending to China and Japan.
4.1.2.4.7. Coriandrum L., Sp. Pl., 256. 1753.
4.1.2.4.7.1. Coriandrum sativum L., Sp. Pl., 256. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1562). Distribution: A cosmopolitan cultivated plant.
4.1.2.5. Apocynaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 143–144. 1789; Nazimuddin & Qaiser. Fl. Pak.
48: 2-8. 1983.
4.1.2. 5.1. Nerium L., Sp. Pl., 209. 1753.
4.1.2. 5.1.1. Nerium oleander L., Sp. Pl., 209. 1753.
Specimens examined: Maidan 20-06-10, +48000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(415 ); Afsar Market (857). Distribution: Mediterranean to Persia, China and Japan.
4.1.2.6. Araliaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 217. 1789; Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak. 86: 1-5. 1975.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves simple, fruit a globose berry……………………………………..Hedera
1b) Leaves digitately compound, fruit a fleshy drupe……………………Schefflera
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4.1.2.6.1. Hedera L. Sp. Pl., 202. 1753.
4.1.2.6.1.1. Hedera nepalensis K.Koch., Hort. Dendrol., 284.t.75. 1853. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1665 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(368);
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (876).
Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, W. Asia, Japan, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.6.2. Schefflera J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., 23. 1775.
4.1.2.6.2.1. Schefflera bengalensis Gamble, Kew. Bull., 229. 1919. Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1521); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1667). Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Pakistan, India,
Burma, Malaya, and tropical Australia.
4.1.2.7. Aristolochiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 72-73.1789; Qaiser, Fl. Pak. 110: 1-4.
1977.
4.1.2.7.1. Aristolochia L., Sp. Pl., 2:960.1753.
4.1.2.7.1.1. Aristolochia punjabensis Lace, Bull. Misc. Inform. 273. 1911.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 15-06-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(412); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU)
,(669); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (995); Datote,
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12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1040). Distribution: Kashmir,
Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan and india.
4.1.2.8. Asclepiadaceae Bot. Worterb. 1: 31. 1797; Ali, Fl. Pak. 150: 1-65. 1993.
4.1.2.8.1. Calotropis R.Br., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1: 39. 1810.
4.1.2.8.1.1. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand., Hortus Kew., 2: 78 1811.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1107 ); Maidan 20-06-10, +48000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1754). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.9. Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, Prir. Rostlin, 254. 1820. Key to the genera 1a) Milky latex present…………...………………………………...……………....2
1b) Milky latex absent……………...………………………………………….……6
2a) Pappus absent…………………..………………………………….....Cichorium
2b) Pppus present……………………………………………………..…….………3
3a) Capitula heterogamous, involucral bracts 3-5-seriate………...………..Sonchus
3b) Capitula homogamous, involucral bracts 1 or 2-seriate………..………………4
4a) Involucral bracts 1-seriate, flowers creamy white……………….….Prenanthes
4b) Involucral bracts 2-seriate, flowers yellow…………………………..…...…….5 xxix
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5a) Capitula solitory, radiate……………………………………...……..Taraxacum
5b) Capitula paniculifrom-corymbiform, cylindrical……………….……....Youngia
6a) Capitula homogamous…………….………………………….…….…………..7
6b) Capitula heterogamous……………………………………………...………...10
7a) Pappus absent, cypsela prickly or spinous………………....…………Xanthium
7b) Pappus present, cysela not prickly or spinous…………………………....…….8
8a) Pappus heteromorphic, outer shorter than inner, involucral bracts 4-5-seriate….
……………………………………………………………………………Saussurea
8b) Pappus bristles not heteromorphic………………………………………..…….9
9a) Leaves tomentose on lower surface, involucral bracts 5-seriate…...….Echinops
9b) Leaves not tomentose on lower surface, involucral bracts up t0 10-seriate……..
.…………………………………………………………………….……Circium
10a) Pappus absent or awned……………………………….……………………..11
10b) Pappus present, not awned……………………...……………………………18
11a) Cypsela awned…………………………………………………..………...…12
11b) Cypsela not awned………………………………..…………………....…….13
12a) Involucral bracts 2-seriate………………………...………………...…..Bidens
12b) Involucral bracts 1-seriate…………………………..…………….……Tegates
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13a) Leaves segmented……………………………………..…………...... ……..14
13b) Leaves not segmented…………………………………..……………………16
14a) Involucral bracts 2-seriate……………………………..…………..Parthenium
14b) Involucral bracts 3 or 4-seriate……………………...………...……………..15
15a) Involucre oblong-cylindrical; cypsela oblong-obovoid, compressed....Achillea
15b) Involucre globose-ovoid; cypsela obovoid-ovoid, striate……..……..Artemisia
16a) Petiole winged, ray florets fertile…………………………………….....……17
16b) Petiole not winged, ray florets not fertile…………………………..Helianthus
17a) Involucral bracts 2-seriate……………………………………..……..Myriactis
17b) Involucral bracts 3-seriate…………………………………...... ……Carpesium
18a) Pappus heteromorphic, outer whorl bristly, inner scaly, involucral bracts
spiney………………………………………………………………..Centaurea
18b) Pappus not heteromorphic, involucral bracts not spiny……………………...19
19a) Tomentose herbs, involucral bracts tomentose……………..……….Anaphalis
19b) Herbs not tomentose, involucral bracts not tomentose………………………20
20a) Leaves hispid, hispidulous on both surfaces……………………………Conyza
20b) Leaves not hispid nor hispidulous…………………………………….……..21
21a) Leaves rosulate, scapes slender………………………………..………Gerbera
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21b) Leaves not rosulate, scapes not as above…………………………..………..22
22a) Cypsela cylindrical, ribbed, involucral bracts many seriate…..……….Senecio
22b) Cysela oblong, compressed or flattened, involucral bracts 2-3-seriate………...
………………………………………………………………………Eriogeron
4.1.2.9.1. Sonchus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 793. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves oblonceolate……………………………………………………..……2
1b) Leaves oblong-oblanceolate……………………………...………..….S.arvensis
2a) Leaves stiff and leathery, spines stiff, cypsela ribbed, scabrous or hooked……..
……………………………………………………………...…………….S.asper
2b) Leaves soft and thin, spines soft, cypsela wrinkle, smooth…….…S.oleraceus
4.1.2.9.1.1. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 47. 1769.
Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1746); Mong (1295 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, +5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (224). Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean region.
4.1.2.9.1.2. Sonchus oleraceus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 794. 1753.
Specimens examined: Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(708
); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1716 ); Bangoin, 17-4-
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2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1747 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1296). Distribution: Europe and Mediterranean region.
4.1.2.9.1.2.3. Sonchus arvensis L.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1717); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1748).
Distribution: Native of Europe.
4.1.2.9.2. Conyza Lees., Syn. Gen. Compos., 203–204. 1832.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs, involucral bracts glabrous…………….……………C.canadensis
1b) Perennial herbs, involucral bracts not glabrous………...………………………2
2a) Hairs soft, cypsela linear-lanceolate, pappus pale-yellow-light brown………….
…………………………………………………………………… C.bonariensis
2b) Hairs stiff, cypsela obovate, puppus white………...……...………....C.japonica
4.1.2.9.2.1. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club., 70: 632.
1943.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(691 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1704 );
Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1093 ). Distribution:
Native of C. America or South America.
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4.1.2.9.2.2. Conyza japonica (Thunb.)Less.Ex DC., Prodr., 5. 382 1836.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1955); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(312).
Distribution: Japan, Afghanistan, India, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, mainland
China, the Ryukyus and Taiwan.
4.1.2.9.2.3. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 70. 632.
1943.
Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(671); Maidan (1706 ); Panila (1956 ); Phajjar
(1096); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(672).
Distribution: Native of North America.
4.1.2.9.3. Myriactis Lees., Linnaea, 6: 127–128. 1831.
4.1.2.9.3.1. Myriactis nepalensis Lees., Linnaea, 6. 128. 1831.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(957); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU);(1097); Hurna
Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(314). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal and
Vietnam.
4.1.2.9.4. Cichorium L. Sp. Pl., 2: 813. 1753.
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4.1.2.9.4.1. Cichorium intybus L., Sp. Pl., 813 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(673); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1708); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1958). Distribution: Central and South-West Asia,
North-Africa and Europe.
4.1.2.9.5. Artemisia L., Sp. Pl., 2: 845. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem tomentose………………………………….………………………….…..2
1b) Stem not tomentose……………………………………………………………..3
2a) Leaves deeply segmented, Lower surface grayish hairy, pappus absent………...
...……………………………………………………………………...A.vulgaris
2b) Leaves entire, lower surface tomentose, pappus golden……...... A.amygdalina
3a) Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, upper most acicular……………...A.scoparia
3b) Leaves pubescent or tomentose, upper most lanceolate…………….………….4
4a) Lower most leaves oblong-ovate, bipinnatifid, middle ovate……..……A.indica
4b) Leaves ovate, bi or tri-pinnatisect, middle elliptic lanceolate……....….A.vestita
4.1.2.9.5.1. Artemisia scoparia Waldst.& Kitam., Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung., 1. 1801.
Specimens examined: Drake, 05-10-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(81); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(674 ); Chak, xxxv
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28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1709 ); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, +
5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1959 ); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1100). Distribution: Pakistan, Indian, Afghanistan, Japan,
Korea, Russia, Thailand; C & SW Asia and Europe.
4.1.2.9.5.2. Artemisia vestita Wall.ex Bess., Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
3: 25. 1834.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(316 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1960 ); Datote,
12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1286). Distribution: Western
Himalaya, Kashmir, North India, Pakistan and
4.1.2.9.5.3. Artemisia indica Willd., Sp. Pl., 3: 1846. 1803.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 20-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1636 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1182 );
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar,
Philippines, N Thailand, Vietnam; North and Central America.
4.1.2.9.5.4. Artemisia vulgaris L., Sp. Pl., 2: 848. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (493 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(839);
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1533 ); Miral
Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1578 ). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
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Japan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russia, N Thailand, N Vietnam; Africa, Iran, Europe,
N. America.
4.1.2.9.5.5. Artemisia amygdalina Decne., Sp. Pl. 848. 1753
Specimens examined: Dothan (840 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU),Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU)
(1534); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1998).
Distribution: Endemic to Pakistan and Kashmir.
4.1.2.9.6. Carpesium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 859. 1753.
4.1.2.9.6.1. Carpesium cernuum L., Sp. Pl., 2: 859. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1536). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Indonesia,
Japan, Korea, New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Vietnam; Australia, Caucasus,
Europe.
4.1.2.9.7. Bidens L., Sp. Pl., 2: 831. 1753.
4.1.2.9.7.1. Bidens pilosa L., Sp. Pl., 2: 832. 1753.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera (1580 ); Tarar (1999 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(496 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(842 ). Distribution: Native to the Americas.
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4.1.2.9.8. Taraxacum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat., 56. 1780.
4.1.2.9.8.1. Taraxacum officinale Webb., Prim. Fl. Holsat., 56. 1780.
Specimens examined: Rawakakot, 20-4-2012, + 5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (702 ); Mong, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1952);
Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1088). Distribution:
Native to Eurasia.
4.1.2.9.9. Parthenium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 988. 1753.
4.1.2.9.9.1. Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl., 2. 988. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(308 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(690);
Turnoti (1703); Rehara (1953 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1091 ). Distribution: Native to American tropics.
4.1.2.9.10. Tagetes L., Sp. Pl., 2: 887. 1753.
4.1.2.9.10.1. Tagetes minuta L., Sp. Pl., 2: 887. 1753.
Specimens examined: Chota Gala 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1893); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(343). Distribution: Native to
Central and South America.
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4.1.2.9.11. Cirsium Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr.(ed. 4 ); 1: 1754.
4.1.2.9.11.1. Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.) Petr., Fedde, Repert., 9: 198. 1911.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (767 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1630), Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1176 );
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1894 ). Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir to
Bhutan, S. Tibet, Burma
4.1.2.9.12. Achillea L., Sp. Pl., 2: 896. 1753.
4.1.2.9.12.1. Achillea millefolium L., Sp. Pl., 899. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1177); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1178).
Distribution: Endemic to Pakistan and Kashmir.
4.1.2.9.13. Xanthium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 987. 1753.
4.1.2.9.13.1. Xanthium strumarium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 987. 1753.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera (1897 ); Tarar (446 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010,
+4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), ( (770); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1633 ); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1179). Distribution: Native of North America.
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4.1.2.9.14. Senecio L., Sp. Pl., 2: 866. 1753.
4.1.2.9.14.1. Senecio nudicaulis Buch. –Ham. exD.Don, Prodr.,178. 1825.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1898 ); Dalkot,
10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(477); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(836). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir,
Pakistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal.
4.1.2.9.15. Prenanthes L., Sp. Pl., 2: 797. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Roots knotty, petiole winged, tomentose, leaf base cordate………....P.altissima
1b) Roots fibrous, not knotty, petiole not winged, not tomentose, leaf base hastate...
…………………………………………………………………………....P.alba
4.1.2.9.15.1. Prenanthes altissima L., Sp. Pl., 2: 797. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1635). Distribution: Native of America.
4.1.2.9.15.2. Prenanthes alba L., Sp. Pl., 2: 798. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1181 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(492 ); Datote,
12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(838). Distribution: Native of
America.
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4.1.2.9.16. Erigeron L., Sp. Pl., 2: 863. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herb, involucral bracts 2-seriate, ray florets blue…………..…E.annuus
1b) Rhizomatous perennial herb, involucral bracts 3-seriate, ray florets purplish…..
……………………………………………………………….…E.multiradiatus
4.1.2.9.16.1. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl., 2.431. 1807.
Specimens examined: Ghai Gala, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1854 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1796 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(611). Distribution: Native to East and
North America.
4.1.2.9.16.2. Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke,
Compos. Ind., 56. 1876.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (663 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1206); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1855);
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1797). Distribution: Pakistan, Western
Himalaya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Iran.
4.1.2.9.17. Centaurea L., Sp. Pl., 2: 909. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves linear, tomenstose, margins entire, involucral bracts 2 or 3-seriate……..
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...………………………………………………………………………C.cyanus
1b) Leaves pinnatisect, not tomentose, involucral bracts 4-seriate…..……C.iberica
4.1.2.9.17.1. Centaurea iberica Trevir., Syst. Veg., 3: 406 (1826) 406 1826.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(544); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(615).
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Russia, C. and S.W. Asia and
Europe.
4.1.2.9.17.2. Centaurea cyanus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 911. 1753.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera (1799 ); Tarar (614 ); Tain, 10-10-2011,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );n (755 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1209 ); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1545 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1891);
Distribution: United Kingdom, nautrized in else where.
4.1.2.9.18. Gnaphalium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 850. 1753.
4.1.2.9.18.1. Gnaphalium affine D.Don, Prodr., 173. 1825.
Specimens examined: Motylmara (1546 ); CHAJKU, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1892 ); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU);(208 ); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(757 );
Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1212 ); Turnoti (1547).
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Distribution: East Asia.
4.1.2.9.19. Saussurea DC., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 16: 156, 198–203, pl. 10–
13. 1810
4.1.2.9.19.1. Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. Pt., 7.
1152.1936.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(209 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(758).
Distribution: Kashmir, Himalaya.
4.1.2.9.20. Youngia Cass., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris)., 23: 88. 1831.
4.1.2.9.20.1. Youngia japonica (L.) DC., Prodr. 7(1): 194. 1838. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(882); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1397);
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (996). Distribution: Native of China.
4.1.2.9.21. Helianthus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 904. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annuals, leaves alternate, pappus represented by 2 pairs of scales, leaf bases
Cordate…………………………………………………………………...H.annuus
1b) Perennial, leaves opposite, Pappus represented by 3 scales, leaf bases
cuneate…………………………………...……………………….H.tuberosus
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4.1.2.9.21.1. Helianthus annuus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 904. 1753.
Specimens examined : Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(995). Distribution: Widely cultivated in China [native to North America].
4.1.2.9.21.2. Helianthus tuberosus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 905. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(978 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1624 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1170). Distribution: Native to North America.
4.1.2.9.22. Gerbera L., Opera Var., 247. 1758.
4.1.2.9.22.1. Gerbera gossypina ( Royle) Beauvered, Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve Ser.
2. 40 1910.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1398). Distribution: Pakistan, Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal.
4.1.2.9.23. Anaphalis DC., Prodr., 6: 271–275. 1838.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves 2-2.5cm long……………………...……...………………..A.triplinervis
1b) Leaves 1-1.5cm long……………………………………………………………2
2a) Involucral bracts 6-seriate…………………………..……..…….A.kashmiriana
2b) Involucral bracts 5-seriate……………………………………………..A.virgata xliv
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4.1.2.9.23.1. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B. Clarke., Compos. Ind.,
105. 1876.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(399); Mutyal Mera (339). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Bhutan, N India and Nepal.
4.1.2.9.23.2. Anaphalis kashmiriana P.C. Pant. Rao & Garg., J. Jap. Bot., 69(5):
258. 1994.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1626 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1172 );
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1400 ); Dhoak, 15-7-
2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (340). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir,
Pakistan.
4.1.2.9.23.3. Anaphalis virgata Thomson ex C.B. Clarke., Compos. Ind. 107.
1876.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(764); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1627);
Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1891). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China and Bhutan.
4.1.2.9.24. Echinops L. Sp. Pl.,2: 814. 1753.
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4.1.2.9.24.1. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Hort., Fl. Ind. (Roxb ); 3: 447. 1832.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1628 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1174); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(766 ); Datote,
12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1629). Distribution: Kashmir,
Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka.
4.1.2.10. Balsaminaceae A. Rich., Dict. Clas. Host. Nat., 2: 173. 1822; Nasir, Fl.
Pak. 133: 1-17. 1980.
4.1.2.10.1. Impatiens L. Sp. Pl., 2: 937. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Lamina lanceolate, flowers white-pink, capsule fusiform, tomentose…………...
………………………………………………………………………I.balsamina
1b) Lamina elliptic ovate, flowers white or yellow,capsule cylindrical or linear…..2
2a) Flowers white, capsule cylindrical……………………..………..I.brachycentra
2b) Flowers yellowish, capsule linear…………………………………..…………..3
3a) Flowers lemon yellow, branches and capsule puberulous, seeds ovoid…………
……….……………………………………………………………….I. scabrida
3b) Flowers yellow, branches and capsule not puberulous, seeds oblong…....……...
………………………………………………………………...... I. edgeworthii
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4.1.2.10.1.1. Impatiens balsamina L., Sp. Pl., 938. 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(474); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(879 );
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1523). Distribution:
Cultivated as and ornamental in Kashmir, Pakistan, India, China, Sri Lanka and
Malya.
4.1.2.10.1.2. Impatiens brachycentra Kar. & Kir., Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mosc.,
1:179. 1842.
Specimens examined: Maidan (1570 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (462 );
Phajjar (903 ); Hellann (1802). Distribution: Kashmir Most of Temperate himalya,
C. Asia, Sinkiang.
4.1.2.10.1.3. Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 1:476. 1874.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1349 ). Distribution: Pakistan, N.W. Himalayas, Kashmir.
4.1.2.10.1.4. Impatiens scabrida DC., Prodr. 1:687. 1824.
Specimens examined: Tarar (709 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (1603 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1348 ); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(456 );
Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (910 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-
2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(734). Distribution: Kashmir, temperate
Himalaya.
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4.1.2.11. Berberidaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 286. 1789; Jafri, Fl. Pak., 87: 1-31. 1975.
Key to the genera
1a) Shrubs, spiny, wood pale yellow, leaves alternate, not lobed, sometime margins
spiny, racemes many flowered yellow……….…………………………Berberis
1b) Rhizomatous perennial herbs, succulent; leaves palmately lobed, not spiny,
flowers 1 or 2, supra axillary, white……………………………….Podophyllum
4.1.2.11.1. Berberis L., Sp. Pl. 1:330.1753.
4.1.2.11.1.1. Berberis lycium Royle, Trans. Linn. Soc. 17:94. 1834.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 15-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(251); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(297); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (793). Distribution: Kashmir,
Poonch, Rawalakt, Pakistan and N. W. Himalayas.
4.1.2.11.2. Podophyllum L. Sp. Pl. 1:505.1753.
4.1.2.11.2.1. Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook. F. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1:232. 1855. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1037); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1732); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (272); Datoot,
20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (375). Distribution: Himalayas,
Kashmir, Poonch, Rawalakot, Indian, India, Afghanistan and China.
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4.1.2.12. Boraginaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 128. 1789; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 191: 4-94. 1989.
Key to the genera
1a) Corolla blueish-white, flowers in cymes, nutlets with hooks or spines………….
.……………………………………………………………………………Cynoglossum
1b) Corolla pinkish-white, flowers in racemes, nutlets without hooks or spines……
………………………………………………………………….....Trichodesma
4.1.2.12.1. Cynoglossum L., Sp. Pl., 134. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Basal leaves lanceolate, up to 12cm long and 3cm wide, upper surface covered
with subappressed and long stiff hairs………….………………..C.lanceolatum
1b) Basal leaves obovate, up to 5cm long and 3cm wide, upper surface hirsute or
hispid, apex acute-triangular…………….…………………..….C.glochidiatum
4.1.2.12.1.1. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab., 41. 1775.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (410 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-
2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(713 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft
(1719 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1750).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Africa, Arabia, Sri Lanka, Burma, Nepal, eastward to China, Malaysia.
4.1.2.12.1.2.Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex Benth., Illustr. Bot. Him.
Mount., 306. 1836.
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Specimens examined: Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(1299 ). Distribution: Kashmir, Paksitan, Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan.
4.1.2.12.2. Trichodesma R.Br., Prodr., 496. 1810.
4.1.2.12.2.1. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl,. 149. 1810.
Specimens examined: Ali-Soujal, 10-04-09, +7000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(714); Toppa, 13-05-09, +7500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1721). Distribution:
Kashmir, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Philippines, Mauritius.
4.1.2.13. Brassicaceae Burnett, Outlines Bot., 854, 1093, 1123. 1835; Jafri, Fl.
Pak., 55: 1-300. 1973.
Key to the genera
1a) Fruit a silicula…………………………………………………...…….....……..2
1b) Fruit a siliqua……………………………………………………………..…….4
2a) Silicula notched apically and basally giving two globose valves…....Coronopus
2b) Silicula notched apically……………………………………………..…..……..3
3a) Silicula obcordate……………………………………….……………...Capsella
3b) Silicula obovate, suborbicular……………………………….….…….Lepidium
4a) Ascending or procumbent, confined to marshy places, leaves imparipinnately
compound………………………………………...………………..…Nasturtium
4b) Erect, not in marshy places, leaves simple, lobed……………………………...5
5a) Hairs mixed, simple and forked on leaf surface…………….……....Arabidopsis
5b) Glabrous or hairy, hairs of one type only…………...………………...………..6 l
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6a) Flowers bright yellow…………………………………...…………...…………7
6b) Flowers white, violet……………………………………...... ………...………..8
7a) Siliqulae beaked…………………………………………..…………….Brassica
7b) Siliqulae not beaked……………………………………………...... Sysymbrium
8a) Leaves with foeted ordor, siliqulae up to 3cm long...... …………….…Eruca
8b) Leaves not with foeted ordor, siliqulae up to 6cm long………………Raphanus
4.1.2.13.1. Coronopus Zinn., Cat. Pl. Hort. Gott., 325. 1757.
4.1.2.13.1.1. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., Fl.Brit. 2: 691. 1804.
Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (783 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1019 );
Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1158). Distribution:
South America, introduced elsewhere.
4.1.2.13.2. Lepidium L. Sp. Pl., 2: 643. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Pedicel puberulus, inflroscence up to 40-flowered……………………………..2
1b) Pedicel glabrous, inflorescence up to 20-flowered…………….….L.virginicum
2a) Siliculae suborbicular, no gland dotted hairs at the junction of pedicel and
silicula………………...………………………………………...L.Pinnatifidum
2b) Siliculae orbicular, gland dotted hairs at the juction of siliculae and pedicel…...
………….……………………………………………………….L.perfoliatum
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4.1.2.13.2.1. Lepidium pinnatifidum Ledeb., Fl.Ross., 1:206. 1842.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(483 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(723).
Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonch and C. Asia.
4.1.2.13.2.2. Lepidium virginicum L., Sp.P1., 645. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 25-08-2010, +4700 ft. Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1303 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1650).
Distribution: North America, introduced in many regions of world.
4.1.2.13.2.3. Lepidium perfoliatum L., Sp.P1., 643. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(506). Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, Europe, eastward to Pakistan.
4.1.2.13.3. Capsella Medik., Pfl.-Gatt., 85–88. 1792.
4.1.2.13.3.1. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Pfl.-gatt., 1: 85. 1792. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +4800 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (855 ); Tain, 10-8-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1304);
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1347 ); Miral
Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (359 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-
2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(904 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1103 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1150). Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
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4.1.2.13.4. Brassica L., Sp. Pl., 2: 666. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem and leaves minutely pubescent…………..………………...………B. rapa
1b) Stem and leaves glabrous or hirsute………………………………..…...B.napus
4.1.2.13.4.1. Brassica rapa subsp. Campestris (L.) Clapham, Fl. Brit. Isles., ed. 2:
124. 1962.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (825 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(268).
Distribution: Central Asia, Europe.
4.1.2.13.4.2. Brassica napus L., Sp. Pl., 666. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1355 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(829).
Distribution: Native to Europe.
4.1.2.13.5. Raphanus L., Sp.Pl., 2: 669. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Tap root tuberous, fusiform………………………...…...……….…….R.sativus
1b) Tap root not tuberous, not fusiform……………………...……..R.raphanistrum
4.1.2.13.5.1. Raphanus sativus L., Sp. P1., 699. 1753. Specimens examined: Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU
),(1219 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1364). Distribution: Native to
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4.1.2.13.5. 2. Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sp. Pl., 669. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(326 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(880).
Distribution: Native to Mediterranean, S. W. Asia and Europe.
4.1.2.13.6. Eruca Mill., Gard. Dict. ed., 8. 1768.
4.1.2.13.6.1. Eruca sativa Mill., Gard .Dict., ed. 8,1. 1768. Specimens examined: Mong (1524 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1369 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (383). Distribution: Europe, S.W. Asia, N. Africa.
4.1.2.13.7. Nasturtium W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2., 4: 109–110. 1812.
4.1.2.13.7.1. Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew., (2) 4: 110, 1812.
Specimens examined: Hallan-ni-Gali (830 ); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1520); Dothan, 17-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU );(1668). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Europe and Temperate Asia.
4.1.2.13.8. Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh., Fl. Sachsen, 1: 538. 1842.
4.1.2.13.8.1. Arabidopsis wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson) N. Bush, Fl. Cauc., Crit. 3. 4: 457. 1909. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(437 ). Distribution: Kashmir, N.W. Himalaya, Kumaon.
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4.1.2.13.9. Sisymbrium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 657. 1753.
4.1.2.13.9.1. Sisymbrium irio L., Sp. Pl., 659. 1753. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (1518 ); Tain, 10-10-2011,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1663). Distribution: Western Himalaya, most of the Asia and North Arica.
4.1.2.14. Buddlejaceae K. Wilh., Samenpflanzen, 90. 1910; Abdulla, Fl. Pak., 56:
1-5. 1974.
4.1.2.14.1. Buddleja L., Sp. Pl., 112. 1753.
4.1.2.14.1.1. Buddleja asiatica Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 72. 1790. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussin, (418 ); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (860 ). Distribution: Pakistan, india, Kashmir, Nepal,Malaysia, China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and
Bangladesh.
4.1.2.15. Buxaceae Dumort., Comment. Bot., 54. 1822; Ghafoor, Fl. Pak., 65: 1-6.
1974.
4.1.2.15.1. Sarcococca Lindl., Bot. Reg., 1012. 1826.
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4.1.2.15.1.1. Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Müll . Arg. Prodr., 16(l):11. 1869.
Specimens examined: Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1567 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(427 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(875 ).
Distribution: Kashmir, W. Himalayas from Afghanistan to Kumaon between 1-
3000 m.
4.1.2.16. Caesalpiniaceae R.Br. Voy. Terra Austral., 2: 551. 1814; Ali, Fl. Pak.,
54: 3-47. 1973.
4.1.2.16.1. Bauhinia L., Sp. Pl., 374. 1753.
4.1.2.16.1.1. Bauhinia variegata L., Sp. Pl., 375. 1753.
Specimens examined: Lower Paniola, 12-09-2012, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1263), Nea Arja Bridge, 20-09-12, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1323); Dalkot, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1364), Paniola, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1676).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, India,
Sikkim, Nepal, Burma and China.
4.1.2.17. Cannabaceae Martinov, Tekhno-Bot., 99. 1820; Qaiser, Fl. Pak., 44: 1- 5. 1973.
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4.1.2.17.1. Cannabis L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1027. 1753.
4.1.2.17.1.1. Cannabis sativa L., Sp. Pl., 1027. 1753.
Specimens examined: Androoth, 10-10-12, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(985 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (413). Distribution: Pakistan,
Indina, Kashmir,
4.1.2.18. Caprifoliaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 210–211. 1789; Akhter, Fl. Pak., 174: 1-
33. 1986.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves entire, fruit a berry; berry in pairs……………..…………….…Lonicera
1b) Leaves crenate or undulate, fruit a drope, not in pairs..………...……Viburnum
4.1.2.18.1. Lonicera L. Sp. Pl., 173. 1753.
4.1.2.18.1.1. Lonicera quinquelocularis Hard., Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3:14. 1880.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1759); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1200).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Himalaya eastward to India, Nepal,
Bhutan, Tibet, W. & C. China.
4.1.2.18.2. Viburnum L., Sp. Pl., 267. 1753.
Key to the species
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1a) Lamina glabrous on both surfaces, margins crenate or shorply toothed…………
………………………………………………………………....V.grandiflorum
1b) Lamina minutely hairy on upper surface, densely pubescent on lower surface,
hairs stellate……………………….…………………………..…V.cotinifolium
4.1.2.18.2.1. Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC., Prodr., 4: 329. 1830.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(421); Ali Soujal, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (1114). Distribution:
Kashmir, Himalaya from Swat eastward to Bhutan, S. Tibet.
4.1.2.18.2.2. Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don., Prodr., Fl. Nep. 144. 1825.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1760 ).Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.19. Caryophyllaceae Juss. Gen. Pl. 299. 1789; Ghazanfar & Nasir, 175: 1-
54. 1986.
Key to the genera
1a) Ovary with 3 styles……………………..………………………………………2
1b) Ovary with 2 styles………………………………………………..…...……….3
2a) Calyx tubular, narrow at neck, teeth stiff, lanceolate, fruit a capsule……Silene
2b) Calyx campanulate, teeth ovate, fruit a berry…………...…………...Cucubalus
3a) Capsule cylindrical, membranous, seeds tuberculate…...……………Cerastium
3b) Capsule ovoid, seeds pear shaped, triangular………...………………..…Sagina
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4.1.2.19.1. Cerastium L., Sp. Pl., 437. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annuls herbs, up to 18cm tall…………………...……………...………………2
1b) Perennial herbs, up to 30cm tall……………………………..…………………3
2a) Leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, minutely pilose on both surfaces, apex
obtuse to subacute…………………………………………….…C. glomeratum
2b) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pilose on both surfaces, apex subacute to…………….
Acute……………………………………………………………..C.dichotomum
3a) Leaves obovate, margins entire, ciliated……………………………C.fontanum
3b) Leaves lanceolate, margins hyaline eciliate……………………….C.dahuricum
4.1.2.19.1.1. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Fl. Env., (ed. 2) 226. 1799.Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (937).
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
4.1.2.19.1.2. Cerastium dichotomum L., Sp. Pl. 438. 1753. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(540). Distribution: Pakistn, Africa, Europe, Greece, Syria, Cyprus, Caucasia, Iran,
Turkestan.
4.1.2.19.1.3. Cerastium fontanum Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv., 1: 425. 1816.
Specimens examined: Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (637); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
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(987). Distribution: Himalaya, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonch, China, Korea,
Japan.
4.1.2.19.1.4. Cerastium dahuricum Fisch., Sprengel, Pungill. Pl. Minus Cogn.
2:65. 1815.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1726 ); Dalkot,
10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1764). Distribution: Pakistan,
Poonch, Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Central URSS, Siberia.
4.1.2.19.2. Silene L., Sp. Pl., 1: 416. 1753.
4.1.2.19.2.1. Silene conoidea L., Sp. Pl., 418. 1753.
Specimens examined: Mong (991 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1818 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1769). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Poonch, Pakistan in temperate zone.
4.1.2.19.3. Cucubalus L. Sp. Pl., 414. 1753.
4.1.2.19.3.1. Cucubalus baccifer L., Sp. Pl., 414. 1753.
Specimens examined: Maidon, 21-7-2012, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(532); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (928).
Distribution: Himalaya eastward to Bhutan, Asam, Kashmir, Western Himalaya,
Poonch, Europe, C. Asia, W. Siberia.
4.1.2.19.4. Sagina L., Sp. Pl., 1: 128. 1753.
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4.1.2.19.4.1. Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst., Deutsch. Fl. Pharm. -Med. Bat. 539. 1882. Specimens examined: Dothan, 15-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1724 ); Bunjosa, 23-05-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1770).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Poonch, Asia, Siberia, China, Japan, N. America and Mexico.
4.1.2.20. Chenopodiaceae Vent., Tabl. Regn, Veg.,2: 253. 1799; Freitag et al., Fl.
Pak., 204: 1-217. 2001.
4.1.2.20.1. Chenopodium L., Sp. Pl., 218. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Plants up to 1m tall, striated, not aromatic, glabrous, slightly reddish above the
middle, leaves undivided………….…………………...……………....C.album
1b) Plants up to 35cm tall, aromatic, densely hairy, leaves pinnatifid……...C.botrys
4.1.2.20.1.1. Chenopodium album L., Sp. Pl., 219. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(533 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(981 ); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1723 ).
4.1.2.20.1.2. Chenopodium botrys L., Sp. Pl., 219. 1753.
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Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (522 ); Paniola, 12-09-
2010, +4900 ft (1621). Distribution: Mediterranean, S.W. and C. Asia and India.
4.1.2.21. Convolvulaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 132. 1789; Austin & Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak.,
26: 1-64. 1979.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves cordate ovate, pubescent, stem climbing, pubescent…………..Ipomoea
1b) Leaves narrowly ovate-linear, sagitate…………...……………...…Convolvulus
4.1.2.21.1. Convolvulus L., Sp. Pl., 153. 1753.
4. 2.21.1.1. Convolvulus arvensis L., Sp. P1., 153. 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1700 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(233 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(772). Distribution:
Throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world, except Australia.
4.1.2.21.2. Ipomoea L. Sp. Pl., 159. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem prostrate or twining, pilose, lamina entire…………..……………………2
1b) Stem climbing, pubescent, leaves trilobed…………………..…...…I.hederacea
2a) Sepals oblong lanceolate, fruit depressed, globose capsule……….....I.purpurea
2b) Sepals ovate, fruit a ovoid capsule…………………………………..I.eriocarpa
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4.1.2.21.2.1. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br., Prodr., 484. 1810.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (1162 );
(HAJKU),Hellann 12-05-2010, Sajjad Hussin, (HAJKU), (232). Distribution:
Tropical Africa and Madagascar through Pakistan, India and Malaysia to North
Australia.
4.1.2.21.2.2. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar., 1: t. 36. 1786.
Specimens examined: Maidan 20-09-2012, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1016). Distribution: America
4.1.2.21.2.3. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth., Bot. Abh. 27. 1787.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(773 ). Distribution: America
4.1.2.22. Cucurbitaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 393–394. 1789; Nazimuddin & Naqvi, Fl.
Pak., 154: 4-43. 1984.
Key to the genera
1a) Tendrils simple………………………………………………………...……….2
1b) Tendrils bi fid or 2-6 fid proximally……………………………………...…….4
2a) Tuberous perennial herbs, leaves sessile, heteromorphic, flowers white...Solena
2b) Annual herbs, not tuberous, leaves petiolate, not heteromorphic, flowers
yellow…………………………………………………………………………...3
3a) Stem and leaves scabrid or hispid……………………………………...Cucumis
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3b) Stem and leaves not scabrid nor hispid…………..……………...….Momordica
4a) Tendrils bifid, flowers white……………………..…………….…… Lagenaria
4b) Tendrils 2-6 fid proximally, flowers yellow…………..………………………..5
5a) Tendrils 2-3 fid, leaves bipinnately lobed, fruit globose or subspherical………..
…………………………………………………………………………Citrullus
5b) Tendrils 3-6 fid, leaves 5-7-lobed, fruit cylindrical or subglobose………..Luffa
4.1.2.22.1. Lagenaria Ser., Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 3(1): 25, pl. 2. 1825.
4.1.2.22.1.1. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3(3): 435. 1930.
Specimens examined: Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(575). Distribution: Asia and Africa.
4.1.2.22.2. Luffa Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr, (ed. 4 ); vol. 2: [806]. 1754.
4.1.2.22.2.1. Luffa cylindrica M. Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 63–64, 1846.
Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(935); Mong, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1766). Distribution: Asia and Africa mostly in warmer regions.
4.1.2.22.3. Solena Lour., Fl., Cochinch., 477, 514. 1790.
4.1.2.22.3.1. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi, Fl. Hassan District. 179. 1976.
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Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(580 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(983).
Distribution: India, Pakistan, China and Malay Archipelago.
4.1.2.22.4. Citrullus Schrad., Enum. Pl. Afr. Austral., 2: 279. 1836.
4.1.2.22.4.1. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Cat. Sem. Spor. Hort.
Bot. Univ. Imp. Tokyo. 30. 1916.
Specimens examined: Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU);(1825). Distribution: African orgion.
4.1.2.22.5. Cucumis L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1011. 1753
4.1.2.22.5.1. Cucumis sativus L., Sp. Pl., 1012. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, +4200 ft., Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1868 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(630); Turnoti Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (986). Distribution: Cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
4.1.2.22.6. Momordica L. Sp. Pl., 2: 1009. 1753.
4.1.2.22.6.1. Momordica balsamina L., Sp. Pl., 1009. 1753.
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Specimens examined: Tarran-ni-Hill 24-9-2009, +5200ft(1820 ); Singola, 23-10-
2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1970 ); Bunjosa, 23-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(631). Distribution: Tropical regions of world.
4.1.2.23. Cuscutaceae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl., 20, 25. 1829; Rajput & Tahir, Fl.
Pak., 92: 1-6. 1997.
4.1.2.23.1. Cuscuta L., Sp. Pl., 124. 1753.
4.1.2.23.1.1. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Bot. Abh., 27. 1787.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1696 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (230);
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(724). Distribution:
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kahsmir, Northern India to Yunnan, China, Java and
Ceylon.
4.1.2.24. Ebenaceae Gürke, Nat. Pflanzenfam., 4(1): 153. 1891; Ghazanfar, Fl.
Pak., 116: 1-3. 1978.
4.1.2.24.1. Diospyros L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1057. 1753.
Key to the species.
1a) Small sized tree or large sized shrub; bark gray; fruit globose, orange red, pulpy
seeds light brown………………………………………...………...….....D.kaki
1b) large sized tree; bark grayish black; fruit globose-ovoid, 1.5cm long, dark
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purple. Seeds dark brown…………………...…………………………...D.lotus
4.1.2.24.1.1. Diospyros kaki Thunb., Nova Acta Tegiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3: 208.
1780.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (722 ); Bunjosa,
20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1311 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010,
+4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ) (1360). Distribution: China.
4.1.2.24.1.2. Diospyros lotus L., Sp. Pl., 1057. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1796 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1014 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-
2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1150). Distribution: China, Japan,
Pakistan, India, Iran, Afghanistan and Mediterranean region.
4.1.2.25. Elaeagnaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 74–75. 1789; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 8: 1-6. 1975.
4.1.2.25.1. Elaeagnus L., Sp. Pl., 121. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Lower surface of leaves pale green; endocarp hard, not ribbed….E.angustifolia
1b) Lower surface of leaves silvary green, endocarp not hard, ribbed…E.umbellata
4.1.2.25.1.1. Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Sp. Pl., 121. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(686); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1030).
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Distribution: Kashmir, C.W. Asia to Western Himalaya and S.E. Europe to
Czechoslovakia.
4.1.2.25.1.2. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 164. 1784.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1074 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(291 );
Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1131 ); Datote, 12-08-
2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1271). Distribution: Himalaya from
Kashmir to Bhutan, Afghanistan, Japan, Assam and China.
4.1.2.26. Euphorbiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 384–385. 1789; Radcliffe-Smith, Fl.
Pak., 172: 1-145. 1986.
Key to the genera
1a) Monoecious, hairs simple, fruit not dusty red………………………………… 2
1b) Dioecious, hairs stellate, fruit desty red………………..………….….. Mallotus
2a) Stamens 1, leaves not lobed, petals present, fruit not spinous……… Euphorbia
2b) Stamens numerous, leaves lobed, petals absent, fruit spinous…………. Ricinus
4.1.2.26.1. Euphorbia L., Sp. Pl.,1: 450. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Erect glabrous, herbs, milky latex present, Lamina obovate-spathulate, glabrous
on both surface, fleshy, fruit subglobose…..……...………...…… E.helioscopia
1b) Prostrate or ascending, pubescent herbs; lamina obovate-rhombic ovate, lxviii
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pubescent; fruit trigonous…………………………..………...………………....2
2a) Lamina obovate, hairs white……………………..………………... E. prostrata
2b) Lamina rhombic-ovate, hairs golden yellow………………...………….. E.hirta
4.1.2. 26.1.1. Euphorbia helioscopia L., Sp. Pl., 459. 1753.
Specimens examined: Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1611); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1565 ); Bangoin,
17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (466). Distribution: Pakistan,
Kashmir, Asia, Europe, N. Africa and Asia.
4.1.2.26.1.2. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Hort. Kew, ed. 1, 2: 139. 1789. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(923 ). Distribution: Native to tropical and subtropical America.
4.1.2.26.1.3. Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl., 454. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1160 ). Distribution: A pantropical weed.
4.1.2.26.2. Mallotus Lour., Fl. Cochinch., 601, 635. 1790.
4.1.2.26.2.1. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg., Linnaea, 34(1): 196. 1865. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(920 ), Distribution: W. Himalaya, Kashmir and Sri Lanka to Taiwan and throughout S.E. Asia and Malesia to E. Australia and Melanesia.
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4.1.2.26.3. Ricinus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1007. 1753.
4.1.2.26.3.1. Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl., 1007. 1753. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1351 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(274 );
Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(915 ). Distribution:
Native to tropical Africa.
4.1.2.27. Fagaceae Dumort. Anal. Fam. Pl., 11. 12. 1829; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 104:1-9.
1976.
4.1.2.27.1. Quercus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 994. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves tomentose on lower surface…………………..………………….……..2
1b) Leaves not tomentose on lower surface…………………………………….…..3
2a) Lamina elliptic-lanceolate, lower surface white tomentose, margins serrate,
apex acuminate………………..………………………………………Q.incana
2b) Lamina elliptic-oblong, lower surface rusty tomentose, margins entire, spinose,
apex obtuse……………………………………………………………...…...….3
3a) Leaf margins entire-spiny toothed, apex acute………………………..Q.dilatata
3b) Leaf margins entire up to middle half, upper half serrate; or margins spiny
toothed, serrations with minute spines, apex long acuminate or not……….….4
4a) Young branches not tomentose………………………………………...Q.glauca
4b) Young branches tomentose……………………………………..……...Q. baloot
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4.1.2.27.1.1. Quercus glauca Thunb., Fl. Jap., 175-76. 1784.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),Sajjad Hussain 15-10-2010 (995); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),27-7-2010, (1040). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir,
Poonch, Sub-tropical Himalayas, Japan and China.
4.1.2.27.1.1.2. Quercus dilatata Royle, Illst. Bot. Himal. Mount. 2: 84. 1836.
Specimens examined: Rehara (327); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(664 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(944). Distribution: Himalaya, Western Himalaya, Poonch, Pakistan,
Afghanistan.
4.1.2.27.1.1.3. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm., Cycl., 29, Quercus, no. 20. 1814.
Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (1888 ); CHAJKU, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(260 ); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(888 );
Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(945 ); Pachiot, 10-08-
12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1251 ). Distribution: Himalaya,
Pakistan, Kashmir, Poonch, Bhutan and China.
4.1.2.27.1.1.4. Quercus incana W. Bartram, Travels Carolina, 378, 403. 1791.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-09-2010, +5900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1287); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(357 );
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Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., (718). Distribution: Temperate Himalaya,
Kashmir, Poonch, Nepal and Upper Burma.
4.1.2.27.1.1.5. Quercus baloot Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts., 2:328. 1848.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 18-09-2010, +5900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(187 ); Bunjosa, 23-05-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(157 ); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft., (218). Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Poonch,
Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.28. Gentianaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 141. 1789; Omer, Fl. Pak., 197: 1-172. 995.
Key to the genera
1a) Herbs up to 25cm tall; flowers tetramerous………...…..……………….Swertia
1b) Herbs up to 3.5cm tall; flowers pentamerous………………………….Gentiana
4.1.2.28.1. Swertia L., Sp. Pl., 226. 1753.
4.1.2.28.1.1. Swertia alata C.B. Clarke, Hook, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4:125. 1883. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1021 ). Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India and Nepal.
4.1.2.28.2. Gentiana L., Sp. Pl., 227. 1753.
4.1.2.28.2.1. Gentiana prostrata Haenke, Collectanea, 2: 66 1789.
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Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1697); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(725).
Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir,Austria, Hungary, Siberia,
Central Asia, Afghanistan, Chinese Turkestan,Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan.
4.1.2.28.2.2. Gentiana capitata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr., 126.
1825.
Specimens examined: Tarran-ni-Hill, 15-5-2010, + 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (1120).Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Sikkim,
Bhutan.
4.1.2.29. Geraniaceae Juss., Gen.Pl., 268. 1789; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 149: 1-43. 1983.
4.1.2.29.1. Geranium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 676. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs, up to 40cm tall……………………………………………..……2
1b) Perennial herbs, up to 70cm tall………………………………...…………...…4
2a) Leaves suborbicular in outline; sepals ovate, awned; petals spathulate, pink…...
………………………………………………………………………G. lucidum
2b) Leaves renifrom in outline; sepals obovate-lanceolate, ovate, not awned; petals
obovate, purplish pink…………………………………………………………..3
3a) Stipule lanceolate; bracts linear-lanceolate………………………....G.ocellatum
3b) Stipule triangular; bracts ovate-triangular………………...…...G.rotundifolium
4a) Stem solitory or few, striate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate…G.rubifolium
4b) Stems few to many, ascending; sepals elliptic oblong, awned…...... G. collinum lxxiii
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4.1.2.29.1.1. Geranium ocellatum Cambess, Jacq. Voy. Ind., 4, Bot. 33. 1844.
Specimens examined: Rehara, 15-09-2007, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1648); Bunjosa, 15-09-2007, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(358).
Distribution: Afghanistan, Highlands of E. Africa, temperate and subtropical
Himalaya, Yunnan (China).
4.1.2.29.1. 2. Geranium rotundifolium L., Sp. Pl., 683. 1753. Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(906 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1302 );
Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );(1653). Distribution:
Africa, Afghanistan, temperate and tropical Himalaya W. & C. Europe, Siberia,
Turkey, Iran, W. & E. Mediterranean area.
4.1.2.29.1.3. Geranium rubifolium Lindl., Edwards. Bot. Reg., 26:t. 67. 1840. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(457 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(908 ); Miral
Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1604). Distribution: N.W. Himalaya, Kashmir.
4.1.2.29.1.4. Geranium lucidum L., Sp. Pl., 682. 1753.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(505); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(905).
Distribution: Temperate Himalaya, Poonch, Afghanistan, N. Africa, Turkey, Iran,
Siberia and C. Asia.
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4.1.2.29.1.5. Geranium collinum Stephan ex Willd., Sp. Pl., 3(1): 705, 1800.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 22-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1322); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1258).
Distribution: C. Asia, Afghanistan, N.W. Himalaya., C. & S. Russia, W. Siberia,
Romania, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus.
4.1.2.30. Guttiferae Juss., Gen. Pl., 255. 1789; Robson, Fl. Pak., 32: 1-12. 1973.
4.1.2.30.1. Hypericum L., Sp. Pl., 2: 783. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Perennial herb, leaves up to 1.5cm long, ovate-elliptic to linear, apex obtuse,
capsule 8mm long………………………………………………... H.perforatum
1b) Shrub, leaves up to 9cm long, oblong or elliptic, apex acute or minutely
apiculate, capsule 1.5cm long………………….……………....H.oblongifolium
4.1.2.30.1.1. Hypericum perforatum L., Sp. Pl., 785. 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(336); Bunjosa, 25-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(832 ); Dhamni,
17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1326). Distribution: India, China, Africa and Europe.
Introduced into E. Asia, America. Australasia and S. Africa.
4.1.2.30.1.2. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy, Prodr. Monogr. Hyper., 42, tab. 4.
1821.
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Specimens examined: Dothan, 25-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1371 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(379), Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(780).
Distribution: Western Himalayas, Kashmir, Poonch.
4.1.2.31. Hippocastanaceae A. Rich., Bot. Med. 680. 1823; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 82: 1-3.
1975.
4.1.2.32.1. Aesculaus L., Sp.P1., 344. 1753.
4.1.2.31.1.1. Aesculus indica Wall ex Camb., Hook.f. in Curtis, Bot. Mag. t.,
5117. 1859.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1070 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(238 ); Pachiot,
10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(685). Distribution: Western
Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.32. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perteb, Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl., 143.1818; Nasir, Fl.
Pak., 14: 1-5. 1972.
4.1.2.32.1. Juglans L., Sp. Pl., 2: 997. 1753.
4.1.2.32.1.1. Juglans regia L., Sp. Pl. 997. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1083); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(451);
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (447 ). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, Western
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Himalaya, Poonch, America, Europe, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, China and
Burma.
4.1.2.33. Labiatae Juss., Gen. Pl., 220. 1789; Hedge, Fl. Pak., 192: 1-100. 1990.
Key to the genera
1a) Shrubs or suffruticose…………………………….....……………………..…..2
1b) Ammual or perennial herbs……………………..……………………………...5
2a) Shrubs………………………………...…………………...……………………3
2b) Suffruticose…………………………………………………..…………………4
3a) Spiny , up to 90cm tall, glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate…………..Otostegia
3b) Not spiny, up to 3m tall, densely hairy, leaves elliptic-oblong……Colebrookea
4a) Caespitose, stem erect, spreading, leaves sessile or subsessile, inflorescence
pedunculate cymes………………………….……………….….…Micromeria
4b) Solitory, erect or prostrate, leaves petiolate, inflorescence spike like racemes…
…………………………………………………………………….....Scutellaria
5a) Plants strongly aromatic…………………………………………………..…….6
5b) Plants not aromatic or not strongly aromatic………………………………..….9
6a) Plants with characteristic mint ordor………………………………...….Mentha
6b) Plants not with mint ordor………………………………………………..…….7
7a) Inflorescence spike like racemes…………………………...…...... Plectranthus
7b) Inflorescence Inflorescence few to many flowered verticilaster not spike like...8
8a) Calyx clearly bilabiate, upper lip tridentate, lower bidentate………….…Nepeta
8b) Calyx not clearly bilabiate, 5-toothed………………………………...Origanum
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9a) Calyx teeth 10…………………………...…………………………….…Leucas
9b) Calyx teeth 5………………………………………..…………………………10
10a) Calyx not bilabiate……………………………………………………Phloemis
10b) Calyx bilabiate…………………………………………………………..…...11
11a) Leaves laciniate…………………..………………………………..... Leonurus
11b) Leaves not laciniate……………………………………………………….…12
12a) Inflorescence a terminal verticilaster, crowded to form oblong head...Prunella
12b) Inflorescence not as above………..………………………………………….13
13a) Nutlets trigonous……………………………………………………....Lamium
13b) Nutlets not trigonous……………………………………………………...….14
14a) Leaves spathulate, nutlets obovoid……………………………...……….Ajuga
14b) Leaves ovate, nutlets subglobose…………………………...…....Clinopodium
4.1.2.33.1. Micromeria Benth., Edward's Bot. Reg., 15: pl. 1282. 1829.
4.1.2.33.1.1. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth., Lab. Gen. et
Sp., 378. 1834.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1396 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1036 );
Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(970 ); Paniola, 12-
09-2010, +4900 ft(1029 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ),(1875 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1600 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(589 );
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Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himlaya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, NW India,
Himalayas to Bhutan and China.
4.1.2.33.2. Prunella L., Sp. Pl., 2: 600. 1753.
4.1.2.33.2.1. Prunella vulgaris L., Sp. Pl., 600. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1030 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1386 );
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (590 ). Distribution:
Europe, N. Africa, N. America and Asia.
4.1.2.33.3. Leonurus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 584. 1753.
4.1.2.33.3.1. Leonurus cardiaca L., Sp. Pl., 584. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(591). Distribution: Central and S. W. Asia to China.
4.1.2.33.4. Ajuga L. Sp. Pl.,2: 561. 1753.
4.1.2.33.4.1. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar., 1: 59. 1830.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1878 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1392 );
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(992 ); Dhoak, 15-7-
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2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (974 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ),(1033). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Himalayas to Bhutan, Burma, China and Malaysia.
4.1.2.33.5. Calamintha Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4 ); vol. 1. 1754.
4.1.2.33.5.1. Calamintha debilis (Bunge) Benth., Prodr. 12: 232. 1848.
Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1879 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(993 );
Dhamni, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(975 ); Eidgha, 21-7-
2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1034). Distribution: Central Asia and
China.
4.1.2.33.6. Clinopodium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 587. 1753.
4.1.2.33.6.1. Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 514.
1891.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1880 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1395). Distribution: Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal and Bhutan, Pakistan,
India, Sri Lanka, Burma, China, Malaysia, Taiwan, NE Turkey, Caucasus, Iran and
Afghanistan.
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4.1.2.33.7. Colebrookea Sm., Exo. Bot. 2: 111, pl. 115. 1806.
4.1.2.33.7.1. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 111. 1806. Specimens examined: Lower Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (1035 ); Tain, 10-
10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1881). Hellan (588). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, China, Pakistan, Burma.
4.1.2.33.8. Otostegia Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec.,601. 1834.
4.1.2.33.8.1. Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 778. 1879.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(966). Distribution: Endemic to Kashmir and Pakistan.
4.1.2.33.9. Mentha
Key to the species
1a) Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, apex acuminate………..……….…M.spicata
1b) Leaves not glabrous on both surfaces, apex acute……………,,……………….2
2a) Plants densely pilose, white dusty in appearance………………..…M.longifolia
2b) Plants not densely pilose, hairs apressed, dark green in appearance...M.arvensis
4.1.2.33.9.1. Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Fl. Monsp., 19. 1756.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(806 ); Toppa, 18-10-2010, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1508 );
Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1993 ); Tain, 10-
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10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(218). Distribution: Europe, Asia and S. Africa.
4.1.2.33.9.2. Mentha arvensis L., Sp. Pl., 577. 1753.
Specimens examined: Ghai Gala, 15-07-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1509 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU
),(1556 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1994 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(583). Distribution: Eurasia.
4.1.2.33.9.3. Mentha spicata L., Sp. Pl., 576. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(965 ); Panila, 18-5-2010, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1870 ); Phajjar,
10-7-2012, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1595 ); Distribution: Europe and South-West Asia.
4.1.2.33.10. Origanum L., Sp. Pl., 2: 588. 1753.
4.1.2.33.10.1. Origanum vulgare L., Sp. Pl., 590. 1753.
Specimens examined: Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ),(585 ); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(967 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1026 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1872); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad
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Hussain (HAJKU),(1597). Distribution: Western Himalaya to China, Taiwan, S.
Europe, Mediterranean countries South West and Central Asia.
4.1.2.33.11. Lamium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 579. 1753.
4.1.2.33.11.1. Lamium album L., Sp. Pl., 579. 1753.
Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5000 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(968); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1027). Distribution: Eurasia.
4.1.2.33.12. Plectranthus L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 84 verso. 1788.
4.1.2.33.12.1. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, Bot. Reposit., 9: t. 594. 1809.
Specimens examined: Turnoti (969 ); Rehara (1028 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1874 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1599). Distribution:Kashmir, Western Himalaya to Kumaon,
Nepal, Tropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India and Sri Lanka.
4.1.2.33.13. Scutellaria L., Sp. Pl., 2: 598. 1753.
4.1.2.33.13.1. Scutellaria prostrata Jacq. ex Benth., Lab. Gen. et Sp., 733. 1835.
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Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1213 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1548).
Distribution: Pakistan, Wester Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal.
4.1.2.33.14. Phlomis L., Sp. Pl., 2: 584. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves white tomentose, hairs dendroid-stellate…………….....…..P.spectabilis
1b) Leaves pubescent on lower surface, hairs simple………………...…P.bracteosa
4.1.2.33.14.1. Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth., Bot. Misc. 3: 383. 1833.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1894 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(210).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.33.14.2. Phlomis spectabilis Falc. ex Benth., Prodr., 12:542. 1848.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(759 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1214 );
Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1895). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Hindo Kush, Kashmir to Nepal.
4.1.2.33.15. Leucas R. Br., Prodr., 504. 1810.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs, leaves oblong elliptic, verticilaster crowded to form up to 15
flowered globose head……………………...…………………...…L.cephalotes
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1b) Perennial herbs, Leaves ovate, verticilaster 6-8 flowered………... L.mollissima
4.1.2.33.15.1. Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth., Pl. As. rar., 1: 62. 1830.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (211 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (761 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1503). Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, India, Malaysia and China.
4.1.2.33.15.2. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 2: 743. 1825.
Specimens examined: Hellann (762 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1504 ). Distribution: Hindo Kush Himalaya, Kashmir, India and Pakistan.
4.1.2.33. 16. Nepeta L., Sp. Pl., 2: 570. 1753.
4.1.2.33. 16.1. Nepeta erecta (Royle ex. Benth.) Benth., Lab. Gen. et Sp., 482.
1834.
Specimens examined: Tarar (1898 ); Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(214 ). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan and NW
India.
4.1.2.34. Malvaceae Juss., Gen.Pl., 271. 1789; Abedin, Fl. Pak., 130: 1-98. 1979.
Key to the genera
1a) Shrubs, with grey bark………………………………..…………..…… Hibiscus
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1b) Herbs or subshrubs………………………………....…………………………..2
2a) Corolla pink or red……………………………...………………………….Alcea
2b) Corolla yellow……………………………...... ……………………Malvastrum
4.1.2.34.1. Alcea L., Sp. Pl., 2: 687. 1753.
4.1.2.34.1.1. Alcea rosea L., Sp. Pl., 2: 687. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunguin (236 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ) (781). Distribution: Mediterranean, cultivated as ornamental in many parts ofworld.
4.1.2.34.2. Malvastrum A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 4(1): 21–22. 1849.
4.1.2.34.2.1. Malvastrum coromendelianum (L.) Grarcke., Bonplandia., 5: 297. 1857. Specimens examined: Lower Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1216 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1157 ); Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Pakistan, tropical and subtropical regions of world.
4.1.2.34.3. Hibiscus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 693. 1753.
4.1.2.34.3.1. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Sp. Pl., 694. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(668); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1227 ); Pachiot, lxxxvi
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10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1136 ). Distribution: Chian, cultivated as ornamental in Kashmir, Pakistan and many parts of the world.
4.1.2.35. Meliaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 263. 1789; Abdulla, Fl. Pak. 17: 1-8. 1972.
Key to the genera:
1a) Leaflets dentate, fruit a globose, ribbed drupe, seeds not winged……....…Melia
1b) Leaflets entire, fruit a septifragal capsule, seeds winged…...……………Cedera
4.1.2.35.1. Melia L., Gen. Pl., 263. 1789.
4.1.2.35.1.1. Melia azedarach L., Sp. Pl. 1:384. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1656 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (473).
Distribution: Wild in Western Himalaya.
4.1.2.35.2. Cedrela R. Br., Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 158, pl. 10, f. 1. 1756.
4.1.2.35.2.1. Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler & Willd., Ges. Nat. Fr. Ber. Neue
Sch., 4: 198. 1803.
Specimens examins: Dhamni, + 5000 ft, sajjad Hussain 6-7-2010, (213).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Burma, Java and Australia.
4.1.2.36. Mimosaceae R.Br., Voy. Terra Austral., 2: 551. 1814; Ali, Fl. Pak., 36: lxxxvii
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4-41. 1973.
Key to the genera
1a) Stipules spinescent, pode up to 20cm long, 6-10 seeded……..……….....Albizia
1b) Stipules not spinescent, pode up to 7cm long 3 to 5 seeded………...….. Acacia
4.1.2.36.1. Albizia Durazz., Mag. Tosc., 3(4): 13–14. 1772.
4.1.2.36.1.1. Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth., London J. Bot., 3: 88. 1844. Specimens examined: Near Arja Cross (1314 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft
(1558). Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India Ceylon, Sikkim,
Burma.
4.1.2.36.1.2. Acacia Mill., Gard. Diet., Abridg. (ed. 4). 1754.
4.1.2.36.1.2.1. Acacia modesta Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar., 2: 27, pl. 130.1830.
Specimens examined: Hellann (822 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ), (1319). Distribution: Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.
4.1.37. Moraceae Gaudich. Gen. Pl.13. 1835; Ghafoor, Fl. Pak., 171: 1-56. 1985.
Key to the genera
1a) Hypanthodium present; all flowers in same receptacle…………………....Ficus
1b) Hypanthodium absent; all flowers not in same receptacle……………….…….2
2a) Winter buds with 3-6 scales; sepals imbricate in male flowers; female flowers
in Catkins……………...………………………….…………………...….Morus
2b) Winter buds with 2-3 scales; sepals valvate in male flowers; female flowers in lxxxviii
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globose head……………………...………………………………..Broussonetia
4.1.2.37.1. Ficus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1059. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Young branches reddish brown; lamina ovate in outline, 3-5-lobed; figs
pyriform...... F.johannis
1b) Young branches greenish; lamina ovate or suborbicular; figs obovate to
Subglobose……………………………………………………………………...2
2a) Figs solitory or in clusters on leafless branches and on main stem…….F.carica
2b) Figs 2 or 3 or solitory at the apex of leafy branches...………………..F.palmata
4.1.2.37.1.1. Ficus johannis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser., 1.7: 96. 1846.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1983); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), Dhamni, 17-5-
2009, +5000 ft(253 ); Maidan (298); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (894).
Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan
4.1.2.37.1.2. Ficus palmata Forssk., Fl. Aegypt: Arab., 179. 1775.
Specimens examined: Phajjar (1837 ); Hellann (1684); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(455); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (201); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (225). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonch, Pakistan,
India, Afghanistan,Nepal, Iran, Arabian Peninsula, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia and
Egypt.
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4.1.2.37.1.3. Ficus carica L., Sp. Pl., 1059. 1953.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., (299). Tarar (795); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1238). Distribution: Introduced from elsewhere.
4.1.2.37.2. Broussonetia L'Hér. ex Vent., Tabl. Regn. Veg. 3:547.1799.
4.1.2.37.2.1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent., Tabl. Regn. Veg.,
3:547. 1794.
Specimens examined: Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1786); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(514); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (707). Distribution: Japan, China,
S.E.Asia.
4.1.2.37.3. Morus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 986. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Lamina broadly ovate, 10cm long, petiole stiate, 3cm long; sorosis oblong dark
purple, black, acidic…………………….…………………………..…..M.nigra
1b) Lamina ovate 15cm long, petiole filiform 3cm long; sorosis ovoid, white,
black, sweetish………………….…………………………...……………M.alba
4.1.2.37.3.1. Morus nigra L., Sp. Pl., 2: 986. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
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(847); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1537).
Distribution: Cultivated in Asia, Europe, Africa and America.
4.1.2.37.3.2. Morus alba L., Sp. Pl., 2:986. 1753. Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., ,(1085) ;[Turnoti (412);
Rehara (669), Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1340 )].
Distribution: China and cultivated elsewhere.
4.1.2.38. Myrsinaceae R.Br., Prodr., 532. 1810; Jafri, Fl. Pak., 89: 1-8. 1975.
4.1.2.38.1. Myrsine L., Sp. Pl., 196. 1753.
4.1.2.38.1.1. Myrsine africana L., Sp. Pl., 196. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 23-05-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(528 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(982 );
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1721 ); Dhoak, 15-7-
2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (1866). Distribution: Asia and Africa, Western
Himalaya, Poonch.
4.1.2.39. Nyctaginaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 90. 1789; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 115: 1-16. 1977.
Key to the genera
1a) Straggling or diffused herbs; stem woody below, stamens 2, anthocarps
anthocarps papillose…………………………………………………..Boerhavia
1b) Erect herbs; stem not woody below; stamens 4, anthocarp cariaceous………….
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…………………………………………………………………...…….Mirabilis
4.1.2.39.1. Boerhavia L., Sp. Pl., 3. 1753.
4.1.2.39.1.1. Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex. Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:148. 1820.
Specimens examined: Hellann, 15-5-2010, +4000ft Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(529). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Poonch, India and South Asia.
4.1.2.39.2. Mirabilis L., Sp. Pl., 177. 1753.
4.1.2.39.2.1. Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. Pl., 177. 1753. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(934); Mutyal Mera, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1620 ); Tarar (1669).
Distribution: S. America, widely cultivated in Pakistan and Kashmir as ornamental.
4.1.2.40. Oleaceae Hoffmann. & Link, Fl. Portug., 1: 62. 1809; Grohmann, Fl.
Pak. 59: 1-27. 1974.
Key to the genera
1a) Trees, leaves simple, fruit a ovoid drupe……………………………….…..Olea
1b) Shrubs, leaves compound, fruit a globular or elliptic berry………… Jasminum
4.1.2.40.1. Olea L. Sp. Pl., 8. 1753.
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4.1.2.40.1.1. Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch., Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount., 267, tab.
65. fig. 1. 1835.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 10-10-2011, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(865 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (866).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.40.2. Jasminum L., Sp. Pl., 7. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Erect shrubs, leaflets 3 or 5, sessile, berry globolar……………….…..J.humile
1b) Twining shrubs, leaflets 7, first and 2nd pair sessile, fruit elliptic berry…………
……………………………………………………………………....J.officinale
4.1.2.40.2.1. Jasminum humile L., Sp. Pl., 7. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1645 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1592).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, Himalaya and Hindukush, from Afghanistan to
Western China.
4.1.2.40.2.2. Jasminum officinale L., Sp. Pl., 7. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(423); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU) (861).
Distribution: Himalaya, Hindukush, Pakistan , India, Afghanistan, China,
Mediterranean and Caucasus.
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4.1.2.41. Onagraceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 317–318. 1789; Hoch & Raven, Fl. Pak., 39: 1-44. 1981.
4.1.2.41.1. Oenothera L., Sp. Pl., 346. 1753.
4.1.2.41.1.1. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton, Hort. Kew., (ed. 1). 2: 3. 1789.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1655 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(271 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (917).
Distribution: Native American countries.
4.1.2.42. Oxalidaceae R.Br., Narr. Exped. Zaire, 433. 1818; Nasir, 4: 1-7. 1971.
4.1.2.42.1. Oxalis L. Sp. Pl., 433. 1753.
4.1.2.42.1.1. Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. Pl., 435. 1753. Specimens examined: : Dothan, 25-09-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(356 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (926 );
Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1619). Distribution:
Cosmopolitan.
4.1.2.43. Papilionaceae Giseke, Prae. Ord. Nat. Pl. 415. 1792; Ali, Fl. Pak., 100:
4-389. 1977.
Ket to the genera
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1a) Leaves trifoliate…………………………...……………………………………2
1b) Leaves not trifoliate…………………………………..…………………...……9
2a) Annual or perennial herbs………………………..……………………………..4
2b) Shrubs or subshrubs……………………..…………………………………..….3
3a) Leaflets up to 12.5cm long, ovate, obovate-lanceolate……………..Desmodium
3b) Leaflets up to 2.5cm long, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong………...….……16
4a) Leaflets entire, inflorescence pedunculate or sessile umbel……………….Lotus
4b) Leaflets dentate, inflorescence not umbel………………,,,……………………5
5a) Fruit spirally coiled……………….…………………………………...Medicago
5b) Fruit not spirally coiled…………………………………………………………6
6a) Stamens monoadelphous, anther dimorphic……………………….....Crotalaria
6b) Stamens diadelphous…………………………...………………………………7
7b) Inflorescence solitory, axillary, fruit 6-9-seeded…………………..…Trigonella
7b) Inflorescence pedunculate raceme, fruit 1-seeded…………………….………..8
8a) Inflorescence axillary raceme, calyx teeth unequal, corolla yellow, fruit 1-
Seeded………………………………………………………………….Melilotus
8b) Inflorescence pedunculate raceme, calyx teeth equal, corolla pink-white, fruit
1-2-seeded………………….…………………………………………Trifolium
9a) Rachis ends in a tendril………………………………………………………..10
9b) Rachis not ends in a tendril…………………………………………………....11
10a) Leaflets 2 or absent……………………………...…………………....Lathyrus
10b) Leaflets many……………………………………………………………..Vicia
11a) Herbs, shrubs or subshrubs……………………………………..……………12
11bTrees…………...…………………………………….………………………...17
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12a) Herbs…………….…………………………………………………………...13
12b) Shrubs or subshrubs……………………………………………………...…..14
13a) Leaflets ovate, apex acute…………………………………………..Astragalus
13b) Leaflets broadly lanceolate-oblong, apex subacute to obtuse……….Oxytropis
14a) Rachis endis in a spine………………………………………..…….Astragalus
14b) Rachis not ends in a spine………….....……………………………………...15
15a) Shrubs up to 2m tall, leaflets up to 23, legume linear cylindrical…..Indigofera
15b) Shrubs up to 40cm tall, leaflets up to 51, legume curved, flate. Aeschynomene
16a) Upper surface of leaflets minutely pubescent, lower surface densel pubescent,
corolla white, legume ovoid……………………………………....….Lespediza
16b) Leaflets pubescent on both the surfaces, corolla pink, legume deflexed……….
………………………………………………………...……………Indigofera
17a) Leaves exstipulate, leaflets alternate, fruit 1-seeded………………...Dalbergia
17b) Leaves stipulate, stipules spinescent, leaflets opposite, fruit 3-7-seeded………
……………………………...... Robinia
4.1.2.43.1. Lathyrus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 729. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem winged and pubescent, leaflets 2, ovate-oblong…………...…..L.odoratus
1b) Stem wingless and glabrous, leaflets absent, stipule ovate-hastate…....L.aphaca
4.1.2.43.1.1. Lathyrus odoratus L. Sp.Pl. 732. 1753.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
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(1511); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1657).
Distribution: A native of Europe.
4.1.2.43.1.2. Lathyrus aphaca L., Sp.Pl., 729. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1167 ); Trar, 15-08-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(275).
Distribution: Pakistan; Kashmir; India; Europe, N.Africa; S.W. & C.Asia.
4.1.2.43.2. Trifolium L., Sp. Pl., 2: 764. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Perennial herb, leaflets obcordate, corolla white, pinkish, fruit 3-4-seeded……
…………………………………………………………………………T.repens
1b) Annual herb, leavlets ovate, corolla yellow, fruit 1-seeded…………..T.dubium
4.1.2.43.2.1. Trifolium repens L., Sp.Pl. 767. 1753. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(719 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1215).
Distribution: Pakistan; Kashmir, Afghanistan, India, C. Asia, Russia, Siberia,
Afghanistan and Caucasus.
4.1.2.43.2.2. Trifolium dubium Sibth., Fl.Oxon. 231. 1794,
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1259); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(234);
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (667 ); Bunjosa,
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20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1013). Distribution: Native of
Europe.
4.1.2.43.3. Trigonella L., Sp. Pl.,2: 776. 1753.
4.1.2.43.3.1. Trigonella fimbriata Royle ex Benth., ,Ill. Bot.Himal. Mount., 197. 1835. Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1059); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (237).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir; India and Nepal.
4.1.2.43.4. Lotus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 773. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves exstipulate, calyx 5mm long, glabrous……...…………...L.corniculatus
1b) Leaves stipulate, calyx 3mm, pubescent…………..………..………L.schimperi
4.1.2.43.4.1. Lotus schimperi Steud., Nom., (ed. 2 ); 2:75. 1841. Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (778 ). Distribution:
Pakistan (Makran); Persian coast; Arabia; Egypt; Sudan; Eritrea and Socotra.
4.1.2.43.4.2. Lotus corniculatus L., Sp. Pl., 775. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1061 ); Phajjar (333 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1126). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Japan, China, Afghanistan, xcviii
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Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, Cyprus, Russia,
Europe, Korea, Mongolia, Austra
4.1.2.43.5. Astragalus L., Sp. Pl., 2: 755. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Shrubs, petiole ends in a spine, corolla yellow…………….….....A.psilocentros
1b) Herbs, stem densely pilose, petiole not ends in a spine, flowers creamy white…
…………………………………..…………………………….... A.amherstianus
4.1.2.43.5.1. Astragalus psilocentros Fisch., Bull.Soc.Nat.Moscou., 26(2): 405.
1853.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera 15-8-2010,4000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1165); Maidon, 20-10-2010, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (325).
Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir.
4.1.2.43.5.2. Astragalus amherstianus Benth., Ill.Bot.Himal. Mount., 199. 1835.
Specimens examined: Trar (731 ); Dothan, 15-8-2012, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1128). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India,
4.1.2.43.6. Oxytropis DC. Astragalogia (qto. ); 24–28, 66–98, pl. 2–8. 1802.
4.1.2.43.6.1. Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Benth., Ill.Bot.Him.Mount. 198. 1835.
Specimens examined: Ali Soujal, 10-10-2011, +6000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1073); Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir; India, N.Punjab.
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4.1.2.43.7. Vicia L. Sp. Pl., 2: 734. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Tendrils simple, leaflets linear lanceolate, corolla pinkish or purplish....V.sativa
1b) Tenndrils branched, leaflets oblong, corolla blue or violet…….…..V.monantha
4.1.2.43.7.1. Vicia sativa L., Sp. P1., 736. 1753. Specimens examined: Ternoti, 10-08-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(779); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1223);
Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(287). Distribution:
Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India; Orient, Europe; Russia; Far East.
4.1.2.43.7.2. Vicia monantha Retz., Observ. Bot. 3: 39. 1783.
Specimens examined: Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(732); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1224 );
Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1269). Distribution:
Pakistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Iraq, Caucasus, Cyprus, Morocco,
Turkey.
4.1.2.43.8. Medicago L. Sp. Pl., 2: 778. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Perennial herbs, stem erect, glabrous……………..…………..……….M.falcata
1b) Annual herbs, stem prostrate, ascending, decumbent………..…………………2
2a) Leaflets obovate, obcordate, cuneate, stipules laciniate…………M.polymorpha
2b) Leaflets obovate, stipules lanceolate, entire…………...……………..M.minima
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4.1.2.43.8.1. Medicago polymorpha L., Sp.Pl., 779. 1753. Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(329 ). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, widely distributed many parts of the world.
4.1.2.43.8.2. Medicago falcata L., Sp. Pl. 779. 1753. Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1264 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(374). Distribution: Pakistan, India (N. Punjab ); Russia, Turkey and Europe. 4.1.2.43.8.3. Medicago minima (L.) L., Fl. Angl.(L.). 21. 1754. Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(873 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1516 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1662).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan; Europe; N.Africa and Cape, Asia (except the desert areas).
4.1.2.43.9. Indigofera L. Sp. Pl.,2: 751. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Shrubs, leaves trifoliate, legume deflexed……………..……….…….I.trifoliata
1b) Shrubs, leaves many foliate, legume linear cylindrical………...….I.heterantha
4.1.2.43.9.1. Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis, Fl. N.W. & C. Ind., 135. 1874. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(525); Dothan, 01-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );(924 ); Dhamni,
17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1618 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-
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2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1664). Distribution: Pakistan,
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India; Nepal, Bhutan Sikkim, China and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.43.9.2. Indigofera trifoliata L., Cent. Pl. II 29. 1756.
Specimens examined: Maidan (376 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (776 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1220). Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Bangla-Desh, India,
Nepal, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-china, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, China,
Australia.
4.1.2.43.10. Desmodium Desv., J. Bot. Agric., 1(3): 122, pl. 5, f. 15. 1813.
Key to the species
1a) Terminal leaflet up to 12cm long, ovate, lateral leaflets broadly lanceolate,
inflorescence raceme, cayly hispid…..………...……………….….D.laxiflorum
1b) Terminal leaflet up to 6cm long, ovate, lateral leaflets orbicular or ovate,
inflorescence panicle, calyx pilose………………..…………...... …..D.elegans
4.1.2.43.10.1. Desmodium elegans DC., Ann. Sci.Nat., 4:100. Jan. 1825. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(284).
4.1.2.43.10.2. Desmodium laxiflorum DC., Ann.Sci.Nat. Paris ser., 1(4 ): 100. 1825. Specimens examined: Phajjar (1124 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ), (1169 ); Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan,
India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines.
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4.1.2.43.11. Melilotus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4)., vol. 2: 1754.
Annual herbs. Leaves compound, trifoliate; leaflets dentate. Inflorescence an axillary raceme. Calyx teeth unequal. Corolla yellow, stamens 10, diadelphous
(9+1). Fruit 1-seeded ( or 1-4 seeded).
4.1.2.43.11.1. Melilotus indica (L.) All., Fl.Pedem., 1: 308. 1785.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera 27-8-2012, +5500ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(729 ); Distribution: Pakistan, India and Orient Europe.
4.1.2.43.12. Aeschynomene L., Sp. Pl., 2: 713. 1753.
4.1.2.43.12.1. Aeschynomene indica L., Sp. Pl., 713. 1753. Specimens examined: Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (332); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1022).
Distribution: India, Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Ceylon, Burma, Siam,
Japan, Tropical Africa, Australia and N.America.
4.1.2.43.13. Lespedeza Mich. Fl. Bor. –Amer. 2: 70–71, pl. 39–40. 1803.
4.1.2.43.13.1. Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers., Syn. Pl., 2(2): 318. 1807. Specimens examined: Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1368 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(235 );
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Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1125 ). Distribution:
Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India.
4.1.2.43.14. Crotalaria L., Sp. Pl., 2: 714. 1753.
4.1.2.43.14.1. Crotalaria medicaginea Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot., 2:201. 1786.
Key to the varieties
1a) Leaflets oblonceolate, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent below………………
……………………………………..………..C.medicaginea var. Medicaginea
1b) Leaflets obovate, minutely pubescent above, densely pubescent below………...
……………….…………………………………..C. medicaginea var.luxurians
4.1.2.43.14.1.1. Crotalaria medicaginea var. medicaginea Lam. Encycl. Meth.
Bot. 2:201. 1786.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(678 ); Maira, 20-10-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1020). Distribution: Pakistan, India, Malay Isles, Afghanistan, China, Australia.
4.1.2.43.14.1.2. Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians (Benth.) Baker, Fl. Brit.
India., 2: 81. 1876.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(727 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1122).
Distribution: Pakistan, (Punjab); Western Himalaya, Kashmir, India and
Afghanistan.
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4.1.2.43.15. Dalbergia L., Suppl. Pl., 52–53, 316–317. 1782.
4.1.2.43.15.1. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 2: 416. 1825.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1256 ); Hellan (369). Distribution: Pakistan, India, Western Himalaya, Sikkim,
Afghanistan, Persia and Iraq.
4.1.2.43.16. Robinia L., Sp. Pl., 2: 722. 1753.
4.1.2.43.16.1. Robinia pseudo-acacia L., Sp.Pl., 722. 1753. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(868 ); Bangoien, 15-08-
2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1616 );Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1661 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ), (425 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (872 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft. Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1559);
Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (373 ); Dhamni, 17-
5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (869). Distribution: Native of
United States.
4.1.2.44. Polygonaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 82. 1789; Qaiser & Ali. Fl. Pak., 205: 1-
190. 2001.
Key to the genera
1a) Ascending, prostrate, leaves linear lanceolate, elliptic, flowers solitory or
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cluster of 2 or 3,…………………………………………………...…Polygonum
1b) Erect or prostrate, leaves ovate-lanceolate or hastate, inflorescence a raceme, a
head or a panicle ………………………………………………………………2
2a) Inflorescence a raceme or head, perianth segments 5, without teeh….Persicaria
2b) Inflorescene a panicle, perianth segments 6, outer 3 smaller, inner 3 larger,
persistant with spiny teeth…………………………………..…………...Rumex
4.1.2.44.1. Polygonum L., Sp. Pl., 359. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves elliptic lanceolate, up to 7mm long, tepals lanceolate………P.aviculare
1b) Leaves linear lanceolate, up to 2cm long, tepals oblanceoate………P.plebejum
4.1.2.44.1.1. Polygonum aviculare L., Sp. Pl. 362. 1753.
Specimens examined: Phajjar, 22-8-2010, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (792); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1233).
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
4.1.2.44.1.2. Polygonum plebejum R.Br., Prodr. 420. 1810.
Specimens examined: Tarar, 10-05-12, +5000 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (389);
Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tropical East
Africa, Madagascar Bhutan,Australia through Indonesia and Malaysia.
4.1.2.44.2. Persicaria Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4). 3: 1754.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves linear-lanceolate……………...…………………………………...…….2
1b) Leaves ovate or narrowly ovate or rhomboid………………..……………...….4 cvi
cvii
2a) Leaves grayish tomentose on lower surface, nutlets creamy white……………...
…………………………………………………...………………P. lapathifolia
2b) Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, nutlets brown or black……………………..3
3a) Ochrea brown membranous, 6mm long, hirsute, styles 2……...……P.maculosa
3b) Ochrea hyaline 9mm long, glabrous, styles 3……………..………P.hydropiper
4a) Basal leaves ovate, petiolate, bases amplexicaul, cauline leaves ovate sessile,
nutlets ellipsoidal, pointed at one end………………...…...….…P.amplexicaulis
4b) Leaves rhomboid, lower sessile, upper subsessile, nutlets biconves…………….
…….………………………………………………………………..P.nepalensis
4.1.2.44.2.1. Persicaria maculosa Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit., Pl. 2: 269. 1821.
Specimens examined: Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1574); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (292). Distribution: Kashmir,
Western Himalaya extending up to Japan, Central Europe, Mediterranean region and Asia minor.
4.1.2.44.2.2. Persicaria amplexicaulis D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 70. 1825.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 10-08-11, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(104); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1231), Drake 23-
10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(71). Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch,
Western Himalaya, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.44.2.3. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn) H. Gross, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49(2): 277. 1913., (Meisn) Miyabe, J. Fax. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 26:514. 1934.
cvii
cviii
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, +4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1679); Distribution: Pakistan, Indian, Afghanistan, Tropical Africa,
Himalaya, Kashmir, China and Japan.
4.1.2.44.2.4. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, Fl. Auvergne. 2: 518, 1800.
Specimens examined: Hatiala toppa 12-08-2010, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1725). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Japan, Pakistan, India, N. W.
Africa, Temperate Asia and N. America.
4.1.2.44.2.5. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbr, Fl. Auvergne. 2: 519. 1800.
Specimens examined: Singola, 15-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(984 ); Bunjosa, 23-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1810 );
Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft. Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1862). Distribution:
Kashmir, Poonch, W. Himalayas extending up to Western Europe.
4.1.2.44.3. Rumex L., Sp.Pl., 1: 333. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Subshrubs, profusely branched, leaves hastate, central lobe triangular………….
……………………………………………………………………….R.hastatus
1b) Perennial herbs, solitory or 2-3 stem, leaves ovate-lanceolate…………………2
2a) Basal leaves ovate, base cordate, cauline leaves narrowly ovate…R.nepalensis
2b)Basal leaves narrowly ovate, bases hastate, upper cauline leaves sessile
amplexicaul…………………..……………………...……...... ………R.acetosa cviii
cix
4.1.2.44.3.1. Rumex hastatus D.Don, Prodr., 74. 1825. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (560 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(990 );
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1836), Daikot,
20-09-11, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (988), Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1680); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(408). Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, China, Pakistan and
Afghanistan.
4.1.2.44.3.2. Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Syst. 2: 159. 1825. Specimens examined: Singola, 20-6-2010, +5000 ft. Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1782). Distribution: Kashmir, Himalaya, Pakistan, China, Aafghanistan, India,
Persia, Syria, Turkey, Java, Africa and Italy .
4.1.2.44.3.3. Rumex acetosa L., Sp. Pl., 337. 1753. Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1336). Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Temperate Asia, Europe except the Mediterranean, and North America.
4.1.2.45. Plantagonaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 89–90. 1789; Kazmi, Fl. Pak., 62: 1-21.
1974.
4.1.2.45.1. Plantago L., Sp. Pl., 112. 1753.
Key to the species cix
cx
1a) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, scapes not solitory, erect or radiating, spikes
dense, 2.5cm long………….……………………………………… P.lanceolata
1b) Leaves ovate-elliptic, scapes solitory, erect, spikes 8cm long, lax……..P.major
4.1.2.45.1.1. Plantago lanceolata L., Sp. Pl., 113. 1753.
Specimens examined: : Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1297 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (711).
Distribution: Europe, North Africa, south Asia.
4.1.2.45.1.2. Plantago major L., Sp. Pl., 112. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 1-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1718 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1749 );
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1298).
Distribution: Europe, Northern and central Asia.
4.1.2.46. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Worterb., 2: 240. 1797; Nasir, Fl.
Pak., 157: 1-103. 1984.
Key to the genera
1a) Perennial herbs…………………………………………..……………………...2
1b) Annual or perennial herbs……………………………………..………………..3
2a) Stamens epipetalous; capsule globose, 2.5mm in dia………………..Androsace
2b) Stamens adnate with the base of corolla; capsule oblong, 5mm long…..Cortusa
3a) Erect or decumbent herbs; leaves entire, sessile; corolla blue…………Anagalis cx
cxi
3b) Prostrate herbs; leaves not entire, petiolate; corolla yellowish white or red…….
………………………………………...…………………………….Lysimachia
4.1.2.46.1. Androsace L., Sp. Pl., 141. 1753.
4.1.2.46.1.1. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw., Asiat. Res. 6: 350 1799.
Specimens examined: Rehara (1 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(99); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(112).
Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, temperate Himalaya.
4.1.2.46.2. Cortusa L., Sp.Pl.,141. 1753.
4.1.2.46.2.1. Cortusa brotheri Pax. ex Lipsky, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, 18: 85. 1901. Specimens examined: Dothan, 23-08-2010, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(266 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(782 ); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1606). Distribution: Kashmir, N.
W. Himalaya, Central Asia and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.46.3. Anagallis L., Sp. Pl., 148. 1753.
4.1.2.46.3.1. Anagallis arvensis L., Sp. Pl., 148. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1858 ); Tain, sajjad Hussain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
cxi
cxii
(HAJKU), (240); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1273). Distribution: West Asia to Europe, N.W. Africa, the Mediterranean,
Australia, N. America, temperate and E. tropical South America.
4.1.2.46.4. Lysimachia L., Sp. Pl., 146. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs, up to 10cm; corolla yellowish white; ovary subglobose, stigma
capitate, style 2mm long……………………...……….………………L.japonica
1b) Perennial herbs, up to 20cm, corolla red, ovary ovoid, stigma subcapitate, style
4mm long………………………………...………...………...……....L.prolifera
4.1.2.46.4.1. Lysimachia japonica Thunb., Fl. Japon., 83. 1784.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(390); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(834).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir to Yunnan, E. China, Formosa, Ryukyu
Islands, Japan, Sumatra, Java and N.S. Wales.
4.1.2.46.4.2. Lysimachia prolifera Klatt, Naturw. Ver. Hamburg.. 4 (4):30.t.16. 1866. Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1328); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (388).
Distribution: Temperate Himalaya, Kashmir.
4.1.2.47. Punicaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, Prir. Rostlin, 2(94): [378]. 1825.;
Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak., 102: 1-5. 1970.
cxii
cxiii
4.1.2.47.1. Punica L. Sp. Pl., 472. 1753.
4.1.2.47.1.1. Punica granatum L. Sp. Pl., 472. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(433); Maidan (733 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1226 ). Distribution: Mediterranean Europe, Africa, and Asia, Kashmir, Western
Himalaya.
4.1.2.48. Ranunculaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 231. 1789; Riedl, Fl. Pak., 193: 1-164.
1991.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves simple, segmented or clefted, dentate, achenes beaked, petals present….
……………………………………..………………………....……Ranunculus
1b) Leaves pinnately compound, achenes not beaked, petals absent………………2
2a) Epiphytes, woody climbers, leaves 3-5-foliate, achenes with long hairy style….
…………………...………………………………………….………….Clematis
2b) Perennial rhizomatus, herbs, leaves bipinnately compound, style absent……….
……..……………………………………………………...…………Thalictrum
4.1.2.48.1. Ranunculus L., Sp. Pl., 1: 548.
Key to the species
1a) Annual herbs……………..……………………………………………………..2
cxiii
cxiv
1b) Perennial herbs…………...……………………………………………...…..….3
2a) Glabrous, sepals ovate, glabrous, margins hyaline, eciliated, achene ovate……..
…...………………………………………………………………...R.muricatus
2b) Sparsely hairy, sepals ovate, ciliated, achene obovate……………….R.arvensis
3a) Herbs up to 50cm tall, lamina densely hairy on both surfaces, achene orbicular..
……….………………………………………………………………....R.laetus
3b) Herbs up to 20cm tall, lamina densely hairy on lower surface, hairs retrose,
achene ovoid…………………………………………………..…...…R.hirtellus
4.1.2.48.1.1. Ranunculus muricatus L., Sp. Pl., 1: 555. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 15-08-2009, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(352); Dhamni, 23-05-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (521); Paniola,
23-07-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (646 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010,
+5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(922 ). Distribution: Kashmir, Himalaya,
Western Himalaya, India, Pakistan, Atlantic and S. Europe, West & South West
Asia, Crimea, Caucasus, S. Siberia.
4.1.2.48.1.2. Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Royle., ILL. Bot. Himal. Mts., 1: 53.
1839.
Specimens examined: Ali-Soujal, 10-04-09, +7000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(251 ); Bunjosa, 23-06-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (297 ); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (793 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010,
+5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1037); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
cxiv
cxv
Hussain (HAJKU ), (1083 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (451). Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Himalaya, Pakistan,
India, Afghanistan, Pamir, Western Tien-Shan.
4.1.2.48.1.3. Ranunculus arvensis L., Sp. Pl., 1: 555. 1753.
Specimens examined :Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (447 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(943); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1337).
Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, Rawalakot, Europe, Werstern Southwest Asia,
Himalaya, India, Pakistan.
4.1.2.48.1.4. Ranunculus hirtellus Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts., 53. 1834.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1983). Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (253 ); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (894 ). Distribution: Kashmir,
Poonch, Himalaya, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.48.2. Clematis L., Sp. Pl., 1: 543.1753
1a) Leaves trifoliate, sepals up to 20mm long………………………...…C.montana
1b) Leaves 5-foliate, sepals up to 5mm long…………………...……….C.gouriana
4.1.2.48.2.1. Clematis montana Buch. –Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 164. 1817.
Specimens examined :Bunjosa, 23-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(455 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (930); Hurnamera,
cxv
cxvi
22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1720). Distribution: Kashmir,
Poonch, Himalaya, Pakistan, Indian, China, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.48.2.2. Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 138-139. 1818.
Specimens examined: Toppa,10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1238);
Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1786 ); Androoth,
10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (514); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU) ,(847); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1537). Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, Rawalakot, Himalaya, Pakistan,
Burma, W. and C. China, India, Sri Lanka.
4.1.2.48.3. Thalictrum L., Sp. Pl., 1: 545.1753.
4.1.2.48.3.1. Thalictrum minus L., Sp. Pl., 546. 1753.
4.1.2.48.3.1.1. Thalictrum minus sbsp. majus (Crantz) Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl.
Ind., 17. 1855.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 23-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1183 ); Hallan-ni-Gali, 15-5-2011, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (507 ); Dhoak, 28-
4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (657); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft,
Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(950); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1340). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Poonch, Europe and Asia
(except arctic and tropical areas.
cxvi
cxvii
4.1.2.49. Rhamnaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 376–377. 1789; Qaiser & Nazimuddin. 140:
1-24. 1981.
Key to the genera
1a) Trees, stipular spines absent; leaf basese not oblique, petals absent… Rhamnus
1b) Shrubs, stipular spines present; leaf bases oblique, patals 5…………...Ziziphus
4.1.2.49.1. Rhamnus L., Sp. Pl., 193. 1753.
4.1.2.49.1.1. Rhamnus purpurea Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 20: 44. 1846.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1612 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(469 ).
Distribution: Himalayas.
4.1.2.49.2. Ziziphus Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed.4 ); (3): 1754.
Key to the species
1a) Stipular spines in pair; petiole up to 8mm long, lamina ovate-elliptic, apex
acute or acuminate……………….……………………………...Z.spina-christi
1b) Stipular spines not in pairs; leaves not as above………………………………..2
2a) Petiole tomentose, lamina orbicular or ovate-orbicular, pubescent above, pale
greenish, tomentose below, apex mucronate………………….…Z.nummularia
2b) Petiole not tomentose, lamina oblong-ovate, not pubescent nor tomentose, apex
obtuse or broadly acute…………………………..…………………… Z. jujuba
4.1.2.49.2.1. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf., Sp. Pl., 1105. 1798., DC.
cxvii
cxviii
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1613 ). Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Afghanistan, N.W. India,N. &
E. Africa, Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, S. Iran.
4.1.2.49.2.2. Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8., (1): 1768.
4.1.2.49.2.3. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Penins.
Ind. Or., 162. 1834.
Specimens examined: Lower Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (813).
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq.
4.1.2.50. Rosaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 334. 1789.
Key to the genera
1a) Shrubs or trees…………………………………………………………………..2
1b)Herbs……………...……………………..…………..…………………………..8
2a) Shrubs…………………..……...…………...………………….……………….3
2b) Trees, leaves simple…………………………………………………………….6
3a) Prickly, leaves compound…….………………………..……………………….4
3b) Not prickly, leaves simple……………………………………..………...……..5
4a) Leaves and petiole hairy, erect or creeping or branches drooping………..Rubus
4b) Leaves and petiole glabrous, erect or climbing……………………....….....Rosa
5a) Pome yellow, tomentose, up to 7cm long………...……………..….…..Cydonia
5b) Pome red or black, globose, less than 1cm in dia………………..…Cotoneaster
6a) Fruit a drupe……………………..…………………………………...…..Prunus
6b) Fruit a pome………………………………..……………………...……………7 cxviii
cxix
7a) Branches spiny tipped, pome globes or obovate, with gray or white ots, not
shining…………………………………………………………………….Pyrus
7b) Branches not spiny tipped, pome globose shining………..…………...….Malus
8a) Flowers unisexual, stem creeping, rooting at nodes…..……………..Duchesnea
8b) Flowers bisexual, stoloniferous or creeping…………...... ………………..……9
9a) Stoloniferous, leaves 3-foliate………………………….………………Fragaria
9b) Creeping, leaves 5-foliate or 3-foliate………...…………….....……....Potentila
4.1.2.50.1. Duchesnea Sm., Trans. Linn. Sco. London., 10(2): 372–374. 1811.
4.1.2.50.1.1. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke, Nat. pflanzenfam. 24(3):
33.1888.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(726 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1121);
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1166 ); Dhoak, 15-7-
2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (283 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (728). Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalay, Kashmir, Afghanistan,
Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Nepal.
4.1.2.50.2. Potentilla L., Sp. Pl., 495. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets ovate, ovate-elliptic, sparsely hairy on upper surface,
tometose on lower surface………...…………………………..P.atrosanguinea
1b) Leaves 5-foliate, leaflets oblong-elliptic, hairy on both surface, lower surface
cxix
cxx
not tomentose………….…………...………………………………….P.reptans
4.1.2.50.2.1. Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., G. Lodd. & W. Lodd., Bot. Cab. 8, pl. 786. 1823.
Specimens examined: , Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1123 ); Ali Soujal (1270). Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Western Himalaya,
Kashmir, India, Nepal, Bhutan and China.
4.1.2.50.2.2. Potentilla reptans L., Sp. Pl., 499. 1753.
Specimens examined: Danna No.04 (378 ); Ali Soujal (775). Distribution:
Pakistan, Western Himalay, Kashmir, N. India and China. Europe, Africa, Cyprus,
Turkey, Syria, N. Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Afghanistan, NW & Central Asia.
4.1.2.50.3. Fragaria L., Sp. Pl., 494. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaflets shortly petiolate, obovate or broadly lanceolate, achenes rugose………
……………………………………………………………………….F.nubicola
1b) Leaflets sessile, ovate, achenes not rugose………………….....…….….F.vesca
4.1.2.50.3.1. Fragaria nubicola ( Hook.f.) Lindl. ex Lacaita, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.,
43: 467. 1916.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1222); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1366).
Distribution: Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China,
Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim.
cxx
cxxi
4.1.2.50.3.2. Fragaria vesca L., Sp. Pl., 494. 1753. Specimens examined: Tarrani-ni-Hill (432). Distribution: Pakistan, Western
Himalaya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Sikkim.
4.1.2.50.4. Rubus L., Sp. Pl., 492. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaflets lobed, stem drooping, glabrous…………..……………………………2
1b) Leaflets not lobed, stem erect or suberect, hairy……………………………….3
2a) Leaves 5-foliate, corolla red……………………………………………R.niveus
2b) Leaves or primocans 5-foliate and floricans 3-foliate, corolla pink……………..
…………………………………………………………………...... R.ulmifolius
3a) Leaflets obovate, hairs whitish………..……………………………R.fruticosus
3b) Leaflets broadly elliptic, hairs reddish……..……………………….R. ellipticus
4.1.2.50.4.1. Rubus fruticosus L., Sp. Pl., 493. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Husain, (HAJKU),
(777); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );n (1522).
Distribution: Europe, northwestern Africa, temperate Asia, Kashmir and North &
South America.
4.1.2.50.4.1.2. Rubus ellipticus Sm., Cycl., 30: Rubus no. 16. 1819.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1564 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(426) ,
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Phajjar +5o00 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (370 ). Distribution: South Asia,
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, China, India, Sri Lanka and S.E. Asia.
4.1.2.50.4.3. Rubus niveus Thunb., Diss. Bot.-Med. de Rubo, 9. 1813. Specimens examined: Ghai Gala, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (328 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(823); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., (1315). Distribution: Western Himalaya,
Kashmir, China, Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
4.1.2.50.4.4. Rubus ulmifolius Schott., Isis (Oken ); 5: 821. 1818.
Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1356 ); Tain, 11-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1799 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(428).Distribution: Europe and North Africa.
4.1.2.50.5. Rosa L., Sp. Pl., 491. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Climbing shrubs, leaves 5-7-foliate, petals 5, white……………..…..R.brunonii
1b) Erects shrubs, leaves 3-5-foliate, petals 5 (or multiple of 5 ); pink, red, white…
……………………………………………………………………...R.chinensis
4.1.2.50.5.1. Rosa brunonii Lindl., Ros. Monogr., 120. t. 14. 1820. Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (821 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-
2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU ),(1313). Distribution: Western
Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan to S. W. China.
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4.1.2.50.5.2. Rosa chinensis Jacq., Obs. Bot., 3: 7. t. 55. 1768.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1359 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1694). Distribution: China, Eastern
Himalaya, Nepal.
4.1.2.50.6. Pyrus L., Sp. Pl., 479. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Pome globose, up to 3-5………………………………...………………………2
1b) Pome obovoid, up to 10cm long……………………………...……P.communis
2a) Pome less than 2cm in dia, black…………………..………….………..P.pashia
2b) Pome up to 3.5cm, pale brown……………………………….………P.pyrifolia
4.1.2.50.6.1. Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo ); 40: 564. 1926. Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(377 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU),(824 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (1316).
Distribution: China, Japan, and Korea.
4.1.2.50.6.2. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr., 236. 1825.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(331); Mutyal Mera, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (877 ). Distribution:
Pakistan, Western Himalaya, Kashmir, China, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pepal,
Sikkim, Thailand and Vietnam.
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4.1.2.50.6.3. Pyrus communis L., Sp. Pl., 479. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1362 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1691 );
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(322). Distribution:
China, Bhutan, Russia, Sikkim, Vietnam, South-West Asia and Europe
4.1.2.50.7. Malus Mill., GArd. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4) vol. 2. 1754.
Key to the species
1a) Pome up to 8cm in dia……….………………………………....……..M.pumila
1b) Pome up to 4cm in dia………………………………………..………M.baccata
4.1.2.50.7.1. Malus pumila Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (871). Distribution: C. Asia, China, South-West Asia and Europe.
4.1.2.50.7.2. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot., 2: 1280.
1803.
Specimens examined:Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain,(HAJKU),(1513).
Distribution: China, Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Korea and
Bhutan.
4.1.2.50.8. Prunus L. Sp. Pl., 473. 1753.
Key to the species: cxxiv
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1a) Leaves ovate-elliptic, flowers light pink……………………...……P.armeniaca
1b) Leaves elliptic lanceolate…………………..………………………………...…2
2a) Leaf apex botuse, flowers white……………………....……………P.domestica
2b) Leaf apex acuminate, flowers pink…….………………..……….…….P.persica
4.1.2.50.8.1. Prunus domestica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 475. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-04-2012, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1561); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (371), Tain, 10-4-
2009, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (222).
Distribution: Europe and South-West Asia.
4.1.2.50.8.2. Prunus persica (L.) Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med., 3: 100 1812.
Specimens examined: Drake, 20-4-2010, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(816); Hussain kot, 8-4-2012, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1256). Distribution: North-West China.
4.1.2.50.8.3. Prunus armeniaca L., Sp. Pl., 474 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU
);(321); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(817).
Distribution: China.
4.1.2.50.9. Cydonia Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr.(ed. 4 ); 1: Cydonia. 1754.
4.1.2.50.9.1. Cydonia oblonga Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Cydonia no. 1. 1768.
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Specimens examined: Tarran-ni-hill, 25-5-2010, Sajjad Hussain,(1310).
Distribution: South-west Asia, Central Asia, Turkey and Iran.
4.1.2.50.10. Cotoneaster B. Chrhart, Philos. Bot., 1: 154. 1789. (Apr 1789)
Key to the species
1a) Stem prostrate, leaves obovate, obovate-oblong, up to 7mm long………………
…………………………………………………………………..C.microphyllus
1b) Stem erect, elliptic lanceolate, up to 5cm long…………...……....…….C.roseus
4.1.2.50.10.1. Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lind., Bot. Reg., 13: t. 1114. 1827.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1358). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal,
Sikkim.
4.1.2.50.10.2. Cotoneaster roseus Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 20(1): 46.
1846.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(372 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (818 ); Datote,
12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1312). Distribution: Himalaya,
Kashmir, Pakistan, India and Iran.
4.1.2.51. Rubiaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 196. 1789; Nazimuddin & Qaiser. Fl. Pak.,
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190: 1-145. 1989.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves 5-8 in each whorl, lanceolate, spatulate or linearly spatulate or linearly
lanceolate, corolla lobes 4 , stamens 4, anther darsifixed...... …….. Galium
1b) Leaves 4 in each whorl, cordate or elliptic ovate or obovate, corolla lobs 5,
stamens 5, anther basifixed or darsifixed……….………...………….……Rubia
4.1.2.51.1. Galium L. Sp. Pl., 105. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem prickles, leaves lanceolate or spatulate, sessile or subssile, inflorescence 3
flowered……………..……………..…………..………………..……G.aparine
1b) Stem without prickles, leaves narrowly lanceolate or narrowly spatulate, sessile, inflorescence 1-3 flowered……………… ...... ……...G.asperuloides
4.1.2.51.1.1. Galium aparine L., Sp. P1., 108. 1753.
Specimens examined: Drake, 15-09-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(704). Distribution: Kashmir Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Europe, North
Africa, Asia minor and Siberia.
4.1.2.51.1.2. Galium asperuloides Edgew., Trans. Linn. Soc., 20: 61. 1846.
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Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera, 15-05-09, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (705). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Himalayas and
China.
4.1.2.51.2. Rubia L. Sp. Pl., 109. 1753.
Key to the Species
1a) Leaf base cordate, long petiole, apex long narrow, veins distinct...R. cordifolia
1b) Leaf base not cordate, ovate, ellaiptic, apex not narrow, veins not distinct……
……..……………………………………………………………………R.himalayensis
4.1.2.51.2.1. Rubia cordifolia L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 3: 229. 1768.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 18-10-10, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1744); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1294).
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Greece, N. Africa,
Siberia, Manchuria, China, Japan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sikkam, Nepal and Tibet.
4.1.2.51.2.2. Rubia himalayensis Klotzsch, Klotzsch & Garcke, Bot. Er. Reise
Prinz. Wald Preuss. 86, t, 76. 1862.
Specimens examined: Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(223 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (706 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1715). Distribution: Kashmir, western Himalayas,
Pakistan and Afghanistan.
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4.1.2.52. Rutaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 296. 1789; Din & Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak., 132: 1-
29. 1980.
4.1.2.52.1. Zanthoxylum L. Sp. Pl.,1: 270. 1753.
4.1.2.52.1.1. Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Prodr. 1:727. 1824.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(465 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(826 ); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1519). Distribution: Himalays,
Kashmir, from Swat to Bhutan, Khasia Hills; Japan, Korea, China.
4.1.2.53. Salicaceae Mirb., Elem. Physiol. Veg., Bot. 2: 905. 1815; Ali & Qaiser.
Fl. Pak., 203. 1-63. 2001.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves broader, base cordate, long petiolate; inflorescence pedunculate catkins;
stamens 4- many; seeds with tuft of silky hairs…….……...……………Populus
1b) Leaves narrow, base not cordate, shortly petiolate; inflorescence sessile or
Pedunculate catkins, seeds not with tuft of hairs……………...……...……Salix
4.1.2.53.1. Populus L., Sp. Pl.,1034. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Bark whitish gray; young branches tomentose; leaves trilobed, mature leaves
white tomentose on lower surface……………………..……….…………P.alba
1b) Bark dull gray; young branches not tomentose; leaves not lobed, glabrous on
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both surfaces…………….……………………………………………………..3
2a) Branches subspreading, erect; leaves on upper shoots larger than lower shoots,
Lamina rhombic-ovate, up to 8cm long and 6cm wide, stigmas 2 ……...P.nigra
2b) Branches spreading; leaves similar in size; lamina ovate, up to 15cm long and
12cm wide, stigma 3……………..……….…………………………..…P.ciliata
4.1.2.53.1.1. Populus alba L., Sp. Pl., 1034. 1753. Specimens examined: Phajjar, 20-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1374) Rawalakot, 22-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1572).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Europe, N. Africa, South West and Western Central Asia.
4.1.2.53.1.2. Populus nigra L., Sp. Pl., 1034. 1753.
Specimens examined: Hurna Mera, 10-07-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),( 385); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(
1372 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (883). Distribution:
China, cultivated in many parts of world.
4.1.2.53.1.3. Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 346 t. 84a f. 1. 1839. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1327 ); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1526 );;
Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(436 ); Motialmara,
20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (932 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500
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ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1528 ); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU), (1673). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Himalaya.
4.1.2.53.2. Salix L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1015. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Branches drooping, sometime reaching the ground…….………....S.babylonica
1b) Branches subdrooping or erect not reaching the ground…………...…………..2
2a) Lamina narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate; catkins appearing with leaves…..
……………………………………………………………………………S.alba
2b) Lamina ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, apex acute; catkins precocious……...3
3a) Young branches yellowish green or purplish; lamina ovate-oblong, petiole
8mm long; bracts hairy……………….………………………...…..…..S.caprea
3b) Young branches yellowish; lamina elliptic-oblong, petiole 3mm long; bracts
silky pubscent……………………………………………...……....S.denticulata
4.1.2.53.2.1. Salix alba L., Sp. Pl. 1021. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-05-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(488 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (933 ). Distribution:
Europe (except the Arctic, W. Siberia ); Mediterranean region, S.W. and Central
Asia. Naturalized in Pakistan and Kashmir.
4.1.2.53.2.2. Salix babylonica L., Sp. Pl., 1017. 1753.
Specimens examined:Rehara (1717); Singola, 23-10-2010,+4500 ft,Sajjad Hussain,
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(HAJKU),(535 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(929).
Distribution: China, cultivated many parts of world.
4.1.2.53.2.3. Salix caprea L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1020. 1753.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(367); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(833).
Distribution: Native to Europe.
4.1.2.53.2.4. Salix denticulata Andersson, Kung. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1850. Specimens examined: Dothan, 25-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(434 ); Bunjosa, 2-07-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(831); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1525). Distribution: Kashmir,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, India Nepal and China.
4.1.2.54. Sapindaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 246. 1789; Abdulla, Fl. Pak., 39: 1-10.
1973.
Key to the genera
1a) Deciduous, large sized trees; leaves paripinnately compound, petals present,
fruit a berry……………………...……………………………………....Spindus
1b) Evergreen shrubs, leaves simple, petals absent, fruit 3-valved capsule…………
………………………………………………………………..………Dodonaea
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4.1.2.54.1. Sapindus L., Sp. Pl.,1: 367. 1753.
4.1.2.54.1.1. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Fruct., 1:342 t. 70. 1788.
Specimens examined: Hellain (430 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), (925). Distribution: Native to China.
4.1.2.54.2. Dodonaea Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4 ); vol. 1, 1754.
4.1.2.54.2.1. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq., Enum. PI. Carib., 19. 1760.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1615 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (481
); Lower Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (870).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, India, Australia, S. Africa, N.
America, China and Ceylon.
4.1.2.55. Saxifragaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 308. 1789; Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak., 108: 1- 29. 1977.
4.2.55.1. Bergenia Moench, Methodus, 664. 1794.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves suborbicular to orbicular, minutely hirsute on both surfaces, margisn
entire ciliated, inflorescence one sided racemes………………...………B.ciliata
1b) Leaves obovate, glabrous on both surfaces, margins crenate, ciliated,
inflorescence a cymose…………...……………………………...…B.stracheyi
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4.1.2.55.1.1. Bergenia ciliata Sternb., Rev.Saxif.Suppl. 2 :2. 1831.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1127). Distribution: Temperate Himalayan region, Kashmir, Western Himalaya and Nepal.
4.1.2.55.1.2. Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl., Bot. Zeitung, 26:
842 1868.
Specimens examined: Ali Soujal (1072 ); Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(289 ); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(684 ). Distribution: W. Himalayas, Kashmir, from 2700-4700 m, Afghanistan,
USSR, (Tadzhikistan).
4.1.2.56. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Gen. Pl., 117–118. 1789.
Key to the genera
1a) Herbs more than 60cm tall; stem and leaves tomentose; inflorescence wooly;
flowers yellow…...……………..……………………………….….. Verbascum
1b) Herbs less than 60cm tall; stem and leaves not tomentose; inflorescence not
wooly; flowers not yellow……………………………………………………...2
2a) Stamens 2……………………………..…………………………..……Veronica
2b) Stamens 4……………………………..………………..………….Scrophularia
4.1.2. 56.1. Scrophularia L., Sp. Pl., 2: 619. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves ovate-triangular, base cordate-subcordate, apex acute-triangular; corolla
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greenish………………………..……………………………………… S.nodosa
1a) Leaves lanceolate, base attenuate, apex caudate; corolla blueish…..S.lanceolata
4.1.2. 56.1.1. Scrophularia nodosa L., Sp. Pl., 619. 1753.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Husain,
(HAJKU),(1260 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1795 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU ), (278).
Distribution: Temperate regions or Northern Hemisphere except W.N. America.
4.1.2. 56.1.2. Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh., Fl. Amer. Sept., 2: 419 1813.
Specimens examined: Drake, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(774 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1361 ); Datote,
12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1792). Distribution: Native of
North America.
4.1.2. 56.2. Veronica L., Sp. Pl., 9. 1753.
Key to the genera
1a) Erect perennial herbs, leaves opposite, sessile………...………....V. melissifolia
1b) Creeping, ascending, diffused, annual herbs; leaves alternate and opposite,
petiolate…………………………………………………………………………2
2a) Stem prostrate; leaves trilobed, reniform; capsule suborbicular…..V.hederifolia
2b) Stem, diffused, ascending, prostrate; leaves ovate-suborbicular; capsule
obcordate……………………………………………………………………... 3
3a) Capsule glabrous…………………...………...………………………..V.persica
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3b) Capsule hairy…………..………………………………………….....V. arvensis
4.1.2. 56.2.1. Veronica persica Poir., Encycl., 8: 542 1808.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 20-07-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1117); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1646).
Distribution: Eurasia.
4.1.2. 56.2.2. Veronica arvensis L., Sp. Pl., 13. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., (1593 ); Bangoien, 15-08-
2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(424). Distribution: Native of Asia,
Europe and Africa.
4.1.2. 56.2.3. Veronica hederifolia L., Sp. Pl., 13. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(867 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1118 );
Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU ), (1647).
Distribution: Eurasia.
4.1.2. 56.2.4. Veronica melissifolia Desf. ex Poir., Encycl., 8: 526. 22 .1808.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1594 ); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (324 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (815 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (305).Distribution: Eurasia.
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4.1.2. 56.3. Verbascum L., Sp. Pl., 177. 1753.
4.1.2. 56.3.1. Verbascum thapsus L., Sp. Pl., 177. 1753.
Specimens examined: Maidan, 20-06-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1047); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1793).
Distribution: Europe, N. Africa and Asia.
4.1.2.57. Simaroubaceae DC., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc.Philom. Paris, 2: 209. 1811;
Malik, Fl. Pak., 162: 1-7. 1984.
4.1.2.57.1. Ailanthus Desf., Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 265. t. 8. 1786.
4.1.2.57.1.1. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Pl. Coromandel, 1: t. 23. 1795.
Specimens examined: Ghai Gala, 07-09-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (475 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(918); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1512).
Distribution: India, Australia, China.
4.1.2.58. Solanaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 124. 1789; Nasir, Fl Pak., 168: 1-61. 1985.
Key to the genera
1a) Fruit a spiny capsule…...……………...………………………………….Datura
1b) Fruit a berry……………...……………………………...……………….……..2
2a) Fruit a inflated berry, not fleshy……..………………………………..Capsicum
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2b) Fruit a fleshy berry…………………………………...…………………………3
3a) Suffruticose, branches stelately tomentose………..………………...…Withania
3b) Herbaceous or base woody; branches not stelately tomentose…………………4
4a) Leaves pinnately compound, up to 30cm long, leaflets of second order present..
…………………………………………………………...…….….Lycopersicun
4b) Leaves simple or pinnately compound, up to 20cm long, if pinnately compound
leaflets of second order absent………..……………………………….Solanum
4.1.2.58.1. Solanum L., Sp. Pl.,184. 1753.
Key to the genera
1a) Leaves, stem and branches prickly………………...…...…….……S. surattense
1b) Leaves, stem and branches not prickly…………………………..……………..2
2a) Leaves compound; stem tubers present…………...…………...…..S. tuberosum
2b) Leaves simple; stem tubers absent……………………..…………………...…..3
3a) Branches and leaves densely hairy; berry subglobose or long curved, not juicy,
up to 10cm in dia. or 12cm long, dark purple…………..……...….S. melongena
3b) Branches and leaves glabrous or minutely hairy; berry globose, juicy, 3-5mm
in dia. orange or black………….……….……….…………………....S.nigrum
4.1.2.58.1.1. Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1610 ). Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
4.1.2.58.1.2. Solanum surattense Burm. f., Fl. Ind., 57. 1768.
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Specimens examined: Tain, 5-4-2009, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(226); Dalkot, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1156). Distribution: Native of Northern
Africa, S. & S.E. Asia, Australia and Polynesia.
4.1.2.58.1.3. Solanum tuberosum L., Sp. Pl., 185. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1012); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (720).
Distribution: Mexico, S. America, Cultivated throughout the world.
4.1.2.58.1.4. Solanum melongena L., Sp. Pl., 186. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1794). Distribution: Native of India.
4.1.2.58.2. Lycopersicm Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4 ); 1754.
4.1.2.58.2.1. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed., 8, no. 2. 1768.
Specimens examined: Drake, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(320 ). Distribution: Native of C. & S. America. Cultivated through out world.
4.1.2.58.3. Capsicum L., Sp. Pl., 188. 1753.
Key to the species 1a) Leaves ovate, fruit up to 10cm long……………………………….…C.annuum
1b) Leaves elliptic, fruit up to 3 cm long…...……………...………….C. frutescens
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4.1.2.58.3.1. Capsicum annuum L., Sp. Pl., 188. 1753. Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (1306 ); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1352 );
Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1797). Distribution:
Native of C. America. Widely cultivated elsewhere.
4.1.2.58.3.2. Capsicum frutescens L., Sp. Pl., 189. 1753. Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(318); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (820).
Distribution: Native of America.
4.1.2.58.4. Withania Pauguy, Belladone, 14. 1825.
4.1.2.58.4.1. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Prodr. 13,1:453. 1852.
Specimens examined: Hellan (1057 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (1798); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (228). Distribution: Pakistan,
India, Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Africa, Iraq, S. Iran, Syria, Turkey, Palestine,
Arabia.
4.1.2.58.5. Datura L. Sp. Pl.,1: 179. 1753.
4.1.2.58.5.1. Datura stramonium L., Sp. Pl., 179. 1753. Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1755 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1196);
Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(417 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad cxl
cxli
Hussain (HAJKU ),(859 ). Distribution: In most temperate and subtropical regions of both the hemispheres.
4.1.2.59. Tiliaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 289. 1789; Ghafoor, Fl. Pak., 75: 1-33. 1974.
4.1.2.59.1. Grewia L., Sp. Pl., 2: 964. 1753.
4.1.2.59.1.1. Grewia eriocarpa Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4: 93. 1804.
Specimens examined: Hellann (1221 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1265). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Arabia, Egypt,
Africa, Cape Verde Isles and East Indies.
4.1.60. Ulmaceae Mirb., Elem. Physiol. Veg. Bot., 2: 905. 1815; Akhtar, Fl. Pak.,
170:1-11. 1985.
Key to the genera
1a) Bark ash colour; perianth segments 4 or 5; stamens 4 or 5; fruit a globose
Drupe………………………………………………………………….…...Celtis
1b) Bark brown; perianth segments 4-8; stamens 3; fruit a samara…………..Ulmus
4.1.2.60.1. Ulmus L., Sp. Pl.,1: 225. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Branches drooping or subdrooping; lower surface of leaves glandular
hairy…………………………………………………………………….U.villosa
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1b) Branches not drooping; lower surface of leaves not glandular hairy…..…..
…………………………………………………………………...U.wallichiana
4.1.2.60.1.1. Ulmus villosa Brandis, Ind. Forester, 25: 230 1899. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (747 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1138);
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1384).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonh, Pakistan(Hazara).
4.1.2.60.1.2. Ulmus wallichiana Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat., 10: 277. 1848.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU), (259); Bunjosa, 21-06-2010, +5400 ft., Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(760); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (699).
Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan (Ziarat, Murree,) and Kumaon eastward to Nepal.
4.1.2.60.2. Celtis L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1043. 1753.
4.1.2.60.2.1. Celtis eriocarpa Decne., Voy. Ind. 4:150. 1844.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 22-08-09,+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain,(HAJKU),
(1240); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1586).
Distribution: Kashmir, Poonch, N.W. Himalaya from the Indus eastward to
Kumaon. Pakistan (Salt Range, Jhelum and Baluchistan).
4.1.2.61. Urticaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 400. 1789; Ghafoor, Fl. Pak., 137: 1-25. 1981. cxlii
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Key to the genera
1a) Herbs, stinging hairs present, lamina not tomentose…………………...…Urtica
1b) Shrubs, stinging hairs absent, lamina silvery tomentose below…... Debregeasia
4.1.2.61.1. Urtica L., Sp. Pl., 2: 983. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Dioecious perennial herbs, stem angular; lamina narrowly lanceolate-ovate,
sepals pubescent……………………...……………...………………….U.dioica
1b) Monoecious annual herbs, stem not angular, lamina ovate-lanceolate, sepals
hispid………………………………...…………………………….…..U.ardens
4.1.2.61.1.1. Urtica dioica L., Sp. Pl., 984. 1753. Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(801 ); Phajjar Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (700).
Distribution: Temperate regions or world, Himalaya, Kashmir, Poonch.
4.1.2.61.1. 2. Urtica ardens Link., Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 385. 1822. Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1884); Mutyal Mera 15-6-2012, 5000ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (202).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Western Himalaya and Western China.
4.1.2.61.2. Debregeasia Gaudich. Voy. Bonite, Bot., pl. 90. 1844.
4.1.2.61.2.1. Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle, Fl. Trop. Afr., 6(2): 295. 1917. Specimens examined: Midan, 12-6-11, (811 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (850 ); Banguin 4500 ft. 20-8-11, Sajjad Hussain,
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(HAJKU), (1050). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tropical Africa.
4.1.2.62. Valerianaceae Batsch, Tab. Affin. Regni Beg., 227. 1802; Nasir, Fl. Pak.,
101: 1-21. 1976.
4.1.2.62.1. Valeriana L., Sp. Pl., 31. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Stem tomentose, flowers white, achene tomentose………...……... V. jatamansi
1b) Stem glabrous or pubescent, flowers pinkish-white, achene not tomentose…...2
2a) Cauline leaves shortly petiolate, stem hirsuit at nodes, achene pubescent………
………………………………………………………………………….…...V.officinalis
2b) Stem not hirsuit at nodes, cauline leaves sessile, achene glabrous...V.pyrolifolia
4.1.2.62.1.1. Valeriana jatamansi Jones, Asiat. Res. 2: 416. 1790.
Specimens examined: Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (1757 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012,
+5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU). Distribution: Afghanistan, Kashmir,
Himalayas and China.
4.1.2.62.1.2. Valeriana officinalis L., Sp. Pl., 31 1753
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Specimens examined: Phajjar (862 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (1111); Trar (1758). Distribution: Western Himalaya,
Kashmir.
4.1.2.62.1.3. Valeriana pyrolifolia Decne., Voy. Ind., 85. 1844.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(863). Distribution: Temperate Himalayas, from Kashmir to Kumaon.
4.1.2.63. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil., Expos. Fam. Nat., 1: 245. 1805; Ghafoor, Fl. Pak., 77: 1-16. 1974.
Key to the genera
1a) Small perennial herbs, fruit Schizocarpic…………..…...……...………Verbena
1b) Shrubs or subshrubs, fruit not as above…………………………………….…..2
2a) Evergreen, leaves simple, branches prickly………………………….…Lantana
2b) Deciduous, branches tomentose, not prickly, leaves palmately compound, 5
foliate…………………………………………………………………….Vitex
4.1.2.63.1. Lantana L., Sp. Pl., 2: 626. 1753.
4.1.2.63.1.1. Lantana camara L., Sp. Pl., 627. 1753.
Specimens examined: Hellann (1751 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1190). Distribution: Native of of tropical America.
4.1.2.63.2. Verbena L., Sp. Pl., 18. 1753.
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Key to the species
1a) Stem erect, up to 70cm tall, flowers pink, in terminal spikes, calyx
campanulate………..………………………………………………V.officinalis
1b) Stem ascending, up to 25cm, flowers bluish-purple, flowers not in spikes, calyx
tubular………………….…………………………………………..V.tenuisecta
4.1.2.63.2.1. Verbena officinalis L., Sp. Pl., 20. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1105 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1752).
Distribution: Europe, Asia and North Africa.
4.1.2.63.2.2. Verbena tenuisecta Briq., Ann. Conser. et Jard. Bot. Geneve., 7-8:
294. 1904.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1192); Hellan, 14-06-10, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (414).
Distribution: Native of S. America.
4.1.2.63.3. Vitex L., Sp. Pl., 2: 638. 1753
4.1.2.63.3.1. Vitex negundo L., Sp. Pl., 638 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (717 ); Tain, 10-10-2011,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1106 ); Androoth (1753 ); Mori Furman
Shah (1193). Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India, W. Asia and N. Africa.
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4.1.2.64. Violaceae Batsch, Tab. Affin. Regni Veg., 57. 1802; Qaiser & Omer, Fl.
Pak., 166: 1-28. 1985.
4.1.2.64.1. Viola L. Sp., Pl., 2: 933. 1753.
4.1.2.64.1.1. Viola odorata L., Sp. Pl., 934. 1753. Specimens examined: , Drake, 13-04-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(381); Hussain Kot, 10-05-2011 22-08-2010, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(882). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, India,
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Mediterranean region and Caucasia.
4.1.2.65. Vitaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 267. 1789; Nazimuddin & Qaiser, Fl. Pak., 14: 1-20. 1982.
4.1.2.65.1. Vitis L., Sp. Pl.,1: 202. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves broadly ovate, trilobed, margins dentate, apexes of lobed acute; berry
greenish black, acidic…………….……………………….……. V.jacquemontii
1b) Leaves orbicular, 3-5-lobed, margins serrate, apexes of lobes acuminate; berry
pale greenish, red, violet…………..…..…………………………...…V.vinifera
4.1.2.65.1.1. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker, Fl. Punj.ed. 2.559. 1924. Specimens examined: Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1654 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
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(HAJKU),(520). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Sub Himalayan tracts of Pakistan and India.
4.1.2.65.1.2. Vitis vinifera L., Sp.P1., 202. 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (470 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU ),(916 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1609). Distribution: S.W. Asia, Western Himalaya.
Monocotyledons
4.1.2.66. Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil., Expos. Fam. Nat., 134. 1805; Nasir, Fl.
Pak., 134: 1-7. 1980.
4.1.2.66.1. Allium L., Sp. Pl., 294. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Bulbs with up to 20 bulbels, tunic whitish, spathe deciduous…….…..A.sativum
1b) Bulbs solitary, tunic purplish, spathe persistant………..………….……..A.cepa
4.1.2.66.1.1. Allium sativum L., Sp. Pl., 296. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(606). Distribution: Native of C. Asia.
4.1.2.66.1.2. Allium cepa L., Sp. Pl., 300. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(656). Distribution: Native of C. Asia.
4.1.2.67. Araceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 23. 1789; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 120: 1-17. 1978.
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Key to the genera
1a) Leaves not differentiated into blade and petiole, flowers not enclosed in spathe..
……………………………………………………………………………Acorus
1b) Leaves differentiated into blade and petiole, flowers enclosed in spathe……....2
2a) Leaves 2, petiole sheating, lamina hastate-sagitate………………….……Arum
2b) Leaves 1 or 2, petiole not sheathing, lamina not as above…………...………...3
3a) Perenationg by corms, leaflets elliptic lanceolate…………....….. Sauromatum
3b) Perenating by rhizome or tubers, leaflets elliptic ovate……………….Arisaema
4.1.2.67.1. Acorus L., Sp. Pl., 324. 1753.
4.1.2.67.1.1. Acorus calamus L., Sp. Pl., 324. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(509 ); Bangoien, 15-08-
2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(958 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1948 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft
(1694); Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (959). Distribution: Eurasia and North and
Central America.
4.1.2.67.2. Arum L., Sp. Pl., 2: 964. 1753.
4.1.2.67.2.1. Arum jacquemontii Blume, Rumphia. 1: 118. 1835.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1907); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
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cl
Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(1949 ); Maidan (1695 ); Panila (511 ); Phajjar
(960).
Distribution: Himalayas, Kashmir, N. Pakistan and N,W. India and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.67. 3. Arisaema Mart., Flora, 14: 459. 1831.
Key to the species
1a) Monoecious, petiolules up to 1.5cm long, seeds dark brown………….A.flavum
1b) Paradioecious, leaflets subsessile, seeds reddish brown………..A.jacquemontii
4.1.2.67. 3.1. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott, Prodr., 40. 1860.
Specimens examined: Hellann (1908 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU),(1951); Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (961). Distribution: Western Himalaya to Garhwal, S. Tibet, W. China and Afghanistan and Yemen.
4.1.2.67. 3.2. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume, Rumphia., 1:95. 1836.
Specimens examined: Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(962); Mong (1002); Motyalmara (1845); Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1698). Distribution:Western Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkin,
Kurram, Afghanistan, Tibet and N. Assam.
4.1.2.67.4. Sauromatum Schott, Melet. Bot., 17. 1832.
cl
cli
4.1.2.67.4.1. Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth, Enum. Pl., 3: 28 1841.
Specimens examined: Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1004); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1946).
Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1906). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan and India.
4.1.2.68. Asparagaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 40. 1789.
Key to the genera:
1a) Basal leaves absent, reduced or elliptic-ovate ……...……...…….....………….2
1b) Basal leaves present, long, linear up to 30cm long………..……...……… Scilla
2a) Subshrubs, leaves reduced, scale like………………………………..Asparagus
2b) Perennial herbs, leaves elliptic or ovate…………………………..……………3
3a) Leaves and flowers pendulous, leaves elliptic………………...…..Polygonatum
3b) Leaves and flowers not pendulous, leaves ovate………………………….……4
4a) Leaves linear lanceolate, stiff, up to 1m long, succulent, margins with spine…...
……………………………………………………………………………..Agav
4b) Leaves ovate-oblong, not stiff, 10cm long, margins without spines…………….
…..………………………………………………………………Maianthemum
4.1.2.68.1. Asparagus L., Sp. Pl., 313. 1753.
4.1.2.68.1.1. Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. Pl., 2: 152. 1799.
Specimens examined: Turnoti (1795 ); Rehara (610 ); Tain, 10-10-2011,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1792). Distribution: Himalaya, Myanmar,
cli
clii
India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Kashmir, Malaysia, Pakistan, Africa and Australia.
4.1.2.68.2. Polygonatum Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4). vol. 3. 1754.
4.1.2.68.2.1. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All., Fl. Pedem., 1: 131. 1785.
Specimens examined: Tarran-ni-Hill (1793). Distribution: Himalaya-Hindukus ranges, Kashmir, North America, Europe to Caucasus MounTain, 10-10-2011,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU );s and Turkey.
4.1.2.68.3. Scilla L., Sp. Pl., 308. 1753.
4.1.2.68.3.1. Scilla griffithii Hochr, Bull. New York Bot. Gard., 6: 265. 1910.
Specimens examined: Chota Gala (1008 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(662 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1205). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Paksitan and
Afghanistan.
4.1.2.68.4. Maianthemum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat., 14. 1780.
4.1.2.68.4.1. Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrinkie, Taxon, 35:589. 1986.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1850 ); Mutyal Mera (607 ); Tarar (658 ); Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad clii
cliii
Hussain (HAJKU ),(1009 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ),(1851). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sikkim.
4.1.2.68.5. Agave L., Sp. Pl., 323. 1753.
4.1.2.68.5.1. Agave americana L., Sp. Pl., 323. 1753.
Specimens examined: Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1989 ). Distribution: Native of Mexico.
4.1.2.69. Colchicaceae DC., Essai Propr. Med. Pl. 56. 1804; Nasir, Fl. Pak., 125:
1-4. 1979.
4.1.2.69.1. Colchicum L., Sp. Pl., 341. 1753.
4.1.2.69.1.1. Colchicum luteum Baker, Gard. Chron. n.s., 2: 33. 1874.
Specimens examined: Mong (1852 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1794); Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU);(661); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1204);
Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1853). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan, India, C. Asia, Afghanistan.
4.1.2.70. Commelinaceae Mirb., Hist. Nat. Pl., 8: 177. 1804; Qaiser & Jafri. Fl.
Pak., 85: 1-14. 1975. cliii
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4.1.2.70.1. Commelina L., Sp. Pl.,40. 1753.
4.1.2.70.1.1. Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. Pl., 41. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1385); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(601); Tain,
10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1239 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-
2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1585 ). Distribution: Tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa.
4.1.2.71. Cyperaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 26. 1789; Kuddonen, Fl. Pak., 206: 1-277.
2001.
Key to the genera
1a) Flowers unisexual, utrical completely enclosed, beaked……….…………Carex
1b) Flowers bisexual, urtical not as above………………..………….……………..2
2a) Stem leafy with many internodes, glumes hairy……………...…...……Fuirena
2b) Stem without internots, glumes not hairy…………,,…………………..………3
3a) Perianth bristles visible, leaves longer than culms……..…..……… Erioscirpus
3b) Periant bristles not bisible, Leaves reduced or shorter than culms………..……4
4a) Lowest most bracts foliaceous, leaves shoter or longer than culms…..…cyperus
4b) Lowerst bracts culm like, leaves reduced……………………... Schoenoplectus
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4.1.2.71.1. Cyperus L., Sp. Pl., 44. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Culms base swollen……………………………………………...…………..….2
1b) Culms base not swollen……………………………………..………….………3
2a) Bracts 2 or 3, up to 4cm long……………………………...….………..C. niveus
2b) Bracts up to 6, up to 10cm lng……………..………………..……. C.cyperoides
3a) Annual, leaves almost equalling the culms, primary rays 10cm long……..C.iria
3b) Perennial, leaves shorter than culms, primary rays up to 6cm long……………4
4a) One bract usually larger, prophyll up to 12mm long, spikes up to 10…………...
…..…………………………………………………………………C.esculentus
4b) All bracts equalling in size, prophyll up to 2mm long, spikes up to 7…………..
………………………………………………………………………C.rutundus
4.1.2.71.1.1. Cyperus esculentus L., Sp. Pl., 45. 1753.
Specimens examined: Pniola, 12-09-2010, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(965 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1904 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1946).
Distribution: Tropical and Subtropical Africa.
4.1.2.71.1.2. Cyperus niveus Retz., Observ. Bot., 5: 12. 1788.
Specimens examined: Trar, 12-07-2010, + 5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(967); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1905).
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Maidan (504). Distribution: HindoKush, Himalaya, Kashmir, Myanmar, Iran, and
E. Africa.
4.1.2.71.1.3. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl., 3(2): 333. 1898.
Specimens examined: Trar, 12-07-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(553); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (751).
Distribution: Kashmir, Himalayas, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, south and N.
Australia, Hawaii, tropical and subtropical Africa and W. Indies.
4.1.2.71.1.4. Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 45. 1753.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1742 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1788 );
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(603 ); Miral
Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (901 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ),(999). Distribution: Tropical and subtropical areas of all continents.
4.1.2.71.1.5. Cyperus iria L., Sp. Pl., 45 1753.
Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1841 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1589 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(205 ); Maidan (851 );
Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft (750).
Distribution: South East Asia, Central Aia, W. Africa, Australia, Pacific Islands and America.
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4.1.2.71.2. Erioscirpus Palla, Bot., Zeitung. 2. Abt. 54: 151. 1896.
4.1.2.71.2.1. Erioscirpus comosus (Nees) Palla, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin ); 54: 151.
1896.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2007, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1741 ); Hellann (1189 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(255 ).Distribution: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Western Himalaya, Kashmir,
Myanmar, China and N. Vietnam.
4.1.2.71.3. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 38:
49. 1888.
4.1.2.71.3.1. Schoenoplectus corymbosus ( Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) J. Roynal,
Cat. Pl. Vasc. Niger 343 1976.
Specimens examined: Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1743 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1790); Turnoti (503 ); Rehara (653 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1601 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1643).
Distribution: Africa, Madagascar, Pakistan and India.
4.1.2.71.4. Fuirena Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl., 70. 1773.
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4.1.2.71.4.1. Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 182. 1837.
Specimens examined: Toppa, 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1941 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1588 );
Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(404 ); Dhoak, 15-7-
2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (802 ); Distribution: Mediterrannean regions, Turkey,
Lebanon, Afghanistan, India and Africa.
4.1.2.71.5. Carex L., Sp. Pl., 2: 972. 1753.
Key to the species 1a) Leaf margins revolute, papilose on both surfaces…..…...…….C.decaulescence 1b) Leaf margins not as above…………,,………………………………………….2
2a) Leaf sheath up to 30cm long, utricles ovoid……………………….....C.cruciata
2b) Leaf sheath up to 5cm long, utricle ellipsoidal or plano-convex……………….3
4a) Rhizome horizontal, stems noded, utricles ellipsoidal………..…….. C.brunnea
4b) Rhizome not as above, stems not noded, utricles plano-convex………C.filicina
4.1.2.71.5.1. Carex decaulescens V.I.Krecz., Fl. URSS., 3: 599. 1935.
Specimens examined: Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(852); Drake, 12-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1640);
Distribution: Himalaya, N. Pamir to Tian Shan Mts.
4.1.2.71.5.2. Carex cruciata Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl.,24:
149. 1803.
Specimens examined: Trar, 12-07-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(1081 ); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(203 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, clviii
clix
+5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(550); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (748). Distribution: Madagascar, Western Himalaya, Kashmir,
India to Taiwan and Indonesia.
4.1.2.71.5.3. Carex filicina Nees, Contr. Bot. India, 123. 1834.
Specimens examined: Trar, 12-07-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1187 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(204 );
Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (250 ); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU),(798 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ), Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(1940). Distribution: Western Himalaya,
Kashmir,SE Asia.
4.1.2.71.5.4. Carex brunnea Thunb., Syst. Veg. (ed. 14 ); 844. 1784.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera (898 ); Tarar (1142). Toppa, 10-05-12,
+8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1787 ); Hurna Mera, 10-06-12, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (304 ); Maidon, 10-10-11, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(350). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Pakistan, Kashmir, India and further to Japan, China, Malesia, E. Australia and Lord Howe Island.
4.1.2.72. Iridaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 57. 1789; Ali & Mathew, Fl. Pak., 202: 1-35.
2000.
4.1.2.72.1. Iris L., Sp. Pl., 38. 1753.
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4.1.2.72.1.1. Iris kashmiriana Baker, Gard. Chron., (2): 744. 1877.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU
),(510); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1692).
Distribution: Endemic to Kashmir and Pakistn.
4.1.2.73. Juncaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 43. 1789; Jafri, Fl. Pak., 138: 1-24. 1981.
4.1.2.73.1. Juncus L. Sp. Pl.,1: 325. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves cauline, septate, capsule oblong or ellipsoidal…………….J. articulatus
1b) Leaves basal not septate, ovoid……………………………………….J.inflexus
4.1.2.73.1.1. Juncus articulatus L., Sp.Pl., 327. 1753.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(554); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(703). Distribution: Europe, N. Africa,
Central and S.W. Asia, Kashmir, Pakistan and the Himalayas; eastern N. America; widely introduced reaching Australia and New Zealand.
4.1.2.73.1.2. Juncus inflexus L., Sp.Pl. 326. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU);
(1801); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1543).
Distribution: Eurasia and N.Africa.
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4.1.2.74. Liliaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 48. 1789; Ali, Fl. Pak., 215: 1-108. 2007.
Key to the genera
1a) Flowers solitary, fleshy, showy, style absent………………………..……Tulipa
1b) Flowers 2 or 3, not fleshy, small, style present…………………….……Gagea
4.1.2.74.1. Gagea Salisb., Ann. Bot. (Koning & Sims ); 2: 555. 1806.
4.1.2.74.1.1. Gagea elegans Wall. ex G.Don, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts., 1: t. 95, f. 2
1839.
Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5000 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1506), Bangoin, 17-4-2009, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(216);
Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(805). Distribution:
Western Himalay, Hindo Kush, Kashmir, Central Asia, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
India, Bhutan and China.
4.1.2.74.2. Tulipa L., Sp. Pl., 305. 1753.
4.1.2.74.2.1. Tulipa clusiana DC., Liliac. 1: t. 37 1803.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU).
;(1699), Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(517); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft(654). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Pakistan,
Iran, Afghanistan, Central Himalaya.
4.1.2.75. Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Worterb. 2: 8. 1797.
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4.1.2.75.1. Schoenocaulon A. Gray, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 4: 127.
1837.
4.1.2.75.1.1. Schoenocaulon sp.?????
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (608 ); Chota Gala
(660 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1010).
Distribution: Rawalakot.
4.1.2.76. Orchidaceae Juss., Gen. Pl., 64–65. 1789; Renz, Fl. Pak., 164: 1-63.
1984.
Key to the genera
1a) Flowers spirally arranged, on a twisted axis…………………..……..Spiranthes
1b) Flowers not spirally arranged, axis not twisted,……………...……...…………2
2a) Leaves and flowers not crowded, leaves broder………………….…..Hebenaria
2b) Leaves and flowers crowded, leaves narrow…………...…………….…Zeuxine
4.1.2.76.1. Habenaria Willd., Sp. Pl., Ed. 4(1): 5, 44. 1805.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves ovate-oblong, inflorescence 4-5-flowered…………..….…H.intermedia
1b) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, inflorescence many flowered……….……H.digitata
4.1.2.76.1.1. Habenaria intermedia D.Don, Prodr., 24. 1825.
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Specimens examined: Datoot, 20-09-11, +5000 ft (1901 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012,
+5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1243 ); Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(1889). Distribution:
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, eastwards to Nepal.
4.1.2.76.1.2. Habenaria digitata Lindl., Gen. Spec. Orchid. Pl. 307. 1835.
Specimens examined: Mutyal Mera (256 ); Tarar (853 ); Toppa, 10-05-12,
+8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1202 ); Androoth, 10-10-11, +4900 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1590); Dhoak, 15-7-2009, 5500 ft., (HAJKU), (505).
Distribution: India, Kashmir and western Pakistan.
4.1.2.76.2. Spiranthes Rich. De Orchid. Eur., 28–29, 36–37. 1817.
4.1.2.76.2.1. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, Orchid., 2: 53. 1908.
Specimens examined:Bunjosa, 20-06-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(954), Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1683).
Distribution: Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Pakistan, India.
4.1.2.76.3. Zeuxine Lindl., Orchid. Scelet., 9, 18. 1825.
4.1.2.76.3.1. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter, Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 45:394.
1911.
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Specimens examined: Chak, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(506). Distribution: Himalaya, Kashmir, S. E. Asia, E. Rassia, China,
Japan, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.
4.1.2.77. Poaceae Barnhart, Bull. Torrey Bot. Clud. 22: 7. 1895; Cope,
Fl. Pak., 143: 40-678. 1982.
Key to the genera
1a) Inflorescenc a panicle………………...…………………...……………………2
1b) Inflorescence a raceme or spike………………………………..……………...15
2a) Spikelets subtendend by bristles…………………………..……………………3
2b) Spikelets not subtended by bristles……………………………..………………4
3a) Spikelets ovate, subtended by golden brown bristles…………...………..Setaria
3b) Spikelets lanceolate, subtended by hyline bristles………...………..Pennisetum
4a) Annual grasses……………………………...………………...……………...…5
4b) Perennial or annual grasses………………………………..……………………8
5a) Ligule a fringe of hairs…………………………………...…………...Eragrostis
5b) Lingule membranous……………………………………….……….………….6
6a) leaf sheath glabrous, spikelets 1-5mm long, lower glume 1-veined………...….7
6b) leaf sheath pubescent, sikelets 4-10mm long, lower glume 1-3-veined...Bromus
7a) Culms up to 25cm long, spikelets ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate,
lemma, ovate woolly awnless………...... …………………………………..Poa
7b) Culms up to 60cm long, spikelets linear-lanceolate or elliptic, lemma lanceolate
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not woolly,awned………………….……………………………...…Polypogon
8a) Caespitose…………………………………...……………………...…………..9
8b) Not caespitose…………………………………..……………………………..10
9a) Rhizome absent, culms up to 100 cm long, leaves blades 25-30cm long and 4-
7mm wide, panicle narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, no hair behind the ligule......
…………………………………………………...……………… Helictotrichon
9b) Rhizome present, culms up to 5m, leaf blades 50-90cm long and 4-7cm wide,
panicle ovate or oblong, tuft of hairs behind the ligule…………….…...Arundo
10a) Lligule a fringe of hairs, upper glume awned, awn 18cm long….Chrysopogon
10b) Ligule membranous, upper glume awnless or very short awn………..……..11
11a) Panicle cylindrical, bearing silky white hairs……………………..….Imperata
11b) Panicle not cylindrical, not bearing silky white hairs………...……..……….12
12a) Panicle pyramid shaped, lower glume convex, ovate or elliptic…..…Sorghum
12b) Panicle not pyramid shaped, lower glume linnear lanceolate to elliptic...…..13
13a) Upper glume 8mm long, lemma 8mm long, glabrous, 3-veined, 3 awned, awns
6mm long, scabrous…………………………………………….….…Aristida
13b) Upper glume 2mm long, lemma 2mm long, 1-5-veined, awnless………….14
14a) Stolons present, leaf blades 10-18cm long, spikelets lanceolate-oblong, 3mm
long, anther 0.8mm long………………………..……………………..Agrostis
14b) Stolons absent, leaf blandes 5-10mm long, spikelets lanceolate-ovate, 2-5mm
long, anther 1-1.5mm long,………………………….……..…….Sporobolus
15a) Inflorescence a raceme…………………..…………………………………...16
15b) Inflorescence a spike……………………...……………………………….…25
16a) Inflorescence a digitate or subdigitate raceme……..………………………...17
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16b) Inflorescenc a simple raceme………………………...……………………....19
17a) Annuals,rachis triangular, scabrous, lemma 7-veined, awnless, enclosing the
palea……………………………………...……………...……………Digitaria
17b) Perennials, rachis not triangular, lemma 0-3-veined, awned or awnless not
enclosig the palea………………..…………………………………………..18
18a) Rhizome absent, stolons absent, culms up to 50cm long, ligule ciliated on the
rim……………………………………………..…………………Dichanthium
18b) Rhizome present, stolons present, culms up to 20cm long, ligule not ciliated
on the rim,…………………………………...………………………..Cynodon
19a) Spatheole present…………………………………..………………………...20
19b) Spatheole absent………………………………...…...………………………21
20a) Leave without petiole like base, 4 spikelets in the cluster, densely pubescent,
sessile spikelet 5-8mm long, lanceolate or elliptic, lower glume puberulous or
pilose………………………………………………………….……...Themeda
20b) Leaves with petiole like base, 3 spikelets in the cluster, glabrous, sessile
spikelet oblong, 4-6mm long, lower glume glabrous………………...... Apluda
21a) Palea absent or reduced,…………………………..……………………..….22
21b) Palea present,………………………………………..……………………...23
22a) Spikelets linear lanceolate, glumes membranous or leathery, lower glume
awnless, lower floret represented by hyaline lemma with awn,……Arthraxon
22b) Spikelets lanceolate ovate, glumes glabruos, pubescent, lower glume awned,
lemma awnless or with very short awn,…………………....…….Oplismenus
23a) Ligule absent, lemma ovate, 3-4-veined, apex acuminate, palea surface
smooth glabrous, awnless,………………………………………...Echinochloa
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23b) Ligule present, lemma lanceolate, 5-7-veined, palea surface ciliate or rugose,
apex acute or awned…………………………………………....……….…24
24a) Ligule membranous, rachis without narrow wings, lemma 7-veined, palea
keeled, ciliated on the keels, awned,...... …...Brachypodium
24b) Ligule a fringe of hairs, rachis with 3 or 4 narrow wings, lemma 5-veined,
palea not keeled, surface not ciliate, rugose………….……………..Brachiaria
25a) Inflorescence a digitate spike, lower glume 1.5mm long, ovate-oblong, 1-
veined, keeled, scabrid on the keel, upper glume 2-3mm long, ovate 5-veined
………………………………………………………………………..Eleusine
25b) Inflorescence a simple spike, lower glume absent, upper glume 3-20mm long,
7-nerved, lanceolate……………………………...…………………...... Lolium
4.1.2.78.1. Digitaria Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv., 2: 244. 1768.
Key to the species
1a) Leaf blades pilose, margins scabrous, lower glume 1.5mm long, triangular,
upper glume2mm long, bifid, vilose on the morgins, fruit ellipsoid caryopsis….
…………………………………………………………………………D. ciliaris
1b) Leaf blades glabrous, margins scabrous above the middle, lower glume 0.3-
0.5mm long not triangular, upper glume 3.5mm long apex not bifid acute……...
……………………………………………………………………D. sanguinalis
4.1.2.77.1.1. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gramin., 27. 1802. Specimens examined: Tainn, 21-07-2010, Sajjad Hussain (HAJK), (1086);
Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1938 ); Dhamni, 17-
5-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1785 ). clxvii
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Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, throughout tropics.
4.1.2.77.1.2. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., (ed. 2 ); 1: 52. 1771.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 23-08-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1133). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, temperate the World.
4.1.2.77.2. Polypogon Desf., Fl. Atlant., 1: 66. 1798.
Key to the species
1a) Inflorescence a narrowly ovate panicle, glumes awned, awn 2mm long, lemma
elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, fruit a elliptic caryopsis………….…….P. fugax
1b) Inflorescence a oblong panicle, glumes awned, awn 4-5mm long, lemma
obovate, fruit a oblong caryopsis……………...... ……P.monspeliensis
4.1.2.77.2.1. Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac., 1: 184 1854.
Specimens examined: Alisoujal, 10-09-2007, Sajjjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (419);
Rawalakot city, 05-08-2012, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1184); Hussain Kot,
23-09-2011, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1184), Phajjar, 06-08-2012, Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (1181). Distribution: Himalaya, Pakistan, Kashmir, Iraq,
Burma, (Baluchistan, Punjab, N WFP. & Kashmir); Iraq eastwards to Burma, mainly in the Himalayas.
4.1.2.77.2.2. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf., Fl. Atlant., 1: 66 1798.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 15-08-2012 +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1170); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(997);
Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1540 ); Turnoti (1086 ;
Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (600 ); Datote, 12-08- clxviii
clxix
2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(698). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir,
S. Africa, Mediterranean regions, India, China.
4.1.2.77.3. Helictotrichon Besser, Mant., 3: 526, in obs. 1827.
4.1.2.77.3.1. Helictotrichon junghuhnii (Buse) Henrard, Blumea, 3: 425. 1940.
Specimens examined: Parat, 07-08-2012, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU) , (1159);
Drake, 15-07-2007, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(218). Distribution: Pakistan,
Kashmir, Himalayas eastward to Burma and China.
4.1.2.77.4. Dichanthium Willemet, Ann. Bot. Usteri, 18: 11. 1796.
4.1.2.77.4.1. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr., 9: 178.
1917.
Specimens examined: Chak, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),( (1095); Bunjosa, 13-
05-2008, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(168); Drake, 15-07-2007, Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU ), (219). Dhamni, 17-5-2009, +5000 ft(302). Distribution:
Pakistan, Kashmir, Kenya, Tanzania, Senegal, Indonesia.
4.1.2.77.5. Eleusine Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl., 1: 7. 1788.
4.1.2.77.5.1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl., 1: 8 1788.
Specimens examined: Drake, 25-04-2008, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (154).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
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4.1.2.77.6. Echinochloa P.Beauv., Ess.Agrostogr., 53, 161. 1812.
4.1.2.77.6.1. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr., 53. 1812.
Specimens examined: Drake, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (163); Rawalakot, 15-
08-2008, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (157). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world.
4.1.2.77.7. Setaria P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr., 51, 178, pl. 13, f. 3. 1812.
4.1.2.77.7.1. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult, Syst. Veg., 2: 891. 1817.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala, 09-08-2010, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (1096), (1079). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, tropical and temperate regions of the world.
4.1.2.77.8. Cynodon Rich., Syn. Pl., 1: 85. 1805.
4.1.2.77.8.1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 23-09-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (919); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(998); Paniola, 12-09-2010, +4900 ft(1338 ); Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1890 ); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (262); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(712 ); Miral Gala, 13-10-2009, +5500 ft (1000 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5600
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ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1639 ) Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, tropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
4.1.2.77.9. Pennisetum Rich., Syn. Pl., 1: 72. 1805.
Key to the species
1a) Culms nodes glabrous, brown, ligule membranous, Panicle 5-15cm long,
spikelets subtended by unbranched bristles………………...... P. flaccidum
1b) Culms nodes ciliated or dusty, gryish, ligule tuft of hairs, panicle 20-30cm
long, spikelets subtended by branched bristeles………..…………... P.orientale
4.1.2.77.9.1. Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb, Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-
Augusts-Univ., 3: 86. 1868.
Specimens examined: Dalkot, 05-08-2012, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1092),
Paniola, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU) (163), Rawalakot 6-08-2012 Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU) (1088). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Himalayas westward to
Afghanistan; Tibet and southern China.
4.1.2.77.9.2. Pennisetum orientale Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.
Specimens examined: Drake 10-05-12, +8500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(923); Hussain kot, 23-09-2011, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1175); Maidon, 11-
9-2011, +4900 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1176). Distribution: Pakistan,
Kashmir, North Africa, through Arabia to Central and Southwest Asia, India and
Nepal.
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4.1.2.77.10. Brachypodium P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr., 100, 15, pl. 19, f. 35. 1812.
Key to the species
1a) Annuals, inflorescence a raceme of 1-3 spikelets, lower glume lanceolate, 5-
7mm long, upper glume 7-veined, 7-9mm long…………...………B.distachyon
1b) Perennials, inflorescence a raceme 4-10 spikelets, lower glume, narrowly
oblong, 8-8.5mm long, upper glume 6-veined, 10.5-11mm long……………......
……………………………………………………………..………B.sylvaticum
4.1.2.77.10.1. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 101.
1812.
Specimens examined: Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(659 ); Mong, 28-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(797 );
Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1939 ); Bangoin, 17-4-
2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1390 ); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft.,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(360). Distribution:Pakistan, Kashmir, Medeterranean regions, S. W. and C. Asia.
4.1.2.77.10.2. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 101
1812.
Specimens examined: Bunjosa, 24-07-2010, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(1096); Drake, 23-07-2009, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(951), Drake,
Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (169). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Europe and temperate Asia.
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4.1.2.77.11. Aristida L., Sp. Pl., 82. 1753.
4.1.2.77.11.1. Aristida cyanantha Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac., 1: 141 1854.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 07-08-2010, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1651 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1389);
Banguin, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(380 ); Tain, 10-10-
2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(771 ); Hurnamera, 22-08-2012,
+4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(996). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, N.
India, Nepal and Afghanistan.
4.1.2.77.12. Eragrostis Wolf Gen. Pl., 23. 1776.
Key to the species
1a) Collar divided, glabrous on lateral margins, spikelets obland or narrowly ovate,
palea scabrous………………...……..……………………………. E.cilianensis
1b) Collar not divided, beared on lateral margins, spikelets linear or narrowly
oblong, palea scabrous on the keel………………………..…………… E.minor
4.1.2.77.12.1. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch., Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereins Univ. Wien, 5: 110.1907.
Specimens examined: Dhoak, 15-09-2009, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(527);
Datoot, 20-09-11, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU)(392); Rawalakot, 22-08-09, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(754). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, tropical and subtropical regions of the world. clxxiii
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4.1.2.77.12.2. Eragrostis minor Host, Fl. Austriaca 1: 135. 1827.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (128); Rawalakot,
15-10-2009, (HAJKU),(167). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Warm temperate and subtropical regions of world.
4.1.2.77. 13. Arthraxon P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr., 111, pl. 11, f. 6. 1812.
Key to the species
1a) Annual, culms 10-30cm long, collar hairy on lateral morgins, lemma 1-veined,
anthers 0.5- 0.7mm long………………...………………………… A.lancifolius
1b) Perennial, culms 30-50cm long, collar beared, lemma 2-veined, anther 2-3mm
long……………………..………..………………………………. A.prionodes
4.1.2.77. 13.1. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Flora Jena., 39: 188.1856.
Specimens examined: Drake, 10-10-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1001); Bunjosa, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1028); Drake, Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU ),(1174); Paniola, (HAJKU), (1172). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir,
India, Mali, Mozambique, Arabia, China and Indonesia.
4.1.2.77.13.2. Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy, Fl. Pl. Sudan, 3: 399. 1956.
Specimens examined: Maidon, 20-10-2010, + 5900 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(922); Singola, 15-07-2011, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(913); Datote, 15-
07-2012, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (1146); Bangoin, 17-4-2012, + 4200 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(582); Dabban (Drake) 15-05-2008, Sajjad Hussain
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(HAJKU),(137). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, Africa, China and
Thailand.
4.1.2.77.14. Sorghum Moench, Mothodus, 207. 1794.
4.1.2.77.14.1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl., 1: 101. 1805.
Specimens examined: Maidon, 15-09-2010, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(323);
Hussain Kot 15-08-2007, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(130), Paniola 15-08-2012
(HAJKU),(1185), Drake, 25-08-2007 Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (127).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Mediterranean region, India.
4.1.2.77.15. Arundo L. Sp. Pl., 81. 1753.
4.1.2.77.15.1. Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl., 81. 1753.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 20-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(448 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1701);
Bangoien, 15-08-2010, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(1987 ); Tain, 10-
10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(431).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Mediterranean region, Burma, India and China.
4.1.2.77.16. Apluda L., Sp. Pl., 82. 1753.
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4.1.2.77.16.1. Apluda mutica L., Sp. Pl., 82. 1753.
Specimens examined: Parat, 12-08-2012, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(1161);
Drake, 09-07-2012, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU) (215), Bunjosa, 08-08-2012, Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (1154); Hussain Kot, 12-09-2009, (127); Rawalakot, 25-08-
09, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (331). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Arabia,
Socotra, Tropical Asia and Australia.
4.1.2.77.17. Sporobolus R.Br., Prodr., 169. 1810.
4.1.2.77.17.1. Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) T.Durand & T. Schinz, Consp. Fl.
Afric., 5: 820. 1894.
Specimens examined: Hellann, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU),(854). Distribution: Pakistan, India, tropical Africa, Arabia.
4.1.2.77. 18. Themeda Forssk., Fl. Aegypt. –Arab., 178. 1775.
4.1.2.77. 18.1. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack., Monogr. Phan., 6:
669.1889.
Specimens examined: Drake, 25-08-2008, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(520); Hussain kot, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (914), Tarran-ni-hell, Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU), (1095). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Pakistan, Kashmir and Afghanistan.
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4.1.2.77.19. Imperata Cirillo, Pl. Rar. Neapol., 2: 26. 1792.
4.1.2.77.19.1. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 3) : 10.1797.
Specimens examined: Paniola, 15-06-2009, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (650);
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Mediterranean region, tropics, Middle east.
4.1.2.77.20. Bromus L., Sp. Pl.,1: 76. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Culms up to 35cm log, lower glume 3-5mm long, 1-veined..…..… B.pectinatus
1b) Culms up to 50cm long, lower glume 4.5-9.5mm long, 3-veined……………...2
2a) Culms up to 50cm long, lower glume 9-9.5mm long, lemma ovate or broadly
lanceolate, awn apical, 18mm long………………………..……….. B.oxyodon
2b) Culms up to 40cm long, lower glume 4.5-5mm long, lemma elliptic to linearly
lanceolate, awn apical, 15mm long…...………….…………..…… B.japonicus
4.1.2.77.20.1. Bromus pectinatus Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap., 22. 1794.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, 15-09-2009, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (554);
Motialmara, 10-09-2009, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(582 ); Rawalakot, 09-08-
2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1056); Hellann, 25-7-2012, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU), (1121), Rawalakot, 10-09-2012, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),
(1160). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China,
Europe.
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4.1.2.77.20.2. Bromus oxyodon Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov., 2: 1 1842.
Specimens examined: Rehara (1104 ); Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(1345 ); Datote, 12-08-2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain,
(HAJKU),(1388). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Central Asia, Afghanistan,
India, Pamir, Tien Shan, Himalaya.
4.1.2.77.20.2. Bromus japonicus Thunb., Syst. Veg., (ed. 14 ); 119.1784.
Specimens examined: Dothan, 20-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(209 ); Bunjosa, 20-06-2012, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(549 ); Paniola,
12-09-2010, +4900 ft(1115). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, C. Europe, Janpan,
N. America.
4.1.2.77.21. Agrostis L., Sp. Pl., 61. 1753.
4.1.2.77.21.1. Agrostis stolonifera L., Sp. Pl., 62.1753.
Specimens examined: Lungrann, 25-09-2009, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain
(HAJKU), (519); Tain, 10-10-2011, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1288);
Hurnamera, 22-08-2012, +4500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(244); Miral Gala,
13-10-2009, +5500 ft (951). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Europe, Asia, N.
America.
4.1.2.77.22. Oplismenus P.Beauv., Fl. Oware, 2: 14, pl. 68, f. 1. 1807.
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clxxix
Key to the species
1a) Leaf margins not undulate, ligule cilliated membrane, upper glume 6-veined,
awn 2-3mm Long……………..………………………………….. O.compositus
1b) Leaf margins undulate, lugule tuft of hairs, upper glume 7-veined, awn 6mm
long,…………………………...……………………………. O.undulatifolius
4.1.2.77.22.1. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr., 54.1812.
Specimens examined: Rawalakot, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (162 ); Hellann, 08-
10-2010, (1189). Distribution: Pakistan, and tropical regions of the world.
4.1.2.77.22.2. Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 2:
482.1817.
Specimens examined: Drake, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (121), Dhamni, 25-08-
2009, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (505); Drake, 25-08-2012, +5000 ft., Sajjad
Hussain (HAJKU),(1115), Bunjosa, 25-07-2008, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (256);
Maidon, 25-07-2010, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), ( 777), Parat, 15-05 2012, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU), (1185). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Warm temperate regions of the world.
4.1.2.77.23. Chrysopogon Trin., Fund. Agrost., 187. 1820.
4.1.2.77.23.1. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 188. 1820.
Specimens examined: Singola, 18-08-2009, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(918); Tainn, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU), (1171), Hellann, Sajjad Hussain,
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(HAJKU), (517), Drake, 15-07-2007, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU), (167 ).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, India, Nepal.
4.1.2.77.24. Poa L., Sp. Pl., 67. 1753.
4.1.2.77.24.1. Poa annua L., Sp. Pl., 68.1753.
Specimens examined: Bungosa, 13-05-10, +5500 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(921); Hallan-ni-Gali 15-5-2008, (HAJKU), (132); Dabbann-Drake 15-5-2008,
(HAJKU), (136); Dalkot, 10-08-11, +5000 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),
(1090); Pachiot, 10-08-12, +5100 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (206).
Distribution: Cosmopolitan except deserts.
4.1.2.77.25. Lolium L., Sp. Pl., 83. 1753.
Key to species
1a) Leaf auricles present……………………………………………..….. L.perenne
1b) Leaf auricles absent…………………………………………..…………...……2
2a) Upper glume linear oblong, 5-7mm long, lemma lanceolate, awn subapical
12mm long……………………………..…………………………… L.persicum
2b) Upper glume lanceolate, 5-20mm long, lemma elliptic or ovate, awn apical,
15mm long………………………….…………………………….L.temulentum
4.1.2.77.25.1. Lolium perenne L., Sp. Pl. 83. 1753.
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Specimens examined: Drake 07-05-2007, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(154);
Eidgha, 21-7-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU);(1791). Distribution:
Pakistan, Kashmir, Eurpe, temperate Asia, N. Africa.
4.1.2.77.25.2. Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen., Diagn. Pl. Orient., 13: 66. 1854.
Specimens examined: Drake, 07—5-2007, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(160);
Singola, 23-10-2010, + 4500 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1800 ); Datote, 12-08-
2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(286). Distribution: Pakistan, Middle
East, Turkey, Afghanistan and USSR.
4.1.2.77.25.3. Lolium temulentum L., Sp. Pl., 83.1753.
Specimens examined: Miral Gala., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (163); Drake, 7-5-
2007, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(161). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir,
Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia.
4.1.2.77.26. Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb., Fl. Ross., 4(14): 469. 1853.
4.1.2.77.26.1. Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr., 9: 565.1919.
Specimens examined: Drake, 12-08-2007, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),
(170); Drake, 7-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ), (1159); Drake, 10-
10-2010, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU),(299); Tainn, Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU ),(237).
Distribution: Kashmir, Pakistan, India to Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand.
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4.1.2.78. Smilacaceae Vent., Tabl. Regn. Veg., 2: 146., 1799; Ghazanfar, Fl. Pak., 107: 1-5. 1977.
4.1.2.78.1. Smilax L., Sp. Pl., 2: 1028. 1753.
Key to the species
1a) Leaves broadly ovate, base cordate, petiole 2mm long……………..…S. aspera
1b) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, petiole 10mm long…....S. glaucophylla
4.1.2.78.1.1. Smilax aspera L., Sp. Pl., 1028. 1753.
Specimens examined: Mong (353 ); Motialmara, 20-4-2012, + 5500 ft, Sajjad
Hussain, (HAJKU),(651). Distribution: Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Indian,
Paksitan,
Sri Lanka,
S. Europe,
Syria and
N. Africa.
4.1.2.78.1. 2. Smilax glaucophy
lla Klotzsch, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar , 45. 1862. Specimen
s
examined:
Dothan, 07-08-2012, +5200 ft., Sajjad Hussain (HAJKU); (1887); Datote, 12-08-
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2010, + 5100 ft, Sajjad Hussain, (HAJKU),(1988). Distribution: Himalayas,
Kashmir.
A B
B
A
C D
E F
Plate: 1. A. Justicia adhatoda B. Barleria cristata C. Dicliptera bupleuroides D. Achyranthes aspera E. Alternanthera pungens F. Amaranthus hybridus
D
A B clxxxiii
clxxxiv
Plate: 02: A. Sanicula elata B. Aristolochia punjabensis C. Conyza bonariensis D. Cichorium intybus E. Artemisia scoparia F. Artemisia vulgaris
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A B
C D
E F
Plate: 03: A. Taraxacum officinale B. Achillea millefolium C. Tagetes minuta D. Cirsium falconeri F. Senecio nudicaulis E. Prenanthes altissima clxxxv
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A B
C D
E F
Plate: 04: A. Erigeron multiradiatus B. Centaurea iberica C. Gnaphalium affine D. Saussurea heteromalla E. Helianthus tuberosus F. Gerbera gossypina clxxxvi
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A B
C D
E F
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Plate: 05: A. Trichodesma indicum B. Lepidium virginicum C. Arabidopsis wallichiana D. Lonicera quinquelocularis E. Cerastium glomeratum F. Cerastium dichotomum
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A B
C D
E F
Plate: 06: A. Cerastium dahuricum B. Sagina saginoides C. Ipomoea hederacea D. Elaeagnus umbellata E. Euphorbia helioscopia F. Gentiana prostrata clxxxix
cxc
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 07: Geranium ocellatum B. Geranium rotundifolium C. Geranium collinum D. Geranium rubifolium E. Juglans regia F. Prunella vulgaris
cxc
cxci
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 08: Leonurus cardiaca B. Ajuga bracteosa C. Calamintha debilis D. Colebrookea oppositifolia E. Otostegia limbata F. Mentha longifolia cxci
cxcii
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 09: A. Jasminum officinale B. Oxalis corniculata C. Lathyrus odoratus
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cxciii
D. Lathyrus aphaca E. Trifolium dubium E. Trigonella fimbriata
A B
C D
E F
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cxciv
Plate: 10: A. Astragalus psilocentros B. Oxytropis mollis C. Medicago falcata D. Aeschynomene indica E. Lespedeza juncea F. Crotalaria medicaginea var. medicaginea
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cxcv
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 11: A. Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians B. Polygonum aviculare C. Persicaria amplexicaulis D. Persicaria nepalensisE. Persicaria hydropiper F. Persicaria lapathifolia cxcv
cxcvi
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 12. A. Rumex hastatus B. Lysimachia japonica C. Androsace rotundifolia
D. Anagallis arvensis E. Ranunculus arvensis F. Ranunculus hirtellus
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cxcvii
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 13. A. Clematis gouriana B. Thalictrum minus C. Rhamnus purpurea
D. Ziziphus spina-christi E. Fragaria nubicola F.Rubus ellipticus
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cxcviii
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 14. A. Cotoneaster microphyllus B. Galium aparine C. Rubia cordifolia D.
Dodonaea viscosa E. Verbascum thapsus F. Scilla griffithii cxcviii
cxcix
A B
C D
E F
Plate: 15. A. Cyperus niveus B. Cyperus cyperoides C. Erioscirpus comosus
D. Fuirena pubescens E. Carex decaulescens F. Carex filicina cxcix
cc
4.1.3. Ethnobotany of angiosperm flora of Rawalakot
The ethnobotany of angiosperm flora of Rawalakot (Table 4.3) is represented by 173 medicinal plants used by local people for various ailments and diseases for themselves and their livestock, 158 used as fodder, 111 species are weeds, 68 species of woody flora used as fuel, 22 as timber, 33 species are fruit yielding, 21 species are used as vegetables, 31 as ornamental, 25 as fencing loans and fields, 9 for thatching and sheltering houses and huts and 13 species are considered poisonous ( Figure 4.3).
4.1.3.1. Medicinal Plants:
Out of 173 medicinal plants 59 are frequent used by the local people for themselves and livestock. The important medicinal plants of the study area are
Berberis lycium, Mentha longifolia, Punica granatum, Podophyllum emodi,
Valeriana jatamansi, Viola odorata, Zanthoxylum armatum, Achillea millefolium,
Achyranthes aspera, Aesculus indica, Amaranthus viridis, Bergenia ciliate,
B.stracheyi, Cichorium intybus, Elaeagnus umbellate, Ficus palmate, Foeniculum vulgare , Melia azedarach , Plantago major.
4.1.3.2. Fodder Plant:
The livestock feed on 158 plant species. Grasses and sedges of the study area are grazed as fresh fodder by animals in spring and summer season or stored for autumn and winter when no fodder is available for grazing. Many of the other wild species, weeds and medicinal plants such as Trifolium repens, amaranthus viridus, Ranunculus arvensis, Cerastium dahuricum, C. dichotomum, C. fontanum,
Sagina saginoides, Silene conoidea,,Chenopodium album, Lepidium perfoliatum, L. pinnatifidum, L.virginicum, Oxalis corniculata, Geranium lucidum and G. collinum cc
cci
etc are also freely grazed by the animals. Leaves of certain plants like Acacia modesta, Robinia pseudo-acacia Morus alba, Morus nigra, Olea ferrugenea,
Quercus spp., Ulmus villosa, U.wallichiana and Berberis lyceum are also used as fodder for cattle and goats.
4.1.3.3. Timber Yielding Plants:
The angiosperm flora of Rawalakot is represented by 22 timber yielding wood species. Some of important timber species are Broussonetia papyrifera,
Aesculus indica, Junglans regia, Morus alba, M. nigra, Quercus baloot,, Q. dilatata, Q. glauca, Q. incana, Q. semecarpifolia,, Ulmus wallichiana, Populus alba, P. ciliata, P. nigra , Pyrus pashia and Diospyros lotus,
Figure: 4. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot
4.1.3.4. Poisonous Plants:
There are 13 species which are considered poisonous to human and livestock. Some of them are Sauromatum venosum Arisaema flavum, A. jacquemontii, Arum jacquemontii, Acorus calamus, Nerium oleander,Calotropis
cci
ccii
procera, Datura stramonium, Cuscuta reflexa, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Urtica ardens, U. dioica and Aristolochia punjabensis.
4.1.3.5. Fuel Wood Species:
Sixty nine angiosperms species are used as fuel by local inhabitants of
Rawalakot. Some of the important ones are Acacia modesta, Ailanthus altissima,
Aesculus indica, , Bauhinia variegata, Berberis lycium, Diospyrus lotus, Dodonaea viscosa, Indigofera heterantha, , Broussonetia papyrifera, Morus alba, M. nigra,
Quercus baloot,, Q. dilatata, Q. glauca, Q. incana, Q. semecarpifolia,, Ulmus wallichiana, Populus alba, P. ciliata, P.nigra , Pyrus pashia, Diospyros lotus
Aesculus indica and Junglans regia.
4.1.3.6. Fruit Yielding species:
There are about 33 species which are considered as fruiting species. Some of them are wild while others are cultivated. Some of them are Berberis lycium
Ficus carica, F. palmate, Morus alba, M. nigra , Punica granatum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, E. umbellata, Vitis jacquemontii, Vitis vinifera , Cydonia oblonga,
Fragaria nubicola, Malus baccata, M. pumila, Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, P. persica, Pyrus communis, P. pashia, P. pyrifolia, Rubus ellipticus, R. fruticosus, R. niveus, R. ulmifolius, Diospyros kaki and D. lotus.
4.1.3.7. Ornamental species:
The flora of Rawalakot is represented by about 31 ornamental species.
These species include Jasminum humile, Jasminum officinale, Tulipa stellata,
Melia azedarach, Hypericum oblongifolium, Broussonetia papyrifera, Ficus carica, Mirabilis jalapa, Myrsine africana, Androsace rotundifolia, Cortusa
ccii
cciii
brotheri, Rosa brunonii, R. chinensis, Salix babylonica, Alcea rosea and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
4.1.3.8. Weeds:
The study area is represented by 111 weeds. Parthenium hysterophorus,
Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, C. japonica, Cannabis sativa, Tagetes minuta and
Xanthium strumarium dominated the area and are found in almost all the study sites along the road sides, crop fields, loans and wast places. Some of other important weeds are Bidens pilosa , Carpesium cernuum, Centaurea cyanus , C. iberica,
Lamium album, Leonurus cardiac, Strobilanthes urticifolia and Cynoglossum glochidiatum.
4.1.3.9. Vegetables:
There are 21 vegetables of which some are wild others are cultivated. The wild species including Amaranthus viridus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidium spp,
Medicago falcate, M. minima, M. polymorpha, Mentha longifolia, M. spicata,
Nasturtium officinale, and Taraxacum officinale Besides these the young leaves of
Ficus johannis, F. palmate and young flowers of Bauhinia variegate are also used as vegetable. Brassica napus, B. rapa subsp. Campestris, Eruca sativa Rhaphanus sativus, Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Sanicula elata, Lycopersicon esculentum are frequently cultivated for vegetable. Solanum melongena, Luffa cylindrical, Momordica balsamina, Solena amplexicaulis are also cultivated for their fruits as vegetable. Solanum tuberosum is widely cultivated throughout the study are for tuberes.
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cciv
Table: 4.3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot.
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K 1. Ranunculaceae 1. Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. + - - + ------2. C.montana buch. –Ham. ex DC. + - - + ------3. Ranunculus arvensis L. + ------+ 4. R.hirtellus Royle + ------+ 5. R.laetus Wall. ex Hook. f. & J. W. + ------+ Thomson 6. R. muricatus L. + ------+ 7. Thalictrum minus L. + - - + ------+ 2. Aritolochiaceae Juss. 8. Aristolochia punjabensis Lace - - - + - - + - - - - 3. Berberidaceae Juss. 9. Berberis lycium Royle + - + + - - - - + 10. Podophyllum emodi Wall.ex Hook. - - - + ------F. & Thomson 4. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perteb 11. Juglans regia L. - + - + - + - - - - - 5. Moraceae Gaudich. 12. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. - + - - + + - - - - - ex Vent. 13. Ficus carica L. - + + + + ------14. F. johannis Boiss. - + - - - - + - - - 15. F. palmata Forssk. - + + + - - - + - - - 16. Morus alba L. - + + + - + - - - - - 17. M. nigra L. - + + + - + - - - - - 6. Fagaceae Dumort. 18. Quercus baloot Griff - + - - - + - - - - - 19. Q.dilatata Lindl. - + - - - + - - - - - 20. Q.glauca Thunb. - + - - - + - - - - - 21. Q. incana W. Bartram - + - - - + - - - - - 22. Q. semecarpifolia Sm. - + - - - + - - - - - 7. Ulmaceae Mirb. 23. Celtis eriocarpa Decne. - + ------24. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble + + - - - + - - - - - 25. U.wallichiana Planch. + + - - - + - - - - - 8. Urticaceae Juss. 26. Debregeasia salicifolia cciv(D.Don) - + - + - - - - + - - Rendle 27. Urtica ardens Link ------+ - - - - Continued ccv
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
28. U. dioica L. ------+ - - - - 9. Cannabaceae Martinov
29. Cannabis sativa L. - + - + ------+ 10. Amaranthaceae Juss.
30. Achyranthes aspera L. - - - + ------+
31. A.bidentata Blume - - - + ------+
32. Alternanthera pungens Kunth ------+
33. Amaranthus lividus L. + ------+ - - +
34. A. viridus L. + - - + - - - + - - -
35. A.hybridus L. + - - + ------+ 11. Polygonaceae Juss. 36. Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) - - - + ------+ Ronse Decr.
37. P.hydropiper (L.) Delarbre - - - + ------+
38. P.lapathifolia (L.) Delarbr - - - + ------+
39. P.maculosa Gray - - - + ------+
40. P.nepalensis (Meisn) Miyabe ------+
41. Polygonum plebejum R.Br., Prodr. ------+
42. P.aviculare L. - - - + ------
43. Rumex acetosa L. - - - + ------+
44. R.hastatus D.Don - - - + ------+
45. R.nepalensis Spreng. - - - + ------+ 12. Caryophyllaceae Juss.
46. Cerastium dahuricum Schrank + ------+
47. C.dichotomum L. + ------+
48. C.fontanum Baumg + ------+
49. C.glomeratum Thuill. + ------+
50. Cucubalus baccifer L. - - - + ------
51. Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst. + ------+
52. Silene conoidea L. + - - + ------+
13. Chenopodiaceae Vent.
53. Chenopodium album L. + - - + - - - + - - +
54. C.botrys L. + ------+ 14. Nyctaginaceae Juss. 55. Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex. ------+ Roxb.
56. Mirabilis jalapa L. - - - - + ------15.Myrsinaceae R.Brown
57. Myrsine africana L. - + - - + - - - + - - 16. Cucurbitaceae Juss. Continued
ccv
ccvi
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K 58. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & + - + ------Nakai
59. C.sativus L. + - + ------
60. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. + - + - - - - + - - -
61. Luffa cylindrica M. Roem. + - + - - - - + - - -
62. Momordica balsamina L. + - + - - - - + - - -
63. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi + - + - - - - + - - - 17. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
64. Anagallis arvensis L. - - - + + - - - - - +
65. Androsace rotundifolia Sm. - - - - + ------
66. Cortusa brotheri Pax. ex Lipsky - - - - + ------
67. Lysimachia japonica Thunb. ------+
68. L.prolifera Klatt ------+ 18. Salicaceae Mirb.
69. Populus alba L. - + - - + + - - - - -
70. P.ciliata Wall. ex Royle - + - - - + - - - - -
71. P.nigra L. - + - - - + - - - - -
72. Salix alba L. + + - - - + - - - - -
73. S.babylonica L. + + - - + - - - - -
74. S.caprea L. - + ------
75. S.denticulata Andersson - + ------19.Violaceae Batsch
76. Viola odorata L. - - - + ------20. Guttiferae N.K.B. Robson
77. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy - - - - + - - - - + -
78. H.perforatum L. + - - + ------+ 21. Malvaceae Juss.
79. Alcea rosea L. - - - - + ------
80. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. - - - - + - - - + - - 81. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) ------+ Grarcke. 22. Tiliaceae Juss.
82. Grewia eriocarpa Juss. + + ------23. Brassicaceae Burnett 83. Arabidopsis wallichii (Hk.f. &Thm) ------+ N.B.
84. Brassica napus L. ------+ - - - 85. B.rapa subsp. campestris (L.) + ------+ - - - Clapham 86. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) + ------+ Medik. Continued ccvi
ccvii
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K 87. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. + ------+ 88. Eruca sativa Mill. ------+ - - - 89. Lepidium perfoliatum L. ------+ 90. L.pinnatifidum Ledeb. + ------+ 91. L.virginicum L. + ------+ 92. Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton - - - + - - - + - - 93. Raphanus raphanistrum L. + ------+ 94. R.sativus L. ------+ - - - 95. Sisymbrium irio L. + ------+ 24. Oxalidaceae R.Br. 96. Oxalis corniculata L. - - - + ------25. Araliaceae Juss. 97. Hedera nepalensis K.Koch. + ------98. Schefflera bengalensis Gamble + ------26. Balsaminaceae A. Rich. 99. Impatiens balsamina L. - - - - + - - - - - + 100. I.brachycentra Kar. & Kir. - - - - + - - - - - + 101. I.edgeworthii Hook. f. - - - - + - - - - - + 102. I.scabrida DC. - - - - + - - - - - + 27. Geraniaceae juss. 103. Geranium lucidum L. + ------+ 104. G. ocellatum Cambess + ------+ 105. G.rotundifolium L. + - - + ------106. G.rubifolium Lindl. + ------+ 107. G.collinum Stephan ex Willd. + - - + ------+ 28. Rutaceae Juss. 108. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. + + - + - - - - + - - 29. Buxaceae Dumort. 109. Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Müll . - - - + - - - - + + Arg. 30. Punicaceae Bercht. & J. Presl 110. Punica granatum L. - + + + ------31. Saxifragaceae Juss. 111. Bergenia ciliata Sternb. - - - + ------112. B.stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) - - - + ------Engl. 32. Hippocastanaceae A. Rich.
113. Aesculus indica Wall ex Camb. - + - - - + - - - - - 33. Aceraceae Juss.
114. Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis - + ------Continued
ccvii
ccviii
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K 34. Elaeagnaceae Juss.
115. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. - + - + - - - - + - -
116. E.umbellata Thunb. - + + + - - - - + - - 35. Simaroubaceae DC.
117. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. - + ------36. Vitaceae Juss.
118. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker - - + ------
119. Vitis vinifera L. - - + ------37. Meliaceae Juss.
120. Melia azedarach L. - + - + + + - - - - -
121. Cedrela serrata Royle - + ------38. Rhamnaceae Juss.
122. Rhamnus purpurea Edgew. - + - - - + - - - - -
123. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. - + - + - - - - + - -
124. Z.nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. - + ------+ - -
125. Z. spina-christi (L.) Desf. - + ------+ - - 39. Euphorbiaceae Juss.
126. Euphorbia helioscopia L. ------+ - - - +
127. E. hirta L. ------+
128. E. prostrata Aiton ------+ 129. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. - + ------Arg.
130. Ricinus communis L. - - - + - - + - - - + 40. Onagraceae Juss.
131. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton + ------+ 41. Apiaceae Lindl.
132. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. + ------+
133. Coriandrum sativum L. - - - + - - - + - - -
134. Daucus carota L. ------+ - - -
135. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. - - - + + ------136. Pimpinella acuminata ( Edgew.) C.B. ------+ Clarke
137. P.diversi folia DC. ------+
138. Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don ------+
139. Scandix pecten-veneris L. ------+ - - - 42. Sapindaceae Juss.
140. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. - + - + - - - - + + -
141. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. - + - + - + - - - - - 43. Mimosaceae
142. Acacia modesta Wall. - + - - + - - - + + - Continued
ccviii
ccix
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
143. Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. - + - - + ------44. Papilionaceae Giseke
144. Aeschynomene indica L. + ------+
145. Astragalus amherstianus Benth. ------+
146. A.psilocentros Fisch. + + - + - - - - + - - 147. Crotalaria medicaginea var. luxurians + - - + ------(Benth.) Baker
C.medicaginea var. medicaginea Lam. + - - + ------
148. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. - + - - + - - - - -
149. Desmodium elegans DC. - + - + ------
150. D.laxiflorum DC. - - - + ------151. Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex ------+ - - Brandis
152. I.trifoliata L. - - - + ------
153. Lathyrus aphaca L. + ------
154. L.odor atus L. + ------
155. Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Pers. + - - + ------+
156. Lotus corniculatus L. + - - + ------
157. L.schimperi Steud. + - - + ------
158. Medicago falcata L. + - - + ------
159. M.minima (L.) L. + - - + ------
160. M.polymorpha L. + - - + ------
161. Melilotus indica (L.) All. - - - + ------
162. Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Benth. ------+
163. Robinia pseudo-acacia L. - + - - - + - - - - -
164. Trifolium dubium Sibth. + - - + ------
165. T. repens L. + - - + ------
166. Trigonella fimbriata Royle ex Benth. ------+
167. Vicia monantha Desf. + ------
168. V. sativa L. + ------45. Caesalpiniaceae
169. Bauhinia variegata L. - + - + - - + - - - 46. Rosaceae Juss. 170. Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex - - - + ------Lind.
171. C.roseus Edgew. - + ------
172. Cydonia oblonga Mill. - + + + + ------
173. Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke - - - + ------174. Fragaria nubicola ( Hook.f.) Lindl. Ex - - - + ------Lacaita Continued
ccix
ccx
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
175. F.vesca L. - - - + ------
176. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. - + + ------
177. M.pumila Mill. - + + ------178. Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., G. - - - + ------Lodd. & W. Lodd.
179. P.reptans L. - - - + ------
180. Prunus armeniaca L. - + + ------
181. P.domestica L. - + + ------
182. P.persica (L.) Stokes - + + + ------
183. Pyrus communis L. - + + ------
184. P.pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. - + + ------
185. P.pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai - + + ------
186. Rosa brunonii Lindl. + + - - + - - - + - -
187. R.chinensis Jacq. - - - - + - - - + - -
188. Rubus ellipticus Sm. + - + + - - - - + - -
189. R. fruticosus L. + - + + - - - - + - -
190. R. niveus Thunb. + - + + - - - - + - -
191. R. ulmifolius Schott. + - + + - - - - + - - 47.Ebenaceae Gürke
192. Diospyros kaki Thunb. - + + - + ------
193. D.lotus L. - + + ------48. Convolvulaceae Juss.
194. Convolvulus arvensis L. + ------+
195. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. + ------+
196. I.hederacea Jacq. + ------+
197. I.purpurea (L.) Roth. + ------+
49. Cuscutaceae Dumort.
198. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. ------+ - - - - 50. Gentianaceae Juss. 199. Gentiana capitata Buch-Ham. ex D. - - - + ------Don, Prodr.
200. G.prostrata Haenke - - - + ------
201. Swertia alata C.B. Clarke - - - + ------51. Scrophulariaceae Juss.
202. Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. ------+
203. S.nodosa L. ------+
204. Verbascum thapsus L. - - - + ------
205. Veronica arvensis L. ------+
206. V.hederifolia L. ------+
207. V. melissifolia auct. ------+
Continued
ccx
ccxi
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
208. V. persica Poir. ------+ 52. Solanaceae Juss. 209. Capsicum annuum L. ------210. C.frutescens L. ------
211. Datura stramonium L. ------+ - - -
212. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. - - + - - - - + - - -
213. Solanum melongena L. - - + - - - - + - - -
214. S. nigrum L. - - - + ------
215. S.surattense Burm. f. - - - + ------
216. S. tuberosum L. ------+ - - -
217. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal - - - + ------53. Buddlejaceae K. Wilh.
218. Buddleja asiatica Lour. - - - + ------54.Valerianaceae Batsch ------
219. Valeriana jatamansi Jones - - - + ------
220. V.officinalis L. - - - + ------
221. V.pyrolifolia Decne. - - - + ------55. Caprifoliaceae Juss.
222. Lonicera quinquelocularis Hard. - + - + - - - - + - -
223. Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don. - - - + ------
224. V.grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. - - - + ------56. Oleaceae Hoffmann. & Link
225. Jasminum humile L. - - - - + ------
226. J.officinale L. - - - - + ------
227. Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. - + - + - + - - - - - 57. Plantaginaceae Juss.
228. Plantago lanceolata L. - - - + ------+
229. P.major L. - - - + ------+ 58. Boraginaceae Juss. 230. Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall. ex ------+ Benth.
231. C.lanceolatum Forssk. ------+
232. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. - - - + ------59. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil.
233. Lantana camara L. - - - + ------+
234. Verbena officinalis L. - - - + ------
235. V.tenuisecta Briq. - - - + ------+
236. Vitex negundo L. - + - + ------60. Apocynaceae Juss.
237. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. ------+ - - - - Continued
ccxi
ccxii
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
238. Nerium oleander L. - - - + + - + - - - - 61. Acanthaceae Juss.
239. Barleria cristata L. - - - + ------
240. D icliptera bupleuroides Nees - - - + ------
241. Justicia adhatoda L. - + - + - - - - + - -
242. J.japonica Thunb. + ------+ 243. Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall. ex ------+ Kuntze
244. S.wallichii Nees ------+ 62. Rubiaceae Juss.
245. Galium aparine L. - - - + ------
246. G.asperuloides ------+
247. Rubia cordifolia L. - - - + ------248. R.himalayensis Klotzsch in Klotzsch ------+ & Garcke 63. Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl
249. Achillea millefolium L. - - - + ------250. Anaphalis kashmiriana P.C. Pant. Rao ------+ & Garg. 251. A.triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex ------+ C.B.Clarke.
252. A.virgata Thomson ex C.B. Clarke. ------+
253. Artemisia amygdalina Decne. - - - + ------
254. A.indica Willd. - - - + ------
255. A.scoparia Waldst.& Kitam. - - - + ------
256. A. vestita Wall.ex Bess. - - - + ------
257. A.vulgaris L. - - - + ------
258. Bidens pilosa L. - - - + ------+
259. Carpesium cernuum L. - - - + ------+
260. Centaurea cyanus L. - - - + ------+
261. C.iberica Trevir. - - - + ------+
262. Cichorium intybus L. - - - + ------
263. Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.)Petr. ------+
264. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist + ------+
265. C.canadensis (L.) Cronquist + ------+
266. C.japonica (Thunb.)Less.Ex DC. + ------+
267. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Hort. - - - + ------+
268. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - - - + ------+ 269. E.multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. - - - + ------+ ex C.B. Clarke
Continued
ccxii
ccxiii
Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K 270. Gerbera gossypina ( Royle) - - - + ------+ Beauvered
271. Gnaphalium affine D.Don - - - + ------
272. Helianthus annuus L. - - - + ------
273. H.tuberosus L. - - - + ------
274. Myriactis nepalensis Lees. - - - + ------+
275. Prenanthes alba L. - - - + ------
276. P. altissima L. - - - + ------
277. Parthenium hysterophorus L. ------+ 278. Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) - - - + ------Hand.-Mazz. 279. Senecio nudicaulis Buch.–Ham. - - - + ------exD.Don
280. Sonchus arvensis L. - - - + ------
281. S. asper (L.) Hill - - - + ------
282. S.oleraceus L. - - - + ------
283. Tagetes minuta L. - - - + ------+
284. Taraxacum officinale Webb. - - - + ------
285. Xanthium strumarium L. - - - + ------+
286. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. - - - + ------64. Labiatae Jus.
287. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. - - - + ------
288. Calamintha debilis (Bunge) Benth. - - - + ------289. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) - - - + ------Kuntze
290. Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. - + - - - - - + + -
291. Lamium album L. - - - + ------+
292. Leonurus cardiaca L. - - - + ------+
293. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. ------+
294. L.mollissima Wall. ex Benth. ------+
295. Mentha arvesis L. - - - + ------
296. M.longifolia (L.) L. - - - + ------
297. M.spicata L. - - - + ------298. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex - - - + ------D.Don) Benth. 299. Nepeta erecta (Royle ex. Benth.) - - - + ------Benth.
300. Origanum vulgare L. - - - + ------
301. Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. - + ------
302. Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. - - - + ------
303. P.spectabilis Falc. ex Benth. - - - + ------Continued ccxiii
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Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
304. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews - - - + ------
305. Prunella vulgaris L. - - - + ------
306. Scutellaria prostrata Jacq. ex Benth. - - - + ------65. Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil.
307. Allium cepa L. - - - + - - - + - - -
308. A.sativum L. - - - + ------66. Liliaceae Juss.
309. Tulipa clusiana DC. - - - + ------
310. Gagea elegans Wall. ex G.Don - - - + ------67.Asparagaceae Juss.
311. Agave americana L. - - - + ------
312. Asparagus racemosus Willd. - - - + ------
313. Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La. - - - + ------
314. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. - - - + ------
315. Scilla griffithii Hochr - - - + ------68. Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
316. Schoenocaulon A. Gray, Ann. + ------69.Colchicaceae DC.
317. Colchicum luteum Baker - - - + ------70. .Iridaceae Juss. 318. Iris kashmiriana Baker ------71. Araceae Juss.
319. Acorus calamus L. - - - + ------320. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott ------321. A.jacquemontii Blume ------322. Arum jacquemontii Blume ------323. Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth ------72. Juncaceae Juss.
324. Juncus articulatus L. - - - + ------
325. J.inflexus L. - - - + ------74.Orchidaceae Juss.
326. Habenaria digitata Lindl. - - - + ------
327. H. intermedia D.Don, Prodr. - - - + ------
328. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames - - - + ------
329. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter - - - + ------75.Cyperaceae Juss.
330. Carex brunnea Thunb. + ------
331. C.cruciata Wahlenb. + ------
332. C.decaulescence V.I.Krecz. + ------
333. C. filicina Nees + ------Continued
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Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
334. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze + ------
335. C.esculentus L. + ------
336. C. iria L. + ------
337. C. niveus Retz. + ------
338. C.rotundus L. + ------
339. Erioscirpus comosus (Nees) Palla + ------
340. Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) Kunth + - - + ------341. Schoenoplectus corymbosus ( Roth ex - - - + ------Roem. & Schult.) J. Roynal 76. Smilacaceae
342. Smilax aspera L. - - - + ------
343. S.glaucophylla Klotzsch - - - + ------77.Commelinaceae
344. Commelina benghalensis L. ------+ 78. Poaceae
345. Agrostis stolonifera L. + ------
346. Apluda mutica L. + ------+ -
347. Aristida cyanantha Steud. + ------
348. Arthra xon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. + ------
349. A.prionodes (Steud.) Dandy + ------
350. Arundo donax L. - - - - + - - - - +
351. Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf + ------352. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. + ------Beauv.
353. B.sylvaticum (Huds.)P.Beauv. + ------
354. Bromus japonicus Thunb. + ------
355. B.oxyodon Schrenk + ------
356. B.pectinatus Thunb. + ------
357. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. + ------
358. Cynod on dactylon (L.) Pers. - - - + ------359. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) + ------Stapf
360. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler + ------
361. D.sanguinalis (L.) Scop. + ------
362. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv + ------
363. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. + ------
364. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. + ------
365. Eragrostis minor Host + ------366. Helictotrichon junghuhnii (Buse) ------+ + Henrard
Continued
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Taxon A B C D E F G H I J K
367. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. + ------
368. Lolium perenne L. + ------
369. L.persicum Boiss. & Hohen. + ------
370. L.temulentum L. + ------371. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. + ------372. O.undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem.& + ------Schult.
373. Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb + ------
374. P.orientale Nees ex Steud. + ------
375. Poa annua L. + ------
376. Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. + ------377. P.monspeliensis (L.) Desf. + ------378. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult + ------379. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. ------380. Sporobolus helvolus(Trin.) T.Durand + ------& T. Schinz 381. Themeda anathera (Nees ex + ------+ - Steud.)Hack. Key: A= Fodder B=Fuel C=Fruit D=Medicinal E=Ornamental F=Timber G=Poisonous H=Vegetable I =Fencing J=Thatching K= Weed
4.1.3.10. Plants for Thatching:
Local inhabitants of Rawalakot use about 9 species of angiosperms for thatching and sheltering purposes. These species are Hypericum oblongifolium,
Sarcococca saligna, Dodonaea viscose, Acacia modesta, Colebrookea oppositifolia
Arundo donax, Themeda anathera, Helictotrichon junghuhnii and Apluda mutica.
4.1.3.11. Plant used for Fencing:
About 25 Bushes of the study area are used as fencing of fields and loans.
Some of them include Acacia modesta, Berberis lycium, Ziziphus jujuba, Z. nummularia, Z. spina-christi, Z. oxyphylla, Zanthoxylum armatum, Debregeasia salicifolia, Myrsine africana, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Sarcococca saligna.
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4.1.4. Threats to the flora of Rawalakot
The threats affecting flora assessed and observed during the field studies are as follows.
4.1.4.1. Poplar Industry:
The trend of cultivating poplar for commercial purposes in domestic as well as in wild territory has increased in recent years. The cultivation is preferred in fertile land and near streams and springs. As a result water table has lowered and areas are converted into dry land. Another aspect is that the fallen leaves in autumn cover the land completely and the flora underneath destroys. This habit of cultivating poplar for short term benefits is fatal for future generation. If it is not checked will convert the biodiversity area into a bare area.
4.1.4.2. Habitat Loss
Earthquake October 2005 damaged all the buildings partly or completely.
People in finding new places for construction clear away the previously floristically rich land into bare land. In the recent years tourism industry increased many folds as a result people construct tourist huts in wild territory also disturbed the natural habitat of floral diversity. Government scheme to construct roads door to door is another factor which disturbed the natural habitat.
4.1.4.3. Deforestation
The trends of cutting trees for fuel, timber and cultivation have been increased many folds in recent years because the people living in hilly areas are poor and they have lake of income resuources. So, to fulfill their needs they almost ccxvii
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reley on forests. Although forest department working in Rawalakot appointed
Foresters and Forest Guarders (Rakha) as a part of conservation strategies but they report only those cases which do not pay to them and most of them become timber dealers after sighing the duties. These unchecked activities imposing serious stress to flora of study area.
4.1.4.4. Fire Practices
In the autumn, people fire their wild territory to remove thorny bushes and fallen leaves. This activity not only damaged young trees but also herbaceous flora by burning seed bank for the next season. The local people as well as tourists while in the forests lit fire to warm themselves and forget to extinguish. This activity is also harmful in damaging herbaceous flora.
4.1.4.5. Lack of Awareness
Though, the literacy rate is very high in the study area yet most of people are unaware of the conservation status, importance of species, natural forest and ecosystems. The Government did not launch any program to promote awareness among local community about the importance of forest.
4.1.4.6. Over Grazing
The free movement of animals in the study area damages a lot flora and natural ecosystem. Herders from different parts of country come to Rawalakot and graze the lush green pasture to bear land.
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4.1.4.7. Medicinal Plant Collections
The people of the study area collect medicinal plants for their use as well as to sell in market to earn their livihood. The important medicinal plants are
Bergenia spp, Berberis lyceum, Geranium and Artemisia spp. The local community as well as nomads are not aware enough about the proper use and collecting menthods of these plants. Hence, they spoil such precious medicinal plants. These combine activities of local people and nomads depleting medicinal plant resource of the area.
Conservation measures:
It was observed during the field trips deforestation and populus industry are the major threats to the flora of Rawalakot. Other threats include habitat loss, over grazing, unawareness, fire practices and exploitation of medicinal plants has resulted sever stress to the flora of the area. It is now realized that biodiversity conservation systems are urgently needed for sustainable development and management of natural ecosystem.
Following measures are recommended for protection and conservation of Natural resource and ecosystem of Rawalakot.
1. Awareness programs and campaigns should be launched in the study area
so that people know the importance of natural flora and ecosystem.
2. The cultivation of poplar should be bane especially near the water source
for protection of herbaceous flora and water management.
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3. In-situ conservation- A bane should be placed on overgrazing/ extensive
browsing especially in the areas which are at the verge of collapse. Fencing
of certain areas would play effective role in this regard.
4. A bane should be placed on free collection of medicinal plants especially
threatened species.
5. Forest guards are most important in launching protection measures. A
program should be launched for training of forest guards.
6. A bane should be place on the movement of nomads in protected areas.
7. Singh boards should be placed in tourist spots with instructions and
warnings.
8. Laws and programs already exist should be strengthened and properly
implemented.
9. There is a need of coordination between forest department, teaching
institutions and local people for effective conservation of flora of
Rawalakot.
10. A program should be launched for collection of seeds of rare species for
their cultivation in botanical gardens and nurseries.
4.2. DISCUSSION
The state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir comprises foothills of Himalayas with an area of about 13, 269 sq Kms and lies the North-east of Pakistan. The area can be divided into two distinct geographical zones: North and East mostly hilly
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and mountainous while South and West are valleys and plains. Extensive topographical variations in the area support variety of plant species ranging from subtropical flora of plains and alpine flora of higher altitude (Afshan, et. al., 2011).
Azad Kashmir and neighboring Northern areas of Pakistan contain about 10.6 percent of total flora of Pakistan (Ali and Qaiser, 1986) which supports about 80 percent of endemic taxa of angiosperms of Pakistan (Ali 1978, Ali and Qaisar
1986, Ali 2008). This area is floristically rich and has number of hot spots (Afshan, et. al., 2011) but many of the areas are still underexplored or unexplored taxonomically. Rawalakot is one of those areas which are also underexplored taxonomically and ethno-botanically. The spring starts with the blooming of
Colchicum luteum and Gagea elegans followed by Pyrus, Prunus and Malus spp. after leads to end of April. Summer starts from end of April and leads to mid of
September. Summer is not very hot with average temperature of 27-290 C. Most of diversity has been recorded during this season. Autumn starts with the yellowing of
Robinia pseudo-acacia, ulmus and Populus species. Winter is very cold with heavy snow fall during the months of January and February. Rawalakot is rich in floral diversity. The richness of this biodiversity can be estimated by the fact that 381 taxa reported during this study are about 6.9 percent of total diversity in Pakistan distributed in a small area of about 381 sq. km. In comparison with the previous taxonomic studies from District Poonch with an area of 2792 km2 where Stewart
(1972) in his catalogue listed 558 species, Flora of Pakistan (1968-2008) reported
311 species and Hussain (2009) listed 577 species by comparing Stewart’s catalogue, published volumes of Flora of Pakistan and by extensive filed work in the “Check list of Angiosperm Flora of District Poonch”. The present results justify
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that this area was underexplored. Flora of Rawalakot is dominated by herbaceous species. Out of 381 species, 273 species are herbs which are about 71.9 percent of entire angiospermic flora. Other forms of species included in the flora are 45 shrubs
(11.81 percent), 44 trees (11.54 percent), 12 subshrubs (3.14 percent) and 7 lianas
(1.83 percent). The abundance category of flora of Rawalakot showed that there are
34 dominant species, 95 abundant, 83 frequent, 109 occasional and 61 species are rare.
Asteraceae was the dominant family with 38 species and 24 genera. The dominant genus was Artemisia with 5 species followed by Anaphalis, Conyza and
Sonchus with 3 species each. The second largest family was Poaceae with 37 species of 26 genera. Bromus and Lolium were the dominant genera with 3 species each followed by Digitaria, Polypogon, Pennisetum, Brachypodium, Eragrostis,
Arthraxon and Oplismenus with 2 species. There were 17 genera which were mono-specific in the family. The third largest family was Papilionaceae with 26 species and 16 genera. The dominant genus was Medicago with 3 species followed by Astragalus, Desmodium, Indigofera, Lathyrus, Lotus, Trifolium and Vicia with 2 species each. Other prominent families were Rosaceae 22 species, Labiatae 20 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae 12 species each and Polygonaceae with 10 species. These 8 families constitute about 46 percent of entire angispermic flora.
Present study can be compared with Qureshi et. al., (2011). They carried out floristic inventory of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University research farm at Koont and its surrounding areas and recorded 130 species of 105 genera and 37 families. The seven families; Poaceae (23.26 percent), Asteraceae (13.18 percent),
Fabaceae (7.75 percent), Amaranthaceae (6.25 percent), Euphorbiaceae (6.25
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percent), Solanaceae (4.65 percent) and Boraginaceae (3.10 percent) contributed
64.44 percent of flora while rest of species (35.56 percent) belong to 100 families.
Life form observations showed that flora is dominated by Therophytes which is about 43 percent, followed by phanerophytes (19 percent), cryptophytes (15 percent), hemicryptophytes (13 percent) and xeropsammophytes (10 percent).
Wazir et al., (2009) Conducted vegetation survey of Champursan Valley Pakistan and recorded 152 species of vascular plants of 47 families. The dominant families were Asteraceae (16 species) and Poaceae (12species) followed by Lamiaceae (7 species), Brassicaceae (6 species), Boraginaceae (5 species), Chenopodiaceae (5 species), Papilionaceae and Ranunculaceae (4 species). Gentianaceae, Primulaceae,
Caryophyllaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Apiaceae with (3 species) each. The life form spectra indicated that therophytes and nanophanerophytes were well represented.
The monogeneric families in the flora of Rawalakot were Aritolochiaceae,
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Aceraceae, Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Buxaceae,
Canabaceae, Juncaceae, Juglandaceae, Fagaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Myrsinaceae,
Guttiferae, Tiliaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Saxifragaceae,
Hippocastanaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Simaroubaceae, Vitaceae, Onagraceae,
Caesalpiniaceae, Ebenaceae, Cuscutaceae, Buddlejaceae, Valerianaceae,
Plantaginaceae, Iridaceae, Colchicaceae, Melanthiaceae, Smilacaceae,
Commelinaceae, Punicaceae and Violaceae out of which 24 families are monospecific i.e., Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Aritolochiaceae, Canabaceae,
Aceraceae, Agavaceae, Buddlejaceae, Juglandaceae, Myrsinaceae, Tiliaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Rutaceae, Buxaceae, Commelinaceae, Hippocastanaceae,
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Simaroubaceae, Onagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Cuscutaceae, Colchicaceae,
Melanthiaceae, Iridaceae, Punicaceae and Violaceae. The dominant genera in flora of Rawalakot were Cyperus, Geranium, Quercus and Persicaria, with 5 species each followed by Artemisia, Carex, Cerastium, Impatiens, Ranunculus, Rubus,
Salix, Solanum, and Veronica, with 4 species each. Similar study was also conducted by Rana et. al.,(2001) in Tons Valley, Garhwal Himalaya India. They identified 761 species of Phanerogams belonging to 480 genera and 132 families.
They divided the vegetation into forest vegetation, aquatic vegetation and seasonal vegetation and concluded that flora of Tons Valley has affinities with neighboring regions. It was concluded that flora of Rawalakot is rich in floral diversity and the protection of flora is important for conservation of biodiversity.
The woody flora of Rawalakot is represented by 89 species. Shrubs of the area were represented by 45 species belonging to 35 genera and 24 families. The dominant family was the Rosaceae with 9 species followed by Papilionaceae with 4 species and Rhamnaceae with 3 species. The abundance category of shrub flora was represented by 2 dominant, 10 frequent, 12 abundant, 7 occasional and 14 rare species. Elaeagnus umbellata dominates above the 4000ft and is the component of forest ecosystem especially along the seasonal streams. Dodonaea viscosa is the dominant species of lower altitude on the North along the border of District Bagh and on the West along the border of Rawalpindi. Out of 45 shrubs, 10 species are abundant in different localities of Rawalakot of which Indigofera heterantha,
Lespedeza juncea, Rosa chinensis, Rubus ellipticus, Viburnum grandiflorum and
Jasminum officinale are abundant species of Drake, Bunjosa, Eidgha, Miralgala,
Hussain kot, Pachiot, Phajar, Paniola. and Ziziphus jujuba, Desmodium elegans,
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Lantana camara, Otostegia limbata are abundant in Tain, Jandathi, Hurnamera,
Maidan, Hellaan, Dar and lower Thorar. Ten species Berberis lycium, Sarcococca saligna, Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, Rubus niveus, R. ulmifolius,
Lonicera quinquelocularis, Viburnum cotinifolium, Jasminum humile, Nerium oleander, Justicia adhatoda, Colebrookea oppositifolia frequently occur in different localities of study area. The population of 21 species is alarming in the study area of where 7 species viz. Myrsine africana, Elaeagnus angustifolia,
Ziziphus nummularia, Z. spina-christi, Mallotus philippensis, Rosa brunonii and
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are placed in occasional category and 14 species viz. Ficus johannis, Debregeasia salicifolia, Hypericum oblongifolium, Zanthoxylum armatum, Astragalus psilocentros, Cotoneaster microphyllus, C.roseus, Cydonia oblonga, Rubus fruticosus, Diospyros kaki, Buddleja asiatica, Vitex negundo,
Calotropis procera, Barleria cristata are placed in the rare category. These species are important from conservation point of view.
The trees of the study area were represented by 44 species belonging to 27 genera and 18 families. The dominant families were Rosaceae with 8 species and
Salicaceae with 7 species along with Moraceae and Fagaceae with 5 species each.
The abundance category of tree flora is represented by 6 dominant species of which
Dalbergia sissoo, Olea ferruginea were dominant in Hellann, Tainn, Lower
Paniola, Dar, Androot and Populus ciliata, Salix alba, Aesculus indica and Robinia pseudo-acacia dominated in Rawalakot city, Bunjosa, Paniola, Drake, Hussain kot.
Out of 44 species, 8 species Populus nigra, Ailanthus excelsa, Malus pumila,
Prunus armeniaca, P.domestica, P.persica, Pyrus communis and P.pashia are abundant in the altitude ranging from 4500ft to above. Three species viz., Ficus
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palmata, Quercus baloot, Diospyros lotus are frequently distributed in the different localities of Rawalakot. The population of 15 speices is placed in occasional category. The rare category of study area is represented by 12 species Ficus carica,
Celtis eriocarpa, Ulmus villosa, Populus alba, Grewia eriocarpa , Acer caesium,
Melia azedarach, Sapindus, mukorossi, Albizia odoratissima, Bauhinia variegata,
Malus baccata and Pyrus pyrifolia. The population of these species is decreasing due to various anthropogenic activities especially for fuel and timber. As proposed by Meyer and Turner (1992), anthropogenic activities directly altered the land cover, as these activities disturbed the natural habitat, leaving less place for native species as a result the number of native species may also be reduced. It is therefore concluded that protection of endangered native flora is urgent need for conservation of natural resource.
Himalaya a young mountain system, connects mountains of near East and
Central Asia with East Asia being situated between Indian subcontinent and central
Asia. Phyto-geographically Himalayan flora is a transition zone between palaeotropic and Holarctic kingdoms (Rana et al., 2001). The native flora of
Himalaya not only greatly modified but also came in contact with Eurasian and northern African flora and rest of the world. As stated by Puri et. al., (1983) that
Himalaya is a part of holarctic region and act as a link between Sino-Japanese and
Irano-Turanian regions. Rawalakot being the integral part of Western Himalayan region has a large number of species from the surrounding regions. On the basis of geographical distribution, the flora of Rawalakot can be categorized into (i)
Himalayan species; this category is the most dominant in the flora and is represented by 202 species; (ii) Eurasian species; this category includes 26 species
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which are native to Europe and Asia; (iii) Mediterranean species; this category consist of 19 species; (iv) Cosmopolitan species, this group includes 10 species; (v)
Asian species, this group is represented by 49 species; (vi) Eurasian-African species, this group is represented by 15 species; (vii) Asian-African species, this group constitutes 19 species; (viii) Euro- Siberian species, this category include 15 species; (ix) Australian species, this group is represented by 3 species and (x)
American species, this category comprises of 25 species. From this phytogeographical analysis it is obvious that the flora of Rawalakot is dominated by typical Himalayan species along with Asian species. Many of Eastern and
Central Himalayan species in study area may find their way through the Himalaya itself. Species of European, Eurasian, Mediterranean, Asian-African and American origin seem to migrated through Central Asia, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and
India. The higher percentage of endemic Himalayan species in study area suggests conservative value of the flora. It requires urgent attention of authorities about conservation of flora to maintain natural wealth.
The angiosperm flora of Rawalakot is represented by 381 species of which
173 are used by local people for various ailments and diseases for themselves and their livestock, 158 are used as fodder, 111 species are weeds, 68 species of woody flora are used as fuel, 22 as timber, 33 species are fruit yielding, 21 species as vegetables, 31 as ornamental, 25 as fencing loans and fields, 9 for thatching and sheltering houses and huts and 13 species are considered to be poisonous.
Medicinal plants are used by local inhabitants to cure various ailments like, stomach pain, headache, fever, liver diseases, cough, cold, stimulant and various other disorders. Out of 173 medicinal plants, 59 are frequently used by the local
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people. The important medicinal plants of the study area are Berberis lycium,
Mentha longifolia, Punica granatum, Podophyllum emodi, Valeriana jatamansi,
Viola odorata, Zanthoxylum armatum, Achillea millefolium, Achyranthes aspera,
Aesculus indica, Amaranthus viridis, Bergenia ciliate, B.stracheyi, Cichorium intybus, Elaeagnus umbellate, Ficus palmate, Foeniculum vulgare , Melia azedarach and Plantago major. Similar studies were carried out by Khan et. al.,
(2010, 2011), to document ethnobotanical knowledge of plants of Poonch valley and recorded 169 species of plants which were ethobotanically important for local inhabitants. Shaukat et al., (2012), carried out ethnobotanical studies of flora of selected localities of Rawalakot and identified 26 plant species of 19 families which were used by local people for various ailments. The livestock feed on 158 plant species. Grasses and sedges of the study area are grazed as fresh fodder by animals in spring and summer season or stored for autumn and winter when no fodder is available for grazing. Many of other wild species, weeds and medicinal plants such as Trifolium repens, Amaranthus viridus, Ranunculus arvensis,
Cerastium dahuricum, C. dichotomum, C. fontanum, Sagina saginoides, Silene conoidea,,Chenopodium album, Lepidium perfoliatum, L. pinnatifidum, L. virginicum, Oxalis corniculata, Geranium lucidum and G. collinum etc are also freely grazed by the animals. Leaves of certain plants like Acacia modesta, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Olea ferrugenea, Quercus species,
Ulmus villosa, U. wallichiana and Berberis lycium are also used as fodder for cattle and goats. The angiosperm flora of Rawalakot is represented by 22 timber yielding species: Broussonetia papyrifera, Morus alba, M. nigra, Quercus baloot,, Q. dilatata, Q.glauca, Q. incana, Q. semecarpifolia,, Ulmus wallichiana, Populus
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alba, P. ciliata, P. nigra , Pyrus pashia, Diospyros lotus Aesculus indica and
Junglans regia. Ahmad et al., (2012) also identified 35 species from District Kotli
Azad Kashmir which are used as fodder for livestock. The flora of Rawalakot is represented by 111 weeds. Parthenium hysterophorus, Conyza species, Cannabis sativa, Tagetes minuta, Xanthium strumarium dominate the area and are found in almost all the study sites along the road sides, crop fields, loans and waste places.
Some of other important weeds are Bidens pilosa, Carpesium cernuum, Centaurea cyanus, C. iberica, Lamium album, Leonurus cardiac, Strobilanthes urticifolia and
Cynoglossum glochidiatum.
There are 13 species which are considered poisonous to human and livestock. Some of them are Sauromatum venosum, Arisaema flavum,
A.jacquemontii, Arum jacquemontii, Acorus calamus, Nerium oleander, Calotropis procera, Datura stramonium, Cuscuta reflexa, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Urtica ardens, U. dioica and Aristolochia punjabensis. Sixty nine angiosperms species are used as fuel by local inhabitants of Rawalakot. Some of the important ones are Acacia modesta, Ailanthus altissima, Aesculus indica, ,
Bauhinia variegata, Berberis lycium, Diospyrus lotus, Dodonaea viscosa,
Indigofera heterantha, , Broussonetia papyrifera, Morus alba, M. nigra, Quercus baloot,, Q. dilatata, Q. glauca, Q. incana, Q. semecarpifolia,, Ulmus wallichiana,
Populus alba, P. ciliata, P. nigra , Pyrus pashia, Diospyros lotus Aesculus indica and Junglans regia. There are about 33 species which are considered as fruiting species. Some of them are wild while others are cultivated specially for fruits.
Some of them are Berberis lycium Ficus carica, F. palmate, Morus alba, M. nigra ,
Punica granatum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, E.umbellata, Vitis jacquemontii, Vitis
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vinifera , Cydonia oblonga, Fragaria nubicola, Malus baccata, M. pumila, Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, P. persica, Pyrus communis, P. pashia, P. pyrifolia,
Rubus ellipticus, R. fruticosus, R. niveus, R. ulmifolius, Diospyros kaki and D. lotus. The flora of Rawalakot is represented by about 31 ornamental species. These species include Jasminum humile, Jasminum officinale, Tulipa stellata, Melia azedarach, Hypericum oblongifolium, Broussonetia papyrifera, Ficus carica,
Mirabilis jalapa, Myrsine africana, Androsace rotundifolia, Cortusa brother, Rosa species, Salix babylonica, Alcea rosea and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. There are 21 species which are used as vegetables. The wild species includes Amaranthus viridus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidium species, Medicago species. Mentha longifolia, M. spicata, Nasturtium officinale and Taraxacum officinale. Besides these the young leaves of Ficus johannis, F. palmate, and young flowers of
Bauhinia variegate are also used as vegetable. Brassica napus, B.rapa subsp.
Campestris, Eruca sativa, Rhaphanus sativus, Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Sanicula elata and Lycopersicon esculentum are frequently cultivated as vegetable. While Solanum melongena, Luffa cylindrical, Momordica balsamina and Solena amplexicaulis are also cultivated. Solanum tuberosum is widely cultivated throughout the study area for tubers. Local inhabitants of Rawalakot use about 9 species of angiosperms for thatching and sheltering purposes. These species are Hypericum oblongifolium, Sarcococca saligna, Dodonaea viscose,
Acacia modesta, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Arundo donax, Themeda anathera,
Helictotrichon junghuhnii and Apluda mutica. About 25 Bushes of the study area are also used as fencing of fields and loans. Some of them include Acacia modesta,
Berberis lycium, Ziziphus jujuba, Z.nummularia, Z. spina-christi Zanthoxylum
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armatum, Zizyphus oxyphylla, Debregeasia salicifolia, Myrsine africana, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Sarcococca saligna. Similar study was also conducted by Haq et al., (2010), in western Himalayan region Nandiar Valley District Battgram,
Pakistan. They identified 402 species of vascular plants belonging to 110 families.
They recorded that flora is dominated by herbaceous species which were 271 in number followed by 71 shrubs, 68 trees, 6 climbing shrubs, 18 climbers and 3 epiphytes. They concluded that habitat loss and fragmentation, urbanization, deforestation, over grazing, unscientific extraction of natural vegetation and introduction of the exotic taxa are the major threats to the flora of study area.
Studies conducted by Bano et al., (2013), Ishtiaq et al., (2006), Gorsi and Shahzad
(2002), Dastagir (2001), Shehzad and Qureshi (2001), Shehzad et al., (1999), Khan
(1996), Sadiq (1996) and Haq and Hussain (1995) in various regions of Azad
Kashmir and proposed that the selected localities are rich in medicinal plants wealth and local inhabitants of the area widely depend on local flora for medicines and other domestic and commercial purposes. They also proposed that unawareness and poor living status of the people are crucial threats to the flora of the area.
The introduction of foreign plants and animals species for food, fodder, timber and fuel wood has a long history in Pakistan (Shinwari et al., 2013). The number of alien species in Pakistan is about 700 (Hussain and Zarif, 2003). Of these, about 100 have become naturalized and 20 have become invasive. Six species i.e., Broussonetia papyrifera, Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eichhornia crassipes, Lantana camara and Salvinia molesta are considered as highly invasive (Shinwari et al., 2013). The alien invasive species is
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one of the major threats to biodiversity that could eliminate native taxa from their natural habitat. Because when an alien species flourishes in a new land, it competes with native species for nutrient, space and water causing elimination of rare taxa
(Khan, et. al., 2010). The present study is represented by 111 weed species. Among these, 9 species viz., Parthenium hysterophorus, Conyza bonariensis,
C.canadensis, Tagetes minuta, Xanthium strumarium Broussonetia papyrifera,
Robinia pseudo-acacia, Lantana camara and Cannabis sativa can be graded as highly invasive species of the area. Three species i.e., Broussonetia papyrifera,
Parthenium hysterophorus, and Lantana camara are also categorized as highly invasive species of Pakistan. Parthenium hysterophorus recently introduced in the area is approaching higher altitude and dominates along the road sides which connect Rawalakot to Rawalpindi District of Pakistan. Tagetes minuta and
Cannabis sativa mostly dominate along roads, disturbed sites around the waste places surrounding the city. Xanthium strumarium and conyza species are the invasive weeds of crop fields. As a result many of the previously crop fields are converted into waste places. Two fuel wood species Broussonetia papyrifera and
Robinia pseudo-acacia are cultivated for fuel purposes. Robinia Pseudo-acacia dominating above the 4000ft and Broussonetia papyrifera below the 4000ft.
Present study can be compared with Sekar (2012) who reported 190 invasive alien species of 112 genera and 47 families from Indian Himalayan region and proposed that invasive species cause biodiversity loss including extinction of native species.
Thus, it is concluded that invasive exotic species are serious threats to biodiversity of native species. Therefore there is an urgent need to effective plan of management of invasive species for conservation of endemic taxa of study area.
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The flora of Rawalakot is under immense biotic stress after earthquake
2005 resulting from habitat loss, deforestation, cultivation of commercial trees, overgrazing, medicinal plants exploitation, unawareness, annual fire practices and poor implementation of conservation policies. Woody floral resources are not only used unwisely for short term economic benefits but also for domestic purposes without considering negative effects on biodiversity in future. Integrated conservation programs and campaigns by Government, NGOs and local inhabitants could be best solution for reducing adverse anthropogenic impact on flora of the area. According to Haq et al., (2010), that the special attention is needed for conservation of environment and sustainable development of natural wealth of moist temperate Himalaya because over exploitation of natural resource is resulted in decline of species and genetic diversity. Hosier (1993), resulted that the consumption of wood in Pakistan exceeds its production resulting decline of woody biomass at a rate of 4-6 percent per year. He concluded that woody biomass of
Pakistan could be totally consumed within 10-15 years. Mora and Sale (2011), stated that human beings have direct effect on about 80 percent on land of earth surface. As a result, of the misuse of land leads to more species threatened by extinction. They proposed that some damaged ecosystems permanently are lost and never renewed because maintaining and improving biodiversity is much easier than restoring it. Present state of biodiversity loss, its recognized value and need for conservation steps provoked new attempts to develop conservation strategies. If present notion of biodiversity loss continues, it is estimated that about one fifth of the total existing taxa may become extinct or genetically eroded (Wilson, 1992).
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Today about 270,000 to 425,000 vascular taxa are known and about 10-20 percent yet to be discovered or described (Abbas, 2010). In Pakistan, about 5700 species (Stewart, 1972) to 6000 species (Shinwari et al., 2006) of vascular plants are present in which 400 species are endemic. About 80 percent of the endemic taxa are located in nortern and western mountains and Kashmir. Endemic plants are most important components of biodiversity on global scale but they are facing many threats like habitat and degradation, pollution, diseases, exotic species, over exploitation and climate changes (Abbas et al., 2010). Present state of biodiversity of Pakistan is not different from the world as it facing number of stress i. e., deforestation, population explosion, unplanned urbanization and exploitation
(Anon, 2000). Very little information is available in this respect (Alam and Ali,
2009). In Pakistan about 580-650 (Nasir, 1991) to 709 (Chaudhri and Qureshi
1991) taxa are threatened. Present scenario of Rawalakot is not different from
Pakistan and rest of the world especially after earthquake 2005 in which Rawalakot is the one of areas of Azad Kashmir which was badly affected. As a result, stress on biodiversity increases many folds. In Rawalakot, out of 381 taxa reported during this study 61, (16 percent) species are placed in rare category which are threatened.
People use plant resources for various purposes: for their personal as well as commercial purposes. Tree flora is represented by 12 rare species of which Ulmus wallichiana is declared endangered species of Pakistan. It’s wood is used as fuel and timber and leaves are highly palatable. As a result, population of this species is reduced to an alarming level from conservation point of view. Two villages of
Rawalakot i.e., Drake and Kharikk were named on the basis of previously dominant population of Melia azedarach and Celtis eriocarpa but both are so
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exploited for fuel that their population is now reduced to few. Usage of Malus baccata and Pyrus pyrifolia as stock for grafting varieties of apple and pear and shoots and stem as fuel reduced their number to few in study area. Other rare tree species of the area are Ficus carica , Bauhinia variegate, Grewia eriocarpa,
Populus alba, Acer caesium, Sapindus mukorossi and Albizia odoratissima.
Shrubby flora include 14 rare species which are used for multiple purpose and most important from conservation point of view are Debregeasia salicifolia, Hypericum oblongifolium, Zanthoxylum armatum, Astragalus psilocentros, Cydonia oblonga,
Cotoneaster microphyllus, C.roseus, Buddleja asiatica, Calotropis procera and
Vitex negundo. Flora of Rawalakot also include 26 herbaceous, one liana and two subshrubs which are rare. Bano et al. (2013) conducted ethnobotanical and conservation status of 168 species of flora of Azad Kashmir and allied area and concluded that 33 species are important from conservation point of view. They proposed that in-situ and ex-situ conservation and training of community could be fruitful for protecting medicinal plant resource. In my point of view protected areas, awareness about conservation status of rare species could be the most effective measures for protection of native flora in their natural habitat. Similar studies were also conducted by Khan et al. (2010), Haq et al. (2010), Gorsi and
Shehzad (2002) and Dastagir( 2001) from different part of Pakistan and Azad
Kahsmir.
It was observed during the field trips that deforestation and poplar industry are the major threats to the flora of Rawalakot. Other threats include habitat loss, over grazing, unawareness, fire practices and exploitation of medicinal plants has resulted sever stress to the flora of area. It is now realized that biodiversity
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conservation systems are urgently needed for sustainable development and management of natural ecosystem.
SUMMARY
Study was conducted for taxonomic revision of flora of Rawalakot
during 2009 to 2012. About nine field trips were arranged to collect plant
specimens for taxonomic studies. During the study 381 species were
identified belonging to 78 families and 238 genera.Taxonomic keys were
constructed for all the genera and species. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the
dominant families with 38 and 37 species followed by Papilionaceae with
26 species, Rosaceae with 22 species, Labiatae with 20 species,
Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 12 species each and Polygonaceae with
10 species. Life form of flora of Rawalakot showed that out of 381 species
273 were herbs, 45 shrubs, 44 trees, 12 subshrubs and 07 lianas.The
abundance category of flora of Rawalakot showed that there were 34
dominant species, 95 abundant, 83 frequent, 108 occasional, and 61 species
are rare. The phytogeographical affinities of flora of Rawalakot showed that
flora of Rawalakot have typical Himalayan touch with 202 Himalayan
species, with 26 Eurasian species, 19 Mediterranean species, 49 Asian
speices, 15 Euro-African species, 15 Euro-Siberian species,19 Asian-
African species, 25 American species and 3 Australian species.The flora of
Rawalakot is represented by 173 medicinal plants, 158 fodder species, 111
weeds, 68 fuel species, 22 timber species, 33 fruit yielding species, 21
vegetables, 31 ornamental and 13 poisonous species. Some of the
important rare species of study area are Ulmus wallichiana, Melia ccxxxvi
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azedarach, Celtis eriocarpa, Bauhinia variegata Grewia eriocarpa,
Populus alba, Acer caesium, Sapindus mukorossi, Albizia odoratissima,
Debregeasia salicifolia, Hypericum oblongifolium, Zanthoxylum armatum,
Astragalus psilocentros, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster microphyllus,
C.roseus, Buddleja asiatica, Calotropis procera and Vitex negundo require
special attention for protection. Poplar industry along habitat loss, over
grazing, unawareness, fire practices and extraction of medicinal plants are
the major recorded threats to the flora of Rawalakot.
Recommendations
Focus on following points is need of the time as a future vision for plant resources
1. The natural flora continues to change with time due to invasion, extinctions
and evolution so that area needs continuous efforts for plant exploration to
discover new taxa and conservation status.
2. Azad Kashmir is located in the foothills of great Himalaya which is
identified as centre of endemism. Plants from Azad Kashmir deposited in
many herbaria of Pakistan and world. Herbaria are very important in any
type of botanical studies. Universities of Azad Kashmir and forest
department should launched programs to develop mini herbaria in affiliated
degree colleges and other institutions having biological department and a
main herbarium in universities.
3. Taxonomic and conservation studies focusing on Medicinal plants of the
area are needed. ccxxxvii
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4. Programs and campaigns should be launched for awareness among local
communities about importance of natural flora and ecosystem.
5. Continuous taxonomic and conservation studies on rare taxa so that they
can be protected for future generations.
6. In-situ and ex-situ conservation programs should be launched for protection
of rare categories. Fencing and declaring national parks certain area like
Bunjso Lake and surrounding areas and by collecting seeds and culturing in
botanical gardens would play vital role in this regard.
7. There is a need of similar studies in other regions of Azad Kashmir even at
smaller units like union council, Tehsils and District level.
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