Personality Notes

Personality HW pg 613-622

The Nature of Personality Defining Personality • ______– Your personality hold constant over a wide variety of situations • ______– Why we act differently in the same situation

______- A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations • Adjectives such as honest, dependable, moody, impulsive, suspicious, anxious, friendly describe dispositions that represent personality traits • Most approaches to personality assume that some traits are more basic than others • For example using ______, by making correlations among variables into closely related clusters of variables, Raymond Cattell was able to reduce ______171 personality traits into just 16 basic dimensions. • ______– The few central roots of personality • ______– secondary traits observed by others that might not be true

______(Robert McCrae and Paul Costa) • Also known as the ______1. ______– outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive. Extraverts tend to be happier than others 2. ______– anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. Tend to overreact more than others in response to stress 3. ______– curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity. Evidence suggests that openness fosters liberalism, so this trait is the key determinant of political views. Evidence also shows people high in openness tend to exhibit less prejudice against minorities than others 4. ______– sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward. On the opposite end suspicious, antagonistic and aggressive. Associated with constructive approaches to conflict resolution, making agreeable people less quarrelsome. 5. ______– disciplined, well organized, punctual, dependable. Referred to as constraint in some trait models, it is associated with being highly diligent in the workplace. • Research shows the ______traits are predictive of specific aspects of behavior. For example extraversion correlates positively with popularity and with dating a greater variety of people. Conscientiousness correlates with greater honesty, high job performance ratings, and relatively low alcohol consumption. Openness is associated with playing a musical instrument. • Other correlations ______associated with higher conscientiousness. The higher level of neuroticism associated with elevated probability of divorce whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness less likely. Finally Neuroticism increased physical and mental illness. Conscientiousness experience less illness and reduced mortality • Big Five has become the dominant theory of personality in contemporary psychology • Critics – need more than 5 qualities to define human beings. Mnemonic – OCEAN/CANOE

Assessing traits Some tests are ______– a list of answers/some are ______(projective) – open ended

Personality Inventories – questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings, behaviors, and emotions. ______• Most widely used • It measures 10 personality traits • Contains 567 true and false questions ______(Cattell) NEO Personality Inventory – Uses to Measure the Big Five Personality HW pg 595-607

______• Freud’s theory grew out of decades of interactions with his clients using psychoanalysis. • Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influences of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on methods people use to cope with their ______urges. • There were 3 reasons why people have a problem with Freud o You behavior is governed by ______factors of which you are unaware. o Adult personalities are shaped by childhood experiences beyond your control o By emphasizing the great importance of ______he offend those who held the conservative, Victorian values of his time

• Structure of Personality. o ______– primitive, instinctive component of your personality. Your raw biological urges (eating, sleeping, sex, etc) The Id operates on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of its urges. The id engages in primary-process thinking, primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented o ______– the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. The ego mediates between the id, and the external world with its social realities, to decide how to behave. The ego is guided by the reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. In the end the ego wants to maximize gratification like the Id but uses the secondary-process thinking, which relativity rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving. o ______– the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. The superego emerges around 3-5. In some people the superego can become irrationally demanding in its strive for moral perfection. Such people are plagued by feelings of guilt. o Freud said the 3 components are distributed differently across three levels of consciousness.

• Levels of Awareness – often compared to an iceberg o ______– whatever you are aware of at a particular point in time. o ______– material just beneath the surface that can be easily retrieved o ______– thoughts, memories, and desires well below the surface but that nonetheless exert great influences on behavior • Freud felt that sexual and aggressive impulses had the most consequences coming from the ______1. He thought sex and aggression are subject to more complex and ambiguous social controls than other basic motives 2. Sex and aggression are thwarted more than other biological urges. Think about it if you get hungry or thirsty you go and satisfy those urges fairly easily. On the other hand someone causes you aggression you can’t just go off and hit them. Or if someone causes lustful urges you can’t just have sex with that person.

• Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development o Now when you think about sex, you think about using your genitals for stimulation, rated R movies, sex, etc. However to Freud, sex was a concept that explained how we get our pleasure from the world. For most of you, although your parents would hate to think about it, your sexual pleasure comes from your genitals. But to younger children they do not. Freud believed that we all have a ______, or instinctual sexual energy. o Your libido changes throughout your lifetime, focusing on different parts of your body. Essentially, your libido has 4 stages of metamorphosis. If some outside force deters our social development in one of the following stages, Freud said we could become ______in that stage, meaning that we would become preoccupied with that earlier stage later on in our lives. o Freud believed in two types of instincts ______(life instincts – or sex) and Thanatos (death instincts – or aggression)

o 1. ______: About 0-2 years old, an infant’s libido is focused around their mouth. You will notice that babies see the world through their ______. If I give my 8 month old son some dog vomit, the first thing he will do is taste it. Freud believes that if you become fixated in the oral stage than you may overeat, smoke, or just have a childhood dependence on things.

o 2. ______: About 2-4 years old, the child becomes focused on controlling ______. The libido is focused on holding in and releasing defecation (poo poo). This usually occurs during toilet training. The child meets the conflict between the parent's demands and the child's desires and physical capabilities in one of two ways: Either he puts up a fight or he simply refuses to go. The child who wants to fight takes pleasure in excreting maliciously, perhaps just before or just after being placed on the toilet. If the parents are too lenient and the child manages to derive pleasure and success from this expulsion, it will result in the formation of an ______. This character is generally messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant. Conversely, a child may opt to retain feces. If this tactic succeeds and the child is overindulged, he will develop into an ______character. This character is neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous, and passive-aggressive. The resolution of the anal stage, proper toilet training, permanently affects the individual propensities to possession and attitudes towards authority.

o 3. ______: About 4-6 years old, the child first realizes his or her gender. The libido is focused on exploring the penis and vagina but not in the way you now think about playing with your genitals. During this stage Freud believed that boys can develop an ______Complex, where he begins to have sexual feelings towards his mother (not the "Mom, I want to see you in a pink thong" feeling, but more like I want to be with you on my phallic stage level). This also where a boy will develop castration anxiety. The girl can develop and ______, where they want to be with the father. In particular, they develop what Freud called ______, or the idea that every woman wants to have a penis. During these complexes the children often have hateful feelings toward the same sex parent and the stage ends with a "if I can't beat them, I'll join them attitude toward that same sex parent.

o 4. ______: About 7-11 year olds develop the need to just hang around peers of their own gender. You might as well call this the "cootie stage". (Circle circle dot dot now I have my cootie shot) This is the stage when the ______in the unconscious and sexuality is repressed (hidden). But the libido makes a grand entrance in the next stage

o 5. ______: From about 12 until death, this is the stage you are probably all in now (if not, don't worry, your time will come). Here the libido, ______, is focused on your genitals and sex is as you think about it now. Freud considers fixation in this stage normal- Congrats!!!!

• Defense Mechanisms o ______– Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious ______

o ______– failing to even acknowledge the truth ______

o ______– Attributing one’s own thoughts and feelings to someone else ______

o ______– Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target ______

o ______– Behaving in a way that is the exact opposite of one’s true feelings ______

o ______– A reverse to immature patterns ______

o ______– Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior ______

o ______(Identifying with the aggressor) – Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group ______

o ______– an educational or unemotional view of an event ______

o ______– Channeling your emotions toward a different goal (only healthy one if used for positive channeling) ______

• Criticisms of Freud o Most significantly, there is no way to empirically prove that psychoanalytic therapy works, or even that the id, ego, superego and all the other aspects of our personality according to Freud even exist. Mistakes can easily be made by the therapist when trying to pull out the latent from the manifest content. Some say Freud overemphasize the importance of both childhood and sex on our development and personalities. Last, feminists, such as ______(who is still a psychoanalytic theorist) question Freud's notion of penis envy. Horney even stated that men are more envious of women because they can have children, ______, than women can ever be of the penis. Horney also stated that childhood anxiety caused by a sense of helplessness triggers a desire for life and security

The ______There was a large school of psychologists that took parts of Freud's ideas and expanded upon them, they are called Neo- Freudians and the ones you should know are ______(we learned about him under developmental psychology), Alfred Adler and Carl Jung. • ______: Adler downplayed the importance of the unconscious and sex as drives in our development. Instead he took from Freud the concept of the ego. Adler was picked on as a child and as he grew older he believed that people are motivated not by sex (as Freud would say) but by their fear of failure; which he termed ______. People are fearful of feeling inferior (where we get the term inferiority complex) and instead want to develop a sense of superiority. Adler asserted that everyone has to work to overcome inferiority by compensating. ______involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilities. He was also one of the first psychologists to emphasize the importance of ______in shaping personality.

• ______: He loved Freud's notion of the unconscious. He went on to argue that the unconscious is actually divided up into two parts, the personal unconscious and the ______. The personal unconscious is the same thing Freud called the unconscious (personal thoughts that you cannot deal with, so you push them away). What made Jung unique was his idea of the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious is passed down through the species and, according to Jung, explain certain similarities we see between all cultures. The collective unconscious contains ______that Jung defined as universal concepts we all share as part of the human species. For example, the concept of a shadow represents the evil side of the personality regardless of the culture. In every culture there are heroes and villains in their stories and they all share the same traits. Final example numerous cultures use a circle to show the unified wholeness of self. Maybe these are universal ideas that we share in our collective

• ______– (not a psychoanalytic theory, contemporary) This theory emerged in the 1990s. Human beings are aware that one day we will die. This awareness creates anxiety, alarm, and terror when we think about it. What saves us from despair is culture. By having a culture it creates stories, traditions, order, ______. This leads to your own self-esteem in this culture. In other words reminding people we are mortal causes them to boost their self-esteem, thus reducing their anxiety. (Connect to 9/11) Applying to personality – making people think of their own death (______) can affect behavior o Hand out harsher punishments to moral transgressors o Respond more negatively to people who criticize their culture o Show more respect for cultural symbols (flags) o Exhibit more stereotypic thinking about minority groups Psychoanalytic Therapy Today Although most therapists are eclectic, aspects of psychoanalytic therapy are still very popular today. The idea of the unconscious is still very prevalent and free association and hypnosis are avenues still used to delve into that dark world. Over the past few decades a new breed of psychoanalytic tests has sprung up called projective tests.

______are any type of test that is used to examine the unconscious. Users should project their feelings and emotions onto an ambiguous picture. The two most popular projective tests today are the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

______: • More commonly called the TAT test, this projective test gives the subject a series of ambiguous pictures which then subjects tell a story or describe.

• Looking at the first picture, what do you see? Is it two women, a man and a woman, the same woman reflecting on her life, are they good people, mom and daughter, etc. • The second picture, what do you see?

Rorschach Inkblot Test • This projective test involves giving the patient a series of ambiguous inkblots (see some examples below).

• The therapist is once again listening to the patients ______(what you actually say) and trying to interpret the ______(what it really means) from the story. • If for example my manifest content from the three pictures is (starting from left to right) two seeing horses rubbing butts, two seahorses comparing penises, and an alien looking at a penis; the therapist would look at the theme of my manifest content (figure it out for yourself) and put together the latent content and hoping that it reflects issues in my unconscious.

One last thing concerning psychoanalytic therapies. The reason that they came up with all these techniques, like free association, projective tests etc.., is that people are not able or do not want to open their true selves up. Psychoanalytic therapists call this ______So a quick summary- Psychoanalytic perspective= weird sexual thoughts (libido) + childhood = unconscious....want to get better, bring out those hidden screwed up feeling in the unconscious.

Evaluation of Psychodynamic Perspectives Positives • ______forces can influence behavior • Internal conflicts often plays a key role in generating psychological distress • Early childhood experiences can have a powerful influence on adult personality • People do use ______to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions

Criticism • ______– a science requires testable hypotheses. For example how can you test the Id is entirely unconscious • Inadequate evidence – depend too heavily on clinical ______. • ______– sexist bias toward women.

Personality HW pg 609-612

Humanistic Ok- it was the late 1950's and "make love, not war" era was peaking its head around the corner when the humanistic school popped up. People were sick of the impersonality of the behavior school and the negativity of the psychoanalytic school. People wanted to focus, not on the sick, but on the healthy. They wanted to focus on how to be healthy and look for inspiration in their lives to make them feel good about themselves. They turned to the ______. Most of the schools of psychology are what we would call deterministic. ______is the idea that the way we behave is dictated by our past and in certain ways beyond our control. For example, those from the psychoanalytic school emphasize our childhood in shaping the way we act. Behaviorists say that we were conditioned or reinforced to behave the way we do. Neither theory emphasized the notion of ______or our ability to choose our own destiny. The idea that we control our own fate is a central pillar behind the humanistic school.

Other than ______(motivation), Carl Rogers is the big Humanist you should know. Rogers created what he called the ______. The self theory focuses on the idea that we are all inherently good people and we all want to reach our potential- he called this our actualizing tendency. To reach this potential we need three things, genuineness, acceptance and empathy. • ______is the idea that you are totally open with your own feelings. Everyday each one of us walks around trying to live up to the image of how we want others to see us. Instead, Rogers wants us to drop the facade and become our true selves. • ______is the concept that we can listen, understand and mirror what others are feeling. Being able to put yourself into someone else's shoes and grasp how they feel at that moment is a test of empathy. • Finally, Roger's believed we need acceptance to grow and reach our potential. We believed that we should accept both ourselves and others without reservation and he called this notion ______positive regard. If a parent accepts you just if you get good grades, how will that make you feel? But if a parent accepts their child unconditionally, a child's growth will be positive.

Person-Centered Theory • ______– collection of beliefs about yourself • Reality – how you truly are • ______– difference between self-concept and actual experiences • If you view yourself very close to reality you are congruent. You will always have a little incongruence.

Evaluating Humanistic • Just like Psychoanalytic there is ______• Humanists may have an unrealistic view of human nature. Even if one became self-actualized you aren’t perfect and finding people that reach those higher level are few and far between (except for Mrs. Mackson…she is perfect :) • There isn’t a lot of research to back up claims

HW pg 623-636 Other issues that can affect you Social- Cultural Perspective • Your environment can affect your behavior (______) o There are three interactions of personality. 1. Your traits 2. Your environment 3. Your behavior Reciprocal determinism results in a circular effect of personality. For example of you are an extrovert than you will talk to more people. The more people you talk to the more likely you are to be invited to parties. The more parties you go to help you interact with even more people. Thus you will have more opportunities to be outgoing. • Bandura – ______– The belief that if you work hard you can control your environment. Having a high self-efficacy means you are less likely to procrastinate. You are more likely to complete an exercise program.

Internal vs. External Locus of control • Studied by ______– this is your perception of what you think controls your fate, you or some outside force. • Internals tend to be healthier, be more politically active, and do better in school (correlational research)

It is easy to confuse Self-efficacy and Locus of control. An example you are a great singer and know it; however you think that being discovered is determined by some “cosmic” force. Thus you have a high self-efficacy and are likely to keep practicing your craft but an external locus of control so don’t really put yourself in situations to be “discovered”

Learned Helplessness • Social situations

Optimism vs. pessimism • The more optimistic you are the more likely you are to push through difficulties • Although extreme optimism can blind us to real risks Denial Repression Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Identifying w/ the aggressor

Defense Mechanisms Assume that Miffy, captain of the high school cheerleading squad, decides to leave her boyfriend of two years, Biff, the star of the football team, for Alvin, the star of the school’s chess team. Needless to say, Biff is devastated. But his ego can choose from a great variety of defense mechanisms with which to protect him.

1. Biff insists that Miffy still cares for him. ______

2. Biff joins a poetry club to write his feelings down on paper ______

3. When talking to a friend about Miffy he replies, “Who? Oh yeah, I haven’t thought about her for awhile” ______

4. Biff goes home and beats up his little brother, Rocky ______

5. Biff begins to sleep with his favorite stuffed animal, Fuzzy Kitten. ______

6. Biff continues to act as if he and Miffy are still together. He waits by her locker, and calls her every night. ______

7. Biff now believes he can find a better girlfriend. Miffy is not really that pretty, smart, and fun to be with. ______

Suzie is getting a failing grade in her Math class. She needs this class to graduate. If she fails she will have to come back the following year to finish school. She is using defense mechanisms to defend herself from her true feelings.

1. “I am failing because I have a bad teacher. If only she did her job I would be passing!” ______

2. When talking to a friend she begins to whine and pout about her grade, “This isn’t fair.” ______

3. “My parents are so upset about the fact that I may not graduate. I really don’t care so why should they?” ______

4. “It’s ok I can just go to summer school, besides this class isn’t important. I don’t really need to know this stuff for my future; I want to be a designer. Who needs math for that? ______

5. Suzie goes home and punches a hole through her bedroom wall. ______

Personality HW pg 613-622

The Nature of Personality Defining Personality • Consistent tendency – Your personality hold constant over a wide variety of situations • Distinctiveness – Why we act differently in the same situation

Personality Traits - A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations • Adjectives such as honest, dependable, moody, impulsive, suspicious, anxious, friendly describe dispositions that represent personality traits • Most approaches to personality assume that some traits are more basic than others • For example using factor analysis, by making correlations among variables into closely related clusters of variables, Raymond Cattell was able to reduce Gordon Allport’s 171 personality traits into just 16 basic dimensions. • Source Traits – The few central roots of personality • Surface Traits – secondary traits observed by others that might not be true

Five-Factor Model (Robert McCrae and Paul Costa) • Also known as the Big Five 6. Extraversion – outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive. Extraverts tend to be happier than others 7. Neuroticism – anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. Tend to overreact more than others in response to stress 8. Openness to experience – curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity. Evidence suggests that openness fosters liberalism, so this trait is the key determinant of political views. Evidence also shows people high in openness tend to exhibit less prejudice against minorities than others 9. Agreeableness – sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward. On the opposite end suspicious, antagonistic and aggressive. Associated with constructive approaches to conflict resolution, making agreeable people less quarrelsome. 10. Conscientiousness – disciplined, well organized, punctual, dependable. Referred to as constraint in some trait models, it is associated with being highly diligent in the workplace. • Research shows the Big Five traits are predictive of specific aspects of behavior. For example extraversion correlates positively with popularity and with dating a greater variety of people. Conscientiousness correlates with greater honesty, high job performance ratings, and relatively low alcohol consumption. Openness is associated with playing a musical instrument. • Other correlations higher GPA associated with higher conscientiousness. The higher level of neuroticism associated with elevated probability of divorce whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness less likely. Finally Neuroticism increased physical and mental illness. Conscientiousness experience less illness and reduced mortality • Big Five has become the dominant theory of personality in contemporary psychology • Critics – need more than 5 qualities to define human beings.

Mnemonic – OCEAN/CANOE

Eysenck’s Bio Trait Theory There only two dimensions of personality • How Introverted vs. Extroverted you are • And how Emotional vs. Stable you are

Assessing traits Some tests are OBJECTIVE – a list of answers/some are SUBJECTIVE (projective) – open ended

Personality Inventories – questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings, behaviors, and emotions. MMPI – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory • Most widely used • It measures 10 personality traits 16PF - 16 Personality Factor (Cattell) NEO Personality Inventory – Uses to Measure the Big Five

Personality HW pg 595-607

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Freud’s theory grew out of decades of interactions with his clients using psychoanalysis. • Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influences of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges. • There were 3 reasons why people have a problem with Freud o You behavior is governed by unconscious factors of which you are unaware. o Adult personalities are shaped by childhood experiences beyond your control o By emphasizing the great importance of sexual urges he offend those who held the conservative, Victorian values of his time

• Structure of Personality. o Id – primitive, instinctive component of your personality. Your raw biological urges (eating, sleeping, sex, etc) The Id operates on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of its urges. The id engages in primary-process thinking, primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented o Ego – the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. The ego mediates between the id, and the external world with its social realities, to decide how to behave. The ego is guided by the reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. In the end the ego wants to maximize gratification like the Id but uses the secondary-process thinking, which relativity rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving. o Superego – the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. The superego emerges around 3-5. In some people the superego can become irrationally demanding in its strive for moral perfection. Such people are plagued by feelings of guilt. o Freud said the 3 components are distributed differently across three levels of consciousness.

• Levels of Awareness – often compared to an iceberg o Conscious – whatever you are aware of at a particular point in time. o Preconscious – material just beneath the surface that can be easily retrieved o Unconscious – thoughts, memories, and desires well below the surface but that nonetheless exert great influences on behavior • Freud felt that sexual and aggressive impulses had the most consequences coming from the Id 1. He thought sex and aggression are subject to more complex and ambiguous social controls than other basic motives 2. Sex and aggression are thwarted more than other biological urges. Think about it if you get hungry or thirsty you go and satisfy those urges fairly easily. On the other hand someone causes you aggression you can’t just go off and hit them. Or if someone causes lustful urges you can’t just have sex with that person.

• Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development o Now when you think about sex, you think about using your genitals for stimulation, rated R movies, sex, etc. However to Freud, sex was a concept that explained how we get our pleasure from the world. For most of you, although your parents would hate to think about it, your sexual pleasure comes from your genitals. But to younger children they do not. Freud believed that we all have a libido, or instinctual sexual energy. o Your libido changes throughout your lifetime, focusing on different parts of your body. Essentially, your libido has 4 stages of metamorphosis. If some outside force deters our social development in one of the following stages, Freud said we could become fixated in that stage, meaning that we would become preoccupied with that earlier stage later on in our lives. o Freud believed in two types of instincts Eros (life instincts – or sex) and Thanatos (death instincts – or aggression)

o 1. Oral Stage: About 0-2 years old, an infant’s libido is focused around their mouth. You will notice that babies see the world through their mouths. If I give my 8 month old son some dog vomit, the first thing he will do is taste it. Freud believes that if you become fixated in the oral stage than you may overeat, smoke, or just have a childhood dependence on things.

o 2. Anal Stage: About 2-4 years old, the child becomes focused on controlling bowel movements. The libido is focused on holding in and releasing defecation (poo poo). This usually occurs during toilet training. The child meets the conflict between the parent's demands and the child's desires and physical capabilities in one of two ways: Either he puts up a fight or he simply refuses to go. The child who wants to fight takes pleasure in excreting maliciously, perhaps just before or just after being placed on the toilet. If the parents are too lenient and the child manages to derive pleasure and success from this expulsion, it will result in the formation of an anal expulsive character. This character is generally messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant. Conversely, a child may opt to retain feces. If this tactic succeeds and the child is overindulged, he will develop into an anal retentive character. This character is neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous, and passive-aggressive. The resolution of the anal stage, proper toilet training, permanently affects the individual propensities to possession and attitudes towards authority.

o 3. Phallic Stage: About 4-6 years old, the child first realizes his or her gender. The libido is focused on exploring the penis and vagina but not in the way you now think about playing with your genitals. During this stage Freud believed that boys can develop an Oedipus Complex, where he begins to have sexual feelings towards his mother (not the "Mom, I want to see you in a pink thong" feeling, but more like I want to be with you on my phallic stage level). This also where a boy will develop castration anxiety. The girl can develop and Electra Complex, where they want to be with the father. In particular, they develop what Freud called penis envy, or the idea that every woman wants to have a penis. During these complexes the children often have hateful feelings toward the same sex parent and the stage ends with a "if I can't beat them, I'll join them attitude toward that same sex parent.

o 4. Latency Stage: About 7-11 year olds develop the need to just hang around peers of their own gender. You might as well call this the "cootie stage". (Circle circle dot dot now I have my cootie shot) This is the stage when the libido is hidden in the unconscious and sexuality is repressed (hidden). But the libido makes a grand entrance in the next stage

o 5. Genital Stage: From about 12 until death, this is the stage you are probably all in now (if not, don't worry, your time will come). Here the libido, sexual energy, is focused on your genitals and sex is as you think about it now. Freud considers fixation in this stage normal- Congrats!!!!

• Defense Mechanisms o Repression – Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious ______o Denial – failing to even acknowledge the truth ______o Projection – Attributing one’s own thoughts and feelings to someone else ______o Displacement – Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target ______o Reaction Formation – Behaving in a way that is the exact opposite of one’s true feelings ______o Regression – A reverse to immature patterns ______

o Rationalization – Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior ______o Identification (Identifying with the aggressor) – Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group ______o Intellectualization – an educational or unemotional view of an event ______o Sublimation – Channeling your emotions toward a different goal (only healthy one if used for positive channeling) ______

• Criticisms of Freud o Most significantly, there is no way to empirically prove that psychoanalytic therapy works, or even that the id, ego superego and all the other aspects of our personality according to Freud even exist. Mistakes can easily be made by the therapist when trying to pull out the latent from the manifest content. Some say Freud overemphasize the importance of both childhood and sex on our development and personalities. Last, feminists, such as Karen Horney (who is still a psychoanalytic theorist) question Freud's notion of penis envy. Horney even stated that men are more envious of women because they can have children, womb envy, than women can ever be of the penis. Horney also stated that childhood anxiety caused by a sense of helplessness triggers a desire for life and security. Karen Horney says that neurosis can lead to three issues 1. Compliant behavior 2. Aggressive behavior 3. Detached behavior

The Neo-Freudians There was a large school of psychologists that took parts of Freud's ideas and expanded upon them, they are called Neo- Freudians and the ones you should know are Erik Erickson (we learned about him under developmental psychology), Alfred Adler and Carl Jung. • Alfred Adler: Adler downplayed the importance of the unconscious and sex as drives in our development. Instead he took from Freud the concept of the ego. Adler was picked on as a child and as he grew older he believed that people are motivated not by sex (as Freud would say) but by their fear of failure; which he termed inferiority. People are fearful of feeling inferior (where we get the term inferiority complex) and instead want to develop a sense of superiority. Adler asserted that everyone has to work to overcome inferiority by compensating. Compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilities. He was also one of the first psychologists to emphasize the importance of birth order in shaping personality.

• Carl Jung: He loved Freud's notion of the unconscious. He went on to argue that the unconscious is actually divided up into two parts, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the same thing Freud called the unconscious (personal thoughts that you cannot deal with, so you push them away). What made Jung unique was his idea of the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious is passed down through the species and, according to Jung, explain certain similarities we see between all cultures. The collective unconscious contains archetypes that Jung defined as universal concepts we all share as part of the human species. For example, the concept of a shadow represents the evil side of the personality regardless of the culture. In every culture there are heroes and villains in their stories and they all share the same traits. Final example numerous cultures use a circle to show the unified wholeness of self. Maybe these are universal ideas that we share in our collective

• Terror management Theory – (not a psychoanalytic theory, contemporary) This theory emerged in the 1990s. Human beings are aware that one day we will die. This awareness creates anxiety, alarm, and terror when we think about it. What saves us from despair is culture. By having a culture it creates stories, traditions, order, a sense of purpose. This leads to your own self-esteem in this culture. In other words reminding people we are mortal causes them to boost their self-esteem, thus reducing their anxiety. (Connect to 9/11) Applying to personality – making people think of their own death (mortality salience) can affect behavior o Hand out harsher punishments to moral transgressors o Respond more negatively to people who criticize their culture o Show more respect for cultural symbols (flags) o Exhibit more stereotypic thinking about minority groups

Psychoanalytic Therapy Today Although most therapists are eclectic, aspects of psychoanalytic therapy are still very popular today. The idea of the unconscious is still very prevalent and free association and hypnosis are avenues still used to delve into that dark world. Over the past few decades a new breed of psychoanalytic tests has sprung up called projective tests.

Projective tests are any type of test that is used to examine the unconscious. Users should project their feelings and emotions onto an ambiguous picture. The two most popular projective tests today are the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Thematic Apperception Test: • More commonly called the TAT test, this projective test gives the subject a series of ambiguous pictures which then subjects tell a story or describe.

Rorschach Inkblot Test • This projective test involves giving the patient a series of ambiguous inkblots (see some examples below).

• The therapist is once again listening to the patients manifest content (what you actually say) and trying to interpret the latent content (what it really means) from the story. • If for example my manifest content from the three pictures is (starting from left to right) two seeing horses rubbing butts, two seahorses comparing penises, and an alien looking at a penis; the therapist would look at the theme of my manifest content (figure it out for yourself) and put together the latent content and hoping that it reflects issues in my unconscious.

So a quick summary- Psychoanalytic perspective= weird sexual thoughts (libido) + childhood = unconscious....want to get better, bring out those hidden screwed up feeling in the unconscious.

Evaluation of Psychodynamic Perspectives Positives • Unconscious forces can influence behavior • Internal conflicts often plays a key role in generating psychological distress • Early childhood experiences can have a powerful influence on adult personality • People do use defense mechanisms to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions

Criticism • Poor testability – a science requires testable hypotheses. For example how can you test the Id is entirely unconscious • Inadequate evidence – depend too heavily on clinical case studies. • Sexism – sexist bias toward women.

Personality HW pg 609-612

Most of the schools of psychology are what we would call deterministic. Determinism is the idea that the way we behave is dictated by our past and in certain ways beyond our control. For example, those from the psychoanalytic school emphasize our childhood in shaping the way we act. Behaviorists say that we were conditioned or reinforced to behave the way we do. Neither theory emphasized the notion of free will or our ability to choose our own destiny. The idea that we control our own fate is a central pillar behind the humanistic school.

Other than Maslow (motivation), Carl Rogers is the big Humanist you should know. Rogers created what he called the person-centered theory. The self theory focuses on the idea that we are all inherently good people and we all want to reach our potential- he called this our actualizing tendency. To reach this potential we need three things, genuineness, acceptance and empathy. • Genuineness is the idea that you are totally open with your own feelings. Everyday each one of us walks around trying to live up to the image of how we want others to see us. Instead, Rogers wants us to drop the facade and become our true selves. • Empathy is the concept that we can listen, understand and mirror what others are feeling. Being able to put yourself into someone else's shoes and grasp how they feel at that moment is a test of empathy. • Finally, Roger's believed we need acceptance to grow and reach our potential. We believed that we should accept both ourselves and others without reservation and he called this notion unconditional positive regard. If a parent accepts you just if you get good grades, how will that make you feel? But if a parent accepts their child unconditionally, a child's growth will be positive.

Person-Centered Theory • Self-concept – collection of beliefs about yourself • Reality – how you truly are • Incongruence – difference between self-concept and actual experiences • If you view yourself very close to reality you are congruent. You will always have a little incongruence.

Evaluating Humanistic • Just like Psychoanalytic there is poor testability • Humanists may have an unrealistic view of human nature. Even if one became self-actualized you aren’t perfect and finding people that reach those higher level are few and far between (except for Mrs. Mackson…she is perfect :) • There isn’t a lot of research to back up claims

HW pg 623-636 Other issues that can affect you Social- Cultural Perspective • Your environment can affect your behavior (reciprocal determinism) o There are three interactions of personality. 1. Your traits 2. Your environment 3. Your behavior Reciprocal determinism results in a circular effect of personality. For example of you are an extrovert than you will talk to more people. The more people you talk to the more likely you are to be invited to parties. The more parties you go to help you interact with even more people. Thus you will have more opportunities to be outgoing. • Bandura – Self-efficacy – The belief that if you work hard you can control your environment. Having a high self- efficacy means you are less likely to procrastinate. You are more likely to complete an exercise program. A great example is the Little Engine that Could – I think I can, I think I can.

Internal vs. External Locus of control • Studied by Rotter – this is your perception of what you think controls your fate, you or some outside force. • Internals tend to be healthier, be more politically active, and do better in school (correlational research)