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C. G. Jung's Theory of the Collective Unconscious

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C. G. Jung's Theory of the Collective Unconscious C.G. JinTG'S THEORY OF THE C0LLECTI7E UNCONSCIOUS: A RATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION TMLTER A70RY SHELBURNE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVTKSITr OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFTLU^IENT OF THE REQUIREMEI'ITS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHUOSOPHT UNITERSITZ OF FLORIDA 1976 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08666 238 3 Copyright 1976 Vfelter Avoiy Shelbume ACKMOIilLEDOENTS I irould like to grateful^sr acloioirledge the persons of rcr supervisory committee for their help in this project: Marilyn areig, Tom Aarber, i^anz lifting, Richard Ilaynes and Tom Simon. Special thanks to Iferiljoi and Tom Sijnon for their tiine, encouragement and helpful criticism. I would also like to thank Debbie Botjers of the Graduate School, who, in addition to her technical advice, has through her friendliness contri- buted in an immeasurable and intangible way to the final preparation of this manuscript, 3h addition to this personal assistance, I TTould also like to aclaiow- ledge the help of the follo;.jing agencies: the spirit of Carl Gustav Jung, the Archetn>e of the Self, and the three luminous beings tAo cleansed iry spirit. iii , TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACiaro V/LEDGlJEI'rPS iii ABSTRACT , ^ HrPRODUCTION ,, ., CHAPTER 1 JUl'JG'S I-IEMTAL CONSTRUCTS.. ,,.., 3 Pgyxjhe...... , ,,, 3 Uiconscioiis. .,, .,,, 16 Collective Ifciconscious. , 19 Notes. .................,,..,,,,,,,,, , 28 CHAPTER 2 TI£EORr OF ARCHETTPES: PART I ,,,, 30 Introduction,.., , ,,.,,. ..,,,. 30 The Syrabolic Mature of the Archetypes ,, , l^;^ Archetiypes and Instincts ,,,,... hi Notes.... , ..,,,.. , ,, ^3 CHAPTER 3 THEOrar OF ARCHETn=ES: PART II..... ^ The Origin of the Archetypes ^ Archelypal ninage and Archetype Per Se ., 63 Tlae .'irchetypes as Autonomous Factors,. , 72 Archeigrpes and Synchroniciiy 77 Archetypes and Teniporalitiy. .......,,...,. 82 Notes ^ ......,,, 8^ iv , Page CHAPTER li CRITICiaiS OF TIIE ARCIIETIPAL TlffiOHT: GHJEI'JUL COITSIDERATIOHS. 89 Preliminary Remarks, ,,, 89 Psychoanalytic Criticism 9^ Iheological Criticism.,...,.....,....,.. , 102 Ifotes. •.•••..••••.,•.«••.••..«..«.,, ..........•,.,. .111 CHAPTER ^ JTJIIG AMD THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITDDE: PART I II6 The Relevance of the Question.,,.,.,...,,.,,..,,..,., 116 The Charge of I-^rsticism .,,,.. 11? l-tjrsticism Characterized, .,,, ,,,.,...,...,.119 Is Jung a Ifystic? , 120 Jung's Attitude ToTrard Science.. , 12? Notes il;i CHAPTER 6 JUITG AMD TIIE SCIEIITIFIC ATTITUDE: PART II,, ll;6 Can There Be A Science of Arche%pes? ...II16 Jung ' s Ifethodology ..................I63 Ifotes. ...........171 CHAPTER 7 THE STUDY OF ARCHETYPES AS A SCIEIITIPIC DISCIPLINE., I7I; Introduction. ,.,,................,,..,.,,,,,, ,,..,,.17li Falsifiability ,«,,,..,,, .,,», ,..,,,176 Explanation. .••...•...•....••.....,......,...,,,.,,,,,,,,, i8li Evidence , ..•.,,. ....I88 Archetypes and Evolution Theory , 196 Notes, .•,,.....••......,,•• ....................199 REFERENCES L 203 BIOGRAPHIC.VL SKETCH .......^ ....206 ^f^^^a°* of dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of«-f. the+1, University of Florida in Partial PiiLfirijaent of the Itequireiaents for the Degree of Doctor of Hiilosopl-cr C.G. JUNG'S THEOHY OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS- A RATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION By Vfelter Avory Shelbume June 1976 Chairman: Mu?ilyn Zireig ;. !• " Ifejor Department: Hiilosopl-y This study is an examination of Jung's idea of the collective un- conscious being primariay concerned id.th the chief aspect of the collec- tive unconscious, the concept of the archetype. In the first half of the dissertation, an attempt is made to understand what Jung means by the archetypes. The e.-cposition of the theory of archetj-pes begins xrith a look at the basic Jungian mental constructs, p^che and unconscious, and td.th a stetch of Jung's theoiy of mind. Then the various aspects of the idea of the archetype are discussed treating such topics as the ontological status of the archetype, the archetypes as a prfx)ri conditioners of*e:cperience, the symbolic nature of archetypes, the archetypes and the instincts, the origin of archetypes, the phenomenology of archetypes, personification of arche- types, the archetjTes and ^ynchronicity and changes in archetypes through tiiae. i Bie exposition of the archetypal theory is undertaken with the aim in mijid of shCTjing hoT7 the idea of archetypes can be construed as a plausible scientific theory compatible idth standard scientific vi vii imder^andins. ^^ the second half of the disserbation, v/e discuss problematic aspects of our reconstruction from the point of vietr of criticisms which have been brought against the theory. AS^er a preldjidnaiy chapter in which criticisms of a general nature are discussed, we treat specific problematic aspects involved i/ith under- handing the archetj^al theory as a plausible scientific one. !Ihe rationalily of the archetypal theoiy is discussed in reply to the accusation that Jung's theory is mrstical rather than scientific, nh addition to the question of rationality, we treat the relationship bettTeen the practical and theoretical aspects of the theory in order to disbingulsh bettreen a theoretical and therapeutic discourse about archetypes, idth the latter discourse being concerned id.th personal meaningful interpretation of archetypal experience and hence often justifiabHy employing philosophical and religious teminology. Thus tre attempt to show how the use of such teiroinology bjr Jung in dis- cussions of archetypes does not count against the scientific nature of theoretical claims about archetypes. In addition to attempting to show how the archetypal theoiy is •a rational one and how its relationship to philosopl^ and religion does not count against it as a scientific theoi^r, ,re also examine how the theory can be understood in the context of general criteria for scientific theories. ]ii this regard ire discuss the problem of falsification shordiig how the theoiy can not be interpreted as com- patible Tjith all observational i?tates of affairs. I-fe also discuss the explanations and predictions wliich can be expected from the theory. PinaTly the evidence for the theoiy is discussed. Qie conclusion is reached that the archetj-pal theoiy can satisiy viii general scientific criteria and also meet specific criticisms of it from the scientific point of vieTr and that thus the scientific plau- sibility of the theoiy should be admitted. HWRODUCTION In this study ire attempt a rational reconstruction of J\mg«s theozy of archetypes ^d.th the goal in view of shoidiig that this theoiy is a scientifically plausible one. In regard to this task, some preliMnaiy questions need to be addressed. Vhat is meant by a rational reconstruction? T*iy is the reconstruction undertaken fl^ a scientific point of viesi and lAat is the purpose of shoidng that the archetypal theoiy is scientifically plausible? So far as the first question is concerned, the idea of a rational reconstruction is to clarify the meaning and interrelationship of the basic concepts of a theory so that the theory can be shoxm to be con- sistent and to be a theoiy >jith a clearly specified meaning. In. Jung's style of theorizing, clairlty and precision of basic concepts are much less important than fullness of meaning and phe- nomenologically accurate characterization of events. As a consequence many of Jung's ideas are as vague and ambiguous as th^ are fas- cinating and insightful. However, the purpose of a rational recon- struction as we understand it is not to oppose the spontaneity and riclmess of creativity vrith a sljiiple desire for order and clarity. Rather the aim of a rational reconstruction is the transformation of the unti(^ richness of creativity into a more directly useable form. By attempting to clariiy the meaning of the archetypal theoiy then, we hope to bring about a vdder aclmowledgement and study of the theoiy so as eventually to contribute to its dissemination as a fruitful conceptual schenK. Horrever, our reconstruction from the scientific point of view needs some Justification, For a survey of Jungian literature in- dicates on the whole a tendency to eniphasize the therapeutic aspect of the theory and its immediate personal relevance . rather than its employment in an attempt to gain scientific knotrledge. But unless the scientific plausibility of the archetypal theoiy can be establii^ed on firm ground, the personal and therapeutic relevance of the theory will be undermined. In Jung's terminology, the dilemma of modem man is that he can no longer simply believe, he must know. The modem individual's desire for a conqjrehensive understanding of the XTorld can thus not be satisfied by viei:s which are incompatible T-Tith scientific understanding. But if the author must confess that he is attracted to the arche- igrpal theory from the standpoint of its personal existential relevance, it should not be concluded that the archetypal theory is seen only as a therapeutic tool. For in arguing for scientific plausibility, \je have in mind a more ambitious goal of eventually showing hoir the theoiy can be used to gain theoretical unde,rstanding in a vride range of scientific disciplines. Vfe believe that the theory is not only scientifically plausible, but that it should be accepted and employed as well. Hovrever, this more ambitious aim must await the outcome of our attempt to argue for scientific plausibility. For a rational reconstruction of the theory is necessary before its true scientific merit can be appreciated. ' CHAPTEH 1 JUlTG'o MENTAL CONSTIIUCTS Pg/'che Preliminary Remarks In order to
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