TAXONOMIC REVISION OF FLORA OF RAWALAKOT, DISTRICT POONCH AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR Sajjad Hussain (Regd. No. 99-GRTB-1475) Session: 2009-12 Department of Botany Faculty of Science and Technology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 1 2 TAXONOMIC REVISION OF FLORA OF RAWALAKOT, DISTRICT POONCH AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR By Sajjad Hussain (Regd. No. 99-GRTB-1475) A dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy In Botany Session 2009-2012 Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 3 4 Dedicated to MY MOTHER WHO HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN INSPIRATION FOR ME 5 CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements xii List of Tables ix List of Figures ix List of Plates ix Abstract xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 4.1. Results 22 4.1.1. Checklist of angiosperm of Rawalakot 22 4.1.2. Flora of Rawalakot 39 4.1.2.1. Acanthaceae 39 4.1.2.2. Aceraceae 41 4.1.2.3. Amaranthaceae 41 4.1.2.4. Apiaceae 44 4.1.2.5. Apocynaceae 46 4.1.2.6. Araliaceae 47 4.1.2.7. Aristolochiaceae 48 4.1.2.8. Asclepiadaceae 48 4.1.2.9. Asteraceae 48 4.1.2.10. Balsaminaceae 66 4.1.2.11. Berberidaceae 67 6 4.1.2.12. Boraginaceae 68 4.1.2.13. Brassicaceae 69 4.1.2.14. Buddlejaceae 75 4.1.2.15. Buxaceae 75 4.1.2.16. Caesalpiniaceae 75 4.1.2.17. Cannabaceae 76 4.1.2.18. Caprifoliaceae 76 4.1.2.19. Caryophyllaceae 77 4.1.2.20. Chenopodiaceae 80 4.1.2.21. Convolvulaceae 81 4.1.2.22. Cucurbitaceae 82 4.1.2.23. Cuscutaceae 84 4.1.2.24. Ebenaceae 84 4.1.2.25. Elaeagnaceae 86 4.1.2.26. Euphorbiaceae 87 4.1.2.27. Fagaceae 88 4.1.2.28. Gentianaceae 91 4.1.2.29. Geraniaceae 92 4.1.2.30. Guttiferae 94 4.1.2.31. Hippocastanaceae 94 4.1.2.32. Juglandaceae 95 4.1.2.33. Labiatae 95 4.1.2.34. Malvaceae 104 4.1.2.35. Meliaceae 105 4.1.2.36. Mimosaceae 106 4.1.37. Moraceae 106 4.1.2.38. Myrsinaceae 109 7 4.1.2.39. Nyctaginaceae 109 4.1.2.40. Oleaceae 110 4.1.2.41. Onagraceae 111 4.1.2.42. Oxalidaceae 112 4.1.2.43. Papilionaceae 112 4.1.2.44. Polygonaceae 123 4.1.2.45. Plantaginaceae 127 4.1.2.46. Primulaceae 128 4.1.2.47. Punicaceae 130 4.1.2.48. Ranunculaceae 131 4.1.2.49. Rhamnaceae 134 4.1.2.50. Rosaceae 136 4.1.2.51. Rubiaceae 144 4.1.2.52. Rutaceae 147 4.1.2.53. Salicaceae 146 4.1.2.54. Sapindaceae 149 4.1.2.55. Saxifragaceae 130 4.1.2.56. Scrophulariaceae 151 4.1.2.57. Simaroubaceae 154 4.1.2.58. Solanaceae 154 4.1.2.59. Tiliaceae 157 4.1.60. Ulmaceae 158 4.1.2.61. Urticaceae 159 4.1.2.62. Valerianaceae 160 4.1.2.63. Verbenaceae 161 4.1.2.64. Violaceae 63 8 4.1.2.65. Vitaceae 63 Monocotyledons 165 4.1.2.66. Amaryllidaceae 165 4.1.2.67. Araceae 165 4.1.2.68. Asparagaceae 168 4.1.2.69. Colchicaceae 170 4.1.2.70. Commelinaceae 171 4.1.2.71. Cyperaceae 171 4.1.2.72. Iridaceae 177 4.1.2.73. Juncaceae 177 4.1.2.74. Liliaceae 178 4.1.2.75. Melanthiaceae 179 4.1.2.76. Orchidaceae 180 4.1.2.77. Poaceae 181 4.1.2.78. Smilacaceae 199 4.1.3. Ethno botany of angiosperm flora of Rawalakot 215 4.2. DISCUSSION 235 Summary 250 Recommendations 252 Literature cited 254 9 List of Tables Table No. Page 3.1. Study sites visited during field work 15 4.1. Check list of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 24 4.2. List of rare species in study area 37 4.3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 219 List of Figures Figure No. 3.1. Average minimum and maximum temperature in Rawalakot 16 3.2. Average Rain fall in during different months of the 17 year in Rawalakot 3.3. Geographic location of study area (Right) and satellite Imagery of sampling sites (Left) 17 4.1. Life form in the angiosperms flora of Rawalakot 23 4.2. Abundance of different species in flora of Rawalakot 24 4. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of Angiosperms of Rawalakot 216 List of Plates Plate No. 01. A. Justicia adhatoda B. Barleria cristata 200 C. Dicliptera bupleuroides D. Achyranthes aspera E. Alternanthera pungens F. Amaranthus hybridus 02. A. Sanicula elata B. Aristolochia punjabensis 201 C. Conyza bonariensis D. Cichorium intybus E. Artemisia scoparia F. Artemisia vulgaris 10 03. A. Taraxacum officinale B. Achillea millefolium 202 C. Tagetes minuta D. Cirsium falconeri E. Senecio nudicaulis F. Prenanthes altissima 04. A. Erigeron multiradiatus B. Centaurea iberica 203 C. Gnaphalium affine D. Saussurea heteromalla E. Helianthus tuberosus F. Gerbera gossypina 05. A. Trichodesma indicum B. Lepidium virginicum 204 C. Arabidopsis wallichiana D. Lonicera quinquelocularis E. Cerastium glomeratum F. Cerastium dichotomum 06. A. Cerastium dahuricum B. Sagina saginoides 205 C. Ipomoea hederacea D. Elaeagnus umbellata E. Euphorbia helioscopia F. Gentiana prostrata 07. A. Geranium ocellatum B. Geranium rotundifolium 206 C. Geranium collinum D. Geranium rubifolium E. Juglans regia F. Prunella vulgaris 08. A. Leonurus cardiaca B. Ajuga bracteosa 207 C. Calamintha debilis D. Colebrookea oppositifolia E. Otostegia limbata F. Mentha longifolia 09. A. Jasminum officinale B. Oxalis corniculata 208 C. Lathyrus odoratus D. Lathyrus aphaca E. Trifolium dubium F. Trigonella fimbriata 10. A. Astragalus psilocentros B. Oxytropis mollis 209 C. Medicago falcata D. Aeschynomene indica E. Lespedeza juncea F. Crotalaria medicaginea 11. A. Crotalaria medicaginea B. Polygonum aviculare 210 C. Persicaria amplexicaulis D. Persicaria nepalensis E. Persicaria hydropiper F. Persicaria lapathifolia 11 12. A. Rumex hastatus B. Lysimachia japonica 211 C. Androsace rotundifolia D. Anagallis arvensis E. Ranunculus arvensis F. Ranunculus hirtellus 13. A. Clematis gouriana B. Thalictrum minus 212 C. Rhamnus purpurea D. Ziziphus spina-christi E. Fragaria nubicola F.Rubus ellipticus 14. A. Cotoneaster microphyllus B. Galium aparine 213 C. Rubia cordifolia D. Dodonaea viscosa E. Verbascum thapsus F. Scilla griffithii 15. A. Cyperus niveus B. Cyperus cyperoides 214 C. Erioscirpus comosus D. Fuirena pubescens E. Carex decaulescens F. Carex filicina 12 Acknowledgements The long journey of pursuing doctoral studies wouldn’t be possible without the munificent help and support of many individuals. The first and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ghulam Murtaza and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Rizwana Aleem Qureshi for their dedicated supervision with immeasurable advice, support and encouragement throughout my PhD. My special acknowledgement goes to Prof. Dr. Syed Abul Majid, the Chairman Department of Botany for his valuable advice and comments, particularly, on early draft of this research. My sincere and special thanks go to Prof. Ghulam Mustafa for his constant encouragement and support during my research work. I would also like to appreciate the comments and advice of Dr. Hamayun Shaheen, Prof. Ashfaq Ahmad, Mr. Hafiz Tariq and Mr. Rizwan Taj during my research work at various stages. My heartiest thanks go to my brother Prof. Dr. Sadiq Hussain and Bhabi Dr. Tallat Hameeda for their support throughout my career and other affairs of my life. I would like to thank from the bottom of my heart to my friends Jamil Ahmed and Zafeer Kiani for their assistance and cooperation in composing final draft of thesis. I would also like to thank Majid Kahlil, Muhammad Luqman, Touseef Ahmad, Azhar Raheem and Saleem Tariq for their unconditional support, love and cheerful encouragement. Last but not least my deepest thanks go to my nephew Hassan Bin Sadiq for his company at home and during field work. Sajjad Hussain 13 Abstract Rawalakot located in Western Himalaya with an area of about 381 sq. km at an elevation ranging from 4500 ft to 8700 ft above the sea level. Present study aimed to analyze Taxonomic study of angiosperm Flora of Rawalakot. For this purpose selected localities were frequently visited during March 2009 to October 2012. The collected specimens were identified, listed and used for taxonomic studies. The result showed that angiosperm flora of Rawalakot was represented by 381 species belonging to 238 genera and 78 families. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the dominant families with 38 species and 37 species followed by Papilionaceae with 26 species, Rosaceae with 22 species, Labiatae with 20 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 12 species each and Polygonaceae with 10 species. These eight families constitute about 46 percent of entire angispermic flora. The flora was represented by 37 monogeneric families of which 25 were monospecific. Life form of flora of Rawalakot showed that out of 381 species 274 were herbs, 45 shrubs, 44 trees, 12 subshrubs and 07 lianas. The dominant genera were Quercus, Persicaria, Cyperus, and Geranium with 5 species each followed by Ranunculus, Cerastium, Salix, Impatiens, Rubus, Veronica, Solanum, Artemisia and Carex with 4 species each. The abundance category of flora of Rawalakot showed that there were 34 dominant species, 95 abundant, 83 frequent, 109 occasional, and 61 species are rare. The study of phytogeographical affinities of flora concluded that flora of Rawalakot have typical Himalayan touch with 202 Himalayan species, with 26 Eurasian species, 19 Mediterranean species, 49 Asian species, 15 Euro-African 14 species, 15 Euro-Siberian species,19 Asian-African species, 25 American species and 3 Australian species.