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Se Niegan a Reconocer). Su Primer Sistema Operativo, El MS-DOS, Muy Parecido Al UNIX Original, Fue Comprado Por Una Miseria a Ot -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws VB. Historia de Apple se niegan a reconocer). Su primer Sistema Operativo, el MS-DOS, muy parecido al UNIX original, fue comprado por una miseria a otra empresa y vendido como propio, entre otros a IBM. Apple (Jobs) sabía que los Mac necesitaban software para ser ser comercialmente rentables, y que Microsoft intentaba hacerse un hueco en el mercado de las aplicaciones, Macintosh era la ocasión de Microsoft de entrar en el lucrativo mercado de las Aplicaciones. Microsoft había hecho algunas débiles tentativas antes del Mac, pero sería con el Mac con quien acertaría, sabían que un nuevo ordenador significaba nuevas oportunidades. Jobs mostró a la gente de Microsoft una de las primeras fases de desarrollo de un prototipo Mac, y a Gates le gustaron las ideas que implicaba un nuevo concepto como este. Jobs y Gates se pusieron de acuerdo en que MS escribiera las nuevas aplicaciones. Justo antes del lanzamiento de las aplicaciones Gates amenazó con abandonar los desarrollos a menos que Jobs cediera en dos puntos: 1. Apple licenciara parte del MacUI (Interfaz de Usuario) para Aplicaciones de MS en PCs (¿Nunca le ha parecido que las aplicaciones en Mac y PC se parecen mucho? Pues no es por que sea la única solución en el universo para interfaces gráficos, es por que se COPIÓ). Estas aplicaciones se convertirían en una Suite de Aplicaciones que crecieron más adelante y evolucionarían al Windows 1.0 y MS-Office. Recordemos que Windows empezó como Application-Suite dentro de DOS, no un Shell de OS. Al licenciar Apple algunos conceptos a Microsoft (bajo coacción), debilitó su caso en contra de MS cuando esta empezó a copiar de forma más evidente a Apple. El mito popular dice que Apple perdió su pleito contra MS porque no era realmente una estafa, la verdadera razón fue que el modo en que estaban otorgadas las licencias de algunas tecnologías era un poco vago, indefinido, y el beneficio de la duda le fue otorgado a MS. 2. Apple abandonara su propio proyecto de MacBasic ya terminado y mejor que el MSBasic. MacBasic tenía muchos conceptos que MS “Fusiló” para crear VisualBasic. Las pocas ideas para VB que el MS no copió de MacBasic las cogió de HyperCard, que Bill Atkinson escribió porque el Mac no tenía un buen entorno simple de programación, y esto era así porque MS había retirado su Basic para el Mac y había forzado a cancelar MacBasic. Con el paso del tiempo MS decidiría que el GUI (Graphical User Interface, Interfaz Grafica de Usuario, vamos, el Sistema de Mac) era demasiado bueno para no usarlo. Comenzaron con una Application-Suite que utilizaría los conceptos de los Macs en DOS, un ratón, y una manipulación del entorno con él. Esto se convirtió en Windows 1.0, y evolucionó al Windows que hoy conocemos y odiamos. El jefe programador del proyecto de Windows era el mismo individuo que había sido jefe de proyecto para aplicaciones de Mac. Sculley (la persona que Jobs y Woz habían traído de Pepsi) puso todo su empeñó en una batalla judicial contra Bill Gates. Este último finalmente, acordó firmar una declaración por la que Microsoft se comprometía a no usar tecnología del Mac en Windows 1.0, pero nada se decía allí sobre las futuras versiones de Windows, y los abogados de Gates se aseguraron que esta argucia fuera a prueba de fallos, Apple había perdido, efectivamente, los derechos exclusivos sobre su diseño de interfaz. Este documento llegaría a ser importante en los juicios posteriores entre Apple y Microsoft, que trataran sobre la interfaz del Windows. Durante la mayor parte de su desarrollo original Windows era conocido como “Interfaz Manager”, la gente de Microsoft convenció a Gates de que abandonara esta idea. En la convención ComdexFall de 1983 se anunció oficialmente como Windows, se montó una demostración que, podría decirse, solo consistía en trucos de humo y espejos, puesto que no había código alguno disponible, no había nada que mostrar. Un enorme bombardeo de marketing llevo a Windows a ser lo más conocido en aquella expo, eclipsando la estrella del año anterior: el interfaz gráfico VisiOn de Visicorp, que tenía unas mejores capacidades. Microsoft ganó la batalla a VisiCorp aunque el Windows 1.0 final todavía tardaría dos años más en ver la luz. Este retraso estuvo debido principalmente a que Gates estaba obsesionado con el Mac, llegando incluso a eliminar funcionalidades “por que no estaban en el Mac”. Microsoft cambió a su mejor programador de aplicaciones Mac, y le hizo trabajar en casi todo lo posible para el Windows original. Bill Gates le dijo que hiciera a un PC parecer y trabajar, “EXACTAMENTE como un Mac”, ¡Cita literal del propio Bill Gates! Contrastando esta sucesión de hechos (Microsoft tiene 13 de 29 VB. Historia de Apple acceso a los prototipos de Macintosh para hacer aplicaciones y “pide prestado” el interfaz para su propio sistema operativo) con la relación entre Apple y Xerox se tiene una idea de la diferencia en la filosofía y la puesta en práctica. Microsoft “robó” (bueno, presuntamente), no tomó conceptos básicos y los juntó para crear su propio sistema, Apple amplió. El Windows 1.0 estaba lejos de ser un gran éxito, se hizo famosa su falta de capacidad para superponer unas ventanas sobre otras. La versión 2 no vio la luz hasta otros dos años más tarde, sin embargo, mientras tanto MS estaba trabajando junto a IBM en el sistema operativo OS/2. Esto inducía a pensar que Windows tendría una vida muy corta… La semejanza (de Windows con el MacOS que entonces se llamaba “System”) no era solo en el diseño, hay toolboxes/API (Application Program Interface) enteras que son casi idénticas (en cuanto a interfaz). Microsoft robó muchas estructuras de datos y rutinas, nombres y conceptos para muchos objetos son iguales también. Si no fuera para el hecho de que tuvieron montarlo encima del DOS, casi habrían robado el código mismo. Si se analizan muchas de las rutinas más viejas de Windows se ven nombres y estructuras que son idénticos al Mac. Pero MS fue lo suficientemente inteligente como para evitar (o ganar) juicios, cambiando el nombre, reordenando algunas cosas, de forma que pudieran decir que no eran “idénticos”. MS también tuvo que realizar algunos cambios de diseño para conseguir hacerlo funcionar en un PC. En realidad a lo de Windows no se le puede llamar “diseño” por el contrario se puede decir que el Mac era EL DISEÑO propiamente dicho. MS sabía que Apple solamente toleraría robos pequeños. Por esto al principio solamente copió el diseño y la implementación, pero con esto estaba lejos del aspecto e impresiones que daba les Apple a los clientes. Cuando comenzaron a robar la metáfora de escritorio (carpetas, papelera, etc…) fue cuando Apple tuvo suficiente y les demandó. No importa cuales fueran las conclusiones legales, éticamente Microsoft ripeó el Mac. Cuando en 1983 a Paul Allen le diagnosticaron la enfermedad de Hodgkin decidió abandonar Microsoft argumentando que no soportaba la constante presión de la empresa. Se tomó dos años sabáticos. Para Bill Gates fue un duro golpe. Le pareció que su amigo le había abandonado y tomó la decisión de que Allen no volviera a incorporarse. Otra vez aquí el paralelismo entre Microsoft y Apple, entre Allen y Wozniak, entre Gates y Jobs. Cuando Allen superó la enfermedad fundó Asymetrix su propia empresa de software. En Marzo de 1986 Microsoft salió a Bolsa, Allen se convirtió en millonario ese mismo día, Gates en el multimillonario más joven de los Estados Unidos. Hasta 1995 puede que se cambiaran las ideas de otros o que se añadieran nuevas características, pero esto no era innovación de verdad, a partir de este año Microsoft cambió su rumbo y comenzó a invertir más dinero en I+D, intentando modernizar. Recientemente (2003) Apple ha hecho una extensión de una patente aprobada en 1995 sobre múltiples usuarios, mucho antes de Windows ofreciera el cambio de usuario, Apple podría estar en posición de litigar contra Microsoft por utilizar esa tecnología sin ser suya, pero no lo hace. Casualmente, el autor de la tecnología patentada por Apple es Steve Capps, codiseñador del Finder del MacOS, diseñador del UI (User Interface) del Newton, y actualmente arquitecto del UI de Microsoft Windows. Teniendo en cuenta como funcionan los juicios en EE.UU., Apple podría tener una remota posibilidad de sentarse a hablar con la empresa de Redmond sobre algunos temas. A lo largo de los años, MS ha ido “contratando” a base de talonario ingenieros que habían hecho el interfaz de MacOS original. ¿Tenian por ejemplo la necesidad de contratar a la diseñadora de la mayoría de los iconos del Sistema del Macintosh, Susan Karen? Pues lo hicieron, y para un trabajo exactamente igual: diseñar los iconos de Windows. 14 de 29 VB. Historia de Apple Diseño de Susan Kare para Windows 3.0, en 1988. Y para Macintosh, en 1983 A pesar de que Jobs está muy lejos de esta guerra, la rivalidad Gates-Jobs siempre ha sido explotada por la prensa americana. Ambos tienen la misma edad, y son como el ying y el yang. El empollón y el rebelde. El comerciante y el artista. La corbata y la chaqueta de cuero. El negocio y la creatividad. De hecho, la relación entre ambos es el argumento de una película producida por la TNT para la televisión, llamada Piratas del Silicon Valley. La película, aunque es una caricatura, armó un escándalo tremendo porque Steve Jobs aparece retratado como un egomaniaco tirano e insoportable, mientras Gates es un malvado villano, depresivo e inseguro. Gates nunca ha querido comentar la película.
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