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HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL MONUMENT Ohio Canal, Being Built from Washington, Ceived a Plan to Liberate the Slaves by Violence Bridge Until After Daylight

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HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL MONUMENT Ohio Canal, Being Built from Washington, Ceived a Plan to Liberate the Slaves by Violence Bridge Until After Daylight HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL MONUMENT Ohio Canal, being built from Washington, ceived a plan to liberate the slaves by violence bridge until after daylight. Brown for some and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from and set up a free-Negro stronghold in the unexplained reason permitted the train to Baltimore, to reach Cumberland, and from mountains. Brown chose Harpers Ferry as proceed. The engineer, upon arriving at HARPERS FERRY there the Ohio Valley. The canal reached the point from which to start his operations, Monacacy at 7 a. m., telegraphed the alarm. Harpers Ferry in November 1833 a little apparently because it was near the Mason- In the meantime shooting began between NATIONAL MONUMENT more than a year ahead of its rival, but only Dixon line and at the head of the Shenan­ the Brown party now barricaded in the Gov­ the railroad reached the Ohio Valley; the doah Valley and the mountains of Virginia ernment arsenal buildings and some of the canal stopped at Cumberland. offered a nearby hideout. He reached Har­ townspeople. Militia arrived from Charles Thomas Jefferson, an early visitor to the pers Ferry on July 3, and, with two of his Town, Va. (now West Virginia), 8 miles locality, extolled the beauty of Harpers Ferry sons, established a base of operations at the away, and, by noon, secured the bridge across in his Notes on Virginia. "The passage of Kennedy Farm on the Chambersburg road the Potomac to Maryland. Ironically, a free the Potomac through the Blue Ridge," he some 5 miles northeast of the town. There negro named Heyward Shepherd, the station wrote, "is perhaps one of the most stupen­ during the summer he collected men, guns, master, was the first person killed. During A scenic and historic town, famous for the John Brown Raid and as a strategic dous scenes in nature ... This scene is and supplies. the day several persons were killed and wounded on both sides. At nightfall of the worth a voyage across the Atlantic." On a Sunday night, October 16, John point during the Civil War. 17th, the survivors of Brown's party and Brown set forth with 18 men and a wagon- their captive hostages and slaves had all taken John Brown's Raid load of supplies for Harpers Ferry, leaving At the scenic confluence of the Shenandoah of George Washington who knew the area, refuge in the fire engine house of the armory. Perhaps no more placid town than Harpers 3 men to guard the Kennedy House. At and Potomac Rivers in the Blue Ridge Moun­ authorized the purchase of land there for the Only five of Brown's men remained un- 10:30 p. m. the party seized the watchman tains is Harpers Ferry, the site of important erection of a gun factory. The presence of Ferry could have been found when suddenly wounded. Two of his sons, Oliver and Wat­ at the bridge over the Potomac River and, events from Colonial times to the Civil War. waterpower, a supply of iron, extensive hard­ in October 1859 John Brown's Raid focused son, were badly wounded; one died during In 1859 it was the scene of the electrifying wood forests for making charcoal, and a the Nation's attention on it. John Brown, a soon thereafter, the arsenal and armory guards the night, the other later. The engine house (John Brown's "fort") shortly after the war. Courtesy, Bachrach. John Brown raid, an event of importance in watercourse to carry the finished product to native of Connecticut, had been an abolition­ in the town. Brown then cut the telegraph That night, Col. Robert E. Lee and bringing the Nation to civil war. Strate­ Washington were the principal reasons for ist all his life and in the years just past had wires and sent out parties to bring in slaves Lt. J. E. B. ("Jeb") Stuart with 90 Marines gically important, Harpers Ferry changed establishing a Federal armory at Harpers been a leader in the bloody sectional strife in and hostages. An eastbound train arrived at arrived from Washington. The next morn­ wrong, but right." Brown was hanged at Harpers Ferry in the Civil War hands many times during that war. Its cap­ Ferry. The gun factory, in production before Kansas. Of stern religious bent, ardent to the river after midnight, but the engineer, ing, Tuesday, October 18, a party of Marines Charles Town on December 2. Maj. Thomas ture by "Stonewall" Jackson in 1862 was a the end of 1796, was turning out 10,000 the point of fanaticism, John Brown had con­ warned of the trouble, refused to cross the At the outset of the war, Virginia militia attacked the engine house. Using a heavy J. Jackson, ("Stonewall" of Civil War fame) dramatic prelude to the great battle at An- muskets a year by 1810. Nine years later, advanced on the town in April 1861, eager ladder to batter in the door of the build­ and his Virginia Military Institute artillery tietam Creek that ended the first Southern John Hall, a gunsmith from Maine working to obtain the machinery for manufacturing ing, the Marines thrust their way inside, unit of 21 cadets with two howitzers were in invasion of the North. at the arsenal, received a contract from the arms. The officer in charge thereupon de­ bayoneting two men and capturing the the guard and had posts of honor directly in Federal Government for the manufacture of stroyed the gun factory and a stand of 4,300 others. John Brown himself was severely a breech-loading flintlock rifle, and two new front of the gallows at the execution. rifles and muskets. The Confederates sal­ Early History cut about the head in the action, but the buildings on Virginius Island in the Shenan­ Those of Brown's associates who were cap­ vaged all the equipment possible and re­ wounds were not serious. Of Brown's party, tured were also tried, convicted, and hanged moved it to places farther south where the A trader named Peter Stephens, in 1733, doah River were assigned for his use. Thus, 10 had been killed, 5 captured, 4 escaped; for treason. Confederate government utilized it in the was the first settler at the site of the future in 1819, Hall's Rifle Works came into being. on the other side, 4 citizens, a free Negro, John Brown. Courtesy, Library of Congress. manufacture of arms. In this early period of Harpers Ferry. Fourteen years later, in 1747, Two years later it was producing 1,000 rifles and 1 Marine were dead. In John Brown hanged, the North had Robert Harper, a millwright, purchased and muskets a month. a martyr; in John Brown's raid, the South the war, Col. Thomas J. Jackson with a body Amid great popular excitement, John of troops held Bolivar Heights at Harpers "Peters Hole," as the place was called. He Providing one of the few water level routes saw an evil omen. Popular passion aroused Brown was brought to trial in nearby Charles Ferry for several weeks. On May 23, he saw the possibilities of waterpower and estab­ through the Blue Ridge Mountains, Harpers by the event, North and South, made it in­ Town a week after the raid. He was indicted seized 56 locomotives and more than 300 lished a mill and a ferry around which a small Ferry gap early attracted the attention of trans­ creasingly difficult for moderates to find a for treason against Virginia and for "con­ cars on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. village grew bearing his name. portation interests. The 1830's brought a common ground of compromise on which spiring with slaves to commit treason and Most of this equipment was taken to Martins- In 1796 Congress, during the Presidency spirited race between the Chesapeake and both sections could agree, and so maintain murder." Refusing to permit a plea of in­ burg where it was burned and partially de­ the Union. Before many months passed, men sanity, Brown was convicted and on Novem­ stroyed the next month. Later, multi-horse ber 2 sentenced to die a month later. In an under arms would be marching to the tune teams hauled 14 of these locomotives to The National Park System, of which this area is a unit, is dedicated to conserving eloquent statement he denied everything of "John Brown's Body," and the once peace­ Strasburg over the Valley Pike. the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and ful little town of Harpers Ferry would find "but ... a design on my part to free When Union troops removed a large sup­ inspiration of its people. itself a no man's land in a long and tragic Harpers Ferry from Jefferson Rock. From slaves." He felt no guilt. To "interfere" ply of wheat from the mill on Virginius Beyer's Album of Virginia, 1857. Courtesy, civil war. Library of Congress. on behalf of God's "despised poor" was "no Island in the autumn of 1861, a Confederate cavalry force raided the town and burned the Frederick, which it had just reached, a copy Miles and his men withstood the Confed­ a ghost town with mills, armory, arsenal, and mill. A few months later a sniper firing from of General Lee's Special Order No. 191 or­ erate artillery fire from across the Potomac many other buildings destroyed. It was a building in the town killed a Union scout, dering this Confederate maneuver. The and Shenandoah Rivers on Maryland and never fully to recover. and in retaliation Union troops burned the order wrapped around three cigars had been Loudon Heights for 2 days, almost upsetting The Monument entire "point" section of the waterfront.
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