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The Good Lord Bird: Traducción Al Español Y Dialectología

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The Good Lord Bird: Traducción Al Español Y Dialectología Miguel Sanz Jiménez THE GOOD LORD BIRD: TRADUCCIÓN AL ESPAÑOL Y DIALECTOLOGÍA Director: Dr. D. Jorge Braga Riera Máster Universitario en Traducción Literaria Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas y Traductores Facultad de Filología Universidad Complutense MÁSTER EN TRADUCCIÓN LITERARIA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DECLARACIÓN PERSONAL DE BUENA PRÁCTICA ACADÉMICA D. Miguel Sanz Jiménez, con NIF 05339044P, estudiante del Máster en Traducción Literaria de la Universidad Complutense, curso 2014/2015 DECLARA QUE: El Trabajo Fin de Máster titulado «The Good Lord Bird: Traducción al español y dialectología», presentado para la obtención del título correspondiente, es resultado de su propio estudio e investigación, absolutamente personal e inédito y no contiene material extraído de fuentes (en versión impresa o electrónica) que no estén debidamente recogidas en la bibliografía final e identificadas de forma clara y rigurosa en el cuerpo del trabajo como fuentes externas. Asimismo, es plenamente consciente de que el hecho de no respetar estos extremos le haría incurrir en plagio y asume, por tanto, las consecuencias que de ello pudieran derivarse, en primer lugar el suspenso en su calificación. Para que así conste a los efectos oportunos, firma la presenta declaración. En Madrid, a 5 de junio de 2015 Fdo.: Miguel Sanz Jiménez *Esta declaración debe adjuntarse al Trabajo Fin de Máster en el momento de su entrega. Agradecimientos: Me gustaría dar las gracias, por su contribución a este trabajo de fin de máster, a mi familia, lectores de las sucesivas versiones de esta traducción; a mis compañeros de fatigas, por sus ánimos y buen humor; y a mi tutor, por su infinita paciencia y sabio consejo. Índice 1. Resumen 1 2. Prólogo 3 3. James McBride 5 3.1. Carrera literaria 5 3.2. The Good Lord Bird 8 4. La traducción del dialecto 13 4.1. Estrategias para la traducción del dialecto 15 4.2. El dialecto afroamericano: Casos prácticos de novelas publicadas 21 4.3. Propuesta de traducción del dialecto en The Good Lord Bird 24 5. Las cuestiones históricas y culturales de The Good Lord Bird y su relevancia para el proceso traductor 29 5.1. El Oeste 29 5.2. La esclavitud 31 5.3. El humor 37 5.4. La religión 40 5.5. El título 42 6. Traducción al español de The Good Lord Bird 43 6.1. Capítulo 1: Conoced al Señor 45 6.2. Capítulo 2: El pájaro del Señor 55 6.3. Capítulo 22: El espía 59 6.4. Capítulo 23: Noticias 73 6.5. Capítulo 24: El ferroviario 81 7. Conclusiones 89 8. Bibliografía 91 8.1. Bibliografía primaria 91 8.2. Bibliografía secundaria 93 8.3. Obras de referencia 96 9. Anexo 97 9.1. Chapter 1: Meet the Lord 99 9.2. Chapter 2: The Good Lord Bird 109 9.3. Chapter 22: The Spy 113 9.4. Chapter 23: The Word 125 9.5. Chapter 24: The Rail Man 131 1. Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo de fin de máster es presentar una traducción al español de la tercera novela de James McBride: The Good Lord Bird. Con el fin de ofrecer un texto en la lengua meta que resulte equivalente al original inglés y respete sus matices, son objeto de estudio los siguientes aspectos: la trayectoria literaria del autor, las posibilidades de traducir el dialecto en literatura y sus implicaciones sociales, así como las cuestiones culturales relacionadas con las nuevas narraciones de esclavos, entre las que figuran el humor y la intertextualidad. Palabras clave: dialectología, humor, intertextualidad, James McBride, narraciones de esclavos, The Good Lord Bird, traducción literaria. Abstract The aim of this Master’s dissertation is to offer a Spanish translation of James McBride’s latest novel: The Goord Lord Bird. In order to obtain a text in the target language that is equivalent to the source language and respects its nuances, the following aspects are considered throughout this dissertation: the author’s career, the possibilities of translating literary dialect and its social implications, and the cultural aspects related to neo-slave narratives, including humor and intertextuality. Keywords: Dialect, Humor, Intertextuality, James McBride, Slave Narratives, The Good Lord Bird, Literary Translation. 1 2. Prólogo Mi interés por profundizar en la literatura estadounidense surgió mientras cursaba el grado en Estudios Ingleses en la Universidad Complutense; de hecho, mi trabajo de fin de gradose centró en las aspiraciones que los ideales del sueño americano crean en los personajes de la novela El gran Gatsby, de F. Scott Fitzgerald, y de la obra dramática Muerte de un viajante, de Arthur Miller. Posteriormente, durante mi estancia en Estados Unidos en el curso 2013/2014, seguí la entrega del National Book Award en noviembre de 2013 y me llamó la atención el éxito cosechado por la obra ganadora, The Good Lord Bird. Al volver a España, me pareció curioso que esta novela no se hubiera traducido al castellano, así como que su autor fuera casi un completo desconocido en el panorama editorial español, lo que me llevó a considerarla para mi trabajo de fin de máster, pues se trata de una novela rica, profunda y con abundantes elementos culturales que presentan un desafío para el traductor, como se verá en las siguientes páginas. El propósito primordial de este trabajo es, pues, ofrecer una traducción al español de la novela The Good Lord Bird, de James McBride, que se publicó en Estados Unidos en 2013 y que no solo obtuvo el beneplácito de la crítica, sino que también fue un éxito de ventas. De hecho, sorprende que solo se haya traducido al castellano la primera obra de este autor, The Color of Water (1996). Con el objetivo de contextualizar la novela original de McBride, se estudiará primero la figura del autor, su relevancia y su carrera literaria. Dado que se trata de un escritor contemporáneo, la bibliografía de este primer apartado está compuesta fundamentalmente por entrevistas en las que el propio McBride explica sus motivaciones y las condiciones en las que trabajó en sus novelas, y por artículos de prensa acerca de la recepción de estas obras en Estados Unidos y de la tradición literaria en la que se inscriben. Además, se analizará la presencia del dialecto, en particular del afroamericano, en la carrera literaria de McBride, en especial en el caso de The Good Lord Bird. El siguiente apartado del trabajo se centra en las características de esta variación lingüística y su representación en la literatura escrita en lengua inglesa. A continuación, se repasan las consideraciones que han ofrecido diversos traductólogos en los últimos tiempos acerca de las posibilidades de traducir el dialecto: si, en efecto, se deben conservar las marcas dialectales del texto fuente y, en tal caso, qué estrategias se pueden seguir. Además, se contemplan varios casos prácticos de novelas ya publicadas para analizar qué técnicas son las más empleadas en la traducción al castellano del dialecto afroamericano y qué puede aportar la propuesta de The Good Lord Bird al respecto. 3 Una vez considerado el dialecto, se presta atención al resto de elementos culturales de la novela de McBride que suponen un desafío traductor. En particular, se estudia el género de las narraciones de esclavos (slave narratives) en el que se inscribe la obra. En esta tarea de documentación se han tenido en cuenta tanto manuales de literatura, por ejemplo The Cambridge Companion to the African American Novel y The Cambridge Companion to the African American Slave Narrative, como monografías que tratan en detalle la institución de la esclavitud en Estados Unidos, caso de Hidden in Plain View: A Secret History of Quilts and the Underground Railroad y Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Se estudian también otros aspectos culturales relacionados con el léxico propio del Oeste americano, así como las estrategias para traducir el humor de la novela y la intertextualidad, en particular la que alude a la Biblia. Este apartado concluye con una breve reflexión centrada en cómo reproducir en español el título de la novela. Tras las consideraciones teóricas iniciales, el quinto apartado comprende la propuesta de traducción al español de una serie de fragmentos de The Good Lord Bird, que se corresponden con los capítulos uno, parte del dos (en el que se explica el carácter simbólico del título de la novela), el veintidós, el veintitrés y el capítulo veinticuatro, en los que el protagonista entra en contacto con la esclavitud en el estado de Virginia. En esta selección se aplican las estrategias que se han justificado, previamente, en el mencionado aparato crítico del trabajo. Las razones para escoger estos capítulos son que en el primero se presentan los personajes y los distintos rasgos que definen a cada uno, por ejemplo el dialecto o la jerga propia del Oeste, mientras que en el segundo el protagonista contempla el pájaro carpintero que da título a la novela, un espisodio que es fundamental para poder plasmarlo en español. Los capítulos veintidós, veintitrés y veinticuatro han resultado de especial interés porque cuentan la llegada del narrador al Sur, donde conoce a varios esclavos afroamericanos, y entra en contacto con su dialecto y con varios elementos culturales y personajes históricos vinculados a la institución de la esclavitud. Tras las conclusiones y el listado de referencias bibliográficas, se anexan los fragmentos del texto original en inglés con el fin de que el lector pueda cotejar el texto fuente con la propuesta de traducción y, así, valorar la novela meta y las decisiones traductoras adoptadas. 4 3. James McBride 3.1. Carrera literaria James McBride es escritor, compositor, saxofonista y guionista. Nació en Brooklyn (Nueva York) en 1957. Hijo de un padre negro y de una madre que descendía de judíos polacos, se crió en las viviendas sociales del barrio de Red Hook junto a sus doce hermanos, donde presenció los cambios sociales y el movimiento por los derechos civiles de la década de los sesenta.
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