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Epidemiological Week No. 49 (2-8 Dec 2006) 14 Dec 06/ Vol. 55/ DEWS 2006-49 Reporting Units...............................................................2 Total number of consultations ........................................2 DEWS Data, Epidemiological Week N0 49 2006............3 DEWS Data, Monthly Summary (Epidemiological Weeks N0 46-49) ........................................................................4 Acute Watery Diarrhoea .................................................5 Bloody Diarrhoea............................................................6 Acute Jaundice Syndrome..............................................6 Malaria ............................................................................7 Measles ..........................................................................7 Acute Respiratory Infection ............................................8 Other Reportable Diseases and Conditions ...................8 Outbreak Alert and Response ........................................9 Number of reported cases and deaths per District, AJK ......................................................................................10 Muzaffarabad in Winter Number of reported cases and deaths per District, Picture by Shahzad Alam Khan NWFP ...........................................................................11 In the past month (Epidemiological In week 49, there were 2 deaths weeks 46-49 inclusive), 143,111 health reported from acute Watery diarrhoea events under surveillance were reported One from Muzaffarabad district and one including 82 deaths from Mansehra district. Seven suspected cases of meningitis This week, there were 292 reporting reported this week, all cases were from units contributing to the report. Muzaffarabad district In week 49, Total 66,429 consultations In this week 49, Malaria cases were were reported, with 15 deaths increased by 28% (from 636 to 455 cases). The Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report (WMMR) is published by the Ministry of Health of Pakistan (MOH) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The WMMR is built on surveillance data that health service providers and NGOs transmit on a weekly basis from health facilities and hospitals in those areas affected by the earthquake that struck Pakistan on 8 October 2005. The WMMR objectives are to monitor the trend of health conditions over a period of time and provide vital information to all health partners. The WMMR is only a snapshot of the health conditions in those facilities where events are registered and data collected and does not necessarily reflect the situation from other health facilities. The WMMR is a publication that has been developed for emergencies and previously used in other areas such as the Darfur Crisis. The WMMR is produced with the financial support of AAI Australia, Americares, CIDA, Denmark, DFID, ECHO, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Monaco, Norway, SIDA, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, USAID The WMMR is published by the World Health Organization (WHO), Health Emergency Operation Centre, House #6, Street #20, F-7/2, Islamabad, Pakistan For More Information, please contact: Dorcas Taylor, Epidemiologist, WHO/EHA/Pakistan; [email protected] or Dr. Birjees Mazher Kazi, Chief, Public Health Laboratories Division, NIH MOH; [email protected] or WHO Webpage: http://www.whopak.org/disaster WMMR Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report Pakistan 14 Dec 2006 / Vol. 55/ DEWS 2006 -49 Reporting Units The number of sites able to report decreased by 30 this week and the reporting timeliness of the DEWS systems has also decreased at the current Epidemiological week compared with week 48. See Table 1 for summary statistics. Table1. Reported heath facilities by district, Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan, 11 Nov - 8 Dec 2006. Reporting Health Facilities Area Population 11-17 Nov 18-24 Nov 25Nov-1Dec 2-8 Dec Week 46 Week 47 Week 48 Week 49 Muzaffarabad 894,364 98 73 82 80 Bagh 452,532 44 46 46 44 Poonch 633,712 64 66 66 67 Mansehra / Balakot 1,154,804 65 66 67 58 Battagram / Shangla 592,256 42 40 42 43 Total 3,727,668 313(96%) 322(99%) 303(93%) 292(90%) Total number of consultations In week 49, there was a decrease in the number of reporting sites, AND number of consultations also decreased to 66,642. The highest number of consultations by district was in Muzaffarabad, with 19,231 and the lowest was in Battagram, at 5,623. The weather in week 49 was cold and rainy or snowy throughout most of the affected districts, which may have contributed to the decline in consultations. No. Unit Reporting Units and Consultations No. Consult. 200000 300 Reporting Unit Consultation 250 150000 200 100000 150 100 50000 50 0 0 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 W51 W52 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30 W31 W32 W33 W34 W35 W36 W37 W38 W39 W40 W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 Week Figure 1. Weekly trend of reporting units and total number of consultations, Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan, 15 October 2005 – 8 Dec 2006. 2 WMMR Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report Pakistan 14 Dec 2006 / Vol. 55/ DEWS 2006 -49 DEWS Data, Epidemiological Week No. 49, 2006 Between 1-8 Dec 2006, 66,429 consultations were reported through DEWS. Overall, 28% (18,652) were due to acute respiratory infections (ARI), 6% (3,793) due to acute watery diarrhoea (AWD), 7% (4,510) due to fever of unknown origin (FUO), and 5% (3,073) due to injuries (INJ). ARI accounted for 36% and 25% of consultations in the less than 5 years old and 5 or more years old respectively. All other reportable conditions each represented less than 1% of the total consultations in week 48. AWD AWD AWD 4% ARI 6% 10% ARI 25% 28% ARI 36% FUO OTH* 7% FUO 43% OTH* OTH* 57% 7% FUO 53% INJ INJ INJ 7% 5% 5% 3% < 5yrs (n=18,232) ≥ 5yrs (n=48,197) All Ages (n=66,429) Figure 2. Proportion of primary causes for all reported cases, Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan, 1-8 Dec 2006. *OTH includes all other reportable conditions, plus all other consultations for conditions not under surveillance DEWS Data, Epidemiological Week No. 49, 2006: Consultations by age ARI has been increasing steadily, but the rate of ARI by facility varies. The highest average rate is seen in Muzaffarabad, at 47% in children under five. For patients five and over, the highest rate is also in Muzaffarabad, at 34%. Maximum proportions of consultations for ARI range from 100 to 0% of consultations, though for patients five years and over, no facility had 100% of consultations for ARI. See figure 3. Average Proportion of Consultations in Reporting Sites that are for ARI, by Age Group and District s 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 Average <5 50.0 40.0 Average >=5 30.0 20.0 reporting sites reporting 10.0 0.0 BAGH BATTAGRAM MANSERA MUZAFFARABAD POONCH Average proportionAverage of consultations for ARI, acros District Figure 3: Average proportion of consultations for ARI, with minimum and maximum value bars, by age group and district, Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan 1 – 8 December 2006 3 WMMR Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report Pakistan 14 Dec 2006 / Vol. 55/ DEWS 2006 -49 DEWS Data, Monthly Summary (Epidemiological Weeks No. 46-49) In the past four weeks, between 11 Nov to 8 Dec 2006 (Epidemiological weeks 46-49 inclusive), 143,311 consultations for health conditions under surveillance were reported, out of a total 324,829 consultations. 26% (83,443) of consultations were due to acute respiratory infection (ARI), 6% (19,225) acute watery diarrhoea (AWD), 7% (21,300) unexplained fever (FUO) and 5% (15,484) Injuries (INJ). Table 2. Comparison of the weekly distribution of reported cases, deaths and monthly Case Fatality Rate (CFR), Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan, 11 Nov- 8 Dec 2006. Week WEEK 46 WEEK 47 WEEK 48 WEEK 49 TOTAL CFR% Event C D C D C D C D C D AWD 4999 2 5322 1 5111 0 3793 2 19225 5 0.026 BD 314 0 363 1 389 0 282 0 1348 1 0.067 AFP 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0.000 MAL 510 0 519 0 636 0 455 0 2120 0 0.000 ARI 19795 3 21199 5 23797 5 18652 0 83443 13 0.016 MES 3 0 6 0 6 0 2 0 17 0 0.000 MEN 7 1 4 0 5 0 7 0 23 1 0.000 JAU 42 0 34 2 45 1 26 0 147 3 0.000 TET 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0.000 AHF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 FUO 5455 0 5685 0 5650 0 4510 0 21300 0 0.000 INJ 3903 0 4501 0 4007 0 3073 0 15484 0 0.000 OTH 46561 20 49077 12 50240 14 35640 13 181518 59 0.033 TOTAL 81590 26 86711 21 89886 20 66442 15 324629 82 RU 313 322 303 292 C – Cases, D – Deaths, AWD - Acute Diarrhoea, BD - Bloody Diarrhoea, AFP - Acute Flaccid Paralysis, MAL – Malaria, ARI - Acute Respiratory Infection, MES – Measles, Men - Meningitis, JAU - Acute Jaundice Syndrome, TET - Neonatal Tetanus, AHF Acute Hemorrhagic Fever, FUO –Unexplained fever, INJ – Injuries, OTH – Others, RU – Reporting Units. Please note data from late reporting in previous weeks has been updated. During the same reporting period 93,788 consultations were reported in the less than 5 years old group, (29% of the total consultations), of which 31% (28,787) were due to ARI, 9% (8,685) due to AWD, 6% (5,932) due to FUO and 3% (3,190) were reported as injuries (INJ). Table 3. Total number of reported cases, deaths and monthly Case Fatality Rate (CFR), less than 5 years old, Earthquake Affected Areas, Pakistan 11 Nov-8 Dec 2006. Week WEEK 46 WEEK 47 WEEK 48 WEEK 49 TOTAL CFR% Event C D C D C D C D C D AWD 2190 2 2369 1 2331 0 1795 2 8685 5 0.058 BD 93 0 117 1 135 0 100 0 445 1 0.225 AFP 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0.000 MAL 89 0 55 0 104 0 73 0 321 0 0.000 ARI 6914 3 7186 5 8218 2 6469 0 28787 10 0.035 MES 3 0 2 0 6 0 1 0 12 0 0.000 MEN 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 0.000 JAU 9 0 5 1 13 0 5 0 32 1 0.000 TET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 AHF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 FUO 1402 0 1694 0 1571 0 1265 0 5932 0 0.000 INJ 820 0 949 0 818 0 603 0 3190 0 0.000 OTH 9418 5 9218 2 19722 3 7918 6 46276 16 0.035 TOTAL 20940 10 21597 10 32919 5 18232 8 93688 33 RU 313 322 303 292 4 W49 W48 W47 AWD W46 last week POONCH W45 W44 W43 W42 5,111 5,111 W41 W40 W39 ARI with with W38 W37 W36 this week).
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  • Assesssment of Human Impact on the Structure and Composition of Lasdana Forest District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

    Assesssment of Human Impact on the Structure and Composition of Lasdana Forest District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

    Pak. J. Bot., 51(2): 631-636, 2019. DOI: 10.30848/PJB2019-2(32) ASSESSSMENT OF HUMAN IMPACT ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF LASDANA FOREST DISTRICT BAGH, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD EJAZ UL ISLAM DAR1*, MARIA SALIK1, HAMAYUN SHAHEEN1, SYEDA SADDIQA FIRDOUS1, TARIQ SAIF ULLAH1, MUHAMMAD ALTAF HISSAIN2 AND SHAMSHAD AZIZ1 1Depertment of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan 2Depertment of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Natural forest resources of moist temperate forests of Himalayas are severely threatened due to over exploitation by rural population for their domestic usage. Six forest sites were selected to examine the anthropogenic impacts on natural forests in which 3 sites were disturbed and 3 were control sites with natural vegetation without any disturbance. Total 102 species were recorded belonging to 42 families and the most dominant family was Lamiaceae followed by Poaceae. Dominant tree species of the area were Abies pindrow having IVI 90.94 and Pinus wallichiana has 69.51 IVI respectively. The shrub layer was dominated by Viburnum grandiflorum having IVI (29.2) followed by Berberis lycium (16.91) while herb layer was dominated by Fragaria nubicola (14.93), Bupleurum falcatum (12.69) and Impatiens bicolor (12.20). Average Simpson's diversity was 0.962; average Shannon diversity was 3.63; average species richness was 1.48; average species evenness was 0.91 whereas average maturity index was 42.18. Average tree density was 410/ha; average stump density was 360/ha; average stem to stump value was 2.08 whereas average regeneration rate was found to be 263.33/ha.