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TAXONOMIC and BIOLOGICAL STUDIES of PTEROPHORIDAE of JAPAN (Lepidoptera)1

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TAXONOMIC and BIOLOGICAL STUDIES of PTEROPHORIDAE of JAPAN (Lepidoptera)1 Pacific Insects 5 (1) : 65-209 April 30, 1963 TAXONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PTEROPHORIDAE OF JAPAN (Lepidoptera)1 By Koji Yano ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, KYUSHU UNIVERSITY, FUKUOKA, JAPAN Abstract: The present paper treats 57 species belonging to 18 genera of the Japanese Pterophoridae. Fourteen new species are described, 4 species are recorded for the first time from Japan and 3 new synonyms are proposed. The larvae and pupae of 20 species belong­ ing to 13 and 12 genera respectively are described as well as the biological notes of them. Eleven species are injurious to the useful plants. Forty-two host plants including those after the previous records are listed. Keys to subfamilies, genera and species for adults are given. Preliminary keys to subfamilies for both the larvae and pupae, those to genera of 2 sub­ families for larvae and to genera of 1 subfamily for pupae are also given. CONTENTS page Introduction 66 Acknowledgements 66 Historical review 67 Systematics 68 Characters of the family 68 Adult 68 Mature larva 69 Pupa 71 Biology 72 Subdivision of the family 72 Subfamily Agdistinae 74 Subfamily Platyptiliinae 80 Subfamily Pterophorinae 167 Notes on the host plants and economic significance 202 A list of the species of the Japanese Pterophoridae 203 References 205 1. Contribution Ser. 2, No. 163, Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University. 66 Pacific Insects Vol. 5, no. 1 INTRODUCTION Since the publications of Dr. S. Matsumura's great work entitled " 6000 Illustrated In­ sects of Japan-Empire", in which 24 species including 21 new species of the family Ptero­ phoridae from Japan, Korea and Formosa were illustrated, and the excellent papers written by Mr. H. Hori between 1931 and 1936, rather little advance on the taxonomic and bio­ logical studies on the family has been made in Japan. In the present paper, I treat 57 species belonging to 18 genera of the present family from Japan. Fourteen species are originally described and 4 species are recorded for the first time from Japan. The redescriptions of some well-known species are excluded, but both male and female genitalia are described as far as possible. On the early stages and biology of this family in Japan, 5 species have been reported and the host plants of only ll other species have been listed till now. In the present pa­ per, the larvae and pupae of 20 species belonging to 13 and 12 genera respectively are described in detail, and the biological observations are mentioned. The nomenclature and terminology used for the setae and facial parts of the head of the larva, except for the labrum, are those of Hinton (1946, 1947) respectively. On the setae of the labrum, the nomenclature of Heinrich (1916) is adopted. In treating the species and other higher taxonomic categories, the characters of both adults and early stages are taken into consideration. The region covered in the present paper is composed of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima and her adjacent islets) and the Ryukyu Islands (Amami Is., Okinawa Is. and Sakishima Is.). The following sources of materials are investigated for the present study: the collection of the Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu University, in which the types of the species described by Mr. H. Hori are included; the collection of the Entomological Institute of Hokkaido University, in which all the types of the species described by Dr. S. Matsumura are deposited; and my collection which includes specimens offered by many persons. Unless otherwise stated, the type specimens of originally described species in this pa­ per except for some paratypes, are preserved in the collection of the Entomological Labo­ ratory, Kyushu University. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. K. Yasumatsu, Kyushu University, whose kind and continuous guidance in the course of this study enabled me to complete this paper, and to Prof. Y. Hirashima, Kyushu University, for his kind suggestions. I am much indebted to Dr. J. L. Gressitt, Bishop Museum, for his kind arrangements for the publication of this paper, and to Dr. R. W. Strandtmann, Bishop Museum, for his helpful suggestions. I appreciate the courtesy of Prof. C. Watanabe, Hokkaido University, who generously allowed me to examine the collection of the University, and of Dr. S. Issiki, Osaka Prefecture, in lending the valuable literature. I also wish to thank Prof. W. H. Lange, Jr., University of California, for the gift of his papers, and Dr. H. G. Amsel, Landessammlungen fiir Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, who kindly shared his time to compare the Japanese specimens with European ones, and sent the European specimens and gave helpful suggestions. I am particularly grateful for the kindness of Dr. L. Bigot, Station biologique 1963 Yano: Pterophoridae of Japan 67 de Ia Tour-du-Valat, in offering many European specimens and sending the copies of some original descriptions. My hearty thanks are also due to the following persons for their kindness in offering the valuable specimens: Prof. Y. Hirashima, Dr. H. Inoue, Mr. R. Ishikawa, Prof. S. Ito, Messrs. H. Kamiya, T. Kawarabata, T. Kodama, T. Kumata, Y. Maeta, Prof. S. Miyamoto, Mr. Y. Miyatake, Dr. K. Morimoto, Mr. S. Moriuti, Dr. A. Mutuura, Messrs. M. Okada, T. Okuno, H. Ono, T. Saigusa, T. Saito, M. Sakuma, Prof. T. Shirozu, Mr. M. Sonda, Prof. C. Takeya, Messrs. M. Tonosaki, H. Yamamoto, T. Yasuda, Prof. K. Yasumatsu and Mr. K. Yonesaka. HISTORICAL REVIEW The first recorded species among the family Pterophoridae from Japan is Pselnophorus vilis (Butler) which was described in 1881 under the name Aciptilus vilis by the specimen collected at " Tokei" by Fenton. Nawa (1898) recorded the species infesting Dolichos lablab L. without giving its scientific name, but it may be Sphenarches anisodactylus. This report seems to be the first Japanese literature dealing with the species of this family. Matsumura (1905) listed 3 species from Japan: Stenoptilia pinarodactyla, Platyptilia isodac- tyla and Alucita (Aciptilia) vilis. Meyrick (1908) described a new species, Platyptilia cre- talis, from Japan. Fletcher (1910) wrote a paper on Deuterocopus, in which he described D. albipunctatus from Japan. Sasaki (1913) described a new species, Stenoptilia vitis, in­ festing the grape. A short series of the enlightening papers written by Nohira appeared from 1916 to 1919. He (1916) listed 19 species from Japan, Saghalien and Formosa. In the next year, he treated the family and genera in outline and gave a key to genera, which followed Meyrick (1910). He (1919) also described a new species, Agdistis takamukui, from Kyushu. Takahashi (1921) reported the infestation of Platyptilia ignifera to the vi­ ticulture of Honshu under the name Ennem sp. It seems to be the first record of this species from Japan. Marumo (1923) described a new species Pselnophorus japonicus from Tanega-shima. From 1931 to 1936 many important papers on the Japanese Pterophoridae have been published in succession. Matsumura (1931) illustrated 24 species including 21 new species from Japan and her adjacent countries as already mentioned in the introduction. A series of papers written by Hori appeared in these periods. These papers contributed much to the knowledge of the Japanese Pterophoridae. Hori (1931, 1933b, 1936a) redescribed or recorded 6 genera and ll species, and described 2 new genera, Xenopterophora and Pseudo- xyroptila, and 2 new species, Xenopterophora mikado and Trichoptilus esakii, from Japan, Korea and Formosa. In these papers, he gave the illustrations of the adults, venations and male genitalia of most species of the treated ones. Hori (1932) illustrated ll species from Japan and Formosa in " Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum." Hori (1933a) re­ ported the species infesting the grape and its allied plants in Japan, viz. Platyptilia igni­ fera, Nippoptilia vitis and Deuterocopus albipunctatus, and described a new species, Nippo- ptilia minor in this paper. Hori (1934b, 1936c) observed the life histories of Platyptilia go- nodactyla and P. emarginata. He (1934a) also wrote a paper on the synonymies of 6 species. He (1950) again illustrated 10 species from Japan in the revised edition of "Ico­ nographia Insectorum Japonicorum." Inoue (1955) listed 30 species including 2 newly recorded species from Japan. In 1957 and 1959, 2 books illustrated in colour were published in Japan. In the former one, Esaki 68 Pacific Insects Vol. 5, no. 1 treated 16 species including 1 newly recorded species from Japan, while in the latter one Inoue treated 19 species including 2 newly recorded species from Japan. Yano (1960, 1961a, 1961b) described a new genus, Tomotilus, and 4 new species, Platyptilia sinuosa, P. scutata, Tomotilus saitoi and Oidaematophorus nigridactylus, and recorded Platyptilia rhodo- dactyla from Japan. He (1961c) also wrote a paper on 3 species including a new species of Nippoptilia from Japan, viz. N. vitis, N. issikii and TV. minor. SYSTEMATICS Characters of the family A dult: Head with frons smooth, rarely slightly projecting forwards or forming a con­ spicuous conical tuft and with or without a small scale tuft just below base of each antenna. Ocellus obsolete. Antenna filiform, scaled above and ciliated beneath, cihation often very minute; usually there is no distinct difference between both sexes. Labial palpus slender or stout. Maxillary palpus obsolete. Proboscis developed. Occipital fringe variable, viz. simple without furcation, bifurcated, trifurcated or rarely polyfurcated or simple hair-like as shown in figs. 1 and 2. Leg usually long, slender; inner spur of mid tibia longer than ab cdefghijklmn o pqr s tuvwx Fig. 1. Occipital fringes of various species. outer, in some species both spurs equal; hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs, medial and ter­ minal pairs; inner spurs of both pairs longer than outer respectively, rarely equal or short­ er. Forewing usually bifid, rarely trifid or not cleft into lobes; quadrifid species not found from Japan; cilia mixed with dark or pale scales or without them.
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