FEMIP Mobiliser Le Capital Humain Sur L’Innovation En Méditerranée

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FEMIP Mobiliser Le Capital Humain Sur L’Innovation En Méditerranée Facilité euro-méditerranéenne d’investissement et de partenariat • Facilité euro-méditerranéenne d’investissement et de partenariat FEMIP Mobiliser le capital humain sur l’innovation en Méditerranée Étude réalisée par MOBILISER LE CAPITAL HUMAIN SUR L’INNOVATION EN MEDITERRANEE Cet ouvrage a été dirigé par le Pr. Jean-Louis Reiffers co-coordonateur et Président du Comité scientifique du FEMISE et de l’Institut de la Méditerranée, Doyen honoraire de la Faculté des sciences économiques de l’Université de la Méditerranée, Professeur émé- rite à l’Université du Sud, Toulon-Var (USTV). Ont participé (ordre alphabétique) Dr. Patricia Augier, deputy President du Comité scientifique du FEMISE, Maître de Conférences à l’AMU (Aix- Marseille Université), di- recteur de recherche au GREQAM, Dr. Frédéric Blanc, Directeur Général du FEMISE, Pr. Ahmed Driouchi, conseiller du Président, Doyen de l’Institut d’Analyse économique et des Etudes Prospectives à l’Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Maroc, Isabelle Gaysset, doctorante, Dr. Yusuf Kocoglu, Maître de Conférences à l’Université du Sud-Toulon–Var (USTV), chercheur au LEAD, Dr. Constantin Tsakas, senior economist au FEMISE. Nota: les auteurs tiennent à remercier l’INSEAD pour leur avoir donné accès à la base de données du Global Innovation Index (GII). Ce rapport est financé par le Fonds fiduciaire de la FEMIP. Établi en 2004 et abondé jusqu’à présent par 16 États membres de l’UE et par la Commission européenne, ce fonds est destiné à soutenir le développement du secteur privé au travers de prises de partici- pation et du financement d’études et de mesures d’assistance technique. Le contenu du présent volume a été élaboré par des consultants externes. Les points de vue présentés sont ceux des consultants et ils ne représentent pas nécessairement ceux de la Banque européenne d’investissement. -1- MOBILISER LE CAPITAL HUMAIN SUR L’INNOVATION EN MEDITERRANEE SOMMAIRE Résumé pour dirigeants .......................................................................................... p. 3 Introduction générale ............................................................................................ p. 13 Chapitre I : l’innovation doit être placée au cœur d’un nouveau modèle de croissance dans les pays méditerranéens ......................................................... p.19 Chapitre II : qu’est ce qui explique la position des pays méditerranéens en matière d’innovation ? ...................................................................................... p.29 Chapitre III : un impératif qui commande tout : retrouver une société créative .... p.67 Chapitre IV : agir sur le capital humain par l’éducation et la formation ................. p.97 Chapitre V : le rôle incontournable des entreprises dans la production et la formation d’innovateurs ................................................................................... p.125 Chapitre VI : conclusions et recommandations .................................................... p.155 Annexe 1 : Fiches pays .......................................................................................... p.169 Algérie ......................................................................................................... p.171 Liban ............................................................................................................ p.181 Maroc .......................................................................................................... p.191 Tunisie ......................................................................................................... p.209 Egypte ......................................................................................................... p.221 Jordanie ....................................................................................................... p.237 Israel ............................................................................................................ p.251 Annexe 2 : analyses en composantes principales des piliers de l’innovation ....... p.267 Capital Humain ............................................................................................ p.266 Sophistication des marchés ......................................................................... p.268 Sophistication des affaires .......................................................................... p.270 Institutions .................................................................................................. p.272 Infrastructures ............................................................................................ p.274 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................ p.276 -2- MOBILISER LE CAPITAL HUMAIN SUR L’INNOVATION EN MEDITERRANEE RESUME POUR DIRIGEANTS Mobiliser le capital humain actuellement disponible dans les pays méditerranéens sur l’innovation, doit faire partie d’une vision proposée aux sociétés méditerranéennes ; en particulier, à leur jeunesse. L’innovation [1] est au cœur de la société de la connaissance. Dans un monde globalisé, c’est le moteur actuel du progrès et de l’inclusion. Tirer effectivement la société vers la créativité et l’innovation est une question qui concerne le long terme. Quelles que soient les urgences actuelles, cet objectif doit res- ter présent dans les stratégies. En faire un objectif stratégique en cette période de doutes est un discours politique fondé sur la liberté, l’initiative, la participation, qui doit réduire les tensions actuelles en donnant un horizon. Selon les auteurs du présent rapport, il ne fait pas de doute que c’est ce qu’attend la jeunesse qui a conduit les révolutions arabes. Tous les pays émergents empruntent cette voie explicitement aujourd’hui, avec un sou- tien au plus haut niveau de l’Etat (Inde, République de Corée, Malaisie, Chine, Chili… sans parler de Singapour qui est placé au premier rang mondial désormais). Tous ces pays sont conscients de la nécessité de passer d’un modèle de croissance fondé sur l’accumulation d’un capital humain et physique peu différencié, à un modèle de croissance à productivité. Dans le cas des pays méditerranéens, cette orientation a été affirmée dans différents plans sectoriels, et diverses opérations visant à installer des clusters et autres pôles tech- nologiques. Mais au total elle n’a pas pénétré le cœur de la société. Des résultats qui révèlent un retard manifeste Si l’on regarde la position relative des pays méditerranéens pour la production d’innovations scientifiques et technologiques, d’une part, et d’innovations créatives [2], d’autre part, l’on ob- serve que les pays méditerranéens ont un retard sensible [3]. Ils se partagent en deux groupes: √ Un premier groupe situé autour de la moyenne des 141 pays retenus dans le GII. Ce sont la Jordanie (46ème), la Tunisie (58ème), la Turquie (61ème), le Liban (63ème). √ Un second groupe sensiblement éloigné de la moyenne qui comprend le Maroc (90ème), l’Egypte (99ème), la Syrie (130ème), l’Algérie ( 134ème). Quant à Israël, classée au 13ème rang, ce pays est dans une situation comparable à celle des pays les plus performants de ce point de vue. Une place centrale du capital humain dans la hiérarchie des facteurs qui positionnent les pays sur l’innovation Quels sont les principaux facteurs qui expliquent ces positions relatives ? Se détachent nettement ici : (i) les infrastructures (électricité, TIC), (ii) le capital humain (dans ses as- -3- pects qualitatifs), (iii) la sophistication des marchés (vue notamment à partir de l’ouver- ture aux échanges et à la disponibilité en ressources financières). L’environnement des affaires (vu au travers du fonctionnement institutionnel, en- par ticulier, de l’efficacité du gouvernement) joue, quant à lui, un rôle qui semble moins discriminant. Ce résultat confirmé par plusieurs autres études menées, soit sur la compétitivité, soit sur la « knowledge economy », montre que la question de l’innovation est indissociable du fonctionnement d’ensemble de l’économie. Il reste que ce type de classement est fortement marqué par l’existence de nombreux critères fondés sur des appréciations souvent subjectives, qui concernent: l’ouverture, la modification de l’environnement des affaires dans le sens de la flexibilité, la géné- ralisation des marchés et une grande méfiance vis-à-vis des politiques structurelles et industrielles conduites par l’Etat. S’en tenir là, a eu trois conséquences opérationnelles qui soulignent les limites de ce genre de benchmarks pour la décision : (i) la première, a été de considérer que tout progrès réalisé dans le classement consti- tue une modification sensible du modèle de croissance, ce qui est évidemment faux, surtout si les progrès sont réalisés dans un élément particulier, sans tenir compte du fait que l’ensemble fait système, (ii) la seconde, est qu’invoquer sur ces bases une politique nationale d’innovation conduit tous les départements ministériels à se présenter au nouveau guichet financier ainsi ouvert (soit directement, soit via des agences spécialisées), sans avoir la volonté (ou la possibilité) de modifier les protocoles de fonctionnement de leur administration, (iii) la troisième, a été de centrer l’attention sur des opérations limitées, soutenues à grand renfort de communication sur les pôles spécialisés, et autres clusters dont les résultats, peu évalués, ne se sont pas révélés à la mesure des enjeux. Ils sont en gé- néral peu créateurs d’emplois induits et dispendieux. Le choix d’une approche organique généralisée
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