Fenomenologisk Globalisering

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Fenomenologisk Globalisering Fenomenologisk globalisering Vardaglig nationalism bland transnationellt aktiva svenska och finländska företagsledare som globala epokens ofullbordan Mika Helander Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av statsvetenskapliga fakulteten vid Helsingfors universitet framläggs till offentlig granskning i auditorium XII (huvudbyggnaden), Unionsgatan 34, Helsingfors, fredagen den 29 oktober 2004 kl. 12. Helsingfors 2004 SSKH Skrifter SVENSKA SOCIAL- OCH KOMMUNALHÖGSKOLAN VID HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET Forskningsinstitutet Nr 18 Fenomenologisk globalisering Vardaglig nationalism bland transnationellt aktiva svenska och finländska företagsledare som globala epokens ofullbordan 2004 Mika Helander ”Det nyes første opptreden er bare dets umiddelbarhet eller dets begrep. En bygning er ikke ferdig når grunnmuren er satt opp, på samme måte må det begrep som er oppnådd om helheten ikke forveksles med helheten selv.” (G.W.F. Hegel [1807]1999:35) Helsingfors 2004 Utgivare: Forskningsinstitutet Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan vid Helsingfors universitet PB 16 00014 Helsingfors universitet Telefon: +358-9-1911 Telefax: +358-9-191 28430 Omslag: Pasi Käyhkö Copy- och modifieringsrätt för bilden ”Lights of Europe” har erhållits från NASA Earth Observatory Team. Redigering: Christina Klawér-Kauranen ISSN 1235-0966 ISBN 952-10-1777-5 (pbk) ISBN 952-10-1778-3 (pdf) Helsingfors 2004 Multiprint Innehåll Förord .........................................................................................................................v Inledning .....................................................................................................................1 Diagnosens förutsättningar .....................................................................................6 Frågeställningar .....................................................................................................13 Avhandlingens uppbyggnad .................................................................................15 DEL 1: VÄRLDEN I VARDAGLIG MENING 1 Metateoretisk prolog: Samtidsdiagnosens element – idealism, fenomenologi, dialektik...........................................................................................19 1.1 Epistemologisk idealism .................................................................................19 1.2 Sociologisk fenomenologi ..............................................................................22 1.3 Dialektik...........................................................................................................25 2 Globalisering .........................................................................................................29 2.1 Teoretiska skiljelinjer......................................................................................29 2.2 Globaliseringsdefinitioner och deras tolkningar............................................33 2.2.1 Globaliseringen som följd .......................................................................33 2.2.2 Teorin om den globala epoken................................................................35 2.2.3 Globaliseringens dimensioner .................................................................37 2.2.4 Globalisering som en andra modernitet ..................................................39 2.3 Mot en fenomenologisk definition av globaliseringen..................................41 3 Det transnationella ...............................................................................................53 3.1 Transnationella praktiker ................................................................................54 3.2 Transnationella meningshabitat och fält ........................................................58 4 Min värld som nationalism (och nationalismen som min värld).....................61 4.1 Politisk nationalism.........................................................................................62 4.2 Nationell genomlevd historia – vardaglig nationalism och nationell habitus......................................................65 4.2.1 Psykologiska teorier.................................................................................66 4.2.2 Kulturalistiska teorier...............................................................................67 4.2.3 Nationalismen fenomenologiskt betraktat ..............................................68 5 Att utforska ämnet empiriskt .............................................................................80 5.1 Valet av undersökningspopulation .................................................................81 5.2 Undersökningens planering och förverkligande............................................87 5.2.1 Urvalsramen .............................................................................................87 5.2.2 Informanterna och datainsamlingen........................................................89 5.3 Konkreta undersökningsmetoder....................................................................92 5.4 Analysen och tolkningen...............................................................................100 5.4.1 Lässtil och analysmetod.........................................................................105 5.5 Några kritiska reflektioner kring intervjuerna..............................................109 i 5.6 Redovisningen av den gjorda analysen ........................................................113 6 Sammanfattning .................................................................................................117 DEL 2: TRANSNATIONELLA FÄLT 7 Begreppet fält ......................................................................................................121 7.1 Tanketraditioner och lägesbestämningar......................................................121 7.2 Empiriskt verktyg..........................................................................................124 7.3 Tillämpningar ................................................................................................125 8 Två typer av transnationella fält ......................................................................127 8.1 Transnationella fältet som organisation .......................................................132 8.1.1 Organisationsstrukturen.........................................................................134 8.1.2 Transnationella matrisorganisationens positioner ................................140 8.1.3 Attitydernas fält......................................................................................153 8.2 Fältet som marknad .......................................................................................162 8.2.1 Positioner på den transnationella marknaden .......................................165 8.2.2 Investeringar och strategier på den transnationella marknaden...........175 8.2.3 Attitydernas fält......................................................................................181 9 Sammanfattning .................................................................................................184 DEL 3: VARDAGLIG NATIONALISM 10 Det nationella i det globala..............................................................................189 10.1 Globalism och transnationalism – en postnationell tid..............................189 10.2 Nationalism i globaliseringen.....................................................................191 11 Nordiska vardagliga nationalismen ...............................................................193 11.1 Svensk nationalism......................................................................................195 11.2 Finländsk nationalism .................................................................................197 12 Förekomsten av nationella och nationalistiska typifieringar.....................199 12.1 Diskursiv vardagsnationalism.....................................................................202 12.1.1 Uttryckligt nationalistiskt tal bland svenska och finländska företagsledare ..................................................................................................202 12.1.2 Underförstådd nationalism ..................................................................224 13 Företagsledarnas världsrelation och globalism............................................239 13.1 Det som inte är nationellt............................................................................240 13.2. Globalism....................................................................................................242 14 Habitusbaserade nationalistiska idealtypen .................................................250 ii DEL 4: DEN GLOBALA EPOKENS OFULLBORDAN 15 Vardagliga nationalismens konsekvenser.....................................................262 15.1 Livsvärldens globalisering..........................................................................264 15.2 Habitus hysteresis........................................................................................270 15.3 Internationell asymmetri: men ändå är Sverige där...................................277 Slutord.....................................................................................................................283 Appendix 1: Undersökningsmetoder..................................................................284 Appendix 2: Undersökningsresultat om företagsledares nationalism och globalism i Finland ................................................................................................290 Appendix 3: Frågeformuläret..............................................................................293
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