INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT August 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

COMMUNITY - DISTRICT INFRASTUCTURE SERVICES PROJECT AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR Public Disclosure Authorized

Development Consortium 603, Anum Blessings, ZCC Area, KCUS, Shahrea Faisal, Karachi-75350 TABLE OF CONTENTS

No Title Page

Acknowledgements I List of Acronyms II Executive Summary III 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Community District Infrastructure Services Project 1 1.1.1 Objective and Strategy of the CDISP 1 1.1.2 Scope of CDISP 2 1.2 Social Assessment - Aims and Objectives 2 1.3 Social Assessment - Methodology 3 1.3.1 Familiarization and Consultation 3 1.3.2 Literature Review and Consultation 4 1.3.3 Field Study 5 1.3.4 Feedback 8 1.3.5 Data Tabulation and Comparison 8 1.3.6 Stakeholder Workshop 8

2. OVERVIEW AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 9

3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 13 3.1 Economic Characteristics 13 3.2 Poverty Issues 14 3.3 Social Organization 15 3.3.1 CBOs/NGOs 16 3.3.2 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms 19 3.3.3 Gender Issues 19

4. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 19 4.1 Availability of Potable Water and Sanitation 19 4.2 Energy Sources and Consumption 20 4.3 Telecommunication and Media Access 20 4.4 Access to Health Facilities 20 4.5 Access to Education 21 4.6 Habitation and Shelter 21 4.7 Road and Transport 22

5. URBAN AREAS 22 5.1 Urban Demographics 23 5.2 Urban Literacy 24 5.3 NGOs/CBOs 24 5.4 Conflict Resolution 24 5.5 Gender 24 5.6 Employment Pattern 25 5.7 Access to Services 25 5.8 Housing 25 6. COMMUNITY PRIORITIZATION OF NEEDS 0 EXPECTED SOCIAL 25 IMPACTS OF PROJECTS 6.1 Prioritization of Needs 25 6.2 Expected Social Impacts of Sub-projects 26 6.3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation - Pipeline Schemes 28 6.4 Social Issues 29 6.4.1 Reaching out to Scattered Communities 29 6.4.2 Conflict between Groups 30 6.4.3 Affordable Participation 30 6.4.4 Women's Involvement 30 6.4.5 Remote Villages may be covered 31 6.4.6 Self Help Activities and Willingness to Pay 31 6.4.7 Elite Capture 32 7. RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SAN1TATION PROJECT (RWSS)- 33 AJK 7.1 Lessons Learnt from the Project 34

8. REVIEW OF OTHER COMMUNITY BASED PROJECTS IN AJK 34

9. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND ITS APPLICATION 43 TO THE PROJECT 9.1 Safeguard 1: Operational Directive and Indigenous People 43 (OD 4.20) 9.2 Operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30) 43

10. KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 45 10.1 In Projects Built with External Assistance 46 10.2 In Project Financed by Government 48 10.3 In Locally - Financed Works Motivated by Government Policy 48 10.4 In Works Financed and Built Entirely by Local People 49

11. CONSULTATION METHOD AND FRAMEWORK FOR 50 PARTICIPATION 11.1 Existing Consultation Method and Guidelines for Future Consultations 50 11.1.1 Information Dissemination 51 11.1.2 Planning and Design 52 11.1.3 Implementation 52 11.1.4 Management 53 11.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 54 11.1.6 Conflicts and Grievances 54 11.2 Board Participatory framework 56 11.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders 57 11.4 Ground Rules for Consultation and Participation 58

12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 61

13. CRITICAL RISK AND MITIGATION MEASURES 63 List of Annexes

Annex 1: Tenns of Reference Annex 2: Sample Tabulation Sheet Annex 3: Check List - Focus Group Discussion Annex 4: List of Stakeholders Annex 5: List of Stakeholders Workshop Annex 6: List Of Organizations Registered Under Act 1860 Annex 7: Statistical Data from Secondary Sources Table 1 Rural Location by Population Table 2 Area Population by Sex, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Urban Proportion, Household and Annual Growth Rate Table 3 Population by Age and Rural/Urban Table 4 Population by Relationship to the Head of Household by Age Group, Sex and Rural/Urban Table 5 Percentage of Population by Economic Categories Rural/Urban Table 6 Employed Population (10 years and above) by Occupation and Sex (Rural/Urban) Table 7 Annual Average Income Level in different type of employment in various District in AJK, (PERI 1992 survey) Table 8 Households cash Income of Sample Farm Households - 1990 Table 9 Number and Area of Farms by Size of Farm Table 10 Farm Area by Tenure and Size of Farm Table II Cultivated Area by Mode of Irrigation and Size of Farm Table 12 Cropped Area by Crops in AJK from 1990-91 to 1997-98 Table 13 Number of Production Vegetables in AJK from 1994-95 to 1997-98 Table 14 Number and Production of Kharif and Rabi Fruits by type of Fruits Table 15 District wise break-up of Livestock Table 16 Units of Electricity sold by Category and District from 1992-98 Table 17 Health Institutions and Personnel from 1992-98 Table 18 Population (10 years and above) by Literacy and educational Attainment Table 19 Number of Educational Institutions Sex wise from 1988-98 Table 20 Nature of Tenure (Percentage) by Rural/Urban, 1998 Table 21 Housing Units (Percentage) by Kitchen, Bathroom and Latrine Facilities by Rural/Urban, 1998 Table 22 Material Used Roofs (Percentage) by Rural/Urban, 1998 Table 23 Road Kilometers by type maintained by Highway Dept. & PWD 1991-98 Table 24 Number of Vehicles on Road by type from 1991-98

Annex 8: Poverty - Meaning and Perceptions Annex 9: Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) requires a social assessment report as a pre-requisite for appraising new project financing. This report responds to this condition and is based on the terms of reference provided by the World Bank. Ms. Zia Aljalaly has taken a keen interest in the study and has guided and assisted in the stakeholder dialogue, information collection and in structuring the presentation. This report would not have been possible without her assistance and support. We also thank Raja Rehan Arshad, Team Leader-Water and Sanitation Programme, UNDP/World Bank, Islamabad and Ms. Julie Viloria, Senior Institutional Development Expert, World Bank, Washington for their valuable guidance and input.

The report has been prepared for the Local Government and Rural Development Department of the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The LGRDD officials and staff actively participated in the preparation, especially in stakeholder consultation. Their contribution has been valuable in facilitating the field study and their experiences has given us an insight into the dynamics of AJK's social conditions. Furthermore, they have been very helpful in secondary data collection. We appreciate and value their inputs and contributions.

The greater part of field consultation and data collection has been carried out by local teams led by Mrs. Shagufta Mustafa. Their keen participation and understanding has given perspective to this report. We acknowledge their contribution and thank them for their support.

The participation and contribution of the community groups, especially the local community based organization in organizing the consultation process made the whole field work possible. Because of their involvement the people took the discussion seriously and gave concrete inputs and recommendations for the consultation process design. They also helped verify the secondary data and explained and elaborated on the service delivery options. We thank them for their kind help. List of Acronyms

AD Assistant Director AE Assistant Engineer AJK Azad Jammu & Kashmir CBO Community Based Organizations CDIP Community District Infrastructure Project CIP Community Infrastructure Project FGD Focus Group Discussion GOAJK Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir IDA International Development Association LGRDD Local Government & Rural Development Department LHV Lady Health Visitor MOU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Non Governmental Organizations NRSP National Rural Support Programme NVJVCDP Neelum Valley Jehlum Valley Community Development Project NWFP North West Frontier Province O&M Operation & Maintenance PC-1 Planning Commission Proforma-l PCD Project Concept Document RHC Rural Health Center RS Rural Settlement RWSS Rural Water Supply & Sanitation SO Social Organizer TOP Terms of Partnership TOR Terms of Reference VC Village Committees VDA Village Development Association

Local Terms

Biradari People belonging to the same clan based on familial ties Ghas Katai Cutting of grass (literally) used to indicate time when cropping is done Iqrarnama Legal undertaking for showing agreement between two partners Kooh Well Mora Basic unit of settlement - village Nala Storm water or sewage drain Punchayat A ex body of local leaders who resolve disputes at the village level Rabi-ul-Awwal 3r month of Islamic Calendar Sawab Gods Grace & Blessings Unani Ancient Greek form of Treatment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) has a population of 2.92 million, the majority of which lives in rural areas. The state of AJK has 7 districts, namely Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Poonch, Sudhnuti, Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber. Muzaffarabad is almost half of AJK in terms of land area and houses one quarter of the population. The northern parts of AJK has high mountains and narrow valleys. As one moves south the valley widens and productive use increases. The scattered settlement pattern over hilly terrain in AJK makes development difficult and costly. In the rural areas, till the implementation of the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Project (1992-2000), water was fetched from streams by women on pots for purpose of drinking, domestic use and to feed livestock. In the plains, people have dug wells and those living by the riverside or near "kools" (water channel for agriculture) obtained water from these sources. The RWSS project covered a quarter of AJK's population through 1221 gravity schemes and 173 pumping schemes. In each of these villages, the RWSS strengthened local organizations and made them development oriented.

Social organizations in AJK are molded around biradaris (clans), and one village may have up to 4-5 Biradaris. Across AJK, one to two biradaris dominated almost half the villages surveyed, while the rest were homogenous with almost equal number of population. Political interests are not related to biradari, and political competition is equal within and between biradaris. The organization at the village level comprises of representatives (elders and influential persons) from different neighborhoods within the village, who meet on occasions or when needs arise. The organization resolves family and property disputes and discusses and directs welfare activities. In the past, many of the self help activities related to construction of Mosques, schools, link roads and bridges have been carried out using this platform. In the more recent past, community based Government projects and NGO activities have strengthened these organizations by making them development oriented, motivating participation by youth and women and by introducing to them contemporary system of management and leadership development.

Land fragmentation and increasing population has over burdened subsistence agriculture, forcing people to move out of AJK to Pakistan and abroad in search of employment. The 1992 social survey of AJK, estimated off farm income to be 29.7% of which 44% was share of remittances. Economically active rural population in AJK is 18%. Unemployment rate is about 37.5 % and the larger part of unemployed population is domestic workers - mostly women. Average per capita income reported in Project Concept Document (PCD) is US$ 184 and field survey shows rural household monthly income to be in the range of Rs.5000 - 6000. People place poverty line in the range of Rs. 2,500-3,000/hh given the increasing price of grains and the decreasing yield due to land fragmentation, construction and environmental change. This figure is comparable to the poverty line worked out for NWFP and Pakistan. In the rest of AJK, especially in the northern part of Neelum valley and in the border areas, and the area near the Jhelum River in district Bagh and Sudhnuti, access to cash income and development is very limited. A good part of these areas lack road access and people have to travel long distances on foot and pay carriage for transportation of goods.

Of the poor, women are most disadvantaged. About 20% of rural households are female headed and generally all community and social organizations are male lead. Government projects generally do not consult women, and in the many meetings held, women either

III did not attend or where they did attend, they remained silent. In "women only" meetings, women were more forthcoming and showed a strong inclination to participate and had many concerns. They viewed water supply as a health related development activity and felt that it needed to be related to childcare and medical facilities. The women felt that increasing household income and improving quality of education is important for reducing vulnerability to poverty conditions. They showed willingness for improving family based income generation activities and showed interest in micro credit and savings scheme.

Focused groups discussions with community members in 55 rural communities and 5 urban communities show that:

1. Water supply, roads, Primary School upgrading (especially for girls) and improvement in health facilities is the main need. 2. There is a strong willingness to participate by the communities and people are willing to contribute up-front. Larger percentage of community members prefer to provide labor instead of cash contributions as most are poor and survive on subsistence. 3. Almost all the communities visited have a tradition of self-help for development, and the leadership and organization will require little strengthening and capacity building. There is also a tradition of voluntary land donation for public benefit. 4. People are aware of the changing environmental conditions and many have related it to the growing population. There is a growing concern about quality of water, disposal of human and domestic waste, overgrazing and deforestation. Last three years dry period has made them realize the need for water conservation and in many of the sites where RWSS schemes are complete, water-rationing practice was visible. 5. A large number of people survive on subsistence and in all of the cases the households have 1-2 member working in Pakistan or abroad. The poor viewed infrastructure development, especially water supply and roads as contributing to poverty alleviation, provided income generation activities were linked to it and supported. Improvement of health facilities, especially preventive practice were seen as cost saving. 6. Main participation issues emerged as (i) scattered pattern of settlement that restrict outreach; (ii) conflict between groups due to political and social competition (iii) consultation and participation framework being complicated and time consuming (iv) people being left out due to poverty reasons i.e. too poor to contribute and therefore not selected (v) willingness to contribute and (vi) elite capture. 7. No indigenous communities were found and almost all of the local communities are in the process of modernizing.

From the study of RWSS and other community development projects, lessons learnt are summarized below: 1. Demand driven community based projects require additional time initially. 2. Information dissemination should be done as a package. 3. Within a community a variety of needs exist and these should be prioritized through community consultation. 4. Involvement of community at all stages of project cycle increases community ownership, decreases cost and motivates community in upfront cost sharing. 5. Sharing of cost based on division of responsibility causes understanding and makes sharing possible. Percentage sharing model is generally viewed with suspicion while component sharing increases flexibility.

IV 6. Community development is a key component to infrastructure development and staff involved in community development needs to be encouraged and their capacity enhanced. 7. Involvement of NGOs as trainers and facilitators in community development institutionally strengthens Government departments. The NGOs can play a catalyst role in facilitating partnership development between Government and community organizations.

V 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Community District Infrastructure Services Project

This social assessment is part of the project preparation exercise of Community-District Infrastructure Project (CDISP) being undertaken by the Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (GOAJK). The CDISP aims to improve the living conditions of low income communities in AJK through the development and implementation of an effective participation based program to deliver sustainable infrastructure and services to low income communities.

GOAJK through its Local Government and Rural Development Department (LGRDD) will implement this project. LGRDD has a track record and experience of implementing development projects. LGRDD has completed an eight years Rural Water Supply & Sanitation (RWSS) project in June 2000, financed by the International Development Association (IDA). Community participation was an important element in the planning and execution of the activities of this project

As currently envisaged, the project would include the following components:

* Community development activities focusing on the development of organizational capacity of community-based organizations (CBOs) and participatory mechanisms.

* Basic infrastructure upgrading and services responding to demands based on priorities defined by the communities themselves and expressed through community contributions where appropriate. Infrastructure to be provided would include water supply, drainage, streets and footpaths, sanitation, and solid waste management.

* Implementation support and monitoring and evaluation arrangements to develop the capacity of provincial and district governments, communities and NGOs/CBOs on the implementation of community driven development approaches.

1.1.1 Objectives and Strategy of the CDISP

Development Objectives of the CDISP are: * Social mobilization and strengthening the capacity of local communities to make informned decisions related to planning, implementation, financing and maintenance of basic infrastructure and services. * Development of a decentralized institutional framework, in which the state and district level governments in AJK assist local communities to participate in the provision of infrastructure and services using the new decentralized financing procedures * Provision of basic infrastructure and services in low-income communities.

The Project Concept Document for CDISP' (PCD) mentions the objective as " to assist efforts of Government of AJK to improve quality of life of low income communities in AJK through a more effective and sustainable approach to the provision of affordable basic infrastructure and services." This includes extensive community participation and

Mar 16, 2001 of World Bank incorporation of social development inputs. This objective is to be achieved through a strategy consisting of: * Participation of communities and civil society * Efficient governance in the context of decentralized planning and implementation * Provision of infrastructure upgrading and services and community development

1.1.2 Scope of CDISP

CDISP is perceived as a community based infrastructure project on the pattern of Community Infrastructure Project (CIP) being implemented in NWFP. The CDISP is to be implemented through a district-based team (a mix of administrative, engineering and social expertise) on the pattern of RWSS implemented in AJK. In the urban areas, the team should be led by the concerned Municipality. CDISP shall be implemented in both urban as well as rural areas proportionate to their population distribution. a. Community Development Activities. The list of eligible activities for the community development sub- component are: (i) awareness and information on community based development approaches and techniques; (ii) mobilization assistance and capacity building activities to CBOs, (iii) health, environmental, and hygiene sanitation awareness; (iv) special activities to support women such as specific training, NFE and linkages to micro-credit and productive activities. b. Commnunity Infrastructure Upgrading. The list of eligible works for the community infrastructure sub- component are: Table 1.1 RURAL URBAN

* Drinking Water * Water supply From springs, ground water and surface water Drinking water from springs, ground water and through pumping and gravity schemes, stand-posts, surface water, developed independently or through community tanks and house connections city system by pumping or gravity schemes. Stand * Rural Drainage posts, community tanks and house connection Open/ Covered Drains for waste water and paving * Sewerage and Drainage of village streets Sewers open/ covered drains in streets and * Demonstration Latrines decentralized waste-water treatment facilities Latrines constructed in schools, mosques and basic * Community latrines/ toilets health units Community latrines for disposal of excreta * Internal pathways and Foot bridges * Street paving, street lighting and signage Pathways inside the village and connection to * Solid waste management access roads. Foot bridges, culverts and suspension House to house solid waste collection and its bridges for pedestrians transportation to the filth depot

c. Sub-Project Development and Implementation Assistance. This include specific activities to support preparation and implementation of community sub-projects, policy guidance, institutional strengthening, and monitoring and evaluation: This include: (i) design and promotional activities on community development techniques, information campaigns; (ii) design and implementation assistance covering social, physical works, monitoring and evaluation, financial management; (iii) development of training and human resource programs for capacity building; (iv) operational manual; (v) M&E system including policy framework and special studies; and (vi ) administration, procurement, disbursement, and financial management

1.2 Social Assessment - Aims and Objectives Social Assessment is a process for ensuring that World Bank-financed development operations are informed by and take into account relevant social issues. The practice aims to ensure development initiatives: * Contribute to poverty alleviation; and at the same time, * Enhance inclusion; * Increase social capital;

2 * Build ownership; and * Eliminate or at least reduce adverse social impacts. Social Assessments are expected to cover 'four pillars' in support of project operations:

The 'Four Pillars' of Social Assessment are: 1. Identification of key social development and participation issues; 2. Evaluation of institutional and social organizational issues; 3. Definition of the participation framework; 4. Establishment of a mechanism for monitoring and evaluation.

In covering these four areas, Social Assessments should be selective and strategic, focussing only on those variables with operational relevance.

Following the Project Concept Document, Government of AJK appointed consultants to prepare PC-I, and carry out social, institutional and environmental assessments under the World Bank administered preparatory assistance. This study is a part of this preparatory exercise.

The Terms of Reference (TOR) for this study is guided by among others by three major objectives: * Assess the appropriate and suitable participatory framework for CDISP by reviewing the CIP, RWSS-AJK and other participatory projects being implemented in AJK * Carry out social assessment to "make explicit the social factors that affect the development impacts and results of the project" with the intention of ensuring that "these aspects are adequately addressed". * To determine the applicability of the Safeguards Policies: O.D. 4.20 on indigenous peoples and O.D. 4.30 on involuntary Resettlement 2.

The Terms of Reference for this Social Assessment Study are included as Annex 1.

1.3 Social Assessment - Methodology

The size of the assessment area was given as the whole of AJK. A review of the 1998 Census figures showed that AJK contains 1654 rural settlements across the seven districts. Also, about 12% of AJK's population reside in 18 urban areas. Given the size of study area and the additional requirements (study of completed and ongoing RWSS schemes; study of remote and distant villages; assessment of citizen sector organizations; and community based Government projects), the study has been carried out in the following six steps:

1.3.1 Familiarization and Consultation

The consultants made familiarization visit in March starting with a detailed discussion on Terms of Reference and method with the World Bank staff. This was followed up with discussions on the TORs with LGRDD officials and visits to four stakeholder communities. The consultants met with members of two communities (one where RWSS work was completed and one where they proposed to carry out the task in the follow up project) one each in Muzaffardabad and Bagh. These visits were arranged by LGRDD.

2 World Bank's Operational Directives on Indigenous Peoples & Involuntary Resettlement

3 The purpose of the visit was to familiarize the consultants with the terrain and the people. This visit also included discussions with Secretary and Director LGRDD and RWSS Project staff in AJK. This visit identified the: * case studies of participatory projects in AJK for evolving the participatory framework, and * focus groups discussions with randomly selected communities as means of sample survey

The familiarization visit also enabled the consultant to schedule the sample survey and based on the fact that two visits were completed in one day with spare time for a third visit.

1.3.2 Literature Review and Consultation

Secondary data was collected from offices of World Bank Islamabad and LGRDD, Muzzaffarabad. The first ten days were spent on reviewing the literature available (refer Annex 9 for Bibliography). Gaps in information were designed to be filled by conducting focus group discussions with the communities in selected villages.

In order to establish a participatory framework for stakeholders (also required as part of specific objectives), a comparative study was carried out based on review of literature (Community Infrastructure Projects documents, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation evaluation study, Documentation of National Rural Support Program & Neelum Valley Jhelum Valley Community Development Project).

The main parameters studied included: * Information and how it reaches the potential clients and how their first contact is made * The manner in which activist and representatives are identified and involved in dialogue and participation in decision making forum. Forms of representation. * The formation of community organization/ working committees, the influences that guide the fornation process and its potential impact on the overall community organization * Decisions on priorities; sharing/ contributions how they are made; and the role of women. * The forum and medium of consultations between stakeholders: community members, LGRDD staff, NGOs and others including consultants and World Bank staff. * Types of agreements and MOUs and their social and legal worth * Consultation process during the survey, planning and design, costing and financing, implementation and the O&M stages as well as the tendering and procurement of land, materials and labor. * The process of taking ownership and satisfaction on work done, including links established between stakeholders beyond the project period.

Reliable secondary data in the form of the 1998 Census figures indicating population, economic and housing services was made available for four districts of AJK. The analysis and incorporation of these figures substantiated the field findings.

4 1.3.3 Field study

A sample of settlements was selected on the basis of three criteria: distribution of the population across the 7 districts of AJK; division of sample into RWSS completed, surveyed and virgin sites; and also on the size of the settlement. A survey based on Focus Group Discussions was carried out in 55 rural and 5 urban settlements.

1.3.3.1 Sample Selection

The sites for sample survey have been drawn from a list of revenue villages in the 1998 Census Report. The criteria for spreading the sample is threefold: 1. Distribution of sample across districts based on population distribution 2. In each district division of sample into three categories, viz. Sites where RWSS schemes have been completed, sites where RWSS schemes are proposed to be implemented and sites where no contacts have been made so far. 3. For each of the category mentioned above, at least one site per district was selected belonging to population size 1) less than 1000, 2) between 1000 and 2000, and 3) greater than 20003.

The sampling was done with the understanding that sites surveyed under the RWSS project would be taken up as priority areas under the CDISP for water supply and sanitation. It was expected that in the RWSS sites where water supply schemes are completed or ongoing, other infrastructure components would be offered. With this understanding the initial sample was drawn.

The first criteria was that at least one site from each type (RWSS completed, ongoing and surveyed) was decided to be surveyed. This meant that a sample of 3 sites were allocated to the smallest district (Sudhnoti). Based on this, the total sample of rural sites were estimated at 40. The distribution is given in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Distribution of Number of Sites by District and Tpe of Site Districts Population Sample RWSS RWSS New Sites Distt. (%age) Sites Total Sites Surveyed (Nos.) (Nos.) completed Sites (Nos.) (Nos.) 1. Muzzaffarabad 25% 10 3 4 3 2. Bagh 13.5% 5 1 2 2 3. Poonch 14% 6 1 3 2 4. Sudhnoti 7.5% 3 1 1 1 5. Kotli 19% 8 2 4 2 6. Bhimber 10% 4 1 2 1 7. Mirpur 11% 4 1 2 1 AJK 100.0 % 40 10 18 12

To have a representative sample, the sample for urban areas was selected from the following three categories, viz.

3 A review of population of sample revenue villages from 1998 Census show that about 50% of the villages have a population greater than 2000.

5 * Municipal Committee or urban areas with population greater than 30,000 persons (4 areas) * Urban areas with population size between 10,000 - 30,000 persons (3 areas) * Urban areas with population less than 10,000 persons (11 areas)

Suggested urban areas were; 1) Muzaffarabad ( population: 77,940); 2) Mirpur (92219); 3) Rawlakot (39,052), Kotli (31,676); 4) Bagh (18928), Bhimber (15955), Pallandri (13820); 5) Islamgarh (9975)/ Dudyal (9934), Athmuqam (5650) and 6) Kahuta (3042)/Chikar (4159)/ Garhi Dopatta (4777).

At least one low-income settlement from each area would be considered as representative. Following feedback and consultations with LGRDD, new sites were added to include a broader perspective. As such, the number of sample increased from 40 to 52. The actual surveyed sites are 60 as given in following table.

Table 1.3: List of Sites Visited during Field Study

RWSS Surveyed RWSS Sites New Sites Urban Sites Schemes completed

Muzaffarabad * Basnara * Niazpura * Chakrian * Tariqabad * Buddhal * Bandi Pir Baksh * Chak Hama * Chatiyan Dhalkan . Panjgarah * Chow Koti * Bashash * Jhand Garan * Chatgarah, khila * Daman Senna. Bagh * Sural * Fatehpur * Hotar * Hasanabad * Rehr Ban * Chittar No. 1 * Chaanjel Colony * Kot Qandeelah * Sohawa Poonch * Pachiot Sharqi * Nakkar * Singola Janubi * Punjal Dhand * Arnanta * Barmang Mohalla near Khurd petrol pump Rawalakot Sudhnoti * Beatharan Sanghar * Gorah Shimali * Baluch Kotli * Panakha * Seher Mandi * (Kothian) Jamalpur * Barali * Qamrothi * Panag * Panjeran * Islamabad * Qamrothi * Panjeran

6 Mirpur * Kangra * Raipur * Bun Khurma * Raing * Pothi * Rahmainia * Dangri Bahadur * Panyam Mohalla * Samwal Sharif (Dudyal) * Burjun * Dheri Rustam Bhimber * Daura * Kaschanatar * Pindi * Magloora * Haji Pora * Gora Kallan * Kajloor Kiyani

TOTAL 29 17 9 5

Rural sites visited 55 Urban sites visited 5 Total sites visited 60

1.3.3.2 Field Study - Process

Field research tools were designed prior to the visits. These included check list of discussion topics for the Focus Group Discussions (attached as Annex 3). Formats for infornation collection on NGO/ CBOs, Contact information on District level officials of the LGRDD, and lists of sites provided by the LGRDD, based on which site selection was carried out in consultation with the local LGRDD staff. .

The field-work was carried out by the consultants personally with the help of Extension staff of the LGRDD and local professionals.4

The studies in each settlement consisted of: 1 Meetings and consultations with LGRDD staff at the district levels 2 Meeting and discussions with leaders at village levels, including water committee chairmen and heads of village-level organizations 3 Focus group discussions (separately for females at 26 sites in addition to 60 Focus Group Discussions with males) at the village level. Care was taken to ensure representation of all 'biradaris' including the poor and minority biradari.

The research tools were refined during the course of the fieldwork. The field research tools were designed as a series of group meetings and semi-structured interviews. The checklist for the Focus Group Discussion was prepared beforehand. Prior to actual field work, field testing of the check list / questionnaire was done by the 3 team leaders in Mirpur Area (see Annex. 3 for checklist).

The consultants divided into 3 teams for the field-work. The 4 h team comprised of two local professionals. Team A was lead by Ms. Sadia Fazli, Team B by Mr. Humair Ahmad, Team C by Mr. Fazal Noor and Team D by Ms. Shagufta Mustafa. While team AB&C were assisted by Extension staff of the LGRDD (see annex 4 for list of stakeholders) team D was assisted by Mr. Bazmi and Mr. Rasheed Chechi.

7 Revenue village was selected as a basic unit. Focus group interviews were conducted in selected Revenue villages by the four teams comprising of 2 person/team. Revenue village consists of several neighborhoods. Care has been taken to include representation from all biradaris and different income groups, as well as groups residing in various neighborhoods. Interviews were carried out within the settlement at a place publicly accessible. Separate focus group discussions were conducted with women in 26 villages and 5 urban areas (50% of the rural sample and all the urban sample), in addition to male focus groups in 52 rural and 5 urban sites. Average size of the focus group consisted of 15-20 representatives. Average duration of a focus group discussion was between 60-90 minutes. Where communities were unaware of the arrival of the survey teams, about 30- 45 minutes were taken additionally to inform/ gather people for the discussion. LGRDD extension workers were used as local contact to access the community. They were however not allowed to participate in the discussion

In carrying out the survey, the urban sample was reduced from 13 to 5 because conditions in small towns were found to be similar. In the rural sample, initially the surveyed and partially completed sites were taken as separate, but in the analysis they have been combined.

1.3.4 Feedback

Halfway through the field work preliminary findings and survey method were shared with the World Bank team and LGRDD officials in detail. Concerns were raised regarding the consistency in data collection of the 3 teams. To check for consistency of the findings, cross verification was carried out in district Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Poonch and Sudhnoti. Initially 8 urban sites were proposed to be surveyed. However during feedback consultation 5 urban areas were selected for groups discussions.

1.3.5 Data Tabulation and Comparison

After completion of the field work, the three team leaders compared notes and decided upon a consistent tabulation framework. (refer Annex 2 for sample tabulation sheet). Analysis of the data was carried out based on the findings of the survey.

1.3.6 Stakeholder workshops

To evolve 'A Participatory Framework for Community Based Services Provision, ' two (2) stakeholder workshops were held in order to allow local-level representatives to provide feedback on findings and recommendations of the study. The workshops were held on May 24, 2001 and July 23-24, 2001 respectively. The workshop was organized in Muzaffarabad by the LGRDD and was widely attended by its staff from all 7 districts, including representatives of various research organizations and NGOs in AJK ( see Annex 5 for List of Participants). People representing local communities were also present. Comments from the two workshops have been incorporated in this report.

8 2. OVERVIEW AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is located to the north east of Pakistan and has an independent administrative and political setup. The state of AJK is spread over 5134 sq. miles (13297 sq. kilometers) and the 1998 population census shows the population of AJK to be 2.915 million with a 2.3% annual growth rate. The average population density of AJK is 219 persons per sq. kilometer. Administratively the country is divided into 7 districts. Which are further subdivided into 19 tehsils 30 police stations and 30 Markaz councils. There are 202 union (rural) councils, 10 Town committees, 5 Municipal committees and 2 Municipal corporations. For revenue collection purposes, tehsils are subdivided into Qanooni halqas and this is further divided into Patwari circles comprising of revenue villages. There are a total of 1,654 rural settlements (revenue villages) in 348 Patwari circle placed in 60 Qanooni halqas.

Table 2.1: Population by sex, density, household size, decennial change and annual growth of Azad Kashmir, 1998 Census AREA POPULATION 1998 Area Both Male Female Sex ratio Avg. Urban 1981-1998 (Sq- Sexes males H.Hold Proportio Int. Censal KM) per 100 Size n Avg. Annual Females G. Rate (%age) AZAD 13,297 2,915,56 1,463,07 1,452,49 12.0 2.29 KASHIMIR 7 1 6 100.7 7.0 M'abad 6,117 351,569 13.0 2.63 724,420 372,851 106.0 6.9 Poonch 855 101.9 13.0 2.12 402,754 203,228 199,526 7.2 Pallandri 569 7.0 1.73 214,371 102,375 111,996 91.4 6.9 Bagh 1,368 7.0 2.02 395,043 198,615 196,428 101.1 7.4 Mirpur 1,010 35.0 1.91 323,475 164,976 158,499 104.0 6.5 Kotli 1,862 8.0 2.53 558,168 272,521 285,647 95.4 7.1 Bhimber 1,516 5.0 2.51 297,336 148,505 148,831 99.8 6.8 Source: Population Census Organization, Islamabad

9 The topography is mainly hilly and mountainous while the main rivers are the Jhelum and the Neelum. At Muzaffarabad, Neelum joins Jhelum and flows southward separating AJK from Pakistan. A small river called Poonch flows through Kotli and joins the Jhelum at Mangla. The north and northwestern mountains are very cold in winter but their summers are pleasant, while the southern plains are extremely hot in summer with cold and dry winter.

The terrain, poverty and security conditions vary. As one moves south from Muzaffarabad towards Bagh, Poonch, Sudhonti and Kotli, the valley widens up and area under cultivation increases. This area is more accessible, especially from Pakistan. The border area with India remains a restricted zone.

Of the total population 2,556,470 (88%) is rural and comprises of 415,120 households. The settlement pattern follows the land characteristics and topography.

On an average, a revenue village comprises of 10-14 neighborhoods 5 , where each neighborhood may comprise of 3-12 houses in a scattered settlement and 100-400 houses in a more concentrated village. On an average, 30-60 houses determine the physical boundary of a neighborhood while a neighborhood is defined according to the community's perception of boundary.

Apart from pockets of concentrated populations, settlements are generally scattered over hills. The smallest neighborhood comprise of 1-2 housing units and the biggest may have over 300. Approximately 2-3 households live in one housing unit. According to 1998 census the largest settlement is Khore (13,047 persons) in District Kotli. (males-6134, females-6913, Households-1852), while the smallest settlement is Malwat Seri (4 persons) in District Muzaffarabad (males-3, female-i, Household-1).

5 Field survey 2001

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LANDt USE PLAKNWING According to the 1998 population census, average family size is 7 and for rural it is 6. About 42% of population is below the age of 15 years, while 6.7% of population is above the age of 60. Greater percentages of men (8%) than women (6%) live above 60 years. The number of women in the 16-59 age bracket is 53.22% while men comprise 50.47%. In AJK there are 100.7 males per 100 females. 80 percent households are male headed. (See table numbers 2,3 and 4 in annex 7)

Around 70% of the study sample reveals an average household size to comprise of 5-10 persons. The remaining 30% households have more than 10 persons. Classification on the basis of age, reveals that almost 50 % of the population to be below the age of 15 years followed by 30 % falling within the ages of 15-50 and elderly people (50+) constituting 20% of the sample.

Since recent figures for demographic condition in AJK is not available, the basic indicators of birth and death rates are derived from the Pakistan Demographic survey of 1988. The survey shows that crude birth rate was 44.3 per 1000 while crude death rate was 14.6 per 1000. Infant mortality rate was 95 per 1000 while maternal mortality rate was 9 per 1000 live births.

Total fertility per woman was 6.29. It was also observed that 38.2% suffered from 1st degree, 33.7% from 2nd degree and 7.4% from 3rd degree malnutrition. Life expectancy at birth for male was 56 years and for female 55 years. Incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery was seen to be 35%, while for intestinal worms it was 16.6%, and for other disease the figure stood at 33.8 percent. Communicable diseases covered by EPI stood at 14.6%. Regarding malarial parasites, about 1 per 1000 were infected and incidence of TB was about 2-3 per 1000. Leprosy was seen to affect about 1-2 per 1000 persons.

Table 2.2: Literacy and Enrolment Ratio by sex and urban/ rural for Poonch, Sudhnoti, Mirpur and Bhimber in 1998 Literacy Ratio Enrollment Ratio Districts Total Male Female Total Male Female Poonch 67.22 80.23 54.04 67.75 79.88 53.45 Rural 66.45 80.24 52.53 65.97 79.89 51.91 Urban 72.10 80.12 63.76 71.74 79.77 63.38 Sudhnoti 59.21 77.01 43.61 51.37 56.24 46.57 Rural 58.83 77.38 42.71 50.67 55.80 45.63 Urban 63.87 72.73 55.11 60.61 61.86 59.31 Mirpur 59.66 70.47 48.38 49.62 53.04 45.95 Rural 54.23 66.70 41.68 45.75 50.40 40.89 Urban 69.82 77.22 61.60 56.71 57.72 55.59 Bhimber 57.89 72.51 43.63 53.40 59.01 47.68 Rural 57.25 72.22 42.72 57.28 58.75 46.89 Urban 68.72 77.23 59.68 62.91 63.67 62.11 Source: District Census Report 1998

Literacy rate in AJK is about 61%. In rural areas it is slightly less (59.2%) and among rural women it is 44.9%. This result is a positive development from 1981 when overall literacy rate was 28.33%, while among women it was reported to be 10% and 40% for men.

12 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

3.1 Economic Characteristics

According to the 1998 district census, eighty eight (88) percent of the population live in the rural area. The economically active population (18%) is employed mainly in elementary occupations6 (33%), as skilled agricultural and fishery workers7 (21%). A majority of the remaining groups are self employed ( 41.8 %) followed by Government services (28.2%), private service (22.7%), and trades (12 %). About 4.4% of the economically active population are unpaid and less than one percent are employers. (refer to table 6 in annex 7)

Table 3.1: Economically Active Pop ulation and Unemployment Rate by sex, 1998. Economically Active Economically Inactive Unemployment Rate Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Poonch 19.43 37.04 1.41 80.57 62.96 98.59 38.66 39.61 13.21 Sudhnoti 14.73 27.58 2.75 85.27 72.42 97.25 52.31 56.91 9.28 Mirpur 19.48 36.83 1.36 80.52 63.17 98.64 25.47 26.13 6.89 Bhimber 17.62 34.36 0.85 82.38 65.64 99.15 30.79 31.21 13.85 Source: District census Report 1998

The economically inactive population (above 10 years of age) comprises of domestic workers (57.8%), students (20.2%) and about 10% are laid off and looking for work. The remaining group consists of retired and disabled people and property owners. According to annex 7, the average percentage of economically active females is dismally low (1.6%). High unemployment rate (36.8%) among the productive population is indicative of the overall economic conditions in AJK. (refer to table 5 in annex 7)

The field study reveals that majority (70%) of households have 1-2 earning members. While about 25% of the sample reports more than 2 income earners per households. Seasonal migration of labour within AJK and to Pakistan is a common phenomenon. Districts of Mirpur and Poonch show a higher number of persons working abroad (about 40% and 30% respectively), followed by Kotli (22%).

Forests and agriculture fulfill only subsistence requirements of a majority of households. The annual per capita income is only about US$1848. The average per capita income (Rs.946) as identified by the field study corroborates this data. This figure is slightly lower than the average per capita income of Rs. 1025 for Pakistan (based on the HIES) and higher than the NWFP (Rs.746) which is similar to AJK in terms of terrain, natural resources and economic conditions. The monthly household income ranges quoted during the field study across all districts are Rs.3000 to Rs.8000. Income figures quoted for Mirpur are in the range of Rs.5000 to 10,000 with a few exceptions of Rs.15,000-20,000.

According to figures quoted by the Northern Resource Management Project9, annual household cash income was Rs.101,900 of which 40.3% was from farm related activities

6 sales and services, agricultural and related labor and as laborer in construction and transport 7 Both market oriented and subsistence 8 See Project Concept Document 9 sample farm households in 1998

13 and 29.7% from off-farm sources. According to the sample (distributed across all districts of AJK ), remittances constituted 26.3% of the total household income while 44% was from off-farm income. The net household cash income after deducting imputed costs for family labour, etc. came to Rs.73,553 annually (refer to table 8, annex 7).

The farm yield is mainly dependent on rainfall. Maize is the major crop with wheat and rice also grown. Wheat in many areas is grown as fodder. At an average 13% of the total area is under cultivation. There are also fruit trees (scattered plantation) and forests (12%). People use forest to gather fuel wood and timber for construction. The slopes of the hills and mountains are used generally as grazing ground. Other natural resources are not fully utilized but there is some production of coal, mica, limonite and fire clay. Industrial units are almost non-existent except for textile, ghee and light engineering industries in Mirpur.

The Agricultural Census 1990, provides information on number and area of farms by size of farm, cropped areas by crops, types of irrigation, and fruits and vegetables growth pattern. ( tables 9,10,11,13, and 14 in annex 7) . According to the Census there are about 277,599 farms covering 322,172 hectares with 172,821 hectares under cultivation. Percentage of farms under 1 hectare is reported to be 61% and between 1 and 2 hectares is 23%. Land under cultivation in farrns under one hectare is 68%, while percentage of cultivable land in farm size between 1-2 hectares is 58%. In larger farm sizes the percentage of cultivable land is about 37%. Of the total farm area, owner operated is around 90%, while the rest are share cropped and leased. Almost all households own livestock. A review of the secondary data shows that an average household owns one cattle and two goats.

Field survey shows that land parcels are of different nature and one owner may have small parcels of land dispersed in different areas within the village. For example one household may have land for residential purposes within a mohalla, and agricultural land in strips divided into two or three parcels, with a bigger chunk on hilly slopes used for grazing purposes.

In the rural areas, especially in the hillsides, the value of property varies depending on level of access to roads and public transport. Properties near roads fetch a higher price. The price increases by 50% or more, in areas with two crops per year. In the last two years no significant buying or selling of land has taken place. Even where land transactions have taken place, it is sold only to community members.

3.2 Poverty Issues

Poverty is a multi-dimensional concept involving not only economic but also social deprivation. While access to certain quantity of food, is an important measure, so is access to services such as health care, drinking water, sanitary facilities and education. Due to absence of such data in AJK, this section looks at key characteristics influencing poverty in AJK. These are:

* A large proportion of AJK's population is economically inactive, while unemployment rate in AJK is 36.8%. Field study shows that for a household size of about 10 persons, there is only one person involved in cash earning and 1-2 persons involved in subsistence farming.

14 * According to the Agricultural Census 1990, about 84% of farms are less than 2 hectares. The reported yield per hectare is sufficient to feed an average family for a month or two. In the last three years, the yield has fallen due to drought like conditions. As a result of land fragmentation, construction and environmental changes, the yield is expected to decrease further.

* Remittances from abroad and Pakistan is an important source of income. The socio- economic survey of 1992 notes that 44% of off farm income and 26.3% of household income were from remittances. Field study affirms that apart from Mirpur and some parts of Bhimber, Kotli and Poonch, remittances are based on seasonal employment.

Given these circumstances, it is difficult to establish a poverty line. However, people during group discussions, indicated household monthly income of Rs.3000 as the minimum requirement for a family of 10 persons. The marginal groups living below this line are dependent on relatives, government and community members for daily existence. Households with unstable income and marginal groups number between 30-40% of the village/neighborhood population.

In terms of access to physical infrastructure and social services, larger parts of AJK have access to natural sources of drinking water with 65.4% depending on communal sources for water, while the rest may have house connections. About 85% have electricity as the source of lighting. About 73.6% do not have latrines or toilets. Majority of the population live at least 2-3 km away from vehicular access and newspaper reaches about 22% of the population in rural and about 33.4% in urban areas. Primary schools are present in almost all the settlements however, only 143 girls high school exist in 1654 rural settlements. Health facilities are available at Tehsil headquarters but people have complained of absence of staff and medicines. Health costs are therefore high. (See Annex 8 for details on poverty).

3.3 Social Organization

Historically, different tribes and clans travelling through AJK settled in its various parts and their descendents now inhabit the State. The descendents from various families and clans have come together over a period of time for social, economic and environmental reasons to reside in the same neighborhood. Thus one neighborhood today comprise of households who identify themselves as a part of a "Biradari" (clan) e.g. Rajput, Jat, Gujjar, Mogul, Syeds, etc.

Biradaris define the unit of social organization. Biradaris are based on family lineage, caste and religion. Social norms, customs and practices differ from biradari to biradari. Generally a village comprises of 4 to 5 biradaris with one or two dominant ones. There are no distinct social boundaries between villages, and the Biradari flows and jumps across and over villages in AJK. Concentration of households belonging to one Biradari are however found in some parts of AJK e.g. Sudhozais are found in a majority between Sehnshah in Kotli and Sudhan Gali in Bagh, with population concentration in Poonch and Sudhnoti districts.

15 The historical relationship between communities were one of non interference in each other's domain, even to the extent of having separate sources of water supply. Intermarriages between two villages of same biradari is common, although the general practice is of inter marriage within the village. People of different villages and biradaris trade at a common market. The traditional social, political and economic relationship and institutions are presently in a state of transformation. The main changes that occured during the last five years were cited by the respondents, as increased influence of media along with increasing use of consumer items at high prices, improvement in public transportation, changing social and cultural values, rapidly increasing population and deteriorating environmental conditions.

At the village level, elders and influential persons from Biradaris residing in the areas form into a group for resolving family and property issues and to discuss/ deliberate on welfare and development activities. e.g. collection and payments of Zakat and Ushr, construction of link roads and school buildings, maintenance of kools (agriculture water channels), etc. The elders and influential persons are well recognized and selected during public gatherings. These people are considered honest, sincere and knowledgeable and are willing to work for public good on voluntary basis. Household heads unite behind the leadership because of the influence they wield and their willingness to contribute. Political competition is generally not biradari based and there are equal cases of political competition within and between biradaris.

Any form of intervention whether by government, local or otherwise brings in people who are not from the community. The relationship between them is one of patron (government) and benefactor (local people). The sense of community ownership is high except where development is externally managed and the community is not involved. Communities are willing to contribute labor and other non-cash items. They expect the Government to make all cash contributions. In many cases labor is paid through local cash contributions as well.

In Barjun the local Imam masjid has played a key role in the RWSS water supply scheme. He not only led the consultation process but also contributed the full amount on behalf of the community. The community at its convenience has returned this amount.

Religion plays an important role in every day life, and religious leaders participate in development related decision-making. The clergy and religious groups are represented in the village body of elders and influential. In eight out of twenty four cases, the Imam Masjid were found to be a part of these groups. Religious events are taken as occasions for gatherings and the mosque is used as a venue to announce development activities and gather people together. The Jamia Masjid in each village is an important focus for gathering and meeting. Being religious men they often have the final word in certain matters.

3.3.1 CBOs/ NGOs

NGOs/ CBOs are a recent phenomenon in AJK. A majority of these organisations have been formed/ registered in the 90's. As it is easier to register organizations under the Companies Act of 1860, about 503 organizations have registered under this Act, with the (Muhikma-e-Sanat-o-Hirfat) Department of Industry. Not many of these are functional

16 (see annex 6 ). Majority of the organisations are of religious nature like madaris (religious schools), while others are mostly welfare oriented, while still others are organisations of artists and professionals. The main Department responsible for the registration of these organisations is the Social Welfare Department - Jammu and Kashmir Council Secretariat, Islamabad. The Department has short-listed 18 NGOs that are genuine and functional (these have submitted audited accounts and have some work on the ground). Out of these, 3 are from outside AJK, thus there are only 15 functional and registered organisations in the region.

Registered, formal and functional CBOs/NGOs are therefore few in number when compared to the rest of Pakistan. During the field study, a few community based organizations were visible e.g. Mian Mohd Welfare Trust-Pothi Balyala/ Bunkhurma (Mirpur), Muslim Welfare Organization - Nakar Bazar (Sudhnoti) & Khidma-e-Khalq Trust - Seher Mandi/ Jhanda Khas (Kotli). These CBOs are involved in welfare activities like distribution of school books, arranging dowry for girls, etc. Involvement of CBOs in development is not obvious except for Khidmat-e-Khalq Trust, which has laid a water line from the source to a local Mosque in Seher Mandi. Activities of CBOs are generally financed by community contributions. Membership base ranges from 22-70 persons. Presence of such organizations within the sample is indicative of existence of spontaneous community organization. These can be engaged in future infrastructure development projects.

Community mobilization has been undertaken by apex NGOs like the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP). Besides NRSP, other National level NGOs like SUNGI and

Through its Rawalakot regional office, NRSP has fostered a network of grassroot institutions in the region. The focus of NRSP is to harness the potential of poor people through their participation by ensuring maximum involvement of local population. This is considered necessary to motivate and organize local communities for initiating and managing their resources for their own development. Since 1998, NRSP has consolidated its programme with primary focus on supporting the community organizations in different fields of development according to needs identified by them. As of June 2000, 931 Community Organizations (COs) have been formed.

Community based government projects like the Neelum Valley - Jhelum Valley (NVJV) project, and the Northern Resource Management Project (NRMP) have contributed towards strengthening community organisations. With capacity building activities undertaken by these organisations, local CBOs have become development oriented, democratic and women and youth in the area feel encouraged to actively participate in the development works.

17 Of the local NGOs, Women Welfare Organization (WWOP) based in Rawalakot/ Sarracha of district Poonch, is the largest Women's organization. Other examples of NGOs with a

Registered in December 1996, WWOP is involved in areas of education & vocational centers for women etc. It has a network of 52 CBOs, and all projects are executed from the platform of these organizations. WWOP has managed to successfully complete water supply schemes in 12 villages in Union Councils of Horna Mera and Pachhiot where pipes were provided by donations by a Member of Legislative Assembly. Another large water supply scheme costing Rs.750,000 has been completed through a partial grant of Rs.488,000 from Trust for Voluntary Organization (TVO). WWOP has also collaborated with the NRSP to construct irrigation channels in the village of Sarracha & Cotery. NRSP donated Rs. 100,000 and the community contributed Rs.54,000 to complete the project. Apart from infrastructure works, WWOP is involved in education health and advocacy issues of women. It has established 15 community based schools with the co-operation of the National Education Foundation. Other programmes of WWOP include adult education and computer literacy, vocational center. Mother, Child & health care centers etc. development focus are Youth Academy of Pakistan (YAP) - Muzaffarabad, Abdul Aziz Memorial Welfare Society - Bagh, Kashmir Institute of National Development (KIND), Institute for Planning and Development (IPD), and Society for Advancement of Women (SAW). The RWSS partnered with these 4 NGOs in its program. According to the RWSS evaluation report (April 2000), their capacity and performance was found to be satisfactory.

NGOs and private groups being a recent phenomenon, are seeking to reconstruct the community organizations through provision of services. The reconstruction of village organizations into Committees / CBOs is apparent only to the extent of acquiring benefits from external organizations. But in terms of decision-making, responsibility sharing and contributions, the traditional relationship still holds. The CDISP can greatly benefit and build on the work carried out by community based projects and development NGOs. The strengthened community organization at the grassroots level is an asset in the consultation process, especially the water committees formed through the RWSS project. This would lead to a more integrated service delivery in the region.

Youth Academy of Pakistan (YAP) is a service-learning program for youth ready to make a difference in their communities. Operational in all the districts of AJK and with a membership base of 367 professionals and citizens, the NGO mobilizes youth for various development programmes, involving them in: housing surveys; awareness raising for environment; health and sanitation; technical training courses for plumbing and management of water supply schemes; training and entrepreneurship development for women etc. Abdul Aziz Memorial Welfare Trust has been involved in small-scale infrastructure projects like water supply scheme for 100 households and construction of a link road. Kashmir Institute of National Development (KIND) is involved in awareness raising, community mobilization and on participation issues, while Institute for Planning and Development, is a body of professionals who conduct research on development and environmental issues. Society for Advancement of Women (SAW) is working for the economic independence and social empowerment of women by initiating income generation activities, and vocational training, in addition to health and hygiene campaigns etc.

18 3.3.2 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

The Biradari system has evolved a mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution inter and intra biradari. Usually village elders and influentials fonn an apex body which comprises of nominees (representative on need basis) from each Biradari. This body resolves disputes and facilitates domestic and social events that cannot be managed by the concerned households. This body meets on a need basis or when religious and social events take place. Since development is viewed as a means of survival in the harsh environmental condition, the group of elders and influentials respond to development issues as well. People generally consider resourcefulness & honesty as the key characteristics of a leader and accept their decisions.. Women voice their concerns through their male relatives or in separate women's meetings. The role of women in biradari level conflict resolution is neither obvious nor visible.

3.3.3 Gender Issues

Gender role and responsibilities are traditional Women are responsible for reproductive role including water supply, household and livestock management and men for productive roles including income earning. Social roles and responsibilities are more or less similar for men and women with the exception of leadership function, which rests with men. Men represent the "Biradari" and households and make all the decisions.

Female primary education facility is available in almost all the villages. Absence of middle & high school facilities for girls in most areas restrict their access to secondary education. Unlike boys, they have a bigger problem commuting to nearby villages where schools exist. The District Census 1998, shows that matriculate women in rural areas is 32.5% of total matriculates. Smaller number of female matriculates is indicative of lesser number of high schools for girls (143) as compared to boys (300), and that generally education beyond primary level is not attained by a majority of females. Furthermore, enrollment ratio of girls is 45.6% while that of boys is around 56%. On the whole, functional female literacy has increased from 10% in 1981 to 45% in 1998, and is common among the younger (less than 15 years) age groups. Education and skill development facilities for women being limited, restrict women's entry into professions and business enterprises. Generally, sources of income earning for women include, health work, teaching and home based crafts.

Compared to the rest of Pakistan women in AJK are much more aware and vocal. There is no significant restriction on mobility of women. 'Purdah' (veil) too is not strictly enforced. While travelling out of the village, women often travel in groups or are accompanied by male members of the family. Interaction among women at the neighborhood level is common, but meetings for development purpose are rare.

4. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1 Availability of Potable Water and Sanitation

Generally there was a shortage of water in the last three years due to less rains. A good number of natural streams (Nalas) and deep wells (Kooh) that are the main sources of potable water ran dry. A review of household access to water supply and sanitary facilities

19 as part of Housing Census 1998, shows that 34.58% of rural population has water supply access inside the house while 65.41% fetch water from communal sources. Through the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 35 percent of the population of AJK and 40 percent of the rural population have gained access to potable water. A review of availability of bathrooms shows that 55.9% percent of households do not have bathrooms and 12.48 % share them. Similarly, 73.26% of the housing units have latrines and 8.06% share them.

Table 4.1: Housing units by source of drinking water, kitchen, bathroom & Latrine facilities (%age) Water Latrine Kitchen Bathroom Inside Outside shared Separate shared separate shared Separate Poonch 13.73 86.21 12.05 16.64 26.89 31.14 16.12 21.80 Sudhnoti 8.31 91.69 4.90 8.00 23.02 30.64 10.61 17.32 Mirpur 68.3 31.7 18.47 45.48 18.02 61.61 20.72 53.94 Bhimber 47.97 52.03 6.15 15.85 9.60 53.44 10.25 39.59 Source: District Census Report 1998

4.2 Energy Sources and Consumption

Domestic Electricity consumption in AJK has gone up from 196.39-Kilowatt hour in 1992 to 275.57 Kilowatt hour in 1998 (refer table 16 annex 7). Main consumption is in Mirpur (71 KwH), Kotli (58.8 KwH) and Muzaffarabad (54.5 KwH). The 1998 census data shows that 84.8% rural houses have access to electricity. The field study indicates around 90 percent coverage of electricity in Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bhimber and Kotli. Lesser coverage was found in Bagh (47%), Poonch (70%) and Sudhnoti (50%).

Table 4.2: Housing units by Source of Lighting Poonch Sudhnoti Mirpur Bhimber Electricity 79.66 61.13 97.03 87.76 Kerosine Oil 19.82 37.31 2.75 12.05 Others 0.52 1.56 0.22 0.19 Source: District Census Report- 1998

4.3 Telecommunication and Media Access

According to the 1998 census, television ownership in rural areas is around 33.4%, while radio ownership is 48.25%. Newspapers reach 22% of the rural population. Field survey shows that telephone connections in rural areas stand at an average of 4-5 connections per village (in 60% of the cases). Cordless phones services and privately owned Public Call Offices (PCOs) are generally available. High range cordless phones are used usually in hilly areas which do not have access to telephone lines. These are operated on a commercial basis.

4.4 Access to Health Facilities

Patients treated in 'Unani' (ancient Greek form of treatment) dispensaries decreased from 42,585 in 1988 to 36,112 in 1998. The number of patients treated in general dispensaries rose from 1,620,274 in 1988 to 2,260,101 in 1998. Similarly number of patients treated in

20 Rural Health Centres increased from 245,010 in 1988 to 435, 233 in 1998. Field Study shows that 50% of the villages have a local Rural Health Centre (RHC). Most places lack trained staff ( table 17 in annex 7). 60-70% of the villages experience 1-2 maternal deaths per year. Elderly women provide maternal care/ Dai services, while for cases of complications, women access the nearest clinic for treatment. A majority of the respondents mentioned seasonal illnesses like colds, flu etc. as common diseases. Malaria, Dysentery, Diarohhea etc are also common. Cases of TB, Asthma, Cardiac Disease have also been found. Major cost incurred on health is on transportation and medicine. Average transportation cost is Rs.300-400. For family planning purpose, LHVs make regular visits (in about 40% of the sample sites). People generally have access to contraceptives and their usage has increased.

4.5 Access to Education

The 1998 census data on literacy for four districts show about 45% literacy ratio for females which is a significant increase in the last 28 years from 10%. Overall Enrollment ratio as given in 1998 census is 55.5%. The number of primary schools are 4419 of which 2039 are for girls. Compared to this, the numbers of middle and high schools are much lower and stand at 1294. The number of high schools for girls is only 143, which stood at 140 in 1988. In spite of this, the number of girls appearing in secondary examination increased from 5193 to 11868 between 1988 and 1998. The pass proportion however fell from 52.4% to 26.8% for the same period.. The pass percentage for boys for the same period decreased from 53.9 % to 25.8%. The number of boys appearing in secondary examination in 1998 shows a 33 per cent increase when compared to 1988 figures. (refer to tables 18 and 19 of annex 7 on literacy and educational institutions).

According to the Field Study, primary schools for girls and boys are present in 75% of the villages. Absence of girls' middle and high schools in most areas is a major drawback for improving female education. Male students walk on an average about 6-Km, to reach a high school. Very few private schools (2-3%) are found in villages near the city. During focus group discussions, people complained about the declining quality of education.

4.6 Habitation and Shelter

As shown in tables 4.3 & 4.4, figures for the four districts are considerably uniforrn. All the four districts show an average house of three rooms occupied by 7 inhabitants. A small number of one-room dwelling is indicated by the table. A majority of the houses have 24 rooms, while Mirpur has the highest number of larger houses comprising more than 5 rooms.

Table 4.3: Indices of Congestion (%_ _ Poonch Sudhnoti Mirpur Bhimber Persons per housing units 7.60 7.30 6.80 6.70 Rooms per housing unit 3.50 3.00 3.70 3.20 Persons per room 2.17 2.43 1.84 2.09 Housing units with one room 5.95 9.47 9.79 10.44 Housing units with 2-4 rooms 68.85 78.14 55.62 70.15 Housing units with 5 or more rooms 25.21 12.40 34.6 19.41 Source: District Census Report 1998

21 Table 4.4: Nature of Tenure (%) Poonch Sudhnoti Mirpur Bhimber Owned 97.65 98.17 76.75 96.40 Rented 0.80 0.77 13.49 1.79 Rent Free 1.55 1.07 9.76 1.81 Source: District Census Report 1998

A high percentage of ownership of houses in all the districts except Mirpur, corroborates field findings that place property ownership at higher than 90 percent. The exception of Mirpur with the highest number of renters (13.49%) can be explained in terms of its status as an emerging metropolitan center drawing a larger number of migrants from other districts and from Pakistan.

4.7 Road and Transport

The urban access to the main road exists usually through katcha /semi pucca link roads, usually 3-4 km in length. The width of the metalled roads is 15-20 ft, where almost 20% of the population has direct access to main roads. A majority of roads maintained by the Highways and Public Works Departments is of high type (3034 Km.) and 749 Km of low type. (see table 23, annex 7)

10 In hilly areas average time taken by public transport is 1 hour for a 25-km distance Some areas are off the main roads due to which travel time is twice that of villages near main roads e.g. Sohawa and Burjun. The average distance to metalled roads from the village is 3-5 Km, which takes about 1-2 hours on foot if the terrain is hilly.

The AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998, shows that public transportation facilities have improved in the last ten years. The number of buses in 1993 was 322, which had increased to 1,885 by 1998 (see table 24, annex 7 for details). Taxis and auto rickshaw has doubled from 810 in 1993 to 1,738 in 1998. Field Survey shows that Suzuki, Mazda, Pickups/buses are available wherever metalled & semi pucca tracks are available. Jeeps ply on katcha and hilly roads, while donkeys are used for carrying loads. After 5 p.m. no public transport is available in the village. The last bus leaves the village at 11:00 a.m. while the last bus arrives to the village at 6:00 p.m. Private cars/ taxis owned by villagers can be hired by people in case of emergencies. Inter city bus services follow similar schedules. The First bus from Mirpur to Bhimber leaves the city at 6 am and the last bus back from Bhimber to Mirpur leaves at 6pm.

5. URBAN AREAS

12 percent of the population of AJK is urban. Of the total urban population of 359,097 the main concentration of population (47.4%) is located in cities of Mirpur (92,219 persons) and Muzaffarabad (77,940 persons). The urban population of Mirpur district is the highest (35%) and that of Bhimber is the lowest (5%). In AJK, there are 10 town committees, 5 municipal committees and 2 municipal corporations.

Table 5.1: List of cities by Population size

10 ibid

22 Town/City including respective 1972 1981 1998 Cantonments/Military areas 1. Muzaffarabad 13473 37445 77940 2. Hattian Bala 3872 6475 3. Garhi Dupatta - 3025 4777 4. Chicker - 2438 4159 5. Athmuqam - 2438 5650 6. Rawalakot 11464 15763 39052 7. Hajeera 810 1482 7688 8. Pallandri 2150 5775 13820 9. Bagh 1810 3623 18928 10. Kahuta 972 1652 3042 11. Mirpur 43577 57299 92219 12. Bhimber 3913 7343 15955 13. Dudyal 4626 6722 9934 14. Islam Garh 4645 6437 9975 15. Kotli 5338 15779 31676 16. Sehnsa - 5683 7704 17. Nikial 1368 5665 Source: Population Census Organization, 1998

The cities are located mostly on flat land in the valley area, except for those in Mirpur (located on the hills). District headquarters are the centres of administration and the hub of commercial activities, transportation and civic facilities. The urban areas have a main bazaar at the end of which is located the transport facilities or transport stands/ stops. The inner city neighborhoods are located off the main bazaar area. The civic facilities are also located near the bazaar area and so are the administrative and military zones. The city usually grows along the main roads and reflect peri-urban conditions. The peri urban sites reveal informal development, lacking in infrastructure and urban services. They are more or less rural in character but the employment conditions are governed by urban influences. Places like Bun Khorma in Mirpur and the newer developments on the western side of Neelum River in Muzaffarabad city are examples of peri urban areas.

In AJK, cities have emerged historically from market and administrative areas. The smaller urban areas in AJK are mainly market areas with resident population active as service providers, shopkeepers or employed in government offices. The social organization in the cities is a reflection of the Biradari system prevalent in the rural areas. Here, however the relationship and ties to Biradari and families are less cohesive and social mobility is higher. The tradition of neighborhood elders and influential persons forming a representative committee is evident here as well. Political awareness is more in the cities and religious influences are seemingly lesser than in the rural areas.One factor may be the difference in TV and radio ownership and access to newspapers. In urban areas, on an average, about 57.93% households own TV, 53.85% own a radio and 42.58% has access to newspaper as compared to rural areas where the respective numbers are 33.4%, 48.25% and 22% for access to similar facilities.

5.1 Urban Demographics

There are 51,810 urban households and the urban neighborhoods are denser with average household size of 7. Usually 1-2 households share a housing unit and on an average 2 persons share one room. The family structure is more or less rural and the age, sex and

23 marital patterns are the same. The demographic characteristics for urban areas are not separately known.

5.2 Urban Literacy

Literacy rate in urban areas is higher (68.62%) and urban literacy among females is 60.03%. Enrollment ratio in urban areas is also higher and stands at 62.99%, ( table 18 annex 7) . This is due to location of educational institutions, especially for higher learning in the urban areas.

5.3 NGOs/ CBOs

Most of the registered community organizations are active in the city, and local and apex NGOs have their offices in the urban areas, especially in district and tehsil head quarters. The role of community organizations in urban areas is the same as in rural areas except for the fact that activists and local leaders are not willing to give more time to voluntary work and desire concrete assurances prior to entering into community mobilization. However, in urban areas, women and youth activists can be found who are prepared to mobilize the communities for a small compensation. Secondly, in the market areas, one may find associations of shopkeepers, traders and offices of transporter groups. These interest groups play an active role in decision making related to city development and have connections with political decision-making. Infrastructure planning that does not take into account the influences exerted by these groups generally run into trouble during implementation and operation. This is because they clash with the interest of the informal service providers who use the platform of these groups to maneuver decision-making. In such instances, the sense of ownership is affected and the users are not ready to maintain and operate the developed services. In the peri urban areas, where commercial pressure is less the influence of interest groups are also less and community groups are stronger.

5.4 Conflict Resolution

In urban areas as in rural, conflicts are resolved through deliberation between the elders and influential persons who represent the various biradaris living in the area. The representatives meet on a need basis in public places and after listening to the parties concerned make decisions. The local police and magistrates respect the decision of the representative committees. Often for cases registered with the police, the complainants are requested to mutually resolve the disputes through their representative rather than involving themselves in the legal process. Development related matters are also referred to these representative forums, especially where political influences cause the development works to be stopped/ delayed. The representative forums however have little influence over the administrative and political functionaries and actually seek their support in overcoming development bottlenecks.

5.5 Gender

The gender roles and issues in the urban areas are the same as in the rural areas except that in urban areas women are more mobile, socially active and facilities for women are more easily available. The families remain male headed and leadership of economic and social institutions remain in the hands of male. In Government employment, particularly in teaching there are a large number of females employed.

24 5.6 Employment Pattern

The 1998 census shows 20.37% of the urban population to be economically active ( table 5 annex 7). The economically active female population is 2.48%. The larger percentage of economically inactive female population is involved in domestic work (67.93%). Overall, urban unemployment rate is 37.58%. Of the economically active population, 41.18% is self-employed, 27.8% is employed in Government services and 22.05% is employed in private services. A large percentage of women is employed in Government services (39.75%). About 6% of the economically active population are unpaid and less than one percent are employers. The urban income is higher than rural, especially in terms of cash income. This is because urban employment is more concentrated in services and transportation sector and less on subsistence agricultural and fishery workers.

5.7 Access to Services

In terms of access to services, house connections for water supply in urban areas is 59.2% as compared to 34.6% in rural areas while water supply through communal sources is 65.41% for rural as compared to 40.8% for urban areas. Similarly electricity supply coverage in urban areas is greater (98.27%) together with kitchen facilities in the houses (80.96% in urban compared to 61.4% in rural). In terms of sanitary facilities, 25.37% of housing units lack bathrooms and 31.30 lack latrines in urban areas compared to rural areas where 55.9% lack bathrooms and 73.26% have no latrines (see table 21 annex 7). Motor vehicle access and access to education, health and other social facilities is much higher in the cities. However, quality of services in government facilities is poor and during the field survey, respondents referred to absence of medical staff and medicines in the tehsil and district medical facilities as the biggest problem. They also referred to poor quality of education and preferred sending students to private schools.

5.8 Housing

In terms of security of tenure, renters in urban areas are 14.01% compared to 1.86% in rural areas. This relates to the prevalence of a larger number of migrants in the cities ( table 20, annex 7 for details). Plot sizes in urban settlements are small and the inner city is dense and almost fully built-up leaving little or no open space for recreation and expansion.

6. COMMUNITY PRIORITIZATION OF NEEDS - EXPECTED SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PROJECTS

6.1 Prioritization of Needs

According to field study findings, water supply is the major need of the community. In all the RWSS surveyed schemes and virgin sites the main priority cited by the community is water. In villages where the basic need for water has been fulfilled, other major and recurring demands are for roads and educational facilities.

25 Communities that do not have water and access related problems have voiced a high demand for upgrading girls primary school into middle and high school. Dispensary /health facility is also a priority of the communities. In places where the building is present, lack of trained dispensers is a problem. Lack of street paving /drainage and telephone facilities though not considered survival related problems, are still considered important by respondents.

A district wise break-up of prioritised needs is given below. This table is based on the workshop recommendations and water stands out across all the districts as the major priority. Field study corroborates this prioritisation.

Table 6.1: Priorities Priority M'abad Bagh Poonch Sudhnoti Kotli Bhimber Mirpur

Water Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Sanitation Roads 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 Health 5 4 4 4 5 3 3 Education 4 5 3 3 4 5 4 Home-based 3 3 5 5 3 4 2 Industry Source: Stakeholder Workshop Recommendations - May 2001

The assigned numbers 1-5 indicate priority ranking. The participants of the stakeholder workshop considered social organization and capacity building to be key components of all sub-projects.

6.2 Expected Social Impacts of Sub-projects

The following interventions/ sub projects have been identified in the Aide Memoire (July 2001). This section looks at the possible impacts of the interventions and is based on group work carried out in the stakeholder workshop held on July 23-24, 2001

26 Table 6.2: Expected Social Impa ts of Sub-projects - Rural INTERVENTION IMPACT Drinking Water Major positive impacts of water supply include saving of time From springs, ground water and spent in fetching water, improvements in health, and promotion surface water through pumping and of kitchen gardening at the household level. gravity schemes, standposts, Gravity schemes have the advantage of cost over pumping community tanks and house schemes and their O&M is easier and less costly for the connections villagers. Schemes however would require efficient management at the community level and certain design features which ensure equitable supply to all beneficiaries.

Conflicts on supply system can arise. Proximity of some households to the pumping station/ community taps or location on the upper reaches in a gravity scheme ensures greater benefit from the water scheme. Installation of design features for equitable distribution of water together with strong community conflict resolution mechanisms are therefore necessary.

Rural Drainage Open drains are less expensive to construct and their Open/ Covered Drains for waste O&M is easy in addition their contamination is easily water and paving of village streets detectable. They however have a negative impact on the environment and are more vulnerable to damage. Covered drains have better aesthetic value and environmental impact is favourable. Low cost community managed infrastructure is expected to strengthen existing social organization. Positive impacts of street pavements are obvious in terms of improving access and cleanliness

Demonstration Latrines Demonstration latrines are expected to promote Latrines constructed in schools, health and hygiene in addition to introducing sanitary mosques and basic health units habits among the villagers and prompt them to built household latrines.

Internal pathways and Foot bridges Foot bridges, culverts, suspension bridges are Pathways inside the village and expected to improve mobility of rural populations connection to access roads and increase accessibility to markets and services. Culverts Suspension bridges for pedestrians

27 Table 6.3: Expected Social Impa cts of Sub Projects - Peri Urban/ Urban INTERVENTION IMPACT

Water supply Where affordable urban households will prefer house From springs, ground water and connections. Stand posts and community tanks would surface water, developed require social organization and managerial inputs at independently or through city system the community level. Disputes can arise for which by pumping or gravity schemes. conflict resolution mechanisms need to be in place. Stand posts, community tanks and house connection

Sewerage and Drainage In urban areas sewers whether covered or open are Sewers open/ covered drains in expected to improve environmental conditions. In streets and decentralized waste-water dense settlements covered drains can have a positive treatment facilities impact on health and hygiene and subsequent reduction in medical expenses. Decentralized waste- water treatment (specification not available) will help in stopping contamination of fresh water. Expensive and technologically complex systems need to be justified in terms of volume and type of contaminants. Simpler systems enabling communities to effectively undertake O&M would be more appropriate.

Commnunity latrines/ toilets Community latrines to impact negatively if the design Community latrines for disposal of is not culturally sensitive and does not provide for excreta appropriate gender segregation. Community latrines for males and females need to be constructed at a respectable distance from one another to respect privacy and avoid petty conflicts.

Street paving, street lighting and signage Paving, lighting and signage to impact favorably on the environmental conditions and improve accessibility and safety of urban neighborhoods.

Solid waste management Positive impact of a solid waste management system House to house solid waste is obvious as far as health, hygiene and aesthetics are collection and its transportation to considered. Possibility of recycling by private the filth depot entrepreneurs or community based systems to bring economic benefit need to be explored. This will depend considerably on the volume and type of waste generated and a host of other factors.

6.3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation - Pipeline Schemes

LGRDD has tentatively identified 100 schemes for rural watersupply and sanitation for the first year. About 20 sites are located in urban/peri urban areas. These are as follows:

28 Table 6.4 : Pipeline schemes for RWSS Districts Number of schemes Muzaffarabad 4 Bagh 3 Rawlakot 3 Sudhnoti 2 Kotli 3 Mirpur 3 Bhimber 2

The spread of the rural sites is as follows:

District Number of schemes Bhimber 9 Kotli 20 Mirpur I1 Muzaffabad 24 Bagh 16 Sudhnoti 8 7 Poonch 12

6.4 Social Issues Following are key social issues that need to be addressed by the CDISP.

6.4.1 Reaching out to Scattered Communities

The CDISP is intended to reach out to remote as well as nearby communities. In the hilly and mountainous regions, the neighborhoods are scattered and may comprise of two to three houses. A number of neighborhood clusters come together to make one revenue village. In a situation where a cluster may be scattered and distant from the others, the extension of network infrastructure is costly, laborious and their maintenance and upkeep requires extra effort and cost. This means that access of scattered neighborhood cluster (few households within the village) to services may not be possible. In many instances in the RWSS, such neighborhoods were left out. Interestingly, in many small-scale infrastructure development projects through Local Government and NGO programs, the neighborhood cluster are targeted because they provide a defined and manageable size of community organization required for consultation during planning, implementation and maintenance. In RWSS also, the schemes were planned and implemented and are being maintained at the neighborhood cluster level.

For the social organizer, reaching out to individual neighborhoods present a mammoth task, and while organizing communities to reach a consensus on plan and priorities from the list of eligible work, is an even more daunting task. It is expected that where a community is unable to identify a clear priority, delays will occur, and in hastening the process, priorities of scattered and remote neighborhood clusters may be overlooked or separate schemes may have to be developed for them.

29 6.4.2 Conflict between Groups

There are two types of villages, one where a single Biradari dominates and the other comprising of almost equal domination by two to three Biradaris. In the first case, decision making is led by the dominant Biradari, where the risk is that the priorities of other Biradaris may be overlooked, especially if the dominant Biradari is wealthy or has access to expatriate income and are therefore not dependant on contributions from the other community members for development work. The planning, decision making and implementation process in such instances will be very quick, although the other community members may not be equally consulted and therefore may not equally benefit.

In the second case, where two or three Biradaris may compete to take the lead, there are chances of the decision making being stalled due to petty differences and conflicting interests. In one instance in Kotli, competing political groups in a village had development work stalled. One group who felt they were being sidelined used their connection in Dubai to lodge protest with Government of Pakistan regarding corruption and misuse of power against the other group.

Village level organizations with balanced representation from all social and political groups are able to overcome deadlocks and maintain an acceptable management control. Strengthening the existing local and traditional groups comprising of representatives from neighborhoods may ensure a smooth process.

6.4.3 Affordable Participation

A majority of households live on subsistence and are engaged in seasonal employment or daily wages. It is difficult for them to plan and take time off for participating in consultation meetings. Making cash contribution in the development work is very difficult for them and they prefer to provide labor. Secondly, many of the heads of the household are barely literate and lack management know-how about village level development work. They participate in the consultation process through their representatives and trust them to make the process equitable and affordable. The representatives provide time voluntarily and in many cases this means sacrificing family time and money. Where the consultation and development process drags on it is difficult for them to participate and make any meaningful contribution. Complicated procedures and too many options and choices may confuse and lead to lengthy deliberations thereby delaying the decision-making. In order to make the process affordable for the majority, simple and flexible ground rules may be formulated. (see section 11.4)

6.4.4 Women's Involvement

The Government as well as NGOs in AJK perceive gender relationships to be balanced and not requiring special ladders for bridging. One reason for this perception is that AJK does not have a tribal culture and small landholdings do not allow development of a feudal mentality. Regardless of this, in the RWSS project, women motivators were employed to contact and educate women. In almost all the areas visited, women were found to be mobile within the village but there appeared to be cultural barriers to combined meetings between men and women. In a few cases where women participated in the meetings, they either remined silent or agreed with the views of the men. At meetings held separately with women, they were more forthcoming in identifying issues

30 and problems. In one village at Poonch, a woman referring to the hardship of fetching water remarked that "if the water pot was on the head of a man, they would not have waited for the World Bank but would have resolved the problem a long time ago". The National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) and Women's Welfare Organization of Poonch (WWOP) experiences show that separate womens' groups are able to address the needs of women in a more time and cost efficient manner while the RWSS experiences show that women need to be consulted rather than educated.

Women are more vulnerable and prone to poverty. The largest percentage of domestic worker group is made up of women. A lower enrollment rate for females as compared to males that is visible, in the ages between 10-15 is due to their involvement with domestic chores. It is therefore imperative that women are consulted and special arrangements made to involve them actively in the development works as part of the community development component. The enhancement of women's role and encouraging them to actively participate may lead to mainstreaming them into contributing to household economic development and thereby in the long term reduce the household's vulnerability to poverty. Initiating a separate program for women's development, based on savings and enterprise development, has been cited by a large number of focus groups, as a means to transform community infrastructure into productive infrastructure.

6.4.5 Remote Villages may be Covered

CDISP stands to benefit remote villages that are located away from the main vehicular access roads and where other infrastructure (such as electricity coverage) may be minimal. In such villages where households have no access to political and administrative decision making, and news paper reach less than 1% of the population, information travels through word of mouth. The large-scale implementation of RWSS across the AJK has created an environment and awareness whereby the people in the neighboring villages are on the lookout for future development projects of similar nature.

Since the Government proposes to provide water supply on a priority basis to villages where schemes could not be implemented under the RWSS, there is immense opportunities for creating a foundation for community organization and involving the people in the consultation and development process.

6.4.6 Self Help Activities and Willingness to Pay

Field study shows that in 50% of villages there is a precedent of self help activities taken up by the community. Activities range from construction/maintenance of schools/dispensary, road construction, to street paving etc. On an average, a community spends Rs.1000 to Rs.2000 per household in self help work for community benefit. Communities have also entered into partnerships with organizations like NRSP and UNICEF where they contribute for development works.

Throughout the sample numerous examples of self-help activities have been found. In Dheri Rustam (Mirpur), people have laid sewers in the lanes with community contributions. 400 houses have participated by paying Rs.1000 each for capital cost. Regular contributions for O&M on need basis are also made by the community. In Pindi (Bhimber) the community independently built and operated a middle school for 16 years through community donations, before the Government awarded it high school status. No

31 formal organization existed in both the places, the works were carried out by the communities by nominating committees entrusted with the task.

People at all locations expressed willingness to contribute in cash/ kind and for component sharing. In RWSS schemes, people are paying Rs.50-100 per month towards O&M of the schemes. If major O&M costs occur then contributions on an emergency basis are made by the villagers. In addition to water, communities also pay on an average Rs.200 ( per month) for electricity and Rs.20 (per month) towards the salary of the Pesh Imam and upkeep of the mosque etc. At several locations people have been found to operate schools on a self-help basis, arranging for teachers salaries and maintenance of premises.

People are willing to contribute to Government projects. Where people are unable to access Government resources and their needs are presently being met through self help activities, the willingness to contribute is greater. People usually expect Government to plan and develop projects for the people and involve them in the process. Some respondents also mentioned information sharing and transparency as a key expectation while entering into a partnership with the government.

In almost all cases, people have carried out self help activities at household and mohalla level. They have limited ability for collective decision making and organization at village level. People are motivated towards self help efforts for traditional activities e.g cleaning of agricultural drains (kool), mosque construction, road making etc. New forms of development activities that require cash contributions and resource mobilization other than labour also require social organization inputs.

Previous experience of infrastructure projects undertaken by the Neelum Valley Jehlum Valley Community Development Project, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, National Rural Support Programme in the AJK, show that people have made up-front cash contributions towards capital costs ranging from 15% in NVJVCDP to almost 40% in NRSP projects. Thus strong social mobilization efforts and a robust community development component can motivate communities to make capital investments, in addition to taking up Operation and Maintenance responsibilities.

Local communities, where given the option can and have contributed to project planning and implementation. Where communities are involved at planning and implementation levels, they are willing to take on responsibility for maintenance as well. Although regular maintenance by the communities is slack, but there is a willingness to contribute in times of crisis.

6.4.7 Elite Capture

Households with access to political power and income (cash) earning potential have better access to services. Those with political connections, access government resources through lobbying. Villages and Biradaris that have members serving in the government, or earning members abroad, are able to influence decision making by tapping into networks that influence resource allocations. People without access to power or resources rely on self- help activities and large projects that have wide coverage (e.g RWSS) for development.

Government projects are prone to political influence especially in allocations of resources. Elites within villages patronize and compete in taking credit for development activities

32 with a view to enhance their political image. In five out of eight cases, elite competition resulted in halting development activities temporarily, and in two cases completely stopped the development work and questioned the integrity of officials responsible for the development process.

7. RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT (RWSS) - AJK

The project objective was to improve rural productivity and health, particularly of women and children, and reduce poverty and deprivation in rural AJK by increasing coverage and service levels of RWSS. The project aimed to support an integrated, community based RWSS strategy, phasing in a sustainable and financially viable approach to community based management and O&M.

The project comprised three components: 1) Infrastructure development 2) Institutional development 3) Policy reform and resource. Details are given below:

Table 7.1 RWSS Project Components Province/ Description of Components Estimate State/ (Nos) Agency AJK LGRDD Construction of new, rehabilitated and augmented water supply 1600 schemes, including provision of cattle troughs and community bathing as appropriate No of districts 7 Additional population served (approx.) 500 Construction, integrally with the water supply program of 3200 demonstration latrines (approx.) Provision of essential materials for latrines to be constructed by 9700 households (approx.)

The RWSS AJK component managed to achieve completion of 1,621 schemes as against the targeted 1,600 and provided water to over one million population. Data provided by the LGRDD shows that the schemes have benefited a population of 1012136 in 471 villages. Thus through its complete and ongoing schemes, the project reached almost 35 percent of the population of AJK and 40 percent of the rural population. The reasons for greater coverage within the same resources was due to higher contributions in capital costs by the communities and lowering of overall scheme costs.

RWSS scheme had a positive impact on the communities. Due to high participation levels, the schemes were able to inculcate a sense of ownership vital to the sustainable O&M of the schemes. Water supply schemes have saved time and energy of the people, and has also increased vegetable and dairy production. In case of access roads, costs of consumer goods have shown a slight decline. The main saving is on carriage cost due to community participation and involvement.

The local community organization's platform was used for community consultation by the RWSS and helped communities reach consensus on vital development issues. The RWSS

33 water supply projects have not brought a change in the leadership structure and social hierarchy. Water Committee Chairmen are usually the influential of the area. The leaders from each Biradari helped to bring the people together.

Despite dominance of influentials in community level organization, RWSS has avoided elite capture in most cases, because of wide coverage made possible by involvement of a majority of local people in identification and planning of resource mobilization and other activities. Political influence in RWSS was contained to site selection and this was further limited by the requirement of using locally led committees that increased the participation base. Where this has not been possible, local contributions have not been forthcoming and the process had stopped.

7.1 Lessons Learnt from the Project'

* Project rules need not exclude benefits of political involvement in scheme selection, but should exclude special benefits being gained by particular communities as a result. * For maximum effectiveness, sanitation information and training should be disseminated as a package when water supply scheme is being implemented. * The needs of rural communities are more than just one or two kinds of infrastructure and services. They require an integrated approach offering a menu of services from which they can choose, based on their priorities and affordability. * The participation of the water and sanitation committees in the procurement of pipes helped in bringing down the bid bracket. * There is a need to streamline indicators, ensure that good baseline data exists and pick a small number of standardized indicators for monitoring after the project intervention is over. * Communities shared in the capital costs in cash and kind. This translated into greater ownership and indicated a demand for an improved service. The community share was based on the concept of component sharing, which has major advantages.

8. REVIEW OF OTHER COMMUNITY BASED PROJECTS IN AJK

There are a number of participatory projects being implemented in AJK. These projects aim at evolving community development strategies as a means for sustaining the services and contributing to sustenance of communities themselves. Of the many participatory projects in AJK, the three selected are the following:

* Rural Water Supply & Sanitation - RWSS * Neelum Valley - Jehlum Valley Project Community Development Project- NVJVCDP * Infrastructure Projects of the National Rural Support Programme - NRSP

The RWSS was selected to provide a model for "lessons learned" on what works and what does not work. A project implemented in partnership with a Government Department -- NVJVCDP, and a purely a civil society project-NRSP, have also been selected. These projects are compared with the Community Infrastructure Project (CIP) NWFP, to draw lessons for the CDISP. i Implementation Completion Report-February 22, 2001

34 In comparing the cases the main point of analysis used are the following:

* Making First Contact: Shows how the project reaches out to the community * Selecfion of Local Leadership: Demonstrates the consensus orientation and local control over project decisions * Organization Formation: Indicates the type of discipline and structure the community establishes for the work * Needs Identification/ Prioritization: Shows the manner in which needs are identified and prioritized and what are the priorities * Contribution: Identifies the willingness, type and extent of contributions * Participatory Mechanism: The areas and extent of participation besides making contributions * Agreement: The manner of formnal agreement between the partners * Implementation Plan: Shows how the project was implemented * O&M and Sustainability: Depicts the community ownership of projects after completion

35 The Analysis and lessons leamt are shown in the matrices below:

COMPARISON OF APPROACHES NVJVCDP RWSS NRSP CIP SYNTHESIS First Contact In all the six project areas In response to informal Initial contact with the Initial contacts established The Govemment has to Community Development request from community community made through Social Organizers. reach out to inform the Group Organizers (CDGO) members. LGRDD through the personal Priority given to those communities about assist in organizing groups extension worker makes contacts of the Social communities who proposed projects. The of beneficiaries wishing to first visit. The extension Organizers. Parallel to demonstrate a community may then participate worker is introduced to the this dissemination commitment both through be selected based on community by the activities also inform their capacity to organize the quality of response. Secretary Union Council people of NRSP and through up-front programmes. financial contribution, and make space for active participation of women. Identification Identification of local Based on discussion After a survey of the Local CBOs identify the Leadership for a of Local leadership from between LGRDD and area from where leader particular service Leadership Community Development communities at an open request has been delivery project is Groups (CDGs) meeting, villagers form a received, the SO selected by the working committee and carries out a survey community elect a chairman and identifies activist. The activists are provided information on NRSP and asked to organize a community meeting. Formation of CDGs are formed at the Broad based committee After introduction of Communities are There will be a Organization village level to push the formed with consensus in NRSP in community organized into Community development and role of developmental activities in open forum which people are asked to Based Organizations. They committee/ group women the specified fields of includes village religious, form a village are assisted and trained to formed for the agriculture, forestry, traditional leaders, organization and enable them to participate particular activity livestock and poultry on a teachers and other well assisted in the process. fully in all aspects of cost sharing basis. respected people. design, preparation and Separate men and Tanzeem is usually of implementation of the Women organizations

36 Separate CDGs for women Women committees women although infrastructure services. are formed. However are formed formed separately. saving groups of men NRSP experience are also formed. Women CBOs are formed shows that male groups parallel to men's can and do exist organizations Ranking of Works related to irrigation Works related to irrigation After formation of the Activities like For a time bound Priority Needs and water supply only and water supply only local Tanzeem, Participatory Need project menu based community is Assessments, CAP, CFA, service delivery is encouraged to save Participatory Resources appropriate. For a regularly and a need Mapping etc. carried out community identification and by Social Organizers with development project, prioritization exercise the communities. activities can be based is conducted. on community ______p rio ritie s Contribution by Community managed and Limited contribution by Discussion with 20% up front community Maximum contribution stakeholders executed schemes often community in capital community on contribution in capital cost by the community is in with forced account investment, e.g possible solutions to & full contribution in the form of labor and participation of construction of water tanks problems/ needs O&M required by the their willingness to take beneficiaries instead of upto 500 gallons etc. done identified. project on complete O&M employing contractors by community. Full O&M responsibility. VDA responsibility lies with the Community account Joint account between account is a pre- Joint account of the project community. monitored by NRSP CBO and Govemment requisite opened, to enable opened. In NRSP opened to facilitate community to make 15% Village Development project 25% to 40% up community contribution cash contribution. 100% Association (VDA) front capital cost and and ensure transparency unskilled labor is also accounts opened for full O&M cost is contributed by the community contributions contributed by the community. Community and water tariff community bears full O&M collections. responsibility Participatory The scheme has been Technical surveys carried NRSP provides PMU as the key executing Community has to be Mechanism designed and supervised by out jointly by extension support for surveys, agency conducts technical involved at every stage the project staff but worker, sub-engineer, and designs and costing of surveys and design the of the project. implementation is done by community member. solutions proposed by schemes.

37 the community Important decisions based the community on findings of the surveys made in public forum. These include things like water source, water land rights and location of tanks. Agreement Role and responsibilities MOU between the parties Terms of partnership MOUs signed between the There need to be a spelled out in the form of are executed. Terms and agreed to by the Local Government and the written agreement that an agreement. conditions of the project community CBO cements the discussed in public partnership. meeting and formalized through MOU Implementation CDGs are supposed to Village Committee Linkage development Execution of the works is Implementation Plan execute the plan members receive training is carried out by NRSP done by the Local arrangements should be themselves. They conduct in project organization, to link community Government (local made by the regular meetings on a bi- procedures management, proposals to donor councils) through pre- community with monthly basis, which inventory, construction, funding. Through qualified contractors and technical assistance for mainly focuses on technical standards, technical assistance also through community supervision and collecting savings and operation and provided people are contracting. procurement support prioritizing their felt needs. maintenance. This is motivated to lobby provided by the These meetings also build a imparted through periodic and negotiate with For implementation of the Government. consensus on utilization of markaz-level training Government on cost project staff from project resources properly. courses given by the sharing. provincial and local extension workers. If funding arranged Government is deputed. Community contribution through NRSP then in implementation is Terms of Partnership Works carried out by mandatory. The extension (TOP) signed with the Local Councils. worker is responsible for community. Under the monitoring and supporting TOP community Capacity building the community in its opens a bank account. programmes of efforts for implementation. The account is Government staff are Both community an managed by the carried out to orient them LGRDD are responsible community but to the CIP approach

38 for the construction. The withdrawls are community is responsible monitored by NRSP. for organization, In addition to cost supervision and contribution inspection. The sub- procurement, labour engineer is responsible for arrangements and transmitting, the design to contracting is done by the VC and consultant. the community. Based The community and the upon community's sub-engineer jointly request NRSP helps certify all construction community in whether contracted or not. procurement. Sustainability O&M of the scheme is the The community is As underlined in the Community is responsible Where community is sole responsibility of the responsible for setting up implementation plan, for the O&M of the involved in each stage CDGs after completion and its own accounting and O&M is the schemes. Training is of development they handing over of the control system for O&M responsibility of the provided to the are willing to take over scheme. contributions, making full people. communities to do this the ownership of the use of the traditional effectively. project this is Upon completion the system. Completion report demonstrated by their scheme is handed over to prepared by NRSP in Formal handing over of willingness to the community The community is fully consultation with the the scheme to the undertake sole responsible for the community. communities for O&M responsibility of O&M maintenance of the scheme following completion

39 9. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PROJECT

9.1 Operational Directive on Indigenous People (OD 4.20)

This directive describes the Bank policies and processing procedures for projects that affect indigenous peoples. It sets out basic definitions, policy objectives, guide lines for design and implementation of project provisions or components for indigenous peoples, and processing and documentation requirements. The directive provides policy guidance to ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects and avoid or mitigate potentially adverse effects on indigenous people caused by bank assisted activities. The terms "indigenous ethnic minorities" "tribal groups" and "scheduled tribes" describes social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics:

* A close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in the areas; * Self identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; * An indigenous language, often different from the national language; * Presence of customary social and political institutions; and * Primarily subsistence-oriented production.

No population matching the above definitions was found during the field study. Consultations with the stakeholders and particularly LGRDD officials individually and during workshops also reinforced the field findings. Therefore the necessary safeguard under OD 4.20 is not applicable.

9.2 Operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30)

This directive describes Bank policy and procedures on involuntary resettlement. Development projects that displace people involuntarily generally give rise to severe economic, social and environmental problems. The problems maybe that production systems are dismantled; productive assets and income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments (where there productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater); community and social structures are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority and the potential for mutual help is diminished. The objective of the Bank's resettlement policy is to ensure that the population displaced by a project receives benefit from it. Following policy considerations are taken into account.

* Involuntary resettlement should be avoided or minimized where feasible, exploring all viable alternatives. * Where displacement is unavoidable, resettlement plans should be conceived and executed as development programs. Displaced persons should be (i) compensated at full replacement cost prior to the actual move;(ii) assisted with the move and supported during the transition period in the resettlement site; and (iii) assisted in their efforts to improve their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels,

43 or at least restore them. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of the poorest groups to be resettled. * Community participation in planning and implementing resettlement should be encouraged. * Re-settlers should be integrated socially and economically * Land, housing, infrastructure and other compensation should be provided to the adversely affected population.

Involuntary resettlement is not foreseen at any of the project sites. Safeguards under the OD 4.30 are therefore not applicable. This was re-iterated by LGRDD officials and other stakeholders. Precedent of voluntary land donations and compensation mechanisms for land acquired for development purposes exist at the community level. Proper Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs) etc. need to be signed by parties to avoid conflicts at a later stage. Generally, people have donated land for development work, mainly for roads and school buildings. Land transfers have been officially recorded in revenue registers through 'Iqrarnamas'. People generally make donations for public use. In 5 cases out 42, other community members compensated the owners for providing land.

Mechanisms exist within the communities for compensation and donation of land for development purposes. In Riyali (Muzaffarabad) the wealthier villagers compensated the owner of the land (for dispensary) through contributions. In addition he was promised employment once the dispensary becomes operational. Similarly in Sadwal (Bhimber) land for school was donated by the owner as it would bring him 'Sawaab'(God's Grace)

44 10. KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Infrastructure works within the communities fall roughly into three different categories:

1. Projects built with external assistance. These include those funded with bilateral or multilateral assistance, like the IDA assisted RWSS project

2. Projects financed by Government. These include infrastructure works sanctioned under the Annual Development Program implemented from Local Government budgets.

3. Local-financed works motivated by government policy. This includes physical infrastructure the construction of which has been motivated by government line departments' commitments to provide the necessary services. Roads, schools and rural health center were the main examples encountered in the field study.

4. Works financed and built entirely by local people through self-help. Examples of such works were found in almost every community visited in the field study. People usually donate land labor and finances for facilities like mosques, schools, drains etc. (see box below)

What Motivate People to Build their Own Simple Infrastructure? Simple infrastructure may be financed and built entirely by local people: * To fulfill customary community religious or cultural purpose: such as mosques, Eidgahs or graveyards; * Traditional schemes with local technologies and materials: water wells, gravity agricultural water systems are the precursors to the physical infrastructure now provided in other places through government programs; * In the absence of government infrastructure construction: Scattered settlements which do not yet have telephone connections, may use long range cord less telephone service operated privately by villagers. Wells are also often built privately by individual households, or by clusters of households. It is true for schools and health centers, where entire village has contributed towards the capital cost of the facility and donates on a monthly basis for the upkeep of the facility including the salaries of the teachers or dispensers. * Because they are not funded under government program: many remote upland villages (and some low land areas) are accessed by crossing streams or katcha tracts situated off the main road networks. Wooden bridges and Pedestrian walkways, link roads etc are sometimes constructed by the local communities

While the capacity to implement, operate and maintain self-help work is considerable, managing and maintaining Government or externally funded projects is comparatively difficult for many communities. The constraints are technical know how, regarding operation and upkeep of electrical equipment and material. Management issues, like who should get how much water, etc. have also cropped up due mainly to the size of the schemes which require higher level of management and organization skills. (See box below)

45 Maintenance issues Shared facilities and operation of the schemes have warranted the need for considerable management skills. In Magloora (Bhimber) settlement at three different levels within the village has given rise to managerial problems. The source being at a height, water flow is allowed 2 hours each to all the three settlements. In such a situation the highest settlement is at an advantage because they can acquire water for six hours as opposed to the lowest settlement which gets very little water due to reduced pressure.

In Haji Pora (Bhimber) people have invested around Rs.175,000 in 2 years for pump repairing. Government tendering process awards contracts to the lowest quotation. In this case the pumps were delivered by a Lahore based company. In the event of breakdown the official channel of getting the repair done through the LGRDD takes around a month. A delay which the community could not afford. Alternatively they contacted the dealer themselves, paying for his travel, boarding, lodging in addition to costs of repair etc. Having limited technical knowledge they have been over charged by the dealer twice.

Moreover, rural communities with no roads access (or, to a lesser extent, seasonal road access), where the benefits of infrastructure projects and economic transition have been the slowest to reach, are the very regions where self-reliance and the incidence of simple works organized within the community are the highest.

The BARJUN Example Barjun is a settlement situated high in the mountains, a 2 hours drive from Mirpur city. The access to this village is through a precarious and rocky katcha road, prone to land slides. This hardly navigable tract of road is the lifeline of the area. Community in Barjun has shown exceptional level of organization, participating with labour & land contributions in all the development activities from the construction of the 'road' to carrying heavy poles of electricity and water pipes through the mountainous tracts. Apart from participating in Government led projects the community has made capital contributions in the construction and maintenance of the local school. In this remote and rugged environment, collective needs and clan based homogeniety has resulted in fruitful participation in Government and self initiated development works.

10.1 In Projects Built with External Assistance

These projects are most often characterized by plans and priorities that have been determined from higher levels before they are implemented in the villages. The exceptions are some NGO projects with tends to operate much more closely at community and village levels, beginning with the drawing up of development plans.

Planning for projects built with external assistance is done by consultants employed either by LGRDD or directly by the donors. Planning is broad based and the programme is managed by LG&RDD through its Marakaz organizations. The Director LGRDD is the Director of the project and a Superintending Engineer functions as an Additional Project Director to Supervise and coordinate the technical construction and training aspects of the staff as well as of the communities.

The Assistant Engineers (SDOs) working in the programme, report on the administrative matters to the respective Assistant Directors of the districts concerned, but co-ordinate on technical affairs with the Executive Engineer in the Directorate. Sub-Engineers in turn are responsible to the Assistant Engineers on technical matters and to the Project Managers of related Marakaz on administrative affairs.

46 Communities are informed of the options and technical design available and are expected to form committees at the village level or scheme level to participate in the implementation process and for O&M.

In the up coming CDISP, consultations with the community on planning and identifying sub-projects is envisaged, and should be centred around a robust Community Development (CD) component involving training and linkage development with other development agencies and civil society organizations. This may call for building institutional and legal frameworks to pass on more management and financial responsibilities to the community.

Cadres working within Local Government & Rural Development Department who were interviewed in the field study were mostly technically trained people. There is a clear distinction of duties between the engineering wing and the extension staff. The extension staff is mainly responsible for social organization, and the engineering staff for technical matters. Better co-ordination between the two and effective 'Social Engineering' is therefore required.

Village Committees lack capacity and experience in management of government projects. However, there is widespread recognition that more responsibility needs to be placed in the hands of the community. Districts, and Central Departments however, are unsure how to go about it. Apart from a lack of capacity, another issue is the legal framework under which decentralization and direct transfer of funds to village based communities can be made. Despite an inclusive mechanism which involves communities from the planning to the implementation and maintenance stages, there is still room for handing over more responsibilities to the village based committees and providing them with tools for carrying out duties efficiently.

There is a need to develop an institutional and legal framework under which management responsibility can be transferred to the community level organizations. Nonetheless, the basic structures are in place to pass responsibility of project management to the community level.

On a project-by-project basis, a person or persons within the community are selected as chairmen of the village committees by the residents to liaise with the Government Department. Those selected give their time voluntarily These people are primarily contact persons at local levels, responsible for organizing local labour and cash contributions.

Community Based Organizations do not appear to be actively involved in infrastructure projects, except in some NGO projects. They do however play a role in mobilizing and informing people. Their activities are mostly welfare oriented with a few development oriented CBOs (see annex 6 for list of Community Based Organizations operative in AJK) Apex NGOs like NRSP (Rawalakot field Office) and WWOP (Bagh) etc. have directly involved CBOs in small scale infrastructure projects.

Traditional leadership patterns have prevailed. Positions in Development Committees like Water Committees etc. are held by influentials who are generally well respected by the communities. The RWSS project has not disturbed the social

47 hierarchies and power relations within the communities. In any such situation there is the danger that closely related cadres may represent the interest of a narrow group of people. On the other hand, for project implementation purposes such an arrangement has ensured smooth execution of developmental works in the respective villages in the AJK. Caste and clan based homogeniety in most villages and absence of traditional feudal order in AJK has generally limited the possibility of elite capture.

Women are especially poorly represented within formal institutions at village and community levels. It is very rare for women to hold positions other than posts within the Women Committees.

* In the next phase of the CDISP the onus of development should be placed on the community, allowing them to choose sub-projects and entrusting them with greater management and financial responsibility. The project should however provide clear guidelines as to how this responsibility can be handed over effectively. * Players exist at community levels, whose experience - albeit limited - is appropriate to tasks required in implementing the CDISP. This experience can and should be built upon. * Strength of CBOs and NGOs in mobilizing local people for other types of activities is another opportunity for focusing these on infrastructure projects and implementing the CDISP. * Because of the risk that office bearers at community and village levels may only represent the interests of narrow groups of people in some communities, more representative and broad based committees/ organizations at the local level are needed for the management and maintenance of the CDISP.

10.2 In Projects Financed by Government

LGRDD is responsible for the implementation of such infrastructure projects. The core organization operates through Marakaz and District Offices and executes the rural development schemes contained in the Annual Development Programme of AJK funded from local budgets.

The core organization has sufficient strength and outreach into the communities. As a well staffed Rural Development Markaz at the level of every rural Police Station and a secretary in every union of a few villages have the potential to access the communities and undertake participative infrastructure building and socio-economic development.

Community participation in such projects is sought by the department, but not as a programme requirement. These projects include road construction and small scale infrastructure projects . Allocations for such projects are often made on political grounds.

10.3 In Locally - Financed Works Motivated by Government Policy

48 Locally financed works mostly consist of primary level classrooms and dispensaries built by local people using their own labour and expertise. The classrooms are built on the understanding that, if the local people provide the structure, district education authorities will provide a teacher or dispenser.

Organization and management of these works is generally done from village level. Management of these works is undertaken by village leaders, with the active involvement of teachers and parents of school children in designing and construction of the classrooms, and subsequent maintenance.

* This arrangement, when the provision of teacher can be guaranteed, appears to work well as a way of encouraging local people to construct and in some cases cover the costs of simple infrastructure. It also implies that without such guarantees, people will be unwilling to construct schools or clinics. * Villages constructing such works are able to develop workable maintenance systems for these projects.

10.4 In Works Financed and Built Entirely by Local People

Most works financed and built by local people are organized from village level, they may also be organized inter-village. The latter is more common in communities of unifonn castes or familial ties creating closer community cohesion. Works include construction of mosques, school rooms, agricultural irrigation channels, pathways etc.

'Respected People' Respected People in the villages include elders and traditional clan leaders; people with high levels of education and those with money and contacts.

Examples of this type of project in the field study often had well-organized management committees like 'Education Commitees' & 'Mosque Committees'. Office bearers are selected through consensus. Voluntary cash donations and labour is provided not only for the capital cost, but periodic collections are also made for the maintenance and upkeep of the facility including the salary of the Pesh Imam/ teacher.

Local consultation on these works tend to be extensive, and local people are well aware of many aspects of the construction of these works. As they are organized and implemented from local levels, general knowledge exists within villages about the works and levels of local awareness make it relatively easy to come to agreements regarding contributions and to assign responsibilities for maintenance.

Levels of maintenance for this type of works are high. For works that rely on local skills, repairs are easily made as knowledge exists at local levels and such repairs can be carried out using local expertise.

People may be more willing to get involved in projects they fund and build themselves, because they know where the money they commit is being utilized. In all discussions regarding local works, people strongly voiced their satisfaction with the process. The common characteristics of these works are that:

49 * They are initiated at local level; * Local people are consulted and better informed about these works than they are about externally assisted projects; * They make good use of local skills in construction and expertise in design; * Although local resources are very limited, local people are very willing to make labour and cash contributions, and continue with contributions for maintenance;

11. CONSULTATION METHOD AND FRAMEWORK FOR PARTICIPATION

For this project, from the preparation stage, consultation of all stakeholder groups has been an important element. During preparation stakeholder workshops were held and the social assessment has been carried out in consultation with the Local Government and Rural Development department, community groups and concerned civil society organizations. This section of the report seeks to build a consultation process into each stage of the project cycle. The proposed consultation process is described below. A schematic, broad Participatory Framework is presented, followed by roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, and ground rules for consultation for each stage of project cycle.

11.1 Existing Consultation Method and Guidelines for Future Consultations

Public Consultations do not always serve to include people in decision making. Local Consultation meetings should be separate from public meetings held to transmit information. Sufficient time is necessary for information to be discussed and understood by the community members prior to consultation meetings. People, especially women feel that they are told how the project is to be implemented and not consulted. The consultation, if any, is on details and not on the procedures and framework.

Consultation at the neighborhood level is preferable especially for those works that are carried out without external assistance. For large scale projects that have major proportion financed by external agencies, people form groups at village level with representatives from neighborhood and Biradaris. In such instances, at the public meetings usually the representatives speak on behalf of the villagers. In meetings where some part or point is not agreed upon, there is a tendency among participants to speak among themselves but not object openly.

The ability of backward regions or poor households to have their concerns represented at the district level is weak. Such households do not have the time to visit district headquarters, nor can their representatives find time to make frequent visits to officials and engineers. The main reasons, apart from the difficulty of finding time (out of work) is the sheer distance, cost and lack of access to political and administrative power.

Many traditional leaders, usually elders and well off among the villagers, play important roles as key actors in village level decision making. However, degrees of comfort with making this person a visible figure vary. Some leaders remain separate from management functions and are consulted informally, while others who hold positions in village

50 organizations play a leading role in meetings. Both ways their influence is strong and their wisdom is respected.

Women generally do not play an active part in village level decision making. Women do not attend village meetings in many communities. Where separate meetings are held for women, especially with regard to village level projects, it is to inform them rather than to consult with them. However, women with relatively higher awareness level manage to express their concerns through their male family members or in separate "women only" meetings.

Household heads that spend long periods of time away from the village may also be excluded from decision making. A good percentage of household heads are employed abroad or in Pakistan. They find it difficult to take time out from their daily wage earning activities to attend consultation meetings. Information reaches them through various channels. It is not thought appropriate for their wives to attend meetings, and women find it difficult to express their concerns to the generally male organizations. However, in a large number of such households, a male relative of the house attends the meetings and tries to make up for the absence of the head of the household.

11.1.1 Information Dissemination

The CDISP would require the dissemination of information to explain the ground rules of the project to local people. Although the results of consultations (such as the Social Assessment) try to bring local-level views into the process of project design, ultimately the feedback in terms of ground rules will have to be transmitted, in some form, down from the government to the communities. Official language of AJK is Urdu and all major information is communicated in this language. Verbal means of communicating is more popular, easily understood and this medium is generally in use. One popular means of verbal communication is the public meeting where government officers inform the communities about the project benefits, terms, conditions and ground rules. Aside from public meetings, information could reach the communities through print and electronic media. However, newspapers do not reach all the villages and TV and radio, where available, are used more for entertainment purposes. The chances of development information being picked up from the media are minimal, especially for remote groups.

Basic information about government policies and programs travel through every administrative level to reach local people: once it reaches the village, it may have been reinterpreted several times. Information from higher levels is routinely transmitted through meetings to village leaders, to heads of households, and to household members. The ability of the social organizer to gather large number of people together and clearly communicate to them the basic information through a village meeting is the main strength. However, Social Organizers are only employed on projects, and for routine government projects, people need to come to the district head office to get information, and making trips to the head office does not necessarily guarantee access to information. A village leader who passes on information clearly and diligently is a great asset to his community and highly valued.

As such, knowledge of government policy and programs remain very poor. This is true for all groups of people, though levels of knowledge are particularly poor among groups that live in remote villages and backward areas. In many places, the levels of knowledge

51 and understanding about the project varied greatly between the officer in-charge at the district level and the field staff themselves. Everywhere the field teams visited, local people expressed a desire for greater access to information about practical things that concern them, and greater knowledge of how other people across the country solve problems similar to those they face themselves. People view information as the first step to consultation and Development.

11.1.2 Planning and Design

The CDISP aims to address the needs and priorities of the low-income communities, especially of the vulnerable and marginalized groups. This includes incorporating the local knowledge, practice and wisdom into project planning and design through a consultative process. The study suggests the possibility of using local design and implementation methods because of their proven record in this difficult terrain. However, no study and documentation have been found that has compiled and standardized the local techniques and designs. Due to reason, local knowledge, practice and techniques are often overlooked during project preparation in favor of "international standards". Local knowledge and practices may not seem important or may not even be evident to outsiders but are important to locals because of their links to local environment and customary practices. A woman activist in Poonch claimed that if local people are consulted at planning and design stage the project would be effective and would contribute to environmental conservation. Lack of people's active involvement in planning and design limits ownership.

Consultation on project design with those interest groups most directly affected has had very positive results. This type of consultation was not found to be widespread, but one single example may illustrate how effective such consultations can be in producing designs that work for the people who use them most. In RWSS, where women were consulted on location of water taps, the plan is precise and well maintained.

Cultural variations, within the project, e.g. concept of cleanliness and hygiene practice, attitude towards mobility, etc. are not properly understood by outsiders. The projects in most cases, attempt to establish uniform practices and designs without paying attention to cultural variations. This results in misuse of facilities. The success ratio varied from community to community in the RWSS hygiene education program for women because it motivated women for practices especially construction of latrine without sensitivity to the cultural context. This points to the importance of consultation as against merely educating people.

11.1.3 Implementation

Important elements of subproject implementation drafted into the CDISP design include an emphasis on the use of local labor and local materials wherever possible. Once subproject choice has been finalized at community level, it is anticipated that the community will get a labor contract. Communities however prefer a division of responsibilities at implementation stage. They also prefer to have full financial and management control for the work that they are responsible for, and expect the Government to fulfill its part. In such arrangements, the construction and supply of labor becomes the community's responsibility, while material procurement and supervision is

52 Government's responsibility. In RWSS, community members, in addition to provision of construction labor had to carry the materials to high grounds on voluntary basis.

When local people are asked to contribute labor or cash for infrastructure projects, the rate calculated for a day's labor is well under the market rate. This unduly penalizes the poor, who rarely have cash available to pay the contribution, so they usually pay in labor. It is usually the better off households that can afford to pay in cash.

Generally, Government projects involve material purchase through tendering process, as a result local material is not used and this increases construction costs. Secondly, this process keeps procurement away from community control. Also, community members prefer factory made construction materials from outside AJK, claiming that pipes and blocks, etc. from Pakistan are of better quality.

Where contractors have been involved, especially in Government funded projects, they have shared very little information with the people and have not sought their involvement during implementation. The contractors are said to withhold information and misinform the people and the district officers have to be vigilant to resolve conflict at field level.

11.1.4 Management

CDISP documents anticipate that skills and capacities of community leaders to manage a process of participatory planning and implementation will be limited, and that NGOs may be involved in the process of planning and management of infrastructure works.

At the field level, Project Management is expected to be the responsibility of communities. In the RWSS, from the moment, materials arrive at the site till the work is completed, the community representatives managed implementation under the supervision of Government engineers and expert's (if any). In regular Government Projects, Project Management is the responsibility of the district officials.

Officials rarely play a recognized role in the bodies set up at the community level to manage and supervise projects. The members of community and village management committees for government projects are almost exclusively drawn from the beneficiary communities. These management committees are sometimes no more than an extension of the traditional village organization. Nonetheless, on several occasions local people expressed the desire to include people who are not part of the community (friendly NGO representative) with technical and administrative expertise to be a part of the supervisory or overseeing committees. They recognize the effectiveness of including these people on the committees.

Community level management requires constant supervision and consultation. Consultations take place between community representatives and their advisors and supervisors. Because of the technical aspects involved in managing infrastructure projects, the external agencies carry out capacity building exercises prior to implementation. This helps the community representatives to understand the technology and use their experiences and wisdom.

53 Many district officials expressed a genuine desire to hand more project responsibility over to communities, especially the management of operation. The operation and maintenance management of completed RWSS schemes rest with the community groups.

11.1.5 Operation and Maintenance

CDISP documents recognize that local infrastructures fail to be adequately maintained where community ownership is lacking, and in the case of RWSS, to overcome community's lack of technical capacity, a provision was made for employing a technical person by the community.

In AJK, ownership emerged as an issue where the operation management is by the Government (e.g. in the case of dispensaries). In such cases, service delivery is weak and people have complained about lack of staff and poor service. Also, local infrastructure projects built as a part of political patronage is considered a gift from government, with little incentive for people to maintain the projects, and little sense of ownership.

Although Local Government at district level is responsible to inspect and maintain projects, they neither seem to have the willingness nor the resources for such tasks. In many cases maintenance means repairs and renovations by contracting out the works to private contractors. Except for RWSS, no government infrastructure projects have formal local level committees in charge of maintenance. Structured Maintenance Committees that gather contribution from local people were more prevalent among NGO-assisted projects.

Local people do what they can to make repairs, but for repair works that they are unable to fix themselves, they seek help from the district level government departments or hire technicians. Appealing to the districts causes delays while hiring technicians privately may be costly, and quality cannot be assured although it may be timely.

11.1.6 Conflicts and Grievances

The CDISP hopes to minimize the occurrence of conflicts, irregularities or grievance, by emphasizing local participation and disbursing funds at the lowest administrative levels. Nonetheless, people cannot be expected always to have the same interests, and conflicts or disagreements will no doubt arise over the life of the project. In anticipation of and in preparation for these occurrences, workable mechanisms for conflict resolution are required.

Local people hesitate to air their grievances publicly. Many people prefer to avoid conflict and confrontation and, even if they have a legitimate complaint, may not air it publicly for fear of losing face. Even when a village complaint does get a public airing, the decision agreed upon may not be carried through.

Under the Dogra rule, the local traditional councils of elders resolved all family and property issues. This tradition continued till mid eighties, but since then people have started to opt for resolution of conflicts through courts and Government interventions. A reason for this is the increasing awareness and accessibility and the declining role of the traditional institutions. In the RWSS project, many a time the extension officer has played a crucial role in conflict resolution and facilitated in resolving issues through mutual dialogue. The NGO social organizers, regularly help people to resolve petty conflicts

54 through dialogue and discussions. Even in these dialogue the elders and influential play a key and positive role.

Legal instruments to help people resolve complaints against the Government is weak, and in any case, people have no choice but to complain to the officers of the same department. In many villages people have cited successful cases of lodging complaints against the Government through their political representatives. However, success is visible only where the political representative has taken a personal interest and pursued the case at the state level. Otherwise, the political representatives request the concerned official to resolve the complaint. Finally, as with other government policies, villagers are unlikely to be fully aware of the procedures and policies on complaints and their redressal.

55 11.2 Broad Participatory Framework

This framework was refined at the stakeholder workshop held on July 23-24 2001, and presents a participatory framework for major activities in the project cycle. Detailed participation and consultation method is presented in section 11.4

Table 11.1 Participatory Framework ACTIVITY STAKEHOLDERS DURATION OUTPUT CONSTRAINTS Pre planning meetings GoAJK, Concerned Departments, Up till PCD Concept clearance paper Co-ordination problems between Pre PCD Line Departments, World Bank, PCD depts.. PCD

Meetings for Social Line Depts., CBOs, NGOs Up till appraisal Consensus of stakeholders on Information sharing, Continuity of Assessment, Environmental Community Focus Groups (male social assessment, environmental participation, Management Framework, and female), selected experts, EPA, management framework, and Lack of AJK specific data workshops for feedback P&D chapters of operational manual PAD PAD Consultation with communities Government, Community, (male Over project cycle Awareness of program in Exaggerated demand, political and NGOs for dissemination of and female) and NGOs community fallout, high expectation information Application/ request from Community, LGRDD, NGO/CBOs During scheme Initiation of process, quantum of Multiple applications, duplication community selection response Consultation on pre-feasibility Community, LGRDD During scheme Awareness raising, dialogue of scheme selection selection Screening LGRDD During scheme Selected communities Backlash, resentment among non- selection beneficiaries, political pressure Needs assessment for sub- LGRDD, communities (male and During design and Community specific sub-projects Exaggerated demand components in selected female) preparation of sub- identified communities projects Implementation LGRDD Over project cycle MOU with communities, cost Participation motivation of sharing arrangements finalized, stakeholders may wane out construction of works

Participatory monitoring and CBOs/ NGOs, LGRDD, Entire project cycle M&E reports, response of Political biases, negative role of evaluation Influentials, P&D, print media, communities and CBO dialogue media ______electronic media, I_I I_ I Stakeholder workshop July 23-24, 2001

56 11.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

Non Government Organizations: * To develop and train in community mobilization and information dissemination package * To deliver community development sub components in partnership with LGRDD * To ensure that a participatory process is actually used in all phases of the project cycle.

Village Organization: * To ensure villagers (male and female) are fully represented in all project processes; * To ensure appropriateness and sustainability of the infrastructure; * To respond to any grievances that cannot be resolved within the community by sub project management committees.

Sub Project Management/maintenance Committee: * To ensure that all covered villages are fully represented in all project processes; * To ensure appropriate financial management; * To support village organization and maintenance committees; * To ensure the appropriateness and sustainability of the infrastructure.

Community Facilitators: * To facilitate adherence to the participatory process by the Government and the community members

District Officials including Asst. Engineer/SDPO: * To conduct technical appraisal and approval of community subprojects; * To supply technical support, as requested by the project community during construction; * To manage inter-community subprojects if these are selected by the project communities.

AJK Project Office: * To ensure effective linkages between the CDISP and other donor and government programs; especially in the provision of basic social services (health and education), agricultural extension services and credit; * To respond to any grievances that cannot be resolved by the district office; * To ensure the highest quality of project preparation, particularly in the development of area development plans and the consultation process; * To ensure the community-based approach is carried through project implementation monitoring and evaluation.

57 11.4 Ground Rules for Consultation and Participation

No. Activity Level Responsible Person Rule

1. Put up Posters/press media in local Neighborhood Community Facilitator with All neighborhood should be language about CDISP information help of Union Council staff; informed inviting applications for projects. Should Project Management clearly indicated terms, conditions and procedures and expected contributions

2. Public meetings to elaborate information Union Council Representatives of all Information about the meeting given in Posters. Also questions, answers neighborhoods to meet with should be given in advance and and clarification District Officials meeting held at a public place.

3. Application on white paper to be submitted Village Representatives of all Standard application form be about needs and should carry information neighborhoods to sign the developed and circulated among about each neighborhood needs and application and submit it at all communities resources. District Office.

4. Verification of application Neighborhood Community Facilitator to make All representatives of concerned site visits and verify neighborhoods should sign the information verification form

5. Subproject choice consultation through Neighborhood Community Facilitator to More than 2/3rd HH level presence public meetings. discuss needs with 2/3rd or more required. Selection of need to be of HH at public meetings. entered if more than ½/2 vote in favor.

6. Formulation of Community Organization Village level Community Facilitator to guide Establish register for attendance, by first decision of neighborhood reps, and and over to see that Village minutes and recordin

58 then their joining together to form Village Committee is formed. contributions made. Separate Committee. organization for women be formed

7. Approval of Village development plan, Village Village Organization facilitated One neighborhood may participate including subprojects, terms & conditions, by CFs as a consolidated in one subproject at a time. contributions, procedures, phasing. application

8. Formation of subproject Committee for Village Village Organization All concerned neighborhoods management and liaison. (neighborhoods should be represented. Women's with same concerns be integrated fro subprojects to redreaasl. come together)

9. Design and survey of Sub projects and also Village Asst. Engineer/SDO to assist Sub project committee to discuss work out options with different cost Sub project committee the options in public meetings with estimates. men and women and select options through public meetings

10. Approval of design and Monitoring Village Village organization through Information of meeting to be given public meeting with villagers in advance and design and costs posted in public place for all concerned. More then 2/3rf HH presence required. Selection of design and cost be approved if more than ½/2 of those present vote in favor.

11. Contribution to be collected and labor Sub Project Sub project Committee with Consultation with HH necessary mobilized. Labor rate (Market) to be committee concerned households in the for making implementation

____ decided. neighborhoods. arrangement. Women be consulted

59 12. Purchase of materials, cartage. Sub project Sub project - Material to be purchased by Sub project committee to be carriage and storage Committee District Officer on approval involved in selection of materials by Village Committee suppliers and consulted in - Cartage/transportation to be decisions on quality and quantity arranged by of materials and all purchase superior/District official items. - Carriage and safe storage to be arranged by Sub Project Committee 13. Construction management and labor Sub project Concerned neighborhood HH to To be carried out entirely by the provision committee provide labor and Sub Project Sub project committee with help Committee to manage from community facilitator construction. 14. Construction supervision and guidance to Sub project Asst. Engineer/SDO to provide Engineers to work side by side the be provided on site. committee on site supervision and community labor and supervisors. guidance. 15. Satisfaction of work completed and setting Village VO members through public Information of meeting to be given up 0 & M system organization meeting in advance and design and costs posted in public place for all concerned. More then 2/3rd HH presence required. Selection of design and cost be approved if more than 1/2 of those present vote ______in f a v o r .

60 12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

In order to monitor and evaluate the community-based approach, the emphasis is on monitoring to see whether genuine community participation is taking place, and whether benefits of the infrastructure works are reaching not only the better-off members and more easily accessible areas, but also the most marginalised people within the communities and in the more remote areas. It also seeks to anticipate and identify problems and risk areas where mitigation processes are not happening (or not happening well), and to feed this information back into a system for improving CDISP implementation and design in subsequent phases.

Reporting on a community-based approach will originate from the community and village levels. It is recommended that reporting is made to local community ( by the local community) through public postings and to higher level, photocopies of the original public postings and more detailed reports to be sent through all administrative levels.

Village and Sub Project Management Committee reports to higher levels must be created at clearly defined intervals (monthly) and should include photocopies of the public postings and a brief report on problems encountered in involving the community in the subproject. District and State level should answer the same questions in their reporting. This feedback will be the trigger, along with other aspects of monitoring, for identifying problems, and for providing appropriate additional supports as necessary. The report should be signed by all Management (and subsequently Maintenance) Committee members. Receipt of satisfactory reports could be the criteria for disbursement of subsequent tranches as well. The five suggested stages after which reporting should be required are:

1. Formation of Village organization and development of area development plan 2. Subproject selection; 3. Design and cost estimation approved by community; 4. Construction completed and maintenance plan developed; 5. Six months after completion of implementation works are put into use.

External monitoring should concentrate on:

* In-depth periodic studies of a sample of the project communities: TORs for each study should cover the issues outlined. * The sample chosen (both urban and rural) should cover all relevant districts and be representative of all sites. In urban areas spot checks will be preferred because of smaller number of sites. * Assess that women along with the poorest and most vulnerable groups are benefiting from the subprojects; * Participation of beneficiaries in all stages of the project cycle.

External Monitoring should occur periodically (quarterly) throughout the project cycle.

Suggested indicators:

I Distribution of population by social and occupation group within the village 2 Percentage of villages applied for project in the union council area and the reasons why other villages did not apply

61 3 Percentage of minority social and occupation group involved in the village organization. 4 Separate women organization formed and women consulted and their concern incorporated in the area development plan and the selection of sub projects 5 Percentage of sub project benefits reaching the vulnerable groups. 6 Satisfaction of poor and women groups regarding project design, cost, implementation procedure, contribution and distribution 7 Reasons why women and vulnerable groups are satisfied/not satisfied with the progress/result of the subproject. 8 Relationship between amount of community contribution and amount spent on labor and local resources. 9 Role of locals and contribution pledged in operation and maintenance, and actual roles and contributions after six months of use.

For Evaluation purposes it is recommended that:

* An internal phase one evaluation (review and adaptation) be conducted at the end of year one; * Similar reviews occur at the end of each year; * A final evaluation is conducted by an independent agency.

The aim of the final evaluation should be to evaluate whether the aims of the Social Assessment have been met and to make recormnendations for further projects similar to the CDISP.

Review and adaptation be carried out to ensure that the project design responds on an ongoing basis to local needs and priorities. A project review should occur at the end of year one and similar reviews to address problems and make necessary adaptations should then occur at the end of each subsequent year.

Processes that should feed into project adaptation include:

* Community reports; * District and provincial reports; * Results of monitoring exercises

62 13. CRITICAL RISKS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Risk Mitigation Measure From Outputs to Objectives Overall 1. Commitment to devolution (which The project is to be implemented through a district include fiscal, administrative based field office already in place. Decentralization decentralization as well as community measures are expected to facilitate this process. empowerment is not assured. Community empowerment is assured through involvement of citizen organizations in assisting government in delivery of CD component

2. The state district and local The project provides for extensive capacity building governments are unable to develop and training at all levels of government. The project's institutions and procedures to support basic mechanisms for local action have been tried a decentralized participative approach successfully in NWFP and AJK.

3. A comprehensive, consistent and The basic elements for project implementation in AJK doable institutional framework is not are already in place. An operation manual will codify carried out by the government and a set of clear operations procedures and training in implemented. these activities will be provided to all relevant personnel.

4. The communities will not develop The project proposes to have an attached and strong CBOs, which prepare, integrated community development component that implement high priority projects with lays strong emphasis on capacity building especially broad benefits to the community and for incorporating women's concerns. Elite capture can its members; Women are unable to be avoided through monitoring that should ensure that participate actively and benefit from the village committee of representation from all social project field activities; Possibility of and income groups. The involvement of citizen sector elite capture is not avoided. organizations shall ensure that high priority projects are taken up that has broad benefits for the community.

5. Basic infrastructure sub-projects The criteria of design and cost estimates are approved encounter difficulties due to poor through public meetings by the village organization design; Convergence with other prior to sanction and MOU shall ensure that local government programs is not ensured in knowledge and ownership of project is built in. The a timely manner integration of related projects and convergence of subproject is possible due to the extensive mandate enjoyed by the LGRDD and its position within Government as a coordination agency for various physical and social infrastructure projects

6. Lack of support organizations A list of NGOs and private sector firms is already with (local NGOs, civil society members the LGRDD that have experience and capacity to and private firms with adequate provide assistance to CBOs and local government staff capacity to assist in the preparation of for preparation of CAPs. The social assessment itself CAPs carries names of civil society organizations that can assist Government and Community organizations

63 during project preparation and implementation.

7. State and District Level Major efforts will be made to train state and district governments are not able to develop officials and, subsequently, local officials in the an effective system to support techniques of community development and develop an communities in raising awareness, effective system to support it based on existing good organization and increasing skills. practices develop in similar programs in Pakistan. The governments concerned will be encouraged to outsource many of the technical services required to NGOs and other private organizations.

64 Annex 1

Community-District Infrastructure Services-Azad Jammu Kashmir(AJK) Social Assessment

TERMS OF REFERENCE

Introduction

1. The Government of Pakistan (GOP) is in the process of preparing the Community- District Infrastructure Services Project in AJK (CIP-AJK). The aim of the project is to improve the living conditions of low income communities in AJK through the development and implementation of an effective participation based program to deliver sustainable infrastructure and services to low income communities.

Background

2. AJK has an area of 13,297 sq./km and a population of about 2.9 million of which 88 percent is rural based and 12% percent urban. There is a high degree of dependence on forests and agriculture for livelihoods and subsistence. Reduced productivity affects the traditional lifestyle of the population and despite external remittances the annual per capita income is only about US$ 184. This high level of poverty manifests itself in greater incidences of malnutrition and disease (malnutrition of first degree - 38 percent, diarrhea and dysentery - 35 percent), relatively low levels of literacy (55 percent) and lack of access to safe water and sanitation facilities, health care, and other basic infrastructure. Dirt roads often become impassable during the rainy season limiting economic activities. Skill training and small-scale credit is also not readily available to the people to AJK. Incidence of poverty is more pronounced among women.

Project Objectives and Description

3. The primary objective of the proposed project is to promote observable and sustained improvement in key indicators of poverty and human development. The project will achieve this by supporting:

(i) Social mobilization and strengthening the capacity of local communities to make informed decisions related to the planning, implementation, financing and maintenance of basic infrastructure and services;

(ii) Development of a decentralized institution framework, in which the provincial, district and Tehsil level governments in AJK assist local communities to participate in the provision of infrastructure and services using the new decentralized financing procedures developed under the Integral Rural Development Program (IRUDP); and

(iii) Provision of the basic infrastructure and services in low income communities. 4. As currently envisaged, the project would include the following components:

(i) Community development activities focused on the development of organizational capacity of community based organizations (CBOs) and participatory mechanisms for community control and ongoing involvement in the project's interventions. This would include the promotion of community based development approaches among stakeholders, mobilization and capacity building, health and hygiene awareness campaigns, and special interventions for women and children in the areas of non formal education and special learning activities designed to increase their participation, skills and management training and linkage to micro credit.

(ii) Basic infrastructure upgrading and services identified through a demand based approach where priorities will be defined by the communities themselves and expressed through community contributions where appropriate. Infrastructure to be provided would include water supply, storm-water drainage, flood protection, streets and footpaths, sanitation, and solid waster management, basic education, health and community facilities. Water supply and local neighbourhood roads will be major priorities with substantial attention also given to public health and sanitation. Improvement and land registration facilities and documentation would be provided when requested by the communities where tenure rights and permits have been secured from local governments.

(iii) Implementation support and monitoring and evaluation arrangements to develop the capacity of provincial district/tehsil governments, communities and NGOs/CBOs on the implementation of community driven development approaches. This would include the establishment of clear institutional arrangements, procedures for project implementation including preparation of a manual of operations, and development of a monitoring and evaluation system.

Overall Objective of the Social Assessment

5. A social assessment supports participation and makes explicit the social factors that affect the development impacts and results of the project. A social assessment will be undertaken t ensure that these aspects are adequately addressed. These will include identification of stakeholders and stakes, identification of poor and vulnerable groups and straregies that such groups benefit from the project, formulation of a consultation and participation process and social-economic analysis and design of social strategies. 6. The key objective of the social assessment is to ensure that infrastructure investments and services are based on community needs and local institutional capacity to implement proposed activities. This should consist of the following: (i) ensure that the proposed objectives are appropriate and acceptable to the identified communities; (ii) evaluate the social impacts of the project including any impacts related to indigenous cultures, land acquisition and related issues, and affordability; (iii) propose mitigation measures for any negative impacts identified; (iv) define mechanisms for facilitating a dialogue between local governments , technical agencies and community representatives on community participation in project activities; (v) identify institutional mechanisms to ensure community participation and mobilization in project activities; and (vi) suggest interventions to support stakeholder capacity building to ensure participation during the implementation of the project and maintenance and monitoring of project outcomes.

7. The World Bank assisted Community Infrastructure Project in NWFP (CIP-NWFP) has incorporated processes and practices on organizing local communities to plan, finance and implement community infrastructure works. Another World Bank assisted project, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) has also developed an approach to delivering rural water and sanitation in AJK and Sindh. A review of these projects and their community driven development approaches would provide useful insights. Additional selected references are detailed in Annex 2.

Specific Objectives

8. The specific objectives of the social assessment are to undertake the following tasks: * Baseline Socio-Economic Survey. A detailed baseline-socio-economic survey will be undertaken of a sample of the potentially affected population, ensuring that different categories and groups of people are represented in the sample, and detailing how they are likely to benefit and/or be negatively impacted by the project. The purpose of this is to provide baseline against which the mitigation measures, support and the project's impacts will be measured. The survey will cover the needs and resources of different groups and individuals, including intra-household analysis and gender analysis and draw up on existing demographic, historical, administrative, economic and sociological data. It will also assess the needs and priorities of the affected communities and include the following information: (i) needs and priorities of communities for basic infrastructure upgrading services; (ii) expressed preference as to feasible technical options within the "menu" of infrastructure and services offered; and (iii) willingness to pay for the services identified. Special emphasis needs to be placed on gender issues. Additional data will be collected through focus group discussion with women's groups on households, labor allocation, land tenure, ownership and use and disaggregated by gender. Specific information required on household characteristics and community level organization, as well as on project preferences, priorities and options is detailed in Annex 1 to ToR.

* Land Tenure and Voluntary Land Donations. A review of land ownership, tenure systems, customary rights and other land arrangements and poverty rights, including voluntary donation of land will be undertaken. Land to be denoted on a voluntary basis must be free of squatters, encroachers or other claims or encumbrances. The social assessment will need to ensure that all voluntarily donated for the project meets this criteria, and does not involve any negative impacts resulting in loss of privately owned land, physical assets or loss of access to livelihoods. If acquisition of privately owned land is required or if there are potential adverse impacts on income or physical displacement, appropriate mitigation plan will be developed as required. These mitigation plans will be comply with the Government of Pakistan regulations and guidelines, and with the World Bank's policy directive on involuntary resettlement, O.D. 4.30.

* Indigenous Peoples. A review will be undertaken to determine if there are any tribal populations in the project area, that meet the World Bank's criteria for indigenous peoples as defined in the Bank's operational directive 4.20, and whether the project will adversely impact theses populations. If it is absolutely clear that indigenous people will not be affected by the project, this will be explicitly stated in the social assessment. If there are potential impacts to tribal groups, the types of impacts need to be clearly defined, documented and baseline socio-economic data collected for affected household. In addition, appropriate mitigation strategies in consultation with impacted groups will need to be developed in accordance with the Government of Pakistan's regulations and in accordance with the Bank's policy directive on indigenous peoples.

* Participation and Consultation. Participation and consultation by involved stakeholders will be incorporated throughout the project, both in planning and implementation. The consultation will be conducted in a way, which is appropriate for culture, gender-based and other differences among the stakeholders. Where different groups or individuals have different views or opinions, particular emphasis will be place on the views of the more vulnerable groups.

Consultations will be undertaken in selected project areas through the use of key informants, during surveys and studies of individuals and households, and through focus group discussion. Such consultation will be undertaken and facilitated by individuals trained in social development issues related to community development and participation.

Specially, the consultant will establish a framework for stakeholder participation in project design, implementation and monitoring with particular emphasis on the participation of women. Key elements of this participatory framework will include: (i) early identification of key stakeholders and consultation to inform them about the project and the social issues that they may affect project delivery and outcomes; (ii) focus groups discussions on the ranking of development priorities, mechanisms for ensuring ongoing community participation/project accountability and community contributions towards operations and maintenance of project investments; (iii) assessment of local institutional capacity through identification of NGOs/CBOs active in the communities and the potential of such groups to function as user groups within the project and take an active role in the maintenance and monitoring of project outputs and activities; (iv) specific arrangements that will enable and encourage the participation of women; and (v) establishment of mechanisms to solicit and disseminate project information to the stakeholders throughout the duration of the project.

Stakeholders Workshops. Workshops will be organized in representative communities at the end of the social assessment study to discus findings and implications with community members and all interested stakeholders, including government officials.

Monitoring and Evaluation. The social assessment will contain detailed procedures for participatory monitoring involving the communities in assessing the results and impacts of the project. Specific indicators and benchmarks for the achievement of the project's social and community driven development objectives will be detailed. These indicators will include: (i) process indicators, indicating project inputs, expenditures, staff development etc.; (ii) output indicators, indicating results in terms of number of CBOs created, number of communities having access to basic infrastructure and social services, number of women represented on CBOs etc.; and (iii) impact indicators, related to the longer terms effect of the project on the people's lives. The benchmarks and indicators should be limited in number, and combine both quantitative and qualitative types of data.

9. Deliverables and Time Schedule. The entire assignment should be completed in three months from the mobilization of the consultant team. The consultants are expected to deliver the following series of reports and a consultation workshop with stakeholders as discussed above.

Output Tining Deliverables A End of month I Inception Report presenting the initial findings and detailed plan of activities. This should contain a Ganntt chart showing the estimated start and end dates for different activities and as well as responsibility for implementation. B End of 10 weeks Draft Social Assessment Report including an executive summary, major social impacts, proposed mitigation measures, implementation plan and monitoring and evaluation Iarrangements. C End of month 3 Final Social Assessment Report Annex I to ToR

Baseline Socio-Economic Data Requirements

Household Characteristics & Community Level Organization

* Household organization (female-single headed, male-single headed, conjugal-headed households); * Size and dependency ratio; * Household income * Community dynamics and organization (types of structure) * The level of community organization which exists in the low income-informal settlements, including internal stratification, leadership structure, rules of "belonging" to formal and informal organizations, and the issues around which communities are willing/likely to organize; * The prevailing rules of soldiery and issues of divisiveness, and coping strategies; * The gender differences with respect to organization structure ad dynamics. * Community interest, power groups and relationship, * Regional (district-town) variations, * Relationship with other community groups, local governments and NGOs' private groups. Specifically it will address questions regarding community's exceptions to contribute to the project as well as their experience in other community development program; the experience in generating community participation. * Constraints in Present System. * Local factionalism * Elite capture * Relations with government agencies, NGOs/private groups * Issues including causes of mutual suspicions between communities, NGOs, and local government agencies

Household Access to Services * The level of access to and quality of basic rural, peri-urban services and infrastructure such as: (a) water supply; (b) sanitation; (c) wastewater treatment; (d) solid waste; (e) paving and drainage; (f) access roads; (g) electricity; (h) public lighting; (i) land tenure (j) community services (police, transport, telephones, social facilities, etc.); * The location of the informal settlements relative to health clinics, primary and secondary schools, police and local markets; * The distance and cost of travel (in time and money) from the low income - informal settlements to major roads and transport networks; * The value of properties in the low income-informal settlements and the value of properties in the formal sector to determine the benefits of regularized land tenure (would be interesting to know in the case of the two biggest towns/cities in AJK); * The gender differences with respect to access and use of services.

Project Preferences, Priorities and Opinions * The beneficiaries' system of priorities regarding: (a) water supply; (b) sanitation; (c) wastewater treatment; (d) solid waste; (e) paving and drainage; (f) access roads; (g) electricity; (h) public lighting; (i) land tenure (j) community services (police, transport, telephones, social facilities, etc.); * The beneficiaries' propensity to cooperate or contribute to the planning, implementation and maintenance of the proposed works; * The beneficiaries' perceptions of what they consider public goods, private goods, public space and private space, how they are used and who should pay for what is considered public--- what is the "fair share" of responsibilities among households, the community and the government; * The beneficiaries' willingness to pay with respect to improvements of basic services and infrastructure; * The willingness of beneficiaries to accept displacement in order to improve the architecture of their settlements (creating streets or walkways) or in order to evacuate areas of high geological risk; * The potential demand for loans for housing improvement or for the purchase of open lands with basic services; * The potential demand for loans for the purchase of land; * The gender differences with respect to project priorities and participation; * The key economic benefits of the project. RWSS & other similar projects - Project Evaluation * In affected areas, respondent's awareness of the project; • Respondent's degree of involvement in the project; * Their impression as to the degree to which they benefited or not from the project as a whole and from each component; • Their impressions of the level of beneficiary participation in the project; * Their impressions of the structure of participation and representation of beneficiaries in the project; * Their impressions of the success and failures of the project as a whole and by component, including technical approaches and participation issues; * Their impressions of how the project could have been improved; * The principle lessons of the project

SAMPLE TABULATION SHEET NEW SITES Chowkhoti Chakhama Baloch Sangola Barmang Khurd Hotar Chakrian Status New site New site New site New site New site New site New site Date of Survey 01.05.2001 01.05.2001 05.05.2001 06.05.2001 05.05.2001 04.05.2001 02.05.2001 Population 5000 3000 1500 7000 1400 2000 2150 No. of Households 340 182 100 318 258 250 260 HH Size 6-10 9 9 5 10 12 10 Prevalent age group 8-20 8-15 11-18 8-15 15-22 8-15 No. of working people/HH 1-2 1 1 1-2 2 1-2 Occupations (%) Service 60% 15% 80% 50% 12% 30% 7% Farming 50% 8% 3% 8% 25% 80% Labour 30% 20% 6% 40% 70% 34% 10% Expatriates 5% 2% 4% 5% 8% 1% 1% Business 5% 13% 2% 2% 2% 10% 2% How many people own land 90% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Average land holding/HH 2-4 Kanal 10 Kanal 5 Kanal 4 Kanal 10 Kanal Average Size of small land holding 3-5 kanal 1 Kanal 5 Kanal 4 Kanal 3 kanal 2 Kanal 10 Kanal Average Size of Large land holding 20 kanal 5-10 kanal 30 Kanal 15 Kanal 10 Kanal 100 Kanal 40 Kanal Rs Rs. Rs. Rs. Average Cost of Land Rs. 20,000/Kanal 25,000/Kanal Rs. 20,000/Kanal 20,000/Kanal Rs. 25,000/Kanal 25,000/Kanal 25,000/Kane Average monthly income Rs. 5000/= Rs. 5000/= Rs. 7000/= Rs. 3000/= Rs. 3000/= Rs. 5000/= Rs. 4000/= Distance of village to the nearest town 56 Kanal 63 Km 40 Km 7 Km 10 Km 10 Km 45 Km Nearest town Chowkhoti Chanari Pallandar Rawlakot Khaigalla Kahuta Muzaffaraba Distnace to metalled road 4 Km 8 km 4 Km 6 Km 4 Km 1-10 Km 3 Km Time taken to reach 2 hrs. walk 1-4 hrs. walk metalled road 1 hr. 2 hrs (on foot) 2 hrs. 1 hr. 1/2 hr. by Car 1/2 hr. by Car 45 min 1 hr. on foot Time taken to reach 1/2 hr. by nearest town 1 hr. 2 hrs (on foot) 2 hrs. (on foot) vehicle 45 min 1/2 hr by car 2 hrs. by car Fare-round trip to town through public transport Nil Rs. 40/= Rs 80/= Rs. 16/= Rs.16/= Rs 20/= Rs. 60/= Modes of transport available Bus Jeep Wagon Jeep Wagon service Jeep & Hiace Jeep & Hiac Chasma/Water Stream/Water Stream & water Stream & W Source of Water supply Streams Streams supply scheme Stream supply scheme supply schei Benefit from water supply scheme Saving of time Time saved - - - - - % of HH with electricity 100% 100% 100% 30% 100% 90% 50% No of Latrines 50% 10% 5% 20% 10% 15% No. of telephone connections 20 HH Nil 13 HH Nil 60 HH Nil Nil Main Road - Link Road - Main Road- Type/quality of Internal rds-katcha Pucca Link Road Pucca Internal Pucca Link available roads Main rds - pucca Katcha rds - Katcha Pucca link road Road-Katcha Katcha/Pucca Road-Katch; Primary School Yes Yes - Yes Yes Yes Yes Middle School - Yes High School Yes - Yes - - - - Private School Yes - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Health Services available Yes - Yes No Yes Yes Health facility for pregnant women No No Yes No No Yes Method of operating water supply scheme Locally managed - Locally manage Locally manage Locally manage Locally manage Self help Monthly Tariff/Average cost of maintaining water supply scheme Rs. 30/= - Rs. 30/= Rs. 10/= Rs. 20/= Rs. 30/= Rs. 20/=

Sadat Kiyani Sudhen - 95% Gujar - 80% Syed Mughal Ghjar- 1% Oureshi - 15 Name of existing Pathan Abbassi Awan Qazi - 1% Mughal - 2°J% Biradaris and Chaudary Rajput Kiyani Awan -1 % Gujar - 55% Bhatti - 1% percentage population Raja Turk Sadozi Bhatti Rajput - 1% Khawjgan - Kiyani - 1% of each Sheikh Shaikh (Sudhen) Qureshi Bhatti - 1% 45% Mir - 1% Relations between Bridaris Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Politics Politics What issues bring Development Happy & Sad Happy & Sad people together Politics policies occasion On need basis occasion On need basis Politics Precedent of collective community work Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Is there a CBO in the village No No No No No No Yes If Yes then Sadaqat Welfare Name Association

Activity Welfare orie No. of members 20

Registered with Contribution, Source of funds donation

Achievemnets How is the head of the panchayat/or leader selected Consensus Consensus Consensus Consensus Consensus Consensus Consensus Leadership' qualities sought/who are the Honest, Honest, Honest, Honest, Honest, Age, Honest, Age, Honest local leaders resourceful resourceful resourceful resourceful resourceful resourceful resourceful Property Major causes of rifts Property land Property Marriage with in the community Fighting of Property land Property Property Politics Land proposal Community priority based on pertinent need

1 Lady Doctor Pucca road Water Main Road Water Industrial link road Girls Middle Lady Doctor in Health Centre 2. Girls College School RHC Health facility Water Dispensary

Employment Water Scheme 3. Shell proff housing Water supply Opp. Street Paving Health facility High School 4.

Expectation with government while entering partnership None None None None None None None Have problems been addressed on self help basis Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes If Yes Katcha link Construction of S Construction of Constructior Nature of problem road Mosque Mosque treets School Water tanks Construction of Building Internal katc Extent of problem Post Office Road Constructed road solved Eidgah Security bunkers on self help basis Primary School Cost Share of Government 60% 70% Rs. 50,000/= Rs. 80,000 Community Self help 40% 30% 100% (100%) Community Share contribution Who cannot Zakat money Who cannot meet their d; Zakat money cannot meet Who cannot Who cannot meet their day to day exper Who are called poor in cannot meet day day to day meet their meet their day to to day and are on the community to day expenses expenses expenses Zakat Money day expenses expenses Zakat mone' Willingness to Pay Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Annex 2 to ToR

Select References

1. Project Concept Document 2. World Bank Operational Directive 4.30 and 4.20 3. Socio economic data on AJK (1992) 4. Data base of latest PIHS and HIES 5. Project documents (including PAD, ICR, Impact studies etc.) of WB funded Northern Resource Management Project; Northern Health Program - AJK Portion, Northern Education Prgram, RWSS project, Social Action Program Project II - AJK portion, NWFP Community Infrastructure Project, UNDP funded Neelum-Jhelum Project, Area development project for Northern and southern AJK.

Annex 3

QUESTIONS FOR FGDs/ CHECKLIST

Location Status of Scheme Age of Scheme No of Katcha Houses in village

Household Characteristics

Size (5 or less) (6 - 10) (1I plus)

Structure Male Female Age

Income/ HH (less than 3000) (3000-7000) (7 - 10) (10 plus)

No. of Working persons/ HH

Sources of Income/Livelihood

Educated People/ HH (primary) (matric) (graduation)

Social Characteristics

List of Social Groups Castes/Ethnicity Languages

Community Dynamics * How are they socially organized (biradari)

* Level of Community Organization $ Well defined leadeship V Leadership selection processes V Type of issues that bring communities together (Domestic, Development, Land, Resources)-precedents

* Prevailing Rules of Solidarity and Divisiveness V Perception of boundary V Perception of land ownership and natural resources V Issues that warrant involvement of external agencies like Police, Courts, etc V Which issues dealt with at biradari level V Which issues dealt with at village level V Method of dealing with issues within biradari v Method of dealing with issues involving more than one biradari or village V Grievances Redressal Methods

* Gender Differences Roles/ Responsibilities Men Women Productive Financially HH work & Reproduction Social responsibility Asset ownership. Representativeness in CBOs Who are the influentials and why are they influential

Location specific social characteristics / Particular habits/ occupations v Attitudinal variations / Development orientation (collective effort)

Which social factors hamper development & progress

Who benefits most from development (check for elite capture) v Process of distribution of benefits and the role played by influentials in the process / What is the role of women in deciding distribution/ sharing of benefits

Partnerships

Relationship between the social groups Community's perception of working with Government, NGOs, Private sector What contribution do they make when working with Government, NGOs, Private Sector What are their main expectation when working in partnership (Hint: information access, transparency, accountability, timely delivery of services) Which expectations are usually fulfilled and which are not Have you ever had a partnership with Government, NGO, Private sector

Organization

Is there a CBO Who are the members/ head How many members does it have Is there a membership fee? How much When was it formed Is it registered & with whom Have the CBO members received any training

Is there a women's CBO Who are the members/ head How many members does it have Is there a membership fee? How much When was it formed Is it registered & with whom Have the CBO members received any training

What constitutes the basis and eligibility of membership V Biradari Membership fee V Participation in development programmes (Hint: saving groups)

Do people contribute to CBO activities List major projects of CBO Has community carried out any collective, self-help activity If yes V How was problem identified V How was planning and costing done V Contribution (cash, kind, land, labour) v Procurement V Implementation V O&M What was the role of the CBO What problems occurred How were they overcome What has been the role of women

Willingness to pay for services V Voluntary Contribution - Its form and magnitude V Existing tariffs/ contributions

Household Access to services * The level of access to and quality of basic rural, peri-urban services and infrastructure such as: (a) water supply; (b) sanitation; (c) wastewater treatment; (d) solid waste; (e) paving and drainage; (f) access roads; (g) electricity; (h) public lighting; (i) land tenure; (j) community services (police, transport, telephones, social facilities, etc.); * The location of the informal settlements relative to health clinics, primary and secondary schools, police and local markets; * The distance and cost of travel (in time and money) from the low income - informal settlements to major roads and transport networks; * The value of properties in the low income - informal settlements and the value of properties in the formal sector to determine the benefits of regularized land tenure (would be interesting to know in the case of the two biggest towns/cities in AJK); * The gender differences with respect to access and use of services; * General condition of health - medical facilities, prevalent diseases, water use and habits, sanitary habits, mortality, women's health conditions /reproduction health.

Project Preferences, Priorities and Opinions * The beneficiaries' system of priorities regarding: (a) water; (b) sanitation; (c) wastewater treatment; (d) solid waste; (e) paving and drainage; (f) access roads; (g) electricity; (h) public lighting; (i) land tenure; (j) community services (police, transport, telephones, social facilities, etc.); * The beneficiaries' propensity to cooperate or contribute to the planning, implementation and maintenance of the proposed works; * The beneficiaries's perceptions of what they consider goods, private goods, public space and private space, how they are used and who should pay for what is considered public - what is the "fair share" of responsibilities among households, the community and the government; * The beneficiaries' willingness to pay with respect to improvement of basic services and infrastructure; * The willingness of beneficiaries to accept displacement in order to improve the architecture of their settlements (creating streets or walkways) or in order to evacuate area of high geological risk; * The potential demand for loans for housing improvement or for the purchase of open lands with basic services; * The potential demand for loans for the purchase of land; * The gender differences with respect to project priorities and participation; * The key economic benefits of the project;

RWSS & Other Similar Project - Project Evaluation * In affected area, respondent's awareness of the project; * Respondent's degree of involvement in the project; * Their impression as to the degree to which they benefited or note from the project as a whole and from each component; * Their impressions of the level of beneficiary participation in the project; * Their impressions of the structure of participation and representation of beneficiaries in the project; * Their impressions of the successes and failures of the project as a whole and by component, including technical approaches and participation issues; * Their impressions of how the project could have been improved; * The principle lessons of the project. Annex 4

LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS

LGRDD STAFF

Muzaffarabad Secretary Local Government Mr. Sardar Riaz Ahmed Khan Project Director Mr. Mustafa Qureshi Additional Project Director Mr. Zaheer Gardezi Director General Mr. Chaudhry Ghazanfar Deputy Director Mr. Ghulam Murtaza Extension Staff Ms. Shagufta

Mirpur Assistant Director Mr. Sardar Gul Zaman Assistant Engineet (cons) Mr. Raja Anwer Extension Staff Ms. Kaneez Extension Staff Ms. Rubina Kausar Extension Staff Mr. Khadim Hussain Bhatti

Bhimber Assistant Engineer (cons) Mr. Safdar Hussain Extension Staff Mr. Ejaz Ahmed Extension Staff Mr. Tahir Mahmud

Kotli Assistant Director Mr. Sarfaraz Shah Assistant Engineer (cons) Mr. Babur Gilani Extension Staff Mr. Nafees Extension Staff Mr. Naveed

Sudhnoti Assistant Director Mr. Shabbir Abbasi Extension Staff Mr. Adam Khan

Poonch Assistant Director Mr. Maqsood Asi Assistant Engineer (cons) Zubair Ayub Assistant Engineer (design) Mr. Amjad Khan

Bagh Assistant Engineer (design) Mr. Asad Extension Staff Niaz Chughtai NGO/ CBOs

Society for Advancement of Women - Chitar Mr. Raja Abdul Majeed NRSP - Kotli Mr. Sultan Mehmood Women Welfare Organization of Poonch Ms. Najma Shakoor President Khidmat-e-Khalq Trust - Seher Mandi Mr. Chaudhry Basheer Chairman VDA Rajkot Muzaffarabad Mr. Javed Chairman VDA-Raipur Mr. Muhammad Illahi Chairman VDA - Barali Mr. Raja Karamatullah

UNION COUNCIL

Secretary Union Council - Dandarkot Mr. Faziur Rahman Secretary Union Council - Beer Pani Mr. Chaudhry Qamar Zaman Khan Secretary Union Council - Daura Ansar Ali

ISLAMABAD FIELD OFFICE - INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Social Development Specialist - SASSD Ms. Zia Aijalaly Country Team Leader - WSP-SA Mr. Raja Rehan Arshad Annex 5

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Sr. Name Department 1. Sardar Riaz Ahmed Khan Secretary, Local Government Department 2. Khawaja Nisar Ahmed, LG&RDD 3. Prof. Taqdees Gillani HOPE / University of AJK 4. M. Saleem Bismal DG. LGRDD 5. Shagufta Mustafa Youth Academy of Pakistan 6. A. M. N. Kango KIND 7. Fozia Andleeb LGRDD 8. Rukhsana LGRD DG 9. Shabana Farooq LGRD 10. R. Mohd Anwar LGRD 11. Syed Badar ul Hassan Assistant Engineer 12. Syed Maqsood Kazmi MCM 13. Dr. Syed Ghulam Haider Kazmi P&D, Govt. of AJK 14. Abdul Rauf Deputy Secretary, P&D, Govt. of Ajk 15. Mohammad Mumtaz Abbass 16. S. M. Anwar Shah 17. Kh. Mohd Asif 18. Qazi Arshad Nadeem AD, LGRDD Bagh 19. M. Shabbir Abbassi AD Sudnoti 20. Ch. Muhammad Arif AELGRDD 21. Muhamamd Afzal Mir UNDP - ESMA 22. Hamyun Khan Deputy Director Admin. 23. Nawaz Ahmed Shah Div Director 24. Aasi Sahib Assistant Director 25. Kamran Hafeez Executive Engineer 26. Mr. Kiyani Assistant Engineer 27. Mr.Amjid Assistant Engineer 28. Mr. Qadri Executive Engineer 29. Ateeq Ahmed Kiyani Assistant Engineer 30. Raja Fateh Ullah Khan Extension Officer 31. Riffat Khan Extension Worker 32. Saima Manzoor Extension Worker 33. Shazia Kiyani Extension Worker 34. Syed Nisar Hussain Hamdani Professor 35. Mr. Khan Sungi Development Foundations 36. Zia UlIah Dar Extension Officer, LGRDD 37. Ms. Julie Viloria Task Leader, SASIN, World Bank 38. Zia Aljalay SASSD, World Bank 39. Raja Rehan Arshad WSP-SA, World Bank 40. Allahjava UNDP / World Bank 41. Raja Mohammad Javed Chairman, Water & Sanitation Committee, Village Rajkot 42. Mr. Arif Yakub SACPF, World Bank Annex 6

LIST OF ORGNAZATIONS REGISTERED UNDER ACT 1860

S. No. Name of Organization Location Date of Registration 1. Madrassa Tajdeed ul Quran Farooqia Poonch 2. Dar ul -Aloom Sikandria Hottian Sharif, Muzaffarabad 3. Jamia Islamia Rizvia Bhimber, AJK 4. Anjuman-e-Jaafria 5. Madrassa-e-Jamia Farooqia turtil ul Quran Hanfia Batargi, Hottian 6. Anjuman -e-Ghosia Rizvia Rawalakot 7. Muslim Qureshi Welfare Educational Tanzeem Poonch 8. Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Tahwar Tehsil Rawalkot 9. Anjuman Falah-o- Behbood Kothian, Distt. Poonch 10. Anjuman-e-Jaafaria Bela Syedan Deh, Tehsil Hattian 11. Dar ul Aaloom Rasoolia Nar Sher Ali Khan Lohar Bela, Poonch, AJK 12. Jamia Furgania Ghousia Bagh, AJK 13. Muntazam Committee Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Jamia Masjid, Bin Chock, Poonch 14. Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Bagh Poonch, AJK 15. Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Reerh Bin Bagh, AJK 16. Madrassa Aarbia Ishait ul Quran Poonch 17. Madrassa lashait ul Quran Jandali, Poonch 18. Anjuman Toheed Alsunnat Makki Jamia Masjid, Tehsil Aathmqam 19. Tanzeem ul Quraish Usmani Usmani, AJK 20. Anjuman Tehkal Rajpoot Educational Muzzaffarabad 21. Intzamia Committee Madrassa Ijaz ul Quran Mir pur 22. Anjuman Ashlah ul Muslimeen Makhdoomia Taleem ul Poonch Quran 23. Anjuman Falah ul Muslimeen Muzzaffarabad 24. Anjuman Ashlahi Committee Bhlaoti Eelaqa Greez 25. Anjuman Falah o Behbood Now Jawan Jawajgan Agewas Poonch 26. Anjuman Falah o Behbood muashrah AJK 27. Madrassa Tafheem ul Quran

28. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Faizia Qadeemi Jamia Masjid Chikothi 29. Jammu Kashmir Welfare Council Muzzaffarabad 30. Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Huns Choki Poonch 31. Anjuman Aslah o Smaji Behbood Dhani Pir Muzzaffarabad 32. Tehreek Islah o Defai Lowat Seri Kallan Athmugam 33. Alquraish teleemi Conference Markzee Janzeem Muzzaffarabad 34. Islamic Research Academy Thingar Muzzaffarabad 35. Islahi Committee Moza Khanian Muzzaffarabad 36. Anjuman Islah Muashrah Loharan Hattian Bala Muzzaffarabad 37. Khan Muhammad Khan Welfare Association Pilandri 38. Madrassa Tadrees ul Quran Sanghri Muzzaffarabad 39. Darul Aloom Taleem ul Quran Bagh 40. Jamia Ghosia Prali BinDali Mirpur 41. Anjuman Zahidia Rabbania Poonch 42. Anjuman Jaafaria Kel Giran Muzzaffarabad 43. Madrassa Hussainia Taleem ul Quran Bingothan Poonch 44. Anjuman Falah o Behbood Bario Tanzeem ul Sabah Poonch 45. Muntzimia Committee Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Kho Poonch Kot 46. Anjuman Ghosia Markez Kho Kot Poonch 47. Aabasia Educational and Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 48. Jamia Saddigia Mhe ul Islam Poonch 49. Madrassa Tadrees ul Quran Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadees Pilandri 50. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Jamia Masjid Chotha Poonch Gallan 51. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Ghosia Qadria Faiz ul Quran Poonch 52. Pak Kashmir Behbood Associationm Bilgran Muzzaffarabad = 53. Markazi Arnara Tehreek Shohdaai Jummu Kashmir Rawalkot 54. Registration Kashmir Refugess Committee Muzzaffarabad 55. Registration Bazm Ahl Qlm Mirpur_ 56. Anjuman Jaafria Namli Syedan Muzzaffarabad 57. Madrassa Islamia Aarbia Bimaam Chokri Poonch 58. Tanzeem ul Falah Mojah Bingran Muzzaffarabad 59. Madrassa Anwar ul Quran Kal Gharh Poonch 60. Madrassa Tajdeed ul Quran Farooqia Chokian Poonch 61. Madrassa Taleem ul Quran Chihla Banti Muzzaffarabad 62. Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Taleem ul Quran Markaz Chakar 63. Madrassa Hussainia Hajeerah Poonch 64. Madrassa Ghosia Taleem ul Quran Masjid Bathan 65. Anjuma Hussainia Muzzaffarabad 66. Madrassa Jamia Ghosia Rajwia Lohar Plate Muzzaffarabad

67. Madrassa Ghosia Kotli _ 68. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Rajoian Gun Jhtar Muzzaffarabad 69. Muddrassa Faiz ul Quran Bagh 70. Anjuman Tahrkot Jandali Muzzaffarabad 71. Anjuman IntZamia Dar ul Aaloom Nir ul Islam Radwar Muzzaffarabad Sharif 72. Adara Froogh ul Islam Eid Gah Road Muzzaffarabad 73. Jamia Ghosia Faiz ul Quran Dahli Nar Poonch 74. Dar ul Aaloom Muhammdia Nazamia Jamia Masjid Madina Mirpur 75. Muddarassa Ghosia Taleem ul Quran Mirpur 76. Anjuman Saddiquia Faiz ul Aaloom Pingoi Poonch 77. Jamia Ghosia Tajweez ul Quran Ktheeli Muzzaffarabad _ 78. Muddrassa Zia ul Quran Ali Garh Poonch 79. Muddrassa Hag Char Yar Ahelsunnat Mirpur 80. Tanzeem Falah o Behbood Mahajreen Jakkar 81. Anjuman Rajput Educational Social Welfare 82. Jamia Qadaria Dir ul Islam Baloch Palandri Poonch 83. Muddrassa Ahlsunnat Aljamait Masjid Bilal Mirpur = 84. Anjuman Aslahi Committee Muzzaffarabad 85. Masjid Aarabia Farooqia hil Dak Khana Smahni Mirpur 86. Antzami Committee Mirpur 87. Anjuman Jaffaria Rajwia Kama Sharif Muzzaffarabad 88. Anjum Muddrassa dar ul Islam Muzzaffarabad Muzzaffarabad 89. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Islamia Chakwari Sharif Mirpur 90. Sudhan Educational Conference Mirpur 91. Dar ul Aaloom Rajwia Taleem ul Quran Rawalkot 92. Anjuman Jamia Taleem Gojra Muzzaffarabad 93. Kashmir Technical Academy Muzzaffarabad 94. Aslahi Tanzeem Jageer Muzzaffarabad 95. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Reerh Bagh 96. Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Grala Pallandri 97. Zoological Society Muzzaffarabad 98. Tanzeemi Committee Masjid Ali Garh Bagh 99. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Muzzaffarabad 100. Jamia Furgania Chak Hamni Rawalkot 101. Anjuman Jameiat Ahlhadees Kotli 102. Muddrassa Ishait ul Din Mojia Lawat Athmagam 103. Anjuman Khwateen, Muzzaffarabad Muzzaffarabad 104. Muddrassa Tajwid ul Quran Kohala Muzzaffarabad 105. Free Truck Blak Mirpur 106. Muddrassa Rajwia Qadaria Bindala Bhimber Mirpur 107. Registration Neelum Art Society Muzzaffarabad 108. Registration Muzzaffarabad Technical Academy Muzzaffarabad 109. Anjuman Jamia Arabia Chanari 110. Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Saddiqia Pal Sharif Kotli 111. Anjuman Iftikhar Memorial Able Fund Mirpur 112. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Chistia Zia Dar ul Aaloom Dir Kot 113. Tanzeem Anjuman Intzamia Flawatan Mustafa Muzzaffarabad 114. Anjuman Islah ul Muslimeen Dindi Rawalakot 115. Registration Anjuman Ishait ul Islam Markaz Ali Garh Poonch 116. Anjuman Taleemi Council and Smaji Behbood Muzzaffarabad 117. Muddrassa Arbia tul Islamia Sultani Masjid Muzzaffarabad 118. Dar ul Aaloom Sakhi Razwi Pilindari 119. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Islamia Saadia upper Chatar Muzzaffarabad 120. Idarah Khudam ul Quran Muzzaffarabad 121. Registration Agam ul Slaat Waldain Committee Muzzaffarabad 122. Registration Anjuman Falah o Behbood Rawalakot 123. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Jamiat Aehl-e-Hedees Kotli 124. Anjuman Sanaatkaran Mirpur 125. Azad Jummun Kashmir Nabeena o Maazoor Association Mirpur 126. Registration Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Rawalakot Rajwia Jamia Mutsal Ghosia Soon Topa Tehsil 127. Anjuman Ishait ul Toheed , Jamia Masjid Arha Tehsil Bagh Poonch 128. Dar ul Aaloom Naqshbandia Jang Kotla Muzzaffarabad 129. Anjuman Ishait ul Toheed walsaata Muddrassa Taleem ul Muzzaffarabad Quran Jamia Masjid Dhani 130. Jamia Dar ul Aaloom Baloch Poonch 131. Muddrassa Ishait ul Quran Jamia Masjid Shahfara Muzzaffarabad 132. Jamia ul Aaloom Islamia Masjid-e-Alkubraa F-2 Mirpur 133. Islahi Committee Muzzaffarabad 134. Anjuman Wefare Association Nagar Muzzaffarabad 135. Jamia Muhammadia Khai Gila Tehsil Rawalakot Poonch 136. Tanzeem alflah Alsheikh Azad Kashmir 137. Tanzeem Tereek Hasool Insani Hagooq Rawalakot 138. Muddrassa Anjuman Taleem ul Quran Mojia Khoti Pthra Poonch 139. Tanzeem Alfalah Syedi Muzzaffarabad 140. All Jammu Kashmir Mughal Association Mirpur 141. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Ghosia Remania Rajwia Tehsil Mirpur Bhimber 142. Tehreek Sadaie Nelum Aathmuqam 143. Muntzim Committee Muddrssa Taleem ul Quran Rawalakot 144. Muddrssa Taleem ul Quran Masjid Kubraa Choki Mong Kotli 145. Registration Rajput Educational Society Welfare Rahberkot 146. Chnas Education Council Kohala 147. Anjuman Muddrassa ul Islam Saddiguia Hijera 148. Jamia Islamia Jirala Bagh 149. Anjuman Nojwanan -e- Islam Tilgran Muzzaffarabad 150. Tanoli Welfare Association Muzzaffarabad 151. Dar ul Aaloom Muddrassa Pothar Kotra Poonch 152. Majilas Taleem ul Quran and Tahaeeg Astatzah Azad Kashmir 153. Anjuman Khudam Dir ul Islam Muzzaffarabad 154 Darulaaloom Hanfia Rajwia Tullem ul Quran Kohtta 155. Anjuman Hadbulnasir Algrba Muzzaffarabad 156. Jamiet Al-Hadees Dar ul Aaloom Muhammadia Muzzaffarbad 157. Muddrassa Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Pallandri 158. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Makki Masjid Sharif Plate Muzzaffarabad 159. Anjuman Dar ul Aaloom Tarteel ul Quran Hitianbala Muzzaffarabad 160. Registration Cash Sheik Arb Society Muzzaffarabad 161. Anjuman Insdad-e-Munshiat Muzzaffarabad 162. Registration Sunni Sunaati Dar ul Aaloom 163. Drkhuasat Registration Tanzeem Frogh Murghbani Bagh 164. Awami Committee Kot Tarhala Aelaqa Khawara Azad Kashmir 165. Registration Kanti Netal Training Centre Of Technology Mirpur 166. Anjuman Islamia Dar ul Aaloom Hanfia Aathmqam 167. Jamiet Ahl-e-Hadees Sohawa Poonch 168. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Qadria Muzzaffarabad 169. Anjuman Ishait Dar ul Islam Jamia Masjid Sharif Sharda Muzzaffarabad Wali Nelum 170. Anjuman Dar ul Islam Jamia Arbia Madina Hijerah Poonch 171. Registration Mughal Foundation Aalaga Igbal Road Mirpur 172. Islahi Committee Doodial Aathmqam 173. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Bhrian Lambi Muzzaffarabad 174. Registration Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Masjid Muhammadia Khoi Ratta Hanfia 175. Taleem ul Quran, Masjid Muhammadia Grala Pilandri 176. Mughal Educational Society Poonch 177. Amamia Welfare Organization Bagh 178. Anjuman Jafaria Bandi Karim Hyder Shah Muzzaffarabad 179. Jamia Islamia Hagania Jamia Masjid Chrala Bagh 180. Welfare Association Bilgrami Muzzaffarabad 181. Social Wefare Society Mirpur 182. Registration Police Pensioner Association Muzzaffarabad 183. Sidhozai Technical Institute Pinhrah Kotli 184. Registration Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Hanfia Bagh 185. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Hanfia Sabaseem 186. Anjuman Ithad Falah o Behbood Mojia Athshal Muzzaffarabad 187. Muddrassa Mazahr ul Islam Dak Khana Smahni Mirpur 188. Awan Rfaeh Committee Srar Muzzaffarabad 189. Muddrassa Arbia Qasim Al-Aaloom Poonch 190. Anjuman Jafaria Muzzaffarabad 191. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Nizamia Rehmania Muzzaffarabad 192. Dar ul Aaloom Ishait ul Islam Phlaoie Muzzaffarabad 193. Anjuman Jafaria Iftikharabad Mirpur 194. Al-Hayat Societ Mirpur 195. Muntizma Committee Markazi Jamia Masjid Rawalakot 196. Dar ul Aaloom Jamia Usmania Ghosia Mirpur 197. Muddrassa Islamia Tadrees ul Quran (Pothi) Poonch 198. 199. Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Rajwia Mohalla Siathi Bagh Muzzaffarabad 200. Muddrassa Jamia Islamia Rawalakot 201. Anjuman Dar ul Aaloom Rijwia Rawalkot 202. Anjuman Islahi Committee Daka Shakar Bithian Muzzaffarabad 203. Registration Ghair Hridah Mlazmeen Baldia Mirpur 204. Jamiet Ahl-Hadees C-3 Muzzaffarabad 205. Muddrassa Rehmainia Muzzaffarabad 206. Jamia Hanfia Zia ul Islam Balghan Poonch 207. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Hussainia Mirour 208. Anjuman Falah Amuzzaffarabadlmsas 209. Muddrassa amdad ul Islam Harie Gul Bagh 210. Anjuman Muddrassa Taleem ul Quan Muzzaffarabad 211. Registration Bazam ul Insan Rawalakot 212. Welfare Associatio 213. j 214. Masjid Anwar ul Quran Mirpur 215. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran 216. Anjuman Hayat Almuslimeen Rawalakot 217. Ithad Welfare Society Poonch 218. Masiid Committee Madini Masiid Muzzaffarabad 219. Tanzeem Tarka Welfare Association Muzzaffarabad 220. Darulaloom Ghosia Ranwar Sharif Muzzaffarabad 221. Registration Khan Sahib Vocational Institute Rawalkot _ 222. Registration Jamia Hanfia Ishait Ul Islam Poonch 223. Muddrassa Ghosia Taleem ul Quran Poonch 224. United Welfae Society Hejerah 225. Anjuman Muslim Biradari Kotli Kotli 226. Bowja Club Awan-e-Sahaft Kashmir Muzzaffarabad 227. Kashmir Press Club Mirpur Mirpur _ 228. Dar ul Aaloom Islamia Muzzaffarabad 229. Muddrassa Tajweed ul Quran Chman Koutta 230. Muddrassa Arabia Ishait ul Islam Poonch _ 231. Jamia Islamia Taleem ul Quran Rawalakot 232. Tanzeem Kashmir Organization Muzzaffarabad 233. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran 234. Dar ul Aaloom Mahi ul Islam Pilindari 235. Azad Kashmir Nabeena and Majoor Association Muzzaffarabad 236. Anjuman-e-Jafaria Bagh 237. Muddrassa Jamal ul Quran Tableegh ul Islam Hitian Muzzaffarabad 238. Dar ul Aaloom Hanfia Qadaria Rawalakot 239. Anjuman Jafaria Muzzaffarabad 240. Jamiat Al-Hadees Poonch 241. Alguraish Welfare Association Muzzaffarabad 242. Muddrassa Usmania Kotli Kotli 243. Dar ul Aaloom Usmania Taleem ul Quran Rawalkot 244. Markazi Melad Mustafa Committee Muzzaffarabad 245. Anjuman Khudam Mustafa Muzzaffarabad 246. Muddrassa Zia ul Quran Pilindari Poonch 247. Dar ul Aaloom Mottsil Madni Masjid Bagh 248. Dar ul Aaloom Ghosia Taleem ul Quran Poonch 249. Anjuman Ishiat ul Islam Gorial Jagiran Athmqam 250. Al-Jamia Mirpur 251. Anjuman Flah o Behbood Kohstan Bridari Muzzaffarabad 252. Welfare Association Muzzaffarabad 253. Muddrassa Muhammadia Anwar ul Islam Pilandri 254. Adara Frogh ul Islam Muzzaffarabad 255. Muddrassa Ishait ul Islam Poonch 256. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Jamia Masjid Aziz Abad Poonch 257. Dar ul Aaloom Chistia Qadaria Tajdid ul Quran Poonch 258. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Chistia No. 2 Bagh 259. Jamia Bagh 260. Young Man Association Rakhara Muzzaffarabad 261. Dar ul Aaloom Rizwia Ahl Sunnat Waljamait Rawalkot 262. Mehar Bridari Educational and Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 263. Taleem Ahl Sunnat waljamait Muzzaffarabad 264. Muddrassa Ishait ul Islam Trad Khl _ 265. Dar ul Aaloom Anwar ul Quran Saddiguia Poonch 266. Markazi Seerat Committee Muzzaffarabad 267. Muddrassa Khulfai Rashideen Farooq Abad Poonch 268. Radio Control Artist Muzzaffarabad 269. Avergreen Artist and Cultural Society Muzzaffarabad 270. Muddrassa Ghosia Jamal ul Quran Chanari Muzzaffarabad 271. Islahi Committee Kalar Kamhar Muzzaffarabad 272. Dar ul Aaloom Mazahar ul Islam Rawalakot 273. Muddrassa Tjwid ul Quran Tirhila Muzzaffarabad 274. Muntizim Committee Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Poonch 275. Dar ul Aaloom Faiz ul Islam Muzzaffarabad 276. Jamia Qadaria Rajwia Mirpur 277. Muddrassa Dar ul Aaloom Al-Khairia Bagh = 278. Anjuman Chowdary and Sadat Bridari Muzzaffarabad 279. Dar ul aaloom Mazhar ul Islam Rawalkot 280. Muddrassa Tajwid ul Quran Jamia Masjid Usmania Poonch = 281. Muddrassa Tafheem ul Quran Poonch 282. Masjid Taleem ul Quran Bhalgran Poonch 283. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Bosagla Poonch 284. Muddrassa Tajdid ul Quran Wal-Hadees Poonch _ 285. Dar ul Islam Taleem ul Quran Chajhan Poonch 286. Dar ul Aaloom Hanfia Qadaria Samarkot Rawalakot 287. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quram Gawara Poonch 288. Jamia Islamia Makhdoom ul Madareen Iftikhar Abad 289. Muddrassa Zidat ul Quran Markazi Jamia Masjid Chmiati 290. Muddrassa Jamia Islamia Tarteel ul Quran Iftikhar Abad 291. Jamia Islamia Arabia B-2 Mirpur 292. Ratot National Bails Welfare Organization Rawalakot = 293. Muddrassa Dar ul Hadees o Jamia ul Markazi Bagh 294. Muddrassa Farooquia Jamia Masjid Khrak Poonch 295. Dar ul Aaloom Qadaria Chistia Rawalakot 296. Dar ul Aaloom Hanfia Saddiquia Pothi Poonch 297. Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Jamia Rijwia Jhangran Muzzaffarabad 298. Dar ul Aaloom Qadaria Rijwia Dhok Rawalakot 299. Dar ul Aaloom Muhammadia Ghosia Zindah Pir Poonch 300. Azad Kashmir Arts and Cultural Society Muzzaffarabad 301. Kashmir Younstars Society Organization Muzzaffarabad 302. Dar ul Aaloom Qadaria Rijiwia Rawalkot 303. Dar ul Aaloom Muhammadia Ghousia Zinda Pir Poonch 304. Azad Kashmir Arts and Cultur Society Muzzaffarabad 305. Kashmir Youngstars Welfare Organization Muzzaffarabad 306. Jamia Ghousia Saddiquia Kotli 307. Dar ul Aaloom Ishait ul Quran Bala Seeri Phlaoi 308. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Ghousia Rijiwia Seingar Poonch 309. Muddrassa Syedna Abdullah Abn Aabass Poonch 310. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Ghousia Jiri Poonch 311. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Poonch 312. Dar ul Aaloom Farooquia Ghousia Dotan Rawalakot 313. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Jamia Masjid Sector -E Mirpur 314. Dar ul Aloom Zia AlQuran o Jamia Masjid Mohaddasia Mirpur 315. Muddrassa Anwar ul Quran Sector C 4 Mirpur 316. Anjuman Falah o Behbood Gujar and Katarlal Bridari Seeri Muzzaffarabad dara 317. Kashmir Young Welfare Association Rahara Rawalakot 318. Muddrassa Syedna Abu Trab Taleem ul Quran Gojar Banti Muzzaffarabad 319. Jamia Bustan ul Aaloom Naqshbundia Sadddiquia, Iftikharabad 320. Azad Jammu Kashmir Pensioner's Association Muzzaffarabad 321. Anjuman Qadaria Hanfia Ahl Sunnat Waijamait Mirpur 322. Durs Tajdeed ul Quran Ghousia Rijwia Anwar Mustafa Poonch Munjai 323. Dra ul Aaloom Salfia Ahl Hadees Dhirian Muzzaffarabad 324. Anjum Ishait ul Quran Madani Masjid Tehsil Athmqam 325. Welfare Association Hitian Muzzaffarabad 326. Muddrassa Junaidia Ghousia Tank Bhgiana Pachiot Poonch 327. Nuddrassa Taleem ul Quran Seeri Piran Azad Kashmir 328. Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Jamia Rajwia Jhandgran Muzzaffarabad Chtian 329. Poonch 330 Dar ul Aaloom Guizar Habib Sector F-2 Mirpur 331. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Majia Lotierpan Poonch 332. Dal ul Aaloom Qadasia Poonch 333. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Qadaria Alkhairia Poonch 334. Idara Tajweed ul Quran Soian Syedan Muzzaffarabad 335. Dar ul Aaloom Ghousia Haree Rawalakot 336. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Jamia Masjid Dhani Poonch 337. Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Bani Pasari Bagh Azad Kashmir 338. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Tailgran Muzzaffarabad 339 Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Banjosa Rawalakot 340. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Jarikot Bagh 341. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Dhani Bagh 342. Masli Welfare Association Argah Bagh 343. Local Speorchal Assembly Muzzaffarabad 344. Muddrassa Ghousia Kharl Aabassian Bagh 345. Muddrassa Hanfia Tehsil Hawaili Bagh _ 346. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Ghaziabad 347. Muddrassa Arabia Kath Chogli Athmqam 348. All Junnu Kashmir Women and Children Welfare Muzzaffarabad Association 349. Muddrassa Syedna Umar Farooq Keena Moree Bagh 350. Public Welfare Association Hitian Muzzaffarabad 351. Anjuman Ghulaman Mustafa Barnala Mirpur 352. Muddrassa Sout ul Quran Muzzaffarabad 353. Dar ul Aaloom Gulzar Habib Kotli 354. Chanar Arts and Cultural Society Muzzaffarabad 355. Jamia Ghousia Jaklari Bagh 356. Jamia Hanfia Rijwia Anwar ul Islam Kotli 357. Muntizmia Committee Brai Muddrassa Tajweed ul Quran Kotli 358. Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Grala Bara Poonch 359. Muddrassa Ibrahim Taleem ul Quran Siakh Mirpur 360. Green Cross Society Mirpur 361. Anjuman Sadat Jafaria Bagh 362. Dar ul Aaloom Muhammadia Ghousia Pilandri 363. Jamia Taleemat Islamia Kandal Shahi Muzzaffarabad 364. Muddrassa Al-Diniat Wahara Rawalakot 365. Dar ul Aaloom Taleem ul Quran Alashreer Batelian Garhi Muzzaffarabad Dopatta 366. Muddrassa Ghousia Rizwia Sikot Bagh 367. Dar ul Aaloom Ghousia Nooria Taleem ul Quran Rawalakot 368. Anjuman Farooqia Nagshbandia Sohawa Pilindari 369. Dar ul Aaloom Saddiquia Ishaguia Faiz ul Quran Hussan Abad 370. Dar ul aaloom Rehmania Kel. Muzzaffarabad 371. Jamia Muhhamadia Ghousia Rijiwia Kandgwra Poonch 372. Dar ul Aaloom Hussainia Riziwia Chammankot Rawalakot 373. Muddrassa Zia ul Islam Taleem ul Quran Hitian Muzzaffarabad 374. Diaveseaz Management Mery Church Muzzaffarabad 375. Anjum Jafaria Dabba Syedan Tehsil Hitian Muzzaffarabad 376. Islamia Razakar Welfare Society, Dhani Mai Sahiba 377. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Hal Chaspai Bagh 378. Muddrassa Farooqia Taleem ul Quran Athmqam Muzzaffarabad 379. Muddrassa Jamia Hanfia Rijiwia Barikot Bagh 380. Muddrassa Ghousia Qiam ul Aaloom Gala Andot Rawalakot 381. Jamia Farooqia Zia ul Quran Bakla Chkar 382. Muddrassa Alhalil Hanfia Tehsil Athmqam 383. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran banala 384. Jamia Ghousia Rijiwia Reerh Bagh Azad Kashmir 385. Muddrassa Jamia Ghousia Rijiwia Tajweed ul Quran Gilan Bagh 386. Muddrassa Rajai Mustafa Chatar No. I Bagh 387. Muddrassa Jamia Taleem ul Quran Mohajar Colony No. 1 Mirpur 388. Sazman Kumak Imam Khameeni Muzzaffarabada 389. Dar ul aaloom Islamia Ghousia Dinga Chatar Poonch 390. Muddrassa Zaberi Kafal Syedan Poonch 391. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Qadaria Kotli 392. Bhanpas Welfare Society Poonch 393. Muddrassa Jamia Farooqia Swaa Tehsil Pilandri Poonch 394. Muddrassa Jamia Ghousia Muzhar ul Islam Nukar Fatoot Muzzaffarabad 395. Muddrassa Tadrees ul Quran Azad Patan Poonch 396. Muddrassa Jamia Ghan Chata Muzzaffarabad 397. Muddrassa Muhammadia Cha Najamgul Phloti Muzzaffarabad 398. Anjuman Qasaban Muzzaffarabad 399. Anjum Jafaria Knor Syedan Muzzaffarabad 400. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Drek Bandi Pilandri = 401. Muddrassa Ghousia Tajweed ul Quran 402. Dar ul Aaloom Islamia Ghousia Poonch 403. Human Rights (Tehreek Hagooq Insani) = 404. Mirour Property Dealers Association Mirpur 405. Channar Welfare Association 406. Rehman Welfare Society 407. Dr. Zafar Igbal Memorial Foundation Bagh 408. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Kel 409. Sheheen Welfare Society. 410. Anjuman Mohibban-e- Tareegat Azad Kashmir 411. Police Retir Welfare Association 412. Hawaili Kashmir Welfare Association 413. Anjum Falah o Behbood Ranjata Muzzaffarabad 414. Islamabad Decondary School Muzzaffarabad 415. Raees Alharar Chowdary Ghulam Abbass Memorial Mirpur Educational Foundation 416. Muddrassa Alsheed Alhussani Kotli 417. Anjuman Hussainia Titree Note Poonch 418. Younf Man Welfare Association (Majareed Jammu and Muzzaffarabad Kashmir Hal Mageem Muzzaffarabad) 419. Muhammadi Welfare Society and Blood Bank Muzzaffarabad = 420. Watan Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 421. Aisar Welfare Society Tarinabad Muzzaffarabad 422. Noor Zaman Qureshi Foundation Muzzaffarabad 423. Markaz Dawatwala Shad Jammu and Kashmir Muzzaffarabad 424. Azad Kashmir Private Schools Owners Organization 425. All Jammu and Kashmir Private Schools Muzzaffarabad 426. Awan Welfare Society Khawara Muzzaffarabad = 427. Driver Welfare Association Athmugam 428. Pensioners Welfare Association Poonch 429. International Islamic Relief Council Rawalakot 430. Inayat Welfare Foundation Muzzaffarabad 431. Nelum Organization for Social Welfare Athmuqam

432. Muzzaffarabad Welfare Association Muzzaffarabad _ 433. Friends Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad _ 434. Dar ul Aaloom Dinia and Jadeed Taleemi Dursssgah Mirpur 435. Shahdan Foundation Azad Kashmir 436. United Welfare Society Mirpur 437. Kashmir Society of Scientific and Social Research Muzzaffarabad 438. Muhammad Ali Education Society Muzzaffarabad 439. Anjuman Islahi and Smaji Behbood Bela Noorshah Muzzaffarabad 440. Jammu and Kashmir Role Welafare Organization Muzzaffarabad 441. Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Welfare Association Mirpur 442. Kashmir Homeopethic Welfare Association Mirpur 443. Red Foundation Role Education and Development Foundation 444. Al-Khidmat Alhajree Welfare Trust Kashmir Surjical Muzzaffarabad .______Hospital 445. Ithad Haq Prust Society (Sharda) Muzzaffarabad (Nelum Muzzaffarabad Velly) 446. Kashmir Welfare and Education Society Muzzaffarabad 447. Anjuman Khadman Mustafa Muzzaffarabad 448. Anjuman Flah o Behbood Koteera Chpri 449. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Hitian Muzzaffarabad 450. Dar ul Aaloom Guizar Madina Kotli 451. Anjuman Pasdan Ahlbait Bagh 452. Kashmir Academy of Sciences Azad Kashmir

453. Al-Khidmat Al-Hajri Welfare Trust Kashmir Surjical Muzzaffarabad Hospital 454. Ittehad Hag Paeast Society (Shadara) Neelum Valley 455. Kashmir Welfare and Educational Association Muzzaffarabad 456. Anjuman Khadman Mustafa, Ranjana Muzzaffarabad 457. Anjuman Falah o Behbood Kotetra Chapari 458. Muddrassa Taleem ul Quran Hattian Muzzaffarabad 459. Dar ul Aaloom Gulzar-e-Madina Kotli 460. Anjuman Passdaran-e-Ahlbaite Bagh 461. Kashmir Academy of Sciences Azad Kashmir Muzzaffarabad 462. Neelum Valley Welfare Trust Kandul Shahi Athmqam 463. Janjooa Rajput Educational Society Bagh 464. Albadar Foundation Mirpur, Azad Kashmir 465. Registration Anjuman Falah o Behbood Bela Batlian Muzzaffarabad 466. Azad Jummu Kashmir Newspapers Assocoation Muzzaffarabad 467. Aksaa Welfare Society Teaming Muzzaffarabad 468. Alkashmir Welfare Organization Rahbarkot 04.10.1997 469. Sagar School of Arts Muzzaffarabad 06.10.1997 470. Markazi Anjuman Difah Gojran Mirpur 14.10.1997 471. Pak Kashmir Women WelfareForum Muzzaffarabad 10.01.1998 472. Abdul Aziz Memorial Welfare Society Bagh 16.02.1998 473. National Welfare Foundation Mirpur 18.11.1997 474. Sat Aevash Welfare Association Poonch 17.12.1997 475. Kashmir Help Rawalakot 10.01.1998 476. Women Welfare Society Mirpur 10.01.1998 477. United Welfare Foundation Mirpur 06.04.1998 478. Alfalah Foundation Mirpur 30.04.1998 479. Kohsar Welfare and Educational Society Muzzaffarabad 14.05.1998 480. Anjuman Mahi ul Islam Saddiqia Nerian Sharif Sidhnoti 12.06.1998 481. Alguraish Welfare Society Kandal Shahi 11.06.1998 482. Global Human Welfare Organization Muzzaffarabad 20.06.1998 483. Camp Based Fizco Social Project Muzzaffarabad 23.06.1998 484. Jan Nisar Welfare Society Pallandari 04.07.1998 485. Raees Al-Ahrar Molana Muhammad Ali Johor Foundation Muzzaffarabad 23.07.1998 486. Women Welfare Society Rajoian Muzzaffarabad 30.07.1998 487. Anjum Jafaria Bod Mazzaffar Shah Muzzaffarabad 01.08.1998 488. Neelum Valley Human Welfare Society Hitian Dopata 04.08.1998 489. Young Welfare Association (Bhidi) Darah Haji Pir Bagh 16.09.1998 490. Sangi Welfare Society Dirkot 14.11.1998 491. Kashmir Welfare Society Kotli 14.11.1998 492. Al-Ansar Welfare Jammu o Kashmir 14.11.1998 493. Brohi Programme 14.10.1998 494. Zaman Welfare Trust Khai Gallea 19.10.1998 495. Programme Integrated Development (Pind) Mirpur 21.10.1998 496. Human Foundation Azad Kashmir Muzzaffarabad 19.11.1998 497. Chak Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 25.11.1998 498. National Welfare Society Moian Syedan Muzzaffarabad 13.01.1999 499. Upper Neelum Welfare Society Khowaja Seei Muzzaffarabad 28.01.1999 500. Global Friends Muzzaffarabad 98.02.1999 501. Chanar Arts and Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 04.03.1999 502. Deserves Right Trust Mirpur 13.03.1999 503. Al-Hasan Foundation Dita Doduial Azad Kashmir Doduial 22.05.1999 504. Anees Fatima Memorial Welfare Society Bagh 16.04.1999 505. Syed Hussain Shaheed Welfare Memorial Society Rawalakot 14.06.1999 506. Soni Arts and Welfare Society Muzzaffarabad 12.06.1999 507. Anjuman Moutasreen Neelum Valley Muzzaffarabad 23.06.1999 508. Young Welfare Organization Muzzaffarabad 14.06.1999 509. Shabbir Ahmed Khan Memorial Welfare Trust Muzzaffarabad 05.07.1999 510. Social Welfare Organization Jagran Muzzaffarabad 09.08.1999 511. Anjuman Tableegh ul Islam and Falah o Behbood Muzzaffarabad 09.08.1999 512. Shah Faisal Foundation Bagh 21.08.1999

Annex 7

Statistical Data from Secondary Sources Table 1: Rural Localities by Population Size (Nos.) Size/District Poonch Sudhnoti Bhimber Mirpur Total 115 60 207 227 5,000 and above 20 15 2 3 2,0004,999 51 23 51 26 1,000- 1,999 22 14 61 34 500 -999 11 3 36 66 200499 11 4 30 57 Less than 200 - 1 20 36 Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

Table 2: Area, Population by Sex, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate District Population Male Female Sex ratio Urban Avg. 19981- Both sexes Proportion HH Size 98 Avg. Annual Growth rate (% age) Poonch 411,035 207,835 203,200 102.3 13.2 7.6 2.24 Sudhnoti 224,091 108,117 115,974 93.2 7.3 7.3 1.99 Bhimber 301,633 150,897 150,736 100.1 5.4 6.7 2.6 Mirpur 333,482 170,294 163,188 104.4 34.7 6.8 2.09 Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Table 3: P pulation by Age and RuralUrban District Poonch District Sudhnoti District Bhimber District Mirpur Total Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

00-04 50,715 44,379 6,336 33,968 31,705 2,263 44,499 42,357 2,142 43,132 28,269 14,863 172,314 146,710 25,604

05-09 57,831 51,017 6,814 34,241 31,951 2,290 45,652 43,395 2,257 44,907 29,523 15,384 182,631 155,886 26,745

10-14 58,557 51,346 7,211 33,653 31,395 2,258 40,051 37,972 2,079 42,569 27,762 14,807 174,830 148,475 26,355

15-19 48,488 42,147 6,341 27,806 25,724 2,082 31,453 29,749 1,704 37,369 23,963 13,406 145,116 121,583 23,533

20-24 37,004 31,778 5,226 18,380 16,975 1,405 24,261 22,901 1,360 31,142 19,727 11,415 110,787 91,381 19,406

25-29 29,519 25,202 4,317 12,806 11,767 1,039 21,576 20,293 1,283 23,918 15,099 8,819 87,819 72,361 15,458

30-34 24,698 21,156 3,542 10,666 9,759 907 17,907 16,736 1,171 19,211 11,794 7,417 72,482 59,445 13,037

35-39 19,804 16,906 2,898 9,142 8,297 845 13,967 13,044 923 15,759 9,971 5,788 58,672 48,218 10,454

40-44 19,767 17,009 2,758 10,238 9,459 779 12,832 12,056 776 15,013 9,570 5,443 57,850 48,094 9,756

45-49 15,473 13,439 2,034 8,230 7,556 674 9,907 9,342 565 12,162 8,135 4,027 45,772 38,472 7,300

50-54 13,896 12,002 1,894 7,006 6,421 585 9,842 9,331 511 12,052 8,183 3,869 42,796 35,937 6,859

55-59 9,901 8,502 1,399 5,541 5,096 445 7,786 7,421 365 9,217 6,322 2,895 32,445 27,341 5,104

60-64 8,743 7,566 1,177 4,522 4,240 282 7,096 6,756 340 8,306 5,821 2,485 28,667 24,383 4,284

65-69 5,089 4,426 663 3,018 2,814 204 4,917 4,654 263 6,255 4,415 1,840 19,279 16,309 2,970

70-74 4,490 3,865 625 2,423 2,232 191 4,270 4,086 184 5,231 3,892 1,339 16,414 14,075 2,339

75 and above 5,060 4,192 868 2,751 2,594 157 5,617 5,396 221 7,239 5,395 1,844 20,667 17,577 3,090

ALL AGES 409,035 354,932 54,103 224,391 207,985 16,406 301,633 285,489 16,14 333,482 217,841 115,641 1,268,541 1,066,247 202,294

Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad Table 4: Population by Relationship to the Head of Household by Age group, Sex and RuralUrban Head Spouse Son I Other Non Relative Daughter Relative District Poonch Total 53,737 44,412 207,806 104,033 1,047 Male 45,919 1,043 118,624 41,453 796 Female 7,818 43,369 89,182 62,580 251 Rural Total 47,007 38,843 181,667 88,761 654 Male 33,993 998 103,802 34,928 488 Female 7,014 37,845 77,865 53,833 166 Urban Total 6,730 5,569 26,139 15,272 393 Male 5,926 45 14,882 6,525 308 Female 804 5,524 11,317 8,747 85

District Sudhnoti Total 30,614 21,029 111,509 60,142 797 Male 22,201 489 60,992 23,893 542 Female 8,413 20,540 50,517 36,249 255 Rural Total 28,624 19,383 104,235 54,826 599 Male 20,417 472 56,991 21,408 436 Female 8,225 18,911 47,244 33,418 163 Urban Total 1,972 1,646 7,274 5,316 198 Male 1,784 17 4,001 2,485 106 Female 188 1,629 3,273 2,831 92

District Bhimber Total 43,497 29,778 138,564 79,187 10,605 Male 33,083 403 75,970 30,965 10,476 Female 10.414 29,375 62,594 48,224 129 Rural Total 41,264 28,143 131,119 74,909 10,054 Male 31,282 381 71,837 29,078 9,934 Female 9,982 27,762 59,282 45,831 120 Urban Total 2,233 1,635 7,445 4,280 551 Male 1,801 22 4,133 1,887 542 Female 432 1,613 3,312 2,393 9

District Mirpur Total 48,454 37,275 153,813 88,217 5,723 Male 42,431 215 86,317 36,410 4,921 Female 6,023 37,060 67,496 51,807 802 Rural Total 32,430 24,541 100,042 58,294 2,534 Male 18 - 7,963 6,171 66 Female 4,349 24,285 43,905 35,060 458 Urban Total 16,024 12,734 53,771 29,923 3,189 Male 14,350 52 30,180 13,176 2,845 Female 1,674 12,675 23,591 16,747 344 Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Table 5: Percentage of Population by Economic categories RuraWrban Areas, 1998

District Poonch District Sudhnoti District Bhimber District Mirpur

Economic Category All Areas Rural Urban All Areas Rural Urban All Areas Rural Urban All Areas Rural Urban

Economically active 19.43 19.20 20.93 14.73 14.42 18.62 17.62 17.39 21.69 19.48 19.07 20.24

Economicallylnactive 80.57 80.80 79.07 85.27 85.58 81.38 82.38 82.61 78.31 80.52 80.93 78.76

Children below 10 years 26.89 27.29 24.31 30.44 30.65 27.7 29.89 30.04 27.25 26.40 26.53 25.16

Domestic workers 34.44 34.61 33.33 33.35 33.43 32.33 35.66 35.71 34.76 35.56 36.53 33.73

Students 13.14 12.95 14.41 14.32 14.27 14.95 10.99 10.96 11.58 11.51 10.91 12.64

All others 6.10 5.96 7.02 7.17 7.23 6.35 5.84 5.90 4.72 7.06 6.96 7.23

Labour Force participation 26.57 26.40 27.65 21.18 20.8 25.77 25.13 24.85 29.81 26.46 25.95 27.42 rate (Refined)

Un-employed rate 38.66 39.11 35.96 52.31 53.93 36.38 30.79 31.19 25.08 25.47 26.08 24.40 Source: District Census Report, 1998

Table 6(a): Employed Population (10 years and above) by Occupation and Sex (Rural) (Nos) Occupation Groups lBShimber Mirpur Poonch Sudnoti Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female

1. Legislators/Senior Officials & 86 86 - 104 104 - 120 III 9 59 52 7 managers _ 2. Professionals 1,388 817 571 1,480 1,215 265 2,449 1,808 641 1,365 633 732 3. Technicians & Associate Professionals 745 740 40 1,257 1,111 146 1,979 1,800 179 901 716 185 4. Clerks 624 624 - 618 581 37 1,920 1,804 116 391 361 30 5. Service Workers and Shops & market 2,249 2,240 9 3,640 3,610 30 5,329 5,211 118 1,908 1,783 125 Sales Workers 6. Skilled agricultural & Fishery Workers 6,624 6,569 95 5,195 4,996 199 12,958 12,719 239 3,551 2,255 1,296 7. Craft &related trades workers 969 798 171 3,951 3,899 52 3,063 2,974 89 711 711 - 8. Plant & Machine Operators 719 719 - 1,926 1,889 37 3,132 3,114 18 640 640 9. Elementary Occupations 7,637 7,546 91 12,327 11,957 370 8,917 8,707 210 3,781 3,485 296 10. Workers not classified by occupation 13,075 13,075 - 207 207 - 1,862 1,810 52 493 478 15 All Occupation Groups 34,156 33,179 977 30,705 29,569 1,136 41,729 40,058 1,671 13,800 11,114 2,686

Table 6(b): Employed Population (10 years and above) by Occupation and Sex (Urban) (Nos) Occupation Groups Bhimber MirDur Poonch Sudnoti Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female Both Sex Male Female 1. Legislators/Senior Officials & 18 17 1 261 253 8 66 62 4 9 9 - managers 2. Professionals 209 141 68 1,393 901 492 949 534 435 240 134 106 3. Technicians & Associate Professionals 156 140 16 829 711 118 492 432 60 154 133 21 4. Clerks 96 95 1 859 851 8 327 307 20 62 59 3 5. Service Workers and Shops & market 440 437 3 2,856 2,815 41 1,073 1,058 15 378 377 Sales Workers 6. Skilled agricultural & Fishery 200 198 2 7,051 6,969 82 921 840 81 127 125 2 Workers 7. Craft &related trades workers 108 107 1 3,114 3,073 41 385 379 6 56 38 18 8. Plant & Machine Operators 104 99 5 848 828 20 899 891 8 94 94 9. Elementary Occupations 655 624 31 9,843 8,677 1,166 1,866 1,684 182 691 636 55 10. Workers not classified by occupation 637 635 2 748 724 24 254 246 8 132 130 2 All Occupation Groups 2,623 2,493 130 17,698 16,767 931 7,252 6,433 819 1 ,943 1,735 208 Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Isl Table 7: Annual average income (Rs.) levels in different types of employment in various Districts in AJK, (PERI 1992 survey)*

.(Nos) District M' abad Mirpur/ Poonch i Bagh Kotli Particulars Bhimber Sudhnuti Overall

Skilled 12,000 17000 - - 19200 17857 Un-skilled 10,290 13245 12839 11341 12274 11764 Government 20,336 19728 21700 20260 18764 20243

Industry 21,000 20653 20500 - 13520.0 19183

Agriculture - - - - 14400 14400 Selfemployment 20,903 26272 19211 18491 17812 20076 Source:- Socio economic study of Azad Jammu & Kashmir PERI, November 1992. Based on survey of 950 households in 96 villages of AJK. Households had migrants. ** 1998 census figures are not available.

Table 8: Households Cash Income of Sample Farm Households-1990

Items Household Cash Income (Rs.) 101,900 - Farm Cash Income (%) 40.3 - Off-Farm Income (%) 29.7 Share of Remittances in Off-Farm Income (%) 44.0 Share of Remittances in Household Income (%) 26.3 Net Household Income (RS.) 73553 *

* Household cash Income Minus Imputed cost per farm. *- Inputed costs are those for which no cash expenditures has been incurred. Instead these are met by using already available resources such as family labour.

Source:- Northern Resource Management Project with assistance of overseas Economics Research Institute. Table 9: Number and area of farms by size of farm (in Hectares) Size of Farm Number of Farm Area Cultivated Area Cultivated Average Size of

______Farm Total %/bage Total %age Total %age Area as % Farrn Cultivated

______of Farm Area Area Total 277599 100 322172 100 172821 100 54 1.2 0.6 Under 0.5 89508 32 24142 7 17377 10 72 0.3 0.2 0.5 to under 1.0 81637 29 55679 17 35364 20 64 0.7 0.4 1.0 - under 2.0 63882 23 84817 26 49053 28 58 1.3 0.8 2.0 - under 3.0 22624 8 52432 16 28072 16 54 2.3 1.2 3.0 - under 5.0 13405 5 48552 15 25199 15 52 3.6 1.9 5.0 - under 10.0 4978 2 30997 10 11152 6 36 6.2 2.2 10.0 - under 20.0 1246 - 15621 5 4252 2 27 12.5 3.4 20.0 to under 60.0 304 - 8430 8 1927 1 23 27.7 6.3 60 and Above 15 - 1502 - 425 - 28 100.1 28.3 Source: Agriculture Census 1990

Table 10: Farm area by tenure and size of farm (in Hectares) Tenant Oprated Area Size of Farm Total Farm Owner Total Share- Leased Other Area Operated Cropped Area Private Farms - Total 322172 288805 33376 3061 2520 27794 Under 0.5 24142 22920 1222 80 92 1048 0.5 to under 1.0 55679 51720 3959 346 243 3269 1.0 - under 2.0 84817 76922 7896 843 788 6265 2.0 - under 3.0 52432 46561 5870 691 402 4775 3.0 - under 5.0 48552 42334 6221 694 448 5082 5.0 - under 10.0 30997 26111 4887 277 279 4332 10.0 - under 20.0 15621 12906 2718 127 86 2506 20.0 to under 60.0 8430 7889 542 3 82 456

60 and Above 1502 1442 61 - - 61 Agriculture Census 1990

Table 11: Cultivated area by mode of irrigation and size of farm (in Hectares) Actual Land Irrigated Not irrigated Size (Hectares) Total Total By By By By By By By Sailaba Barani Cultiva Canal Canal Tube Tank / Spring Karez unspec ted Only and well Bandat Rodkohi only ified Area Tube only only only source I well Total Farms 172821 11227 3554 - 152 3860 2178 - 1480 351 161239 Under 0.5 17377 1913 599 - 7 780 391 - 137 19 15442 0.5 to under l 35364 2270 808 - 19 688 549 - 201 49 33049 1.0 - under 2 49053 2225 801 - 20 600 537 - 301 51 46744 2.0 - under 3 28072 1004 371 - 21 286 247 - 75 95 26975

3.0 - under 5 25199 1231 306 - 38 519 _ 145 - 225 120 23849 5.0 - under 10 11152 890 354 - 26 137 150 222 15 10245 10.0 - under 20 4552 826 313 - 20 399 84 9 2 3423 20.0 to under 60 1927 800 2 - 1 423 65 3101 - 1127 60 and Above 425 38 - 28 10 - -| 385 Agriculture Census 1990 Table 12: Cropped area by crops in Azad Kashmir from 1990-91 to 1997-98 (Hectares)

Crops 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98

Maize 122,980 122,844 121,981 121,981 121,981 122,301 123,190 123,211 Wheat 87,093 81,874 87,093 87,093 86,670 87,670 85,129 85,166 Rice 3,087 7,244 3,087 3,087 3,087 3,087 3,082 3,086 Jawar 2,931 2,830 2,630 2,670 2,735 2,735 2,740 2,732 Bajra 9,651 9,400 9,595 9,540 9,580 9,610 9,604 9,622 Potato 230 213 255 255 273 273 28 285 Gram 5,161 4,775 5,058 5,070 5,195 5,230 5,210 5,215 Rape & Mustard 3,121 2,421 3,049 3,061 3,085 3,085 3,028 3,090 Others 8,146 7,233 10,982 10,470 10,820 10,921 1,093 10,938

Total 131,488 238,621 243,475 242,972 243,153 244,639 233,076 243,061

Sources: Agriculture Department, Muzaffarabad Table 13: Number and Production Vegetables In Azad Kashmir from 1994-95 to 1997-98

Vegetables 1997-98 1996-97 1996-95 1994-95 Area in Production Area in Production Area in Production Area in Production acres in Tons acres in Tons acres in Tons acres in Tons Kharif Lady finger 58 264 61 271 60 270 63 278 Tinda 14 70 16 74 14 72 16 75 Bringal 240 1,126 242 1,129 240 1,128 242 1,133 Bitter ground 18 85 15 74 16 75 17 78 Bottle ground 29 140 28 135 3 144 34 16 Pumpkin 12 56 10 44 11 55 12 57 Others 226 973 228 975 221 972 225 978

Total 597 2,714 600 2,702 592 2,716 609 2,615 Rabi Turnip 1,034 1,167 1,033 1,166 1,033.00 1,167.00 1,036 1,171 Carrot 29 138 28 137 29.00 131.00 29 136 Spinach 112 531 110 526 111.00 530.00 112 532 Tomato 113 499 112 497 112.00 497.00 113 500 Cauliflower 76 317 74 313 75.00 314.00 78 342 Cabbage 96 449 96 448 95.00 439.00 96 442 Peas 88 384 89 386 90.00 385.00 92 387 Radish 209 1,167 211 1,17 210.00 1,176.00 208 1,175 Other 163 714 160 712 158.00 711.00 165 740 Total 1,920 5,366 1,913 5,355 1,913 5,350 1,929 5,425 Sources: Agriculture Department, Muzaffarabad Table 14: Number and Production of Kharif and Rabi Fruits b e of fruits Fruit Trees 1997-98 1996-97 1996-95 1994-95 No. of Producti No. of Producti No. of Producti No. of Producti Fruit Trees on in Fruit on in Fruit on in Fruit on in Tons Trees Tons Trees Tons Trees Tons Kharif Fruits Apple 1,024,618 53,150 990,490 51,104 955,072 4,867 950,621 45,453 Apricot 177,114 3,310 175,094 3,230 172,890 3,035 17,049 282 Almond 43,980 493 42,367 491 40,535 488 38,476 485 Banan 2,580 35 2,360 34 2,339 33 223 30 Plums 66,820 9,956 64,242 9,860 63,438 9,776 60,392 9,506 Guava 193,283 386,500 192,775 3,855 194,672 4,195 190,563 408 Mango 27,382 711 26,551 690 25,611 679 24,255 637 Pears 66,894 173,900 65,414 1,700 63,691 1,693 60,691 1,548 Peaches 22,204 229 20,574 225 18,533 211 1,445 175 Walnuts 122,430 352,100 121.957 3,480 119,544 336 115,432 3,192 Pomegrenat 6,982 98 6,539 97 5,897 95 5,635 88 Others 231,618 2,680 228,504 2,610 224,618 257 202,716 2,496

Total 1,985,905 970,787 1,936,867 77,376 1,886,840 25,665 1,667,498 64,300 Rabi Fruits Citru 75,014 2,140 73,124 2,001 70,837 1,872 68,377 1,695 Banana 6,710 3,950 6,642 39 6,533 38 6,450 37 Ber - - - - 5,995 86 5,685 83 Guava 221,134 5,307 218,922 5,240 214,832 5,153 208,375 5,052 Loqat 35,322 826 33,342 783 31,220 735 28,499 628 Figs 14,910 336 13,880 315 13,406 320 12,535 285 Cherry 2,773 40 2,653 38 2,557 38 2,468 36 Others 153,445 1,749 146,972 1,660 147,000 1,691 138,432 1,560 Total 437,123 7,999 436,396 7,986 492,380 9,933 470,821 9,376 Agriculture Census 1990 Table 15: District wise break-up of livestock Livestock Type M, abad Mirpur/ Poonch / Bagh Kotli Azad Bhimber Sudhnuti Kashmir CATTLE * 1997-98 222,146 94,011 78,119 61,532 72,673 528,481 1996-97 222,146 94,011 78,119 61,532 72,673 528,481 1995-96 195,538 95,643 60,639 85,672 4,187 479,362 1994-95 19,574 9,667 60,998 85,622 41,978 481,008 BUFFALOES * 1997-98 82,636 104.310 95,391 61,041 143,284 486,662 1996-97 82,636 104,310 95,391 61,041 143,284 486,662 1995-96 76,168 120,387 104,436 90,242 104,767 496,000 1994-95 7,628 120,425 10,124 90,186 109,059 337,422 GOATS X X X = * 1997-98 261,449 233,771 177,131 83,433 328,162 1,083,946 1996-97 261,449 233,771 177,131 83,433 328,162 1,083,946 1995-96 199,145 251,225 155,488 50,753 188,548 875,159 1994-95 199,452 252,976 156,998 81,185 189,549 880,160 SHEEP * 1997-98 90,372 10,086 53,217 25,051 31,642 210,368 1996-97 90,372 10,086 53,217 25,051 31,642 210,368 1995-96 88,699 6,469 73,398 28,688 7,768 205,022 1994-95 86,925 6,357 71,847 28,252 7,629 201,010 Source: Animal Husbandry Department, Muzaffarabad *Note: Figures are estimated based on the livestock census of Azad Kashmir in 1980 and 1986 by ACO Table 16: Units of electricity sold by category and district from 1992-98 Unit sold in (million KWH) Item 1992-93 1995-96 1997-98 Azad Kashmir 322.639 327.490 408.347 Domestic 196.386 212.597 275.565 Commercial 27.884 34.752 44.785 Industrial 98369 71.321 87.997 Muzaffarabad District 52.728 63.050 79.836 Domestic 37.002 43.177 54.452 Commercial 10.291 14.270 15.887 Industrial 5.435 5.603 9.497 Baizh District 17.055 21.526 26A54 Domestic 14.004 19.021 21.665 Commercial 2.351 1.850 4.041 Industrial 0.700 0.655 0.781 Poonch District 39.954 37.449 36.720 Domestic 35.790 33.352 32.403 Commercial 3.120 3.753 3.641 Industrial 1.044 0.844 0.676 Sudnuti District -- 12.854 Domestic . 11.143 Commercial . 0.824 Industrial . 0.887 Kotli District 40.751 53.013 68.666 Domestic 34A83 45.660 58.793 Commercial 2.807 3.714 5.505 Industrial 3.461 3.639 4.368 Mirpur District 172.151 151.952 137393 Domestic 75.107 80387 71.055 Commercial 9.315 10.985 10.209 Industrial 87.729 60.580 56.129 Bhimber 46.424 Domestic . 26.054 Commercial . 4.678 Industrial . . 15.692 Source: Electricity Department, Muzaffarabad Table 17: Health Institutions and ersonnel from 1992 - 98 1992-93 1994-95 1996-97 1997-98 Hospitals Numbers 12 13 14 14 Beds 918 868 1282 1282

Dispensaries Numbers 462 462 462 469 Beds 220 220 220 220

Rural Health Centers Numbers 22 23 29 29 Beds 216 228 324 324

Number of Doctors 419 449 466 503 Number of Nurses 96 92 114 114 Number LHV 86 114 120 168 Source: AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998 Table 18: Population (10 Years and above) by Literacy and Educational Attainment

Total Illiterate Literate Literacy Below Above Total Formal Informal Rate Matric Matric Matric

Sudhnoti Both sex 155,882 63,578 92,304 91,514 790 59.21 74,396 11,704 5,414 Male 72,839 16,746 56,093 55,833 260 77.01 44,681 7,320 3,832 Female 83,043 46,832 36,211 35,681 530 43.61 29,715 4,384 1,582 Rural Both sex 144029 59295 84734 84030 704 58.83 69330 10323 4377 Male 66,950 15140 51,810 51,596 214 77.39 41901 6477 3218 Female 77,079 44155 32,924 32,434 490 42.71 27429 3846 1159 Urban Both sex 11853 4283 7570 7484 86 63.87 5066 1381 1037 Male 5,889 1606 4,283 4,237 46 72.73 2780 843 614 Female 5,964 2677 3,287 3,247 40 55.11 2286 538 423

Poonch Both sex 300,489 98,502 201,987 200,587 1,400 67.22 151,780 31,394 17,413 Male 151,250 29,907 121,343 120,813 530 80.23 88,949 19,783 12,081 Female 149,239 68,595 80,644 79,774 870 54.04 62,831 11,611 5,332 Rural Both sex 259,536 87,076 172,460 171,209 1,251 66.45 132,197 26,022 12,990 Male 130,375 25,758 104,617 104,160 457 80.24 78,011 16,719 9,430 Female 129,161 61,318 67,843 67,049 794 52.53 54,186 9,303 3,560 Urban Both sex 40,953 11,426 29,527 29,378 149 72.10 19,583 5,372 4,423 Male 20,875 4,149 16,726 16,653 73 80.12 10,938 3,064 2,651 Female 20,078 7,277 12,801 12,725 76 63.76 8,645 2,308 1,772

Mirpur Both sex 245,443 99,021 146,422 145,234 1,188 59.66 110,439 20,411 14,384 Male 125,254 36,983 88,271 87,801 470 70.47 64,725 13,495 9,581 Female 120,189 62,038 58,151 57,433 718 48.38 45,714 6,916 4,803 Rural Both sex 160,049 73,252 86,797 86,125 672 54.23 70,302 10,528 5,295 Male 80,285 26,737 53,548 53,261 287 66.70 41,999 7,416 3,846 Female 79,764 46,515 33,249 32,864 385 41.68 28,303 3,112 1,449 Urban Both sex 85,394 25,769 59,625 59,109 516 69.82 40,137 9,883 9,089 Male 44,969 10,246 34,723 34,540 183 77.22 22,726 6,079 5,735 Female 40,425 15,523 24,902 24,569 333 61.60 17,411 3,804 3,354

Bhimber Both sex 211,482 89,052 122,430 121,488 942 57.89 96,867 16,971 7,650 Male 104,453 28,715 75,738 75,328 410 72.51 57,981 11,828 5,519 Female 107,029 60,337 46,692 46,160 532 43.63 38,886 5,143 2,131 Rural Both sex 199,737 85,378 114,359 113,436 923 57.25 91,675 15,305 6,456 Male 98,405 27,338 71,067 70,666 401 72.22 55,133 10,802 4,731 Female 101,332 58,040 43,292 42,770 522 42.72 36,542 4,503 1,725 Urban Both sex 11,745 3,674 8,071 8,052 19 68.72 5,192 1,666 1,194 Male 6,048 1,377 4,671 4,662 9 77.23 2,848 1,026 788 Female 5,697 2,297 3,400 3,390 10 59.68 2,344 640 406

Source: 1998, District Census Report, Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad Table 19: Number of Educational Institutions sex wise from 1988 - 1998

1988 1991 1995 1998 Primary Schools Boys 1778 2360 2370 2380 Girls 1432 2013 2030 2039 Total 3210 4373 4400 4419

Middle Schools Boys 423 116 445 445 Girls 369 408 410 410 Total 792 854 855 855

High Schools Boys 285 255 299 300 Girls 140 155 140 143 Total 425 410 439 443

Inter Colleges Boys 27 19 19 17 Girls 8 19 15 20 Total 35 38 34 37

De2ree Colleges Boys 9 19 19 17 Girls 4 6 10 16 Total 13 25 29 33 Source: AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998

Table 20: Nature of Tenure (Precentage) by Rural/Urban, 1998

District Poonch District Sudhnoti District Bhimber District Mirpur Tenure All Rural Urban All Rural Urban All Rural Urban All Rural Urban Areas Areas Areas Areas All Types 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Owned 97.65 98.26 93.38 98.17 98.67 90.81 96.40 97.26 80.32 76.75 84.32 61.39 Rented 0.80( 0.32 4.21 0.77 0.44 5.54 1.79 0.98 16.99 13.49 5.70 29.3 Rent Free 1.55 1.42 2.41 1.07 0.89 3.66 1.81 1.76 2.69 9.76 9.98 9.31

Due to rounding the figures may not add upto exactly 100 Source: District Census report, 1998 Table 21 :Housing Units (Percentage) by Kitchen, Bath Room and Latrine Facilities by RuralUUrban,1998 District Poonch District Sudhnoti District Bhimber District Mirpur All All All All Housing Facilities Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban Kitchen All forms 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Separate 31.14 29.09 45.5 30.64 29.52 46.98 53.44 52.82 65.11 61.61 60.11 64.65 Shared 26.89 25.39 37.45 23.02 22.79 26.26 9.60 9.09 19.27 18.02 1.69 18.68 None 41.96 45.53 17.04 46.34 17.69 26.76 36.95 38.09 15.62 20.37 22.20 16.67

Bathroom All forms 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Separate 21.8 19.59 37.27 17.32 16.14 34.48 39.69 39.16 47.67 53.94 51.67 58.54 Shared 16.12 13.68 33.12 10.61 9.56 25.80 10.25 8.94 34.84 20.72 17.73 26.80 None 62.08 66.73 29.61 72.07 74.30 39.72 50.16 51.90 17.49 25.34 30.60 14.66

Latrine All forms 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Separate 16.64 14.08 34.56 8.00 6.68 27.17 15.85 14.36 43.65 45.48 39.64 57.31 Shared 12.05 9.92 26.96 4.91 3.71 22.35 6.15 4.62 34.84 18.47 13.98 27.59 None 71.31 76.00 38.48 87.10 89.62 50.48 78.01 81.02 21.51 36.05 46.38 15.10

Due to rounding the figures may not add upto exactely 100 Source: District Census report, 1998

Table 22: Material used Roofs (Percentage) by Rural/Urban, 1998 District Poonch District Sudhnoti District Bhimber District Mirpur All All All All Roof Material Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban Areas Rural Urban All Categories 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 RCC/RBC 5.32 4.33 12.22 2.40 1.64 13.51 38.02 36.89 59.13 60.76 54.46 73.54 Cement/iron Sheet 27.15 23.98 49.26 32.16 30.43 57.19 21.45 21.38 22.65 20.34 24.25 12.42 Wood/Bamboo 60.84 65.59 27.61 56.62 59.74 11.38 39.30 40.70 13.20 11.96 14.08 7.66 Others 6.70 6.10 10.91 8.82 8.19 17.93 1.23 1.03 5.02 6.93 7.21 6.37 Due to rounding the figures may not add upto exactely 100 Source: District Census report, 1998 Table 23: Road Kilometers by type maintained by Highway dept. & PWD 1991- 1998

1991 1993 1995 1998 High type 2717 2829 2077 3034 Low type 556 415 1261 749 Total 3273 3244 3338 3783 Source: AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998

Table 24: Number of vehicles on road by tvre from 1991 - 98

1991 1993 1995 1998 M. Car, Jeeps & wagons 9397 4580 10982 10473 M. Cycles and Scooters 8142 6471 11608 13699 Taxis and Auto Rickshaws 750 810 4989 1738 Trucks and delivery vans 4147 3364 5718 4037 Buses 1174 322 921 1885 Others 2548 2099 5209 1183

Total 26158 16640 39427 33015 Source: AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998 Annex 8 Poverty - Meaning and Perceptions

Poverty, its meaning in various contexts and most of all its measurement has spawned an extensive literature. Poverty is relative, its causes, form and manifestations and most of all perceptions regarding it may vary considerably. To understand poverty in a given context one needs to know what type of households are unable to generate incomes above the poverty lines; in other words what are the key demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the poor? What determines the depth of poverty? as reflected by the poverty gap. Is poverty chronic, or is it essentially transitional? Poverty is a multi-dimensional concept involving not only economic but also social deprivation. While access to certain quantity of food, is an important measure, so is access to services such as health care, drinking water, sanitary facilities and education.

As part of a study' people in 60 countries were asked to analyze and share ideas of well being (a good experience of life) and ill being (a bad experience of life). Well being was variously described as happiness, peace, freedom from anxiety & peace of mind. Ill being was generally described as lack of material things, as bad experiences and as bad feelings about oneself, lack of self confidence etc.

Although the nature of ill-being and poverty varies among locations and people - something that policy responses must take into account - there is a striking commonality across countries. Material well being turns out to be very important. Lack of food, shelter and clothing is mentioned everywhere as critical. Alongside the material, physical well being features prominently in the characterizations of poverty. And the two meld together when lack of food leads to ill health - or when ill health leads to inability to earn income. People speak about the importance of looking well fed. Security of income is closely tied to health. But insecurity extends beyond ill health. Crime and violence are often mentioned by poor people. Two social aspects of ill being and poverty also emerged. For many poor people, well being means the freedom of choice and action and the power to control one's life.

What Poverty Means in AJK People generally perceive poverty as inability to earn regular cash income. Apart from income poverty, perceptions vary across regions. Usually female headed households and/ or households with sick or disabled male members are considered poor. Other indicators of poverty include qualifying for 'zakat', landlessness, 'katcha' (made out of less permanent material) house etc. In Mirpur households without monetary transfers and remittances from abroad are considered poor.

Poverty - Measurement

Using monetary income or consumption to identify and measure poverty has a long tradition. A key building block in developing income and consumption measures of poverty is the poverty line - the critical cut-off in income or consumption below which an individual or household is determined to be poor. Data on education and health which can be collected at the individual level are also valuable because they allow a gender-disaggregated perspective on key dimensions of poverty. Other important aspects while understanding the meaning and measurement of poverty are vulnerability, voicelessness and powerlessness.

' Narayan, Chambers, Shah and Petesch 2000; Narayan, Patel, Schafft, Rademacher, and Koch-Schulte 2000 A recent urban study2 conducted in four poor communities in cities whose countries were experiencing economic difficulties during the 1980s (Lusaka-Zambia, Guayaquil-Ecudor, Metro Manila-Phillipines and Budapest-Hungary) developed a classification of assets appropriate for the urban poor identified in terms of an asset vulnerability framework. This includes the well tangible assets such as labour and human capital prioritized in the WDR (World Bank), but is a more inclusive framework that comprises less familiar productive assets such as housing and largely invisible intangible assets such as household relations and social capital.

The asset framework goes beyond a static measuring of the poor, towards classifying the capabilities of poor populations to use their resources to reduce their vulnerability. Research results from all the four communities illustrate how portfolio management affects vulnerability. Asset management includes labour with multiple earners with high income levels as the optimum strategy; human capital with better educated households faring well; productive assets such as housing with home owners having considerable advantages; household relations, where suitable nuclear or small extended households with low levels of intra-household conflict do best and finally social capital, with active reciprocal support networks within communities, particularly between women, and participation in community activities, facilitating trust and collaboration.

Vulnerability being a dynamic concept, its measurement centers on the variability of income or consumption or on the variability of well being indicated by physical assets, human capital, income diversification, links to networks, participation in the formal safety nets, access to credit markets etc. Vulnerability to non-income risks can me measured by the prevalence of risks like crime, natural disasters, wars etc.

3The World Bank has been estimating global income poverty figures since 1990. The latest round of estimation, in October 1999, used new sample survey data and price information to obtain comparable figures. Poverty estimates are based on consumption or income data collected through household surveys. To compare consumption levels across countries , estimates of price levels are drawn from the World Bank's Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) estimates based on new price data generated by the International Comparison Programme (ICP) which now covers 110 countries and a more comprehensive set of commodities. The 1990 calculations of the poverty lines have been updated using 1993 price data and PPP estimates. The lower poverty line determined is $1 a day and upper line $2 a day. The $1 & $2 a day poverty estimates are useful only as indicators of global progess, not to assess progress at the country level or to guide country policy and program formulation. Country specific poverty lines are not affected by international price comparisons.

The poverty line in Pakistan is currently estimated at between Rs.2,800 and Rs.4,700 per month for a household of six members, depending upon location. These estimates have been arrived at by increasing the poverty line estimates for 1996-97 in accordance with the cumulative increase in the consumer price index (CPI) between 1996-97 and 1999-20004

Commonly used measure of poverty is the head count ratio, which gives the proportion of total population falling below the poverty line. The poverty line is derived in Pakistan on the basis of income which can provide daily intake of 2250 calories per person. According to calorie based poverty, the incidence of poverty declined sharply from 46.5 per cent in 1969-70 to 17.3 per cent in 1987-88.

Trends in Poverty - Head Count (poor households as percentage of population)

Year I Total I Rural I Urban

2 The study was undertaken within the Urban Development Division of the World Bank in collaboration with the local NGOs and researchers. For details see Moser (1996, 1997) Moser & Holland (1997b) Moser & Mcllawaine (1997a. 1997b) 3 World Development Report 2000/ 2001 4 Social Development in Pakistan - Annual review 2000 - Social Policy & Development Centre 1963-64 40.24 38.94 44.53 1966-67 44.50 45.62 40.96 1969-70 46.53 49.11 38.76 1979 30.68 32.51 25.94 1984-85 24.47 25.87 21.17 1987-88 17.32 18.32 14.99 1990-91 22.11 23.59 18.64 1992-93 22.40 23.35 15.50 1996-97 31.00 32.00 27.00 1998-99 32.60 34.80 25.90 Source: Economic Survey 1999-2000, Govt. of Pakistan, Finance Division, Islamabad

Poverty can also be measured by basic needs approach which is based on income distribution. In this approach, a basket of basic needs consisting of food, clothing, housing, education, transport, basic health, potable water etc. are taken into consideration. According to this approach poverty has increased from 28.6 per cent in 1986-87 to 35.7 per cent in 1993-94. It also suggests that poverty has increased at a greater pace in rural areas than in urban areas. Poverty profile under this approach is given in the following table

Relative Indicators under Basic Needs Approach (based on distribution of income)

Measures(%) Total Rural Urban 1986-87 28.6 28.1 28.8 1987-88 29.2 30.1 28.9 1990-91 29.4 29.1 31.3 1992-93 35.9 39.1 29.7 1993-94 35.7 37.3 29.9 Source: Economic Survey 1999-2000, Govt. of Pakistan, Finance Division, Islamabad

The poverty of opportunity is yet another way to measure the incidence of poverty. It reflects the real causes of wider human suffering as a satisfactory measure of poverty. This index is a composite of deprivation in three vital dimensions i.e income, health, education.

Poverty of Opportunity - Trends

Years Poverty of Health Poverty of Education Poverty of Income Overall Poverty of Opportunities______Opportunities Opportunities Opportunities (POPI) 1970 55 77 40 61 1975 49 74 35 58 1980 46 73 38 56 1985 42 67 25 51 1990 36 62 20 46 1995 30 58 30 44 Reduction in Index 25 19 10 17 Source: Economic Survey 1999-2000, Govt. of Pakistan, Finance Division, Islamabad

The table shows that the opportunities for poor have sharply declined from 61 per cent in 1970 to 44 per cent in 1995 - a 17 percentage point reduction in 25 years. Poverty in Pakistan and AJK There is general consensus that poverty in Pakistan has increased in the 1990s5. The rise in poverty is mainly attributed to declining economic growth, persistence of severe macro-economic imbalances, reduction in the flow of remittances from overseas Pakistani workers, lack of social safety nets and poor governance. Some economic reform initiatives like privatization, withdrawl of subsidies may have temporarily hurt the position of low income groups in the transition phase.

Today almost on third of the population of Pakistan is poor. This translates into 46 million people currently living below the poverty line. The incidence of poverty increased sharply during the 1990s whereas one in five families was living in poverty at the beginning of the decade, the proportion is now one in three. The incidence of poverty varies substantially within Pakistan, being significantly higher in rural areas. Pockets of extreme poverty, in which as much as half the population lives in poverty exist in rural Sindh and Balochistan.Poverty tends to be concentrated in large families that have few earners and high dependency ratios. Households in which head of the household is illiterate or has a primary level education and is under or unemployed. Female headed household, and households; that either do not own assets or have access to transfers. In rural areas, ownership of land or livestock is the single greatest factor contributing to poverty alleviation; in urban areas access to employment and the acquisition of skills/ education make the greatest contributions. Much of Pakistan's poverty is chronic, with almost 70 percent of the country's poor households headed by someone who is either illiterate, elderly, or female. Overall poverty of opportunity, measured in terms of access to basic education and health services, is even more pronounced than income poverty6.

Basic figures on incidence of poverty, per capita income and poverty line in Pakistan are presented below. Figures for AJK are not available. However based on the sample survey (Social Assessment April 2001) per capita per month income figures (excluding remittances from expatriates) comes to around Rs.946, which is slightly lower than the rural average (Rs.1,025) estimate for Pakistan.

Per Capita Monthly Poverty Line (Rs. per Incidence of poverty (% of Income (Rs) capita per month) poor) Urban Punjab 1,245 639 33 Sindh 1,352 610 20 NWFP 1,101 465 18 Balochistan 1,100 664 35 Pakistan 1,270 618 27

R ural ______Punjab 1,052 485 29 Sindh 745 564 53 NWFP 686 390 24 Balochistan 681 551 54 Pakistan 921 484 32 Total Punjab 1,105 527 30 Sindh 1,036 586 37 NWFP 746 401 23 Balochistan 762 573 49 Pakistan 1,025 523 31 Source: SPDC estimates based on HIES (1996-97)

Key characteristics influencing incidence of poverty in AJK are discussed below. Household Size, Number of Earners vs. Dependents

5Economic Survey 1999-2000, Govt. of Pakistan, Finance Division, Islamabad 6 Social Development in Pakistan - Annual Review 2000 - Social Policy & Development Centre The average household size in AJK according to the AJK Statistical Yearbook 1998 is 7. Sample survey findings corroborate this data. Majority of the sample shows households with 1-2 earning members. Almost every household has one member involved agriculture related activities carrying out subsistence farming and livestock breeding. Farm income however is not a significant contributor to household income. Larger households tend to be poorer because of more dependents. Therefore, the behavior whereby poor families desire a large number of children to contribute to the family income as a means for rising out of poverty is often counterproductive, at least in the short term.

Female Headed Households

Traditionally women acquire the status of head of a household in two eventualities. First when men migrate in search of better economic prospects and women temporarily take charge. A lot of such instances are found in AJK where the phenomenon of out-migration is common. Following Table presents a district-wise break-up of major occupation groups. It shows estimates for expatriate males in terms of percentage of work force.

Expatriates M'abad (%) Bagh Poonch Sudhnoti Kotli Bhimber Mirpur E() (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Expatriates 2 8 30 5 22 12 40 In Pakistan 23 35 N.A N.A 13 N.A N.A Labour 33 18 27 45 12 40 24 Service 6 4 8 15 8 19 6 Source sample survey -Social Assessment 2001

Sample survey has also shown that in a lot of cases, in the event of the migration of the head of the household, has resulted in the position being assumed by some other male member from the extended family. Remittances from Pakistan and abroad have helped numerous families break the cycle of poverty.

Second instance is when the male head of a household dies or permanently abandons or departs from the household, leaving the woman to provide for her family. In this case, the probability of the household being poor is high. The experience of developing countries shows that, as heads of households, women face all kinds of cultural, social, legal and economic obstacles that men even poor men do not. These include longer work hours and lower wages. In AJK the traditional social safety nets like large extended family and biradari networks are present that may provide a cushion of security for such households. Around 20% of the households in AJK are female.

Data on the number of such households receiving transfers is not available. In the absence of such data it is difficult to establish a relationship with household poverty. Asset Ownership

The poor in AJK usually lack both income and assets. In economies in which wealth and status come from land/ property, disadvantaged households are typically land-poor or land less. While people in AJK generally cite landlessness as a criteria for poverty, income poverty is deemed more important as the major cash flows are from off-farm income. Figures show that 84% of the farms are smaller than 2 hectares. The land ownership pattern thus reflects ownership of small parcels by a considerable number of households. The sample survey findings reveal that 90 per cent of households own land and livestock.

Employment Status

Besides having lower incomes and fewer assets than the non-poor, the poor are generally unemployed or underemployed and are wage earners. Often people alternate between farming and labor during and after the cropping season mainly to supplement income. In periods of low economic activity, daily wage earners, are the most adversely affected. Unemployment rate in AJK is 36%. Field study shows that for a HH size of 10 persons, there is only one person involved in cash earning and 1-2 persons involved in subsistence farming.

Transfers Transfers are an important source of income for households in AJK. In AJK remittances from both within and outside Pakistan, are instrumental in improving the standard of living of the recipient households. Remittances are mainly from the UK and Middle-east in addition to those made from Pakistan. Data on the amount and volume of transfers in AJK is not available, it is however a known fact that such transfers are successful in pulling a significant proportion of households out of poverty. The Socio-economic survey of 1992 notes that 44% of off-farm income and 26.3% of Households income was from remittances. Annex. 9

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