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The Rupture in State-Society Relationships and the Prominence of Youth Activism in Egypt Opportunities, Strategies and New Models of Mobilization

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The Rupture in State-Society Relationships and the Prominence of Youth Activism in Egypt Opportunities, Strategies and New Models of Mobilization Durham E-Theses The Rupture in State-Society Relationships and the Prominence of Youth Activism in Egypt Opportunities, Strategies and New Models of Mobilization MOHAMED, AHMED,TOHAMI,ABDELHAY How to cite: MOHAMED, AHMED,TOHAMI,ABDELHAY (2013) The Rupture in State-Society Relationships and the Prominence of Youth Activism in Egypt Opportunities, Strategies and New Models of Mobilization , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8502/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Rupture in State-Society Relationships and the Prominence of Youth Activism in Egypt Opportunities, Strategies and New Models of Mobilization Ahmed Tohami Abdelhay Mohamed Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science 2013 School of Government and International Affairs University of Durham 1 Declaration No material in this thesis has been previously submitted for a degree at this or any other University. The work is solely that of the author, Ahmed Tohami A. Mohamed, under the supervision of Professor Emma Murphy and Professor Anoush Ehteshami. Material from the published or unpublished work of others which is used in the thesis is credited to the author in question in the text. Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any format, including electronic and the Internet, without the author‘s prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. 2 Acknowledgments The research and writing of this PhD thesis could not have been successfully completed without the invaluable contributions of both my supervisors. To Professor Emma Murphy I owe a particular debt of gratitude. I am sincerely grateful for her continuous guidance and support throughout this long and solitary journey. I thoroughly enjoyed working with her and found her an inspiration for both her vast knowledge and humility. I will never be able to show appreciation enough for her willingness to take on this interesting yet controversial and, at times, difficult project. My heartfelt thanks also go to Professor Anoush Ehteshami who, in his role as supervisor, nurtured this project with insightful suggestions and encouraging comments. The depth and breadth of his knowledge is nothing short of astounding and his encouragement and guidance were invaluable throughout. I am heavily indebted to the National Centre for Social and Criminological Research and to the people of Egypt for the award of the scholarship without which I would not have been able to complete this study. 3 Table of contents: Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One: Theoretical Framework: Social Movements Theory ..................................... 16 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Defining Social Movements in the Contentious Politics ........................................... 16 1.3 The Political Process Model ...................................................................................... 18 1.4 Theoretical Criticism ................................................................................................. 27 1.5 Limitations of Applying of Social Movement Theory to the Middle East ............... 29 1.6 Theoretical Summary: The Social Movements in the Egyptian Context ................. 32 Chapter Two: Methodology and Methods ........................................................................... 34 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 34 2.2. Defining youth and youth activism in Egyptian context: ......................................... 35 2.3 Critical Reading and Applying of the Theory ........................................................... 40 2.4 Methods and Techniques ........................................................................................... 43 Chapter Three: The State Society Relationship and the Cycles of Rise and Decline of Youth Movement: 1952-2000 ........................................................................................................ 51 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Youth Activism and Power Struggle in Egypt 1952-1954 ........................................ 52 3.3 Youth Activism in the Nasserist Era: the Hegemonic State ...................................... 53 3.4 The Sadat Era: Survival Strategies and the Prominence of Youth Ideological Oriented Activism ........................................................................................................... 62 3.5 Mubarak Era (1982-2000): Stagnant Polarized Youth Activism............................... 70 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 76 Chapter Four: Expanding Political Opportunities in Egypt 2000-2010 .............................. 78 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 78 4.2 The Indicators of Political Opportunity in the Egyptian Context .............................. 79 4.3 Rupture and Alienation between State and Society ................................................... 80 4 4.4 The Socio-Economic Crisis and High Level of Grievances Among Youth ............. 89 4.5 Institutional Access and the Ruling Elite Strategies ................................................. 96 4.6 Divisions among the Ruling Elite and Patronage Networks.................................... 108 4.7 Transnational and External Opportunities .............................................................. 115 4.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 125 Chapter Five: Chronological Developments and Formal Structure of Corporatist Arrangements in the Universities 2000-2010 .................................................................... 127 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 127 5.2 Chronological Developments of Social and Youth activism 2000-2010: The Cycles of Mobilization .............................................................................................................. 128 5.3 The Formal Structures and Corporatist Arrangements ............................................ 139 5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 149 Chapter Six: Strategic Choices, Organization, Framing and Mobilizations: Case Study Of The Student Activism ........................................................................................................ 151 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 151 6.2 The Strategies of Student Movements ................................................................... 152 6.3 The Muslim Brothers Students Wing ...................................................................... 156 6.4 The Protest Movements and Networks .................................................................... 166 6.5 The Political Parties and Students ......................................................................... 174 6.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 178 Chapter Seven: Strategic Choices, Organization, Framing And Mobilizations of The New Activism: Case Study of April 6 ....................................................................................... 181 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 181 7.2 The Roots of the Movement and Pre-Established Organizational Aspects ............. 182 7.3 The Second Stage: The Official Formation of April 6 ............................................ 188 7.4 April 6 Role after the 25th January Revolution: The Main Phases .......................... 196 7.5 The Internal Organizational Capacities and Collective Identity .............................. 201 7.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 210 Chapter Eight
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