CONCLUSIONS OF THE TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOURTH MEETING

OF THE MINISTERS' DEPUTIES

held in Strasbourg on 21 and 22 August 1974

Present :

AUSTRIA Mr H. LAUBE would never accept a convocation to a meeting Mr E. STAFFELMAYR of the Committee of Ministers or that of the Deputies from a member of the Greek-Cypriot BELGIUM Mr J.J. LODEWYCK community. Having full respect for the initiative Mr M. DE MOUDT taken by the President of the Assembly, his CYPRUS Mr P. MODINOS, government expressed its readiness to attend Chairman any meeting to discuss any problems concerning Mr G. LYCOURGOS Cyprus if that meeting was arranged in a legal DENMARK Mr A. ROSENSTAND framework. Consequently, before the meeting HANSEN opened, he submitted that the Chair should be Mr R.R. BRUSVANG vacated forthwith by the Greek-Cypriot Repre- Mr H.H. LILJEBORG sentative and handed over to the Representative FRANCE Mr A. FÉQUANT of Denmark, as it was to him that the right and Mr M. BESNARD responsibility of chairmanship of their Committee FEDERAL passed after the recent events affecting Cyprus. REPUBLIC After having spoken on a strictly personal OF GERMANY Mr E. SCHMITT basis of his satisfaction that Mr Modinos was in Mr W. GLOSAUER good health, he expressed the hope that a dur- ICELAND able solution to the problem would be attained IRELAND Mr S. Ó HÉIDEAIN on a just and equitable basis to allow friend- ITALY Mr V. RAPOLLA ship, mutual trust and fruitful co-operation to Mr L. PIVANO flourish among those concerned. He then said that his government categorically objected to LUXEMBOURG Mr P. MERTZ. the presence in the Committee of a member of MALTA the Greek-Cypriot community pretending to rep- NETHERLANDS Mr J.I.M. WELSING resent the Cypriot Government. The coup d'état, Mr Th.M. KASTEEL engineered by the Greek officers in co-operation NORWAY Mr L. EDWARDSEN with the Greek-Cypriot National Guard on SWEDEN Mr S. STROEMHOLM 15 July, swept away whatever legality the constitutional regime had left in Cyprus. It was SWITZERLAND Mr A. WACKER as early as 1963 that the Greek-Cypriot domin- Mr A. GREBER ated government headed by Archbishop Makarios TURKEY Mr R. GÜMRÜKÇÜOGLU had embarked upon a course of systematic Mr E.K. AKAY violations of the Constitution and abrogated Mr M. BALKAN many of its provisions relating to the rights of Mr C. ALTAN the Turkish community. UNITED KINGDOM Mr P.A. GRIER Although the Turkish Government repeatedly drew attention to the fact that these violations The 234th meeting of the Deputies opened seriously jeopardised the constitutional charac- on Wednesday, 21 August 1974, at 10.40 a.m. ter of the regime, Turkey continued to tolerate with Mr P. Modinos, Deputy for the Minister for them. The Turkish Government hoped with the Foreign Affairs of Cyprus, in the Chair. utmost goodwill that a return to constitutional rule would eventually be attained and it was The Chairman spoke of his emotion at find- expected that the inter-communal talks would ing himself in Strasbourg after recent events. He pave the way for this. But, as a result of the had been in Cyprus at the time they were taking intransigent attitude of the Greek-Cypriot com- place and had suffered with the rest of the munity, the talks, although they had lasted for Cypriot population. He wished to thank his col- more than six years, failed to yield concrete leagues and the staff of the Council of Europe results. However, they were continuing when for the sympathy which they had shown him. the military coup put an end to whatever consti- tutional rule was left on the island. Hopes to The Representative of Turkey, on a point of find solutions to outstanding problems through order, stated that they had received instructions peaceful means had been ruined. from their government to attend this meeting at the invitation of the Secretariat dated 20 August The putschists established an illegal govern- 1974. The Turkish Government could not and ment and created a deplorable, unacceptable

- 1 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

situation. Turkey felt obliged to assume her The Chairman pointed out that he had him- treaty obligations for the preservation of terri- self envisaged passing the Chair to the Danish torial integrity, independence of the island and Representative, as the French Representative for the restoration of constitutional rule and of had just suggested. the bi-communal State of Cyprus. The unfortun- ate coup d'état destroyed the entire structure of The Representative of Austria, on the point the state, leaving in the island two communities of order raised by the Turkish Representative, with their autonomous administrations. stressed that in the view of the Austrian Govern- ment there could be no doubt as to the legitimacy Until such time as a unified state was set of the Clerides Government; the Cypriot delegate up again and constitutional rule returned to the was therefore fully entitled to fulfil his func- island, these two autonomous administrations tions as Chairman of the Committee and as would maintain their separate existence and Permanent Representative of Cyprus. competence. This fact was also acknowledged in the Geneva Declaration signed on 30 July The Representatives of Belgium and the 1974 by the three guarantor powers. Consequent- United Kingdom said that their delegations ly in the absence of a government having auth- shared France's view. ority and jurisdiction over all of the island there could be no representatives to represent The Representative of Turkey, on a point of that government. This held true also in respect order, said that the observations that were being of representation in the Council of Europe. made should be made under the chairmanship of Therefore the Greek-Cypriot Representative was the Representative of Denmark. not entitled to speak for Cyprus. The Council of Europe was not an organisation operating at The Representative of France thought that community level. To invite community represent- if the chairmanship were contested by any del- atives required prior consultation among the egation, the Committee should decide the matter member governments. If a representative of the by a vote before proceeding to discuss the Greek-Cypriot community were invited, then a agenda. representative from the Turkish-Cypriot com- munity had to be invited also as the two com- Speaking on the Turkish Representative's munities were on the same footing. The Turkish point of order, the Representative of Luxembourg Government was not aware that such consulta- indicated his support for the French position. tion had taken place and that a decision to this effect had been taken. No fait accompli could The Representatives of Ireland, the Federal be accepted in this respect. Republic of Germany, Switzerland, the Nether- lands, Denmark and Sweden said that they He believed that no one was entitled to shared the same position as their French col- ignore basic rules and statutory obligations on league. which the organisation operated. The Committee of Ministers could not embark upon a course The Chairman took note of the majority which risked prejudicing the validity of its which had emerged, if the Turkish Representa- actions and decisions. Consequently, until such tive's position were disregarded, in support of time as the status of Cyprus was definitely the Cypriot delegation's representative character determined and a constitutional government had and said that he would surrender the Chair to been set up on the island, with due competence the Danish Representative, appointed by the to fulfil the fundamental conditions laid down in Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs to speak for the Statute for membership, taking also into Denmark at the present meeting, once the main account the stipulations of Articles 3, 4 and 8, items on the agenda came up for discussion. He and pending the designation of a representative said that the Swedish Minister for Foreign of such a government, the representation of Affairs had appointed Mr Sten Stroemholm to Cyprus at the Committee of Ministers should be represent Sweden at the meeting ; the Icelandic considered as suspended. Ambassador, while approving the holding of the meeting, had regretted that he could not attend ; Speaking on the Turkish Representative's the Maltese Ambassador had indicated his point of order, the Representative of France approval of the meeting by telex and had re- said that the French Government recognised quested that the text should be read out : Mr Modinos as Representative of Cyprus at the Council of Europe and Chairman of the Ministers' "The Maltese Government regrets that it is Deputies. It did not object, however, to the unable to send a representative but wholehearted- Cypriot Representative passing the Chair to the ly supports all efforts made to restore the Representative of Denmark while the questions constitutional government of Cyprus." on the agenda were discussed in detail. The Representative of Denmark took the Chair at 10.55 a.m.

- 2 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The Chairman expressed the hope that the engineered - he himself possessed proof of this - meeting would comprise useful and objective by unspecified forces resolved to overthrow the discussions. constitutional order and pointed out that the latter had in fact been suspended for five days The Representative of Turkey said that he but that no government had accepted or recog- would use his best endeavours to be as construc- nised the fact. Thus the United Nations had tive and co-operative as circumstances permitted, accepted and recognised the Cypriot representa- and hoped that he would enjoy the goodwill of tive, Mr Zenon Rossides, while Cyprus's repre- his colleagues. sentative to the CSCE was also still the same. On returning to Paris, he himself had received Referring to the comments certain delega- from the Secretary General of the Quai d'Orsay tions had made implying recognition of the a message welcoming "his return to head the Clerides Government, he said that this was a Cyprus Embassy". He also read a similar mes- fundamental legal issue which could not be sage sent on 7 August by the French Minister settled by a vote. Political positions did not of for Foreign Affairs in his capacity as Chairman themselves lead to legitimacy. Some delegations of the Council of the Communities. If one took had mentioned that Mr Modinos had been ap- the question in its legal context and referred to pointed Representative of Cyprus by Mr Clerides, the Security Council's resolutions, one was thus which was surprising as certain of the govern- forced to admit that the sovereignty and exist- ments claimed to continue to recognise Arch- ence of Cyprus as a state had at no time been bishop Makarios as President of the Republic of contested. In Geneva, the three guaranteeing Cyprus. On the other hand, Mr Clerides had been powers had also recognised the independence sworn into office. Were there therefore two Presi- and territorial integrity of Cyprus. Admittedly, dents, one abroad and one in Nicosia ? this tripartite agreement spoke of two autono- mous administrations, but this did not mean that It was important to make clear which Consti- these administrations were independent of each tution was being referred to. If it was the 1960 other ; nor did they imply the abolition of the Constitution, the Vice-President had the right Republic of Cyprus, represented by ambassadors to a say in the nomination of the Representative who were recognised wherever they were ac- of Cyprus. Had he exercised this right ? This credited. Other legal arguments might be cited - was a fundamental legal issue. Until such time the fact, for instance, that military occupation as full legitimacy was restored there would be could not overthrow an established constitu- two communities in Cyprus, and it would not be tional order. In conclusion, he thanked the del- legitimate for the Committee of Ministers to egations which had recognised him as still rep- hear the representative of only one of them. resenting the Republic of Cyprus. He himself would pursue his efforts in defence of political The Chairman thanked the Representative of freedom and human rights. Turkey, and suggested that the Committee pro- ceed to its discussion on the agenda. On a point of order, the Representative of Turkey said that his frequent interventions were The Representative of Cyprus hoped that he made in order to bring as much clarity as poss- would be able to rid the debate of any emotive ible to the discussion. character. The family of the Council of Europe's member states were gathered round this table The member of the Greek-Cypriot community and their representatives' job was not to aggra- had made a number of points, on which he would vate a situation made atrocious by the number reserve his comments until later. He informed of casualties and the presence of more than the Committee that he was under instructions to 100000 refugees, but to ease their miseries. He make a declaration. For the moment he said that thanked the Turkish Representative for his it was little use considering only recent events; personal remarks and expressed his own esteem it was necessary to go back into the past to see for the Turkish Representative. how the present situation had arisen. There must be a factual examination of all the elements Referring to the legal aspect of the problem, involved. he pointed out that the United Nations Security Council had, in Resolutions 353, 354, 357 and He said that it had not been the Turkish 358, asked all states to respect the sovereignty, State that had been disrespectful of the terri- independence and territorial integrity of the torial integrity and independence of Cyprus; on Republic of Cyprus. He regretted that- mention the contrary, the Turkish intervention was ex- had been made of the coup d'état of 15 July, pressly intended to restore them.

- 3 - SUMMARY

1. Adoption of the agenda 4 2. Statement by the Deputy Secretary General on the crisis in Cyprus 5

3. a. Follow-up to the request of the President of the Consultative Assembly to call an emergency meeting of the Joint Committee 5 b. Recommendation 734 and Resolution 573 adopted by the Standing Committee at its meeting on 29 July 1974 9

4. Aid to the stricken population in Cyprus 9

5. Date and place of next meeting 13 6. Other business a. Press communiqué 13 b. Readmission of Greece to the Council of Europe 13 c. Announcements by the Deputy Secretary General 14 d. Representation of the Republic of Cyprus on the Committee of Ministers 14

APPENDICES

Appendix I : Agenda for the 234th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies 16

Appendix II : Statement by the Deputy Secretary General on the Cyprus crisis 17 Appendix III : Statement by the Deputy Secretary General under item IV of the agenda concerning aid to the stricken population in Cyprus 20 Appendix IV : Statement by the Permanent Representative of Turkey 21

Appendix V : Statement by Mr Polys Modinos, Permanent Representative of Cyprus 38 Appendix VI : Verbatim report of the second intervention of the Permanent Representative of Turkey under item III.A 47

I. Adoption of the agenda Supporting the view expressed by the Nether- lands Representative, the Representative of France proposed that the following points be The Chairman invited observations on the discussed in order : draft agenda. - ways of helping the refugees in Cyprus, - action on the letter from the President of The Representative of the Netherlands felt the Consultative Assembly asking for a meeting that item 2 on the agenda could be dispensed of the Joint Committee. with by having the observations of the Deputy Secretary General in writing, in order to come Referring to item 2 of the draft agenda, the as quickly as possible to the discussions on a Chairman pointed out that the Secretary General positive contribution of the Council of Europe would only have to retrace the measures taken to alleviate human suffering in Cyprus. by the Council of Europe since 15 July.

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To avoid delaying the discussion, the achieved if the word "humanitarian" was in- Deputy Secretary General thought it unnecessary cluded in the title ; he therefore supported the to deliver the report which he had prepared ver- Belgian proposal. bally. He proposed to include a factual summary of these events with the Conclusions (see Ap- The Representative of Turkey said that his pendix II). 1 Finally, he said that the Secretariat delegation welcomed the humanitarian interest welcomed the holding of this extraordinary meet- shown by the Committee in the suffering of the ing of the Deputies which the Assembly as well people of Cyprus. The past sufferings of the as public opinion were awaiting with interest. Turkish minority had an important bearing on the present situation. The question of aid to The Chairman asked the Deputies if they people suffering in Cyprus could not be taken in could approve the French Representative's pro- isolation ; it was part of the whole problem posal that an item referring to refugee relief be whose origins were of a political nature. How- included in the draft agenda. ever, he wanted to restrict his intervention to aspects of direct concern to the Council of The Representative of Cyprus expressed his Europe. He mentioned the resolution and recom- gratitude for the French proposal. The important mendation adopted by the Standing Committee on thing was to help the refugees. He might also 29 July and said that these texts should be have said something about the right of inter- studied carefully to see what action should be vention referred to by the Turkish Representa- taken. They could be considered under item 3 tive but pointed out that this problem was not or as a separate item. As for the item on humani- the Council of Europe's concern, but was being tarian aid in Cyprus, he accepted the wording dealt with elsewhere. suggested by the Belgian Representative but also accepted the merits of the French proposal. The Chairman asked whether the Committee agreed that an item "Aid to refugees" should He proposed that the item on humanitarian be included on the agenda. aid should be included on the agenda as item 4. The Representative of the Netherlands This was agreed. suggested the wording for the item should be "Aid to refugees and to other people suffering Decision in Cyprus". The Deputies adopted the agenda of the The Representative of Belgium proposed present meeting as it appears in Appendix I1 that the item to be included in the agenda should to these Conclusions. be entitled "Humanitarian aid to Cyprus".

The Representative of France proposed that II. Statement by the Deputy Secretary General this item be entitled "Humanitarian aid to the on the crisis in Cyprus victims in Cyprus". He wished to be as exact as possible for external purposes ; this wording Following the intervention made by the would facilitate any subsequent action, such as Deputy Secretary General under item I of the the floating of a loan. Politically speaking, the agenda, the text of his statement appears in term "refugee" had certain drawbacks, while Appendix II2 to these Conclusions. the term "victim" had nothing but advantages. The Representative of Turkey referred to The Representative of Austria thought that the Deputy Secretary General's statement as the formula proposed by the French Representa- contained in Appendix II to the Conclusions tive would not cover other humanitarian action ; which, he said, made no mention of the verbal he added that the Austrian Government had representations the Turkish Government had already taken a number of decisions in this made to the Secretariat concerning representa- respect. tion of the Republic of Cyprus. This matter was very important to his authorities, and he would The Chairman suggested that the title of the therefore like to see the omission remedied. item be left open ; this could be clarified at a later stage, when the Resettlement Fund's role in this matter was discussed. III.A. Follow-up to the request of the President of the Consultative Assembly to call an This was agreed. emergency meeting of the Joint Committee The Representative of Switzerland thought The Representative of Turkey made a state- that the desired effect on the public would be ment which appears in Appendix IV3 to these Conclusions.

1. See page 16. 2. See page 17. 1. See page 17. 3. See page 21. -5 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

Following a brief exchange of views, the Mr Karamanlis had signed the 1960 Agree- Deputies agreed that the Chairman would meet ments on Cyprus. The Turkish Prime Minister the press representatives after the sitting to tell has been pleased to welcome the return of them that the Committee had heard a statement Mr Karamanlis and his colleague, Mr Averof. by the Turkish Representative and that the When Mr Ecevit had written to Mr Karamanlis meeting would resume in the afternoon, the on his return, he had expressed the hope for question of press communiqués being held over close co-operation and dialogue between the until the end of the meeting. two countries, and that Mr Karamanlis shared his desire for peace. The Representative of Cyprus made a state- ment which appears in Appendix V 1 to these Ever since its foundation, the Turkish Re- Conclusions. public had always sought friendly relations with Greece. Co-operation was a necessity for the The Chairman said that he proposed to con- two nations and he hoped that those govern- tinue the session until a point had been reached ments that had a real interest in the area would at which it would be possible to discuss a draft not block such co-operation to further their own reply to the Assembly on resumption of the interests, but rather seek to benefit from friend- session in the morning. There would then remain ship between Turkey and Greece. outstanding the questions of humanitarian aid to the people of Cyprus, which he also hoped it Mr Modinos had mentioned that no govern- would be possible to discuss on the basis of a ment had recognised the Sampson "Government". draft, and of a possible press release. It was true that in the first few days after the coup, Sampson had concentrated on settling The Representative of Turkey observed that accounts within the Greek community, among it had been agreed that nothing was to be gained whom there were a number of patriots devoted to through polemics, accusations and counter- the ideal of a united and independent Cyprus. accusations. The Committee should now discuss The Turkish Government, however, was not so the questions that were before it on a dispas- naive as to rely on the goodwill of a killer. One sionate basis. His delegation would always could not wait until a murderer was on one's take this attitude whenever Cyprus was dis- doorstep with a gun in his hand before defend- cussed by the Committee of Ministers. He would ing oneself. like however to answer certain of the points made by the representative of the Greek-Cypriot Military action had its own rules and certain community. things had to be done to make it effective. It had not been Turkey's intention to cause damage, The latter had clarified the events of the but conditions in Cyprus had proved it neces- past few weeks, and in particular the origins of sary. The Greek Cypriots were supposed to have the coup d'état. He had also expressed the views had two thousand troops, but in fact had forty of his government on certain matters, but the thousand ; they were supposed to be lightly Committee should also hear the views of the armed but had heavy arms. To oppose this force Turkish community in Cyprus. He hoped that effectively Turkey had had to land more troops there would soon be a single representative who after they had found that the first six thousand unquestionably spoke for all the Cypriot people. could not cope with such strong armed forces. It had not been realised in advance that the Reference had been made to Turkish-Cypriot island had been turned into a fortress. possession of 30% of the agricultural land al- though they represented only 18% of the popula- He agreed that partition was outlawed by tion. First the Turkish Cypriots were mainly an the Constitution of Cyprus. Turkey was a party agricultural population and such a situation was to this, but the structure had already been des- by no means unusual where agricultural land troyed. It would have to be rebuilt and, he was concerned ; in the United States all the hoped, in a viable form so that the people of agricultural land was owned by only 12% of the Cyprus could have happiness and prosperity. population. On the other hand there were other professions in Cyprus in which the Turkish In military operations people inevitably got population had no opportunity to participate at killed. Turkey had lost many soldiers. If four all. thousand Greeks had been killed, as was argued, this should be contrasted with the many thou- The Turkish population had had to resort to sands of Turkish Cypriots killed since 1963. arms for their own defense, light arms which had been provided from their own meagre re- sources supplemented by their morale. This had taken place only after the Greek population had armed itself, and had been done with the bless- ing of the United Nations.

1. See page 38,

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Turkey had been accused of abandoning the The Clerk of the Assembly said that he had Geneva Conference. Between 30 July and 8 Au- recently spoken to the President of the Consult- gust certain measures had been agreed. If the ative Assembly on the telephone. The President intentions behind them had been sincere the had stressed that the text of his telegram to the undertakings would have been met. Turkey had Chairman of the Ministers' Deputies had been found that they were not sincere. At Geneva five directly inspired by the contents of Recommenda- days had been devoted to procedural wrangles tion 734 (1974). He underlined that at the meet- and another 24 hours would not have made any ing of the Standing Committee on 29 July it had difference. seemed most important that the Joint Committee should meet at political level and this explained He hoped that the Committee could now the wording of paragraph 3.b of the recommenda- move on to constructive discussion. tion. Timing would depend on practical consider- ations, but in view of the urgency of the situa- The Representative of the United Kingdom tion the middle of the following week could be referred to the statements of the Turkish and considered a possibility. The President fully Cypriot Representatives in which they mentioned understood that the Council of Europe could not the role of the United Kingdom as guarantor of itself negotiate a political settlement of the the treaties on Cyprus and the visit of the Prime conflict as this was a matter for the parties Minister of Turkey to London. He underlined concerned. However, the Council of Europe and that since 15 July the United Kingdom Govern- all its organs clearly had political responsibili- ment had made unremitting efforts on the diplo- ties arising from the crisis in Cyprus and this matic front to discharge its role of guarantor of had led to the reference in paragraph 2 of the the Constitution of Cyprus and it would continue recommendation to the urgent duty of member in these efforts. governments to make a collective contribution to the solution of the Cyprus problem. The The Chairman asked if the Committee was President felt that there could be an exchange agreed that a meeting of the Joint Committee of ideas between Ministers and parliamentarians should be convened. in this respect as well as a discussion on humanitarian aid. The Representative of Austria said that in principle his delegation was in favour of the The Chairman thought that it would be ne- meeting ; the questions of level, place and time cessary to decide on the main lines of a draft should also be discussed. reply to the President of the Assembly inviting him to make known his own suggestions and The Representative of the Netherlands ideas for discussion at the meeting of the Joint agreed to the meeting, but said its purpose would Committee. have to be defined more clearly. The Representative of Turkey said that he would go along with a majority decision of the The Chairman felt that the Assembly might Committee on this matter. However, it was be asked to make suggestions to the Committee essential that a meeting of the Joint Committee of Ministers. This procedure had been followed should be properly prepared. He therefore en- when the Constitution of Cyprus had been dis- visaged the meeting taking place in one month's cussed before independence. time. The Representative of Belgium said that he The Chairman agreed that any meeting was able to agree to a meeting in principle. should be carefully prepared and asked the Mr Vedovato could then explain the Assembly's views of delegations on dates when it could be views, mainly as regards the Council of Europe's held. future relations with the countries concerned, The Representative of France asked whether the aim being to enable governments to form a it was the date or the level of the Joint Com- clearer view of European parliamentarians' mittee's meeting that was of greater importance feelings. to the Assembly. If it was the date, the level would doubtless be that of Permanent Represent- The Representatives of France, the Federal atives. If it was the level, he agreed with the Republic of Germany and Norway supported the Representative of Turkey and thought that the Belgian proposal. meeting should be carefully prepared. The Representative of Italy thought that the The Clerk of the Assembly stressed that the meeting proposed by the President of the As- level and date of the meeting were both impor- sembly appeared in the present circumstances to tant. The following week would perhaps be be difficult to arrange. He repeated the reserva- practicable. It should be possible for some tions which had been made by other Representa- governments at least to be represented at the tives on this question. Joint Committee at ministerial level or by poli- tical directors. The meeting could be convened

- 7 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 in Strasbourg, Paris or elsewhere. A possibility 734. He was convinced that in the light of Rec- might be for a meeting to be called to coincide ommendations 704 and 726 and according to the with a meeting of the Nine. An alternative date spirit of Resolution (74) 4 adopted by the Minis- to meet the urgency of the situation would be ters of Foreign Affairs in the early part of the 5 September when the Bureau would meet in year, only a meeting of the Joint Committee at Paris. It was not certain whether the President political level could meet the expectations of would feel able to draw up a fresh paper giving the Assembly's parliamentarians and of public suggestions for discussion as the Assembly had opinion. already expressed its views in Recommendation 734. However the opinion of the Assembly could 3. He would therefore be grateful if the Minis- be sought on any specific matter on which the ters' Deputies would consult their governments, Committee of Ministers might care to consult as they had said they were willing to do, in the Assembly in conformity with the Statute. order to ascertain when a meeting at that level might be envisaged. In view of the urgency of There followed an exchange of views be- the matters to be discussed, even though there tween the Deputies on the level at which the had been a cease-fire in the meantime, he was Joint Committee should meet and on the pos- prepared to go anywhere at any time during the sible dates for the meeting. next four weeks at the convenience of the Foreign Ministers. In summing up, the Chairman noted that there was general agreement to the convening of 4. He felt that as a last resort, should no a meeting of the Joint Committee, that a large earlier date prove possible, the Joint Committee majority of delegations were in favour of hold- could be convened in Strasbourg the day before ing the meeting on 4 or 5 September in Paris the Assembly's 26th Session, i.e. on Tuesday and that most delegations would probably be 24 September. A meeting on that date would still represented at Deputy level without excluding enable the parliamentarians to hold a timely the possibility that delegations might be rep- exchange of views with the Ministers prior to resented at a higher level. There would be a the important discussions that would undoubted- greater chance for ministerial representation if ly take place on the situation in the Mediter- the meeting were held at a later date although ranean as part of the general policy debate. this could not be guaranteed. In this case it would be necessary for the Deputies to consult The Representative of the Netherlands their respective Foreign Ministers about the thought that the general feeling of the meeting availability of Ministers. The Committee wished might not have been conveyed forcibly enough the Clerk to contact the President of the As- for otherwise the President would probably not sembly by telephone in order to obtain his have pressed for a meeting of the Joint Com- reaction by the following morning. mittee at a political level. There were serious The Clerk of the Assembly reserved the practical difficulties in arranging for Ministers President's position, as the conclusion reached of Foreign Affairs to be present at such a meet- by the Deputies was not in line with what the ing in September because most of them would Assembly has asked the Committee to do. have to attend the United Nations General As- sembly in New York. One possibility would be The Chairman invited the Clerk of the As- for the meeting to be arranged in November at sembly to communicate the results of his tele- the same time as the 55th Session of the Com- phone conversation with the President of the mittee of Ministers. Assembly. The Representatives of Norway, France, The Clerk explained the position of the Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ire- President as follows : land and Denmark also said that their Ministers would be attending meetings of the United 1. The President greatly appreciated the fact Nations in New York. that the Chairman of the Committee of Ministers and the member governments had acted on his The Representative of the Federal Republic request to convene the Committee of Ministers of Germany thought that the date of November in order to prepare a meeting of the Joint Com- put forward by the Representative of the Nether- mittee. lands was realistic. He could support such a suggestion. 2. He wished to make it clear that he had taken his various initiatives in pursuance of the The Representative of Turkey underlined instructions the Assembly had given him in the interest of the President of the Assembly in Paris on 29 July by adopting Recommendation having a meeting at ministerial level. Out of

- 8 Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 courtesy to him, the Deputies should communi- The Chairman pointed out that the Rules of cate to their governments his suggestion of a Procedure required the Deputies to consider meeting on 24 September. Member governments Assembly recommendations at the meeting that should give their replies as soon as possible. immediately followed their adoption. It was however customary for consideration of any The Representative of Austria shared this recommendations on which delegations were not view. yet able to take up a position to be postponed to the Deputies' subsequent meeting. The Clerk of the Assembly said that the President was fully aware of the risks he was He then asked each delegation in turn whether running by insisting on a meeting at political it was able to take up a position forthwith on the level but he felt he was fulfilling his duty to texts adopted by the Standing Committee. Most the Assembly. On 24 September the Minister who delegations were not able to do so. was to deliver the Statutory Report would be available and he understood that another Foreign The Representative of Turkey asked the Minister could be present on that date. It was Secretariat to distribute a draft proposal he had also possible that Foreign Ministries with sub- prepared. 1 ordinate Ministers could make a special effort. Decisions The Representative of the Netherlands said that it would be wrong and embarrassing for the Having considered the Consultative As- Joint Committee to meet with a mixture of a few sembly's proposal in Recommendation 734 to Ministers and many Deputies. convene a meeting of the Joint Committee as soon as possible, the Deputies : The Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany shared this view. i. confirmed their readiness to participate in a meeting of the Joint Committee at Deputy level The Representative of Turkey repeated that either on 29 or 30 August or on 4 or 5 September; it would be necessary for Deputies to contact their governments for instructions on this matter ii. agreed, in the light of the statement made and communicate their replies to the Secretariat. by the Clerk on behalf of the President of the Consultative Assembly to consult their govern- The Representative of Switzerland agreed ments again and to agree on the position of the with this proposal. He added that the Secretariat Committee on the first day of their meeting should distribute immediately to all delegations opening on 16 September 1974 ; the information they had been given. iii. agreed in addition to inform the Secretariat, The position of the Committee should be if possible before their next meeting, of their decided on at their next meeting. ' governments' position and instructed the Sec- retariat to communicate any such information to The Representative of Turkey said that he the other delegations ; was instructed to state that his government was prepared to discuss the Cyprus problem at any iv. agreed to resume the discussion of Rec- time and at any place. This included the Joint ommendation 734 and Resolution 573, at their Committee at ministerial level. meeting opening on 16 September 1974.

III.B. Recommendation 734 and Resolution 573 IV. Aid to the stricken population in Cyprus adopted by the Standing Committee on 29 July 1974 In reply to a question by the Representative of Switzerland, the Deputy Secretary General The Representative of Turkey suggested mentioned the main points in the proposals he that the Committee should now discuss the texts would be making under this item concerning the adopted by the Standing Committee at its extra- humanitarian aspects of the Cyprus crisis. The ordinary meeting on 29 July. text of these proposals would be available to delegations in Room 601 at 9.30 a.m. the next The Representative of Cyprus observed that day, 22 August. Recommendation 734 was merely mentioned in the quotation from the telegram from the Presi- dent of the Assembly. There was no obvious need to consider it at the current meeting. Being unable to discuss them, he moved that considera- tion of the Assembly's texts be deferred to the Deputies' next meeting.

1. This draft proposal was later withdrawn.

-9- Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The Representative of Turkey expressed his Council had decided in principle to take part in satisfaction that the Deputy Secretary General humanitarian action by the Council of Europe; would be able to produce a paper so quickly. the amount of the Swiss contribution would be The last time his delegation had asked for in- fixed in due course. Switzerland was also in formation on a related matter it had taken five agreement with the Special Representative months to get a reply and the reply had been establishing the necessary contacts and sub- negative. mitting proposals for an aid programme in the very near future. It considered it essential that The Chairman recalled that delegations both communities in Cyprus should benefit from had before them the statement (Appendix III to 1 such aid. For that reason, the Special Represent- these Conclusions) prepared by the Deputy ative should specify the operational and practi- Secretary General concerning the humanitarian cal aspects of the proposed programme as well aspects of the Cyprus crisis. The Deputy Sec- as the means of supervising the supply of aid. retary General had asked the Special Represent- The Swiss Government supported the proposal ative about aid that might be given to the stricken in paragraph 2.c. population of Cyprus, and Mr Schneiter had re- plied as reported in paragraphs 1 and 2 of his The Representative of Austria informed the statement. The Chairman noted that there was Committee that in response to the appeal of no objection to the Special Representative's Mr Clerides the Austrian Government would be statement that he was empowered to act on donating one million Austrian schillings for the behalf of the Council of Europe. purchase of medical equipment and supplies for The Representative of France thought that Cyprus. In addition his government had appealed the second sentence of point 1 ought to have to Austrian humanitarian organisations to do all specified : "whether they be of Greek or Turkish they could to aid the people of Cyprus. origin". Similarly the third sub-paragraph of paragraph 2.a should read : "The European The Representative of Turkey said that this Communities, if they decide ...". was precisely the sort of thing he had had in mind when he suggested that the Special Rep- The Representative of Austria considered resentative be asked to study the practical the words "if need be" in the third line of para- details of the provision of aid. Experience had graph 2.a to be superfluous. shown that none of the aid being offered by the Austrian Government would reach the Turkish- The Chairman noted that these changes did Cypriot population if it were channelled through not meet with any objection. the Cypriot Government. Aid must be channelled to the whole of the stricken population of Cyprus The Representative of Cyprus said that the without discrimination. He regretted that he had United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees felt obliged to make this point, but it was one was in Cyprus at that very moment. which governments should keep in mind. In reply to the Representative of Switzerland, The Chairman agreed that all the people of the Chairman proposed deciding later whether Cyprus who were in need should benefit from the instruction to the Special Representative the aid given, and that this should be specified should take the form of a resolution or a deci- in any text adopted by the Committee. sion. The Representative of Belgium said his In reply to the Representative of Turkey, government had paid one million Belgian francs the Deputy Secretary General said that the to the ICRC for aid to the population of Cyprus. Special Representative's mandate covered only national refugees, international refugees and The Representative of Denmark informed the stateless persons being within the competence Committee that the Danish Government had of the United Nations High Commissioner for granted 100000 DK in aid to Cyprus in mid-July. Refugees. It had granted an additional 200000 DK in August which would, through the Red Cross, be The Representative of Turkey suggested spent on medical assistance. that the Special Representative should be instructed to provide his ideas on how best the The Representative of Cyprus maintained aid could be channelled to the Cypriot communi- that action could be taken at two levels : inter- ties. national and bilateral level; each government was therefore free to undertake whatever action The Representative of Switzerland said that it chose. his country had made an aircraft available to the ICRC during the initial stage of the Cyprus In any event, there could be no question of crisis ; moreover, substantial government any discrimination being practised as far as the measures had been taken for the benefit of the Cyprus Government was concerned, as Cyprus ICRC. On 21 August, furthermore, the Federal was indeed composed of two communities.

1. See page 20.

- 10- Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The Representative of the Federal Republic text, none of it, on the basis of past experience, of Germany said that his government was pre- would reach the Turkish-Cypriot population. He paring to give aid to Cyprus. The practical de- quoted from a letter from the Vice-President of tails were still being worked out. Cyprus and-reproduced in Document Fonds/ CD 179 dated 1972, to the effect that none of the The Representative of the Netherlands said aid channelled through the Fund went to the that on 14 August his government had donated Turkish population in Cyprus. It gave the ex- 150000 guilders to the Red Cross in Geneva for ample of a request for an aid of £50000 to help aid to Cyprus. Additional aid would no doubt be resite a Turkish village menaced by a landslide. forthcoming. This request had not been met because the The Representative of France said his Greek-Cypriot representative on the Fund's government was naturally greatly in favour of Governing Board had not approved it. This was humanitarian action by the Council of Europe as substantial evidence that any aid to the Turkish he had asked for this item to be included in the population of Cyprus should not go through the agenda. Paragraph 2.c might be ended after the Resettlement Fund. His government proposed, words "financial aid", so as not to give the im- therefore, an amendment to the draft resolution pression that there might be unnecessary delay. or decision; where it referred to "appropriate means for this aid to be provided in a just and The Representative of Turkey said that as a equitable manner" this should read "appropriate member of the Governing Board of the Resettle- means for this aid to be channelled through the ment Fund he could provide information about responsible members of each community in a its working. He said that what was involved was just and equitable manner". If the proposed aid a simple mechanism that could act quickly. De- were not to benefit all who needed it and to that cisions could be taken on the spot. He believed end were not handed over, as far as the Turkish- that it was unnecessary for loans to be guaran- Cypriot community was concerned, through those teed by the government concerned. The Fund had in authority in that community, then neither his a certain amount of money available for interest government nor the Turkish-Cypriot community free loans ("social loans"). It could also pro- would see their way clear to accept any aid. He vide low interest loans at short notice. These would be unable to approve a resolution that circumstances militated in favour of involving omitted the suggested passage. the Fund. The Representative of Cyprus said he did The Representative of Sweden said that his not have the information needed for answering government was studying how it could best pro- the question by the Representative of Turkey vide help, and a decision was expected this but wished nevertheless to recall that some week. A possibility was that 500000 FF might 16000 Turkish Cypriots had left various vil- be channelled through the Red Cross. lages with a mixed population and had installed themselves in Turkish enclaves. The Govern- The Deputy Secretary General asked for ment of Cyprus had built over 300 houses in a reactions from non-members of the Resettlement number of villages and had invited Turkish Fund on the possibility open to them to make Cypriots to occupy them. The leaders of the special contributions for specific aims in Turkish community had forbidden them to leave accordance with Article V of the Fund's Statute, the enclaves as it was their policy to separate since it would no doubt be useful to the Special the two communities. The leaders of the Turkish- Representative to know the extent to which non- Cypriot community had, moreover, refused con- members of the Fund might avail themselves of stantly to use the channel of the lawful govern- this possibility. ment to obtain financial aid from the Resettle- ment Fund. It had always been his government's The Chairman invited the Deputies to exa- wish that all minorities in the island should mine a revised text prepared by the Secretariat benefit from such aid. containing their decisions on item IV of the agenda, with a view to its adoption either as a The Representative of France thought that resolution or as a decision. the wording of the resolution ought not to tie the Special Representative's hands. The Representative of Turkey pointed out that the Resettlement Fund, which had been The Representative of Turkey said that the created by the Council of Europe, had on its Special Representative's hands had been tied Governing Board a representative of the Greek- many times before. He had been unable to help Cypriot community. If, therefore, aid was chan- the Turkish Cypriots, it was therefore useless nelled through it as proposed in the Secretariat to give him instructions similar to those he had

- 11 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 received in the past. When the Special Repre- a decision included in the Conclusions being sentative's proposals had been received, Turkey used. reserved the right to accept, or reject them on their merits, particularly on their ability to The Representative of Turkey said that he bring aid to the Turkish-Cypriot community. had no wish to be obstructive. His concern was to ensure that the Greek-Cypriot authorities did He did not need to recall that there were two not prevent international aid reaching the communities on the island standing on an equal Turkish population, as they had done in the footing. It was also known that in addition to past. these communities, there were also a few minor- ities of different ethnic groups and some of The Representative of Switzerland suggested these minorities were included in these com- that the Committee leave it to the Chairman to munities. write a letter transmitting its decision to the Special Representative. He also proposed that The Representative of Switzerland shared agenda item IV be worded "Aid to the stricken the Turkish Representative's concern that all population in Cyprus". victims should receive the Council of Europe's collective aid. He thought that the present text The Chairman noted that there were no ob- took account of that concern. jections to these two proposals. The Representative of France supported During the adoption of the decisions on this this view : what was needed was to allow the item, and in reply to a question put by the Rep- Special Representative freedom to propose resentative of Turkey, the Director of Legal rather than freedom to act. Affairs said that Article V of the Articles of Agreement of the Resettlement Fund read as The Representative of Belgium emphasised follows : that the Committee had a duty to be politically and morally fair and equitable; he pointed out "For uses not inconsistent with its purpose, in this connection that the text submitted to the the Fund may accept contributions. It may also Deputies referred to the need for "adequate borrow funds. measures of control". The Fund is empowered to receive contri- The Netherlands' Representative suggested butions offered for specific purposes which that, when transmitting the Committee's deci- come within its stated aims." sion to the Special Representative, the Chair- man should draw his attention to the Turkish He confirmed that the contributions referred Representative's concern regarding the need to to could be received from states that were not ensure that aid was channelled to each com- members of the Fund. munity. Following an exchange of views, the Chair- In reply to a question from the Representa- man, in summing up, said that the decisions tive of the United Kingdom, the Deputy Secretary taken by the Committee would be submitted, to- General said that what exactly the Special Rep- gether with the Conclusions on this item, to the resentative would do on receipt of instructions Special Representative who would bear the from the Committee of Ministers was entirely positions expressed by delegations in mind up to him. when drawing up his aid plan. ' The Chairman said that this was a serious The Representative of Turkey said that this matter on which unanimity should be reached. If matter was subject to his government's approval. it was not possible to adopt a resolution, the In his opinion, the Conclusions and decisions Committee could adopt a decision "by acclama- should also be transmitted to the Governor of tion" without voting. the Resettlement Fund. He regretted that deci- sions ii and iii did not state clearly that aid The Director of Legal Affairs said that the was to be channelled to the responsible mem- difference between a resolution and a decision bers of each community. He reserved his final was one of form more than of substance. Under position until the Special Representative's the Statute, decisions by the Committee of proposals had been received. Ministers involving a recommendation to govern- ments, which required unanimity, were distin- The Representatives of states who were not guished from those entailing action by the members of the Resettlement Fund, namely Council of Europe itself, which were taken by a Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, two-thirds majority. The regular practice of the the Netherlands, Austria and Denmark said that Committee of Ministers had been to embody they would examine their position under deci- recommendations to governments in a resolution, sion iii in the light of the recommendations to but there was no legal obstacle to the method of be made by the Special Representative.

- 12 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

Decisions VI. Other business

The Deputies a. Press communiqué

i. agreed to recommend their governments to Following an exchange of views on the ex- make substantial contributions, individually and pediency of issuing a press communiqué, the collectively, towards aid to Cypriots, of which- Deputies agreed to ask their Chairman to inform ever community, who are victims of the situa- the press, in general terms, of the results of tion ; the meeting. ii. instructed the Special Representative of the b. Readmission of Greece to the Council of Council of Europe for National Refugees and Europe Over-Population, acting in close consultation with the other international bodies concerned, The Representative of France recalled that to take action forthwith with a view to submit- the Assembly's Resolution 573 referred to the ting to the Committee of Ministers in the shortest possibility of Greece becoming a Member of the possible time a Council of Europe collective Council of Eutope again. He proposed that the aid plan to the victims of whichever community, Secretariat be instructed to study the conditions with an indication of the appropriate means for of such readmission. this aid to be channelled in a just and equitable manner to these victims together with adequate The Representative of Cyprus strongly sup- measures of control; ported the French Representative's proposal. The Representative of Belgium, supported iii. invited to this end the Special Representa- by the Netherlands Representative, said he had tive and the competent organs of the Resettle- no objection to the proposal but would like the ment Fund of the Council of Europe urgently study to be confined to the legal, administrative to seek the means whereby the Fund, in the and budgetary aspects of the matter. In the same spirit, may contribute to the aforementioned present situation, moreover, no publicity should collective aid plan, possibly with financial be given either to the instructions to be given contributions which may be decided upon by to the Secretariat or to the study to be carried states which are not members of the Fund. out by it. The Representative of Turkey recalled that he had already had occasion to express his V. Date and place of next meeting government's most positive attitude towards the new Greek Government and establishing close The Representative of Switzerland thought co-operation with that country. On this specific that the problem of humanitarian aid to the question, however, he was without instructions. stricken populations in Cyprus was a matter of The Representatives of the United Kingdom great urgency. The collective aid plan should and the Federal Republic of Germany warmly therefore be drawn up as soon as possible. supported the French proposal as amended by Accordingly, the Committee ought to hold its the Belgian delegation. next meeting 5 to 10 days after receipt of the Special Representative's proposals. The Representative of Austria reserved his position on a possible decision by the Ministers Decisions Deputies in this matter. He pointed out that the Secretary General was always free to carry out The Deputies a study whenever he considered the time was ripe to submit one to the Deputies. i. agreed to meet again on Friday 6 September on the assumption that the proposals to be made The Deputy Secretary General replied that by the Special Representative under decision ii the Secretariat proposed to submit such a study of item IV would reach capitals not later than to the Committee in accordance with the French 1 September; Representative's suggestion as qualified by the Belgian Representative. The study might be ready by 10 September and -be included in the ii. agreed, subject to new developments, that the only item to be discussed at that meeting papers for the meeting on 16 September. would be "Aid to the stricken population in At 7.45 p.m. the Representative of Denmark Cyprus". vacated the Chair to attend a press conference. The Chair was assumed by the Representative of France.

- 13 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

c. Announcements by the Deputy Secretary expressed their views on the situation and had General appeared not to share the opinion of Turkey. The Turkish objection had been based on legal The Deputy Secretary General informed the considerations keeping also in sight political Deputies of the following developments : realities, as he had pointed out earlier, and was therefore not resoluble by vote ; he recalled that 1. In connection with European Architectural he had given his reasons the previous day on Heritage Year he had received a letter from the why Turkey had tolerated the situation while President of ICOMOS, a non-governmental raising objections to it on a number of occasions organisation represented on the Committee on over the previous ten years. That many things Monuments and Sites, forwarding to him a mes- had changed recently could not be ignored, al- sage from the Soviet National Committee of though he hoped that happier days would return. ICOMOS. In this field of activity, the Council of Europe was being assisted by a fair number The situation gave rise to doubts as to the of East-European countries : in connection with Committee's ability to bring impartial help to both the Amsterdam Congress and European the solution of the grave problems that were Architectural Heritage Year as well as the under consideration. In the draft proposal pre- competition being held as part of the Year, the sented by him he had aimed to secure the in- Council of Europe had already been informed of fluence of the Committee in a fair and equitable the participation of Hungary, Poland, Romania, manner towards a durable solution of the prob- Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. lem based on justice, equality and the funda- mental principles cherished by the organisation 2. In a letter dated 20 August 1974, the Deputy to allow the two Cypriot communities to live Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom, side by side in peace and happiness. Under the Mr Patrick Grier, had informed the Secretary circumstances, he now asked for his draft pro- General that Mr Foster, who had been appointed posal to be disregarded and considered non- United Kingdom Ambassador and Permanent Rep- existent and subsequently delete reference to resentative to the Council of Europe in succes- this item on the agenda of the next meeting. If sion to Mr D.J.B. Robey, would not be taking he had reason to think later that the Committee up his duties until 6 October 1974. Until then, had attained the position to exercise the in- Mr Grier would remain as Acting United Kingdom fluence in question in all impartiality, fairness Permanent Representative to the Council of and justice, he might perhaps then consider Europe. seeking that influence. d. Representation of the Republic of Cyprus on In reply to the Chairman, he said that he did the Committee of Ministers not think that a formal vote was necessary on the question of the representation of Cyprus. The Representative of Austria pointed out that the Committee had just dealt with two The Representative of Austria asked whether "Other business" items, b and c, which had not the statement by the Representative of Turkey been concerned with the situation in Cyprus. In constituted formal withdrawal of his delegation's the interests of proper procedure, the Chair ought draft proposal. to have been resumed by the Representative of Cyprus. The Representative of Turkey confirmed that he had withdrawn his proposal for the reasons The Chairman agreed with the Austrian Rep- he had given. resentative and accordingly invited the Repre- sentative of Cyprus to take the Chair. On the question of the chairmanship being held by Cyprus, he referred again to his state- The Representative of Cyprus thanked the ment of the previous day. He wished to make no above speakers but felt that, as the meeting reflections against the gentleman concerned, but was drawing to an end, the change proposed the Republic of Cyprus as a whole could not be was unnecessary. represented by a representative of the Greek community, and it could never be acceptable The Representative of Turkey recalled that that the representative of that community should he had made known in his earlier statements occupy the Chair. Such a decision, he felt cer- the position of his government as regards the tain, would cause very great concern and dis- competence of Mr Modinos to represent Cyprus. appointment to his government. Turkey had been Two autonomous communities existed on the a dedicated Member of this organisation since island. It could not be legally accepted that the its creation. His country felt entitled to insist representative of one community could be con- that the fundamental principles of the organisa- sidered under the circumstances as the repre- tion and the basic requirements of its Statute sentative of that country. The delegates had should be respected.

- 14 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The Chairman observed that the situation on the question of Cypriot representation in the as regards the legitimacy of the Representative Committee, and observed that none was ex- of Cyprus had been clear ever since the begin- pressed. ning of the meeting. The Turkish delegation had tabled a draft resolution in full knowledge of Decision the Deputies' position in this respect. The Chairman put to the vote the motion The Representative of Turkey said that he that the Republic of Cyprus was validly repre- had been influenced by the attitude of the Com- sented in the Committee of Ministers of the mittee, particularly with regard to the chairman- Council of Europe. The vote gave the following ship. results : The Representative of Cyprus said that for : 13; against : 0; abstentions : 0. much had changed since 15 July. Cyprus had been invaded by the Turkish Army, bombing raids The Turkish delegation did not take part in had made thousands of victims and a fourth of the vote. the island's territory had been occupied. There were 200.000 refugees. One thing had not The Representative of Norway, who was not changed however : the Republic of Cyprus con- in the room when the vote took place, has in- tinued to exist. As such it was a Member of the formed the Secretariat that he would have voted Council of Europe, took part in the meetings of in favour if he had been present. the Committee of Ministers and currently pre- sided over that Committee as the chairmanship The Representative of Turkey explained devolved on Cyprus under the alphabetical that he did not take part in the vote since legal order system. He intended acting as Chairman issues of this importance could not be settled until his term of office expired. His delegation's by vote; political stands could not alter legal situation therefore had to be clearly established realities, and political motives could not impart and he accordingly asked that a formal vote be validity to votes taken to settle these funda- taken on the question. mental issues. If such decisions were being taken on political motivations, one should The Chairman inquired as to whether there better make sure that there was enough political was any objection to a formal vote being taken wisdom behind them.

- 15 - APPENDIX I

AGENDA FOR THE TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOURTH MEETING OF THE MINISTERS' DEPUTIES (Strasbourg, 21-22 August 1974)

1. Adoption of the agenda. 2. Statement by the Deputy Secretary General on the crisis in Cyprus.; 3. a. Follow-up to the request of the President of the Consultative Assembly to call an emergency meeting of the Joint Committee - (Doc. CM (74) 204, Recommendation 734 and Resolution 573 of the Consultative Assembly) ;

b. Recommendation 734 and Resolution 573 adopted by the Standing Committee at its meeting on 29 July 1974. 4. Aid to the stricken population in Cyprus. 5. Date and place of next meeting. 6. Other business

a. Press communiqué ; b. Readmission of Greece to the Council of Europe ;

c. Announcements by the Deputy Secretary General ; d. Representation of the Republic of Cyprus on the Committee of Ministers.

- 16 - APPENDIX II

STATEMENT BY THE DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL ON THE CYPRUS CRISIS (Item II)

The Deputy Secretary General made the In a telex of the same day and a letter of following statement : 23 July from the Secretary of the Committee of Ministers to Permanent Representatives, all "1. This is your Committee's first meeting delegations were informed of these develop- since the serious events which started in Cyprus ments. on 15 July. I therefore feel it would be useful 6. On 24 July, i.e. the day after Mr Karamanlis's to give a brief account here, not of the events return to Greece, President Vedovato made a in Cyprus, but of the steps which have, or have further statement to the press, welcoming "the not, been taken in this regard at the Council of replacement of the Greek military regime by a Europe. civilian government" and expressing the hope "that Greece will be able in the near future to 2. The Secretary General, then the President resume its rightful place in the community of of the Assembly, issued statements to the press European democratic nations" (F (74) 46). on 16 and 18 July respectively. Delegations were informed of these texts, which were pub- 7. On the same day the Permanent Representa- lished by the Directorate of Press and Informa- tives present in Strasbourg met again at my re- tion Services under the references F (74) 43 and quest. All delegations were informed of this 45 respectively. meeting by a letter of 25 July from the Secretary of the Committee of Ministers. 3. When it became clear that we would not be able to get in touch with either the Chairman of 8. On 29 July the Assembly's Political Affairs the Committee of Ministers, Mr Christophides, Committee, then its Standing Committee, held or the Chairman of the Deputies, Mr Modinos, special meetings in Paris and, under urgent pro- both of whom were in Cyprus but out of reach, cedure, adopted Resolution 573 and Recommen- the Secretary General sent a telex to the Vice- dation 734, the latter of which called for the Chairman, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of early convening of the Joint Committee at Denmark, on 19 July, to put the Committee on ministerial level. the alert should a meeting or some action by it On 30 July the President of the Assembly prove necessary. On the same day, as none of transmitted the text of the resolution to the our governments seemed to intend to recognise Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, Tur- the regime of Nikos Sampson, instructions were key and Greece, as well as to the Secretary given by the Secretary General to the Secretariat General of the United Nations. to break off all contact with Cyprus until further notice. A letter of 31 July from the Secretary of the Committee of Ministers drew the attention of 4. On 20 July the Secretary General made a delegations to the proposal in Recommendation further statement to the press, "strongly appeal- 734 to convene the Joint Committee "as soon ing to the two countries mainly concerned, as possible". Turkey and Greece, to refrain from anything 9. On 6 August we received three essentially which would result in a military conflict ...''. identical telexes from Mr Glafkos Clerides as acting President of Cyprus, addressed to the 5. On 22 July the Secretary General received a Secretary General, the European Court and the telex from Mr Dimitriou, the "Minister for European Commission of Human Rights respec- Foreign Affairs" of Mr Nikos Sampson, inform- tively. The two last-named authorities replied ing him that Mr Modinos had been relieved of his on the basis of the relevant articles of the functions as Permanent Representative, that a European Convention on Human Rights. The successor would be appointed shortly and that Secretary General, for his part, preferred to Mr Lykourgos would be acting as Permanent postpone any reply until your Committee had Representative in the meantime. The Secretary met. General, in agreement with the Ambassadors present in Strasbourg who met at the Council of The telex from Mr Clerides was communicated Europe the same day at my request, decided to to Permanent Representatives in photocopy form regard this telex as null and void as, amongst for their personal information. other things, the large majority of our member governments were bound by the public state- 10. Subsequently we also circulated photo- ments still recognising Archbishop Makarios as copies of letters of 6 and 9 August from the the legitimate President of Cyprus. Permanent Representative of Turkey.

- 17 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

11. The Secretary General and the European Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the Commission of Human Rights also received a Council of Europe. telex from Bishop Gennadios, to which the Commission replied. The Secretary General did 16. On 14 and 15 August, the President of the not reply as the person concerned had been Consultative Assembly sent the Secretary Gen- installed by the Sampson regime to replace eral and the Chairman of the Ministers' Deputies Archbishop Makarios in his ecclesiastical respectively, the telegrams whose texts appear functions. in Document CM (74) 204 which you have in your file, asking for an emergency meeting of 12. A telex from Mr Lefkos Clerides, President the Committee of Ministers. of the Cyprus Bar Association and a cousin of 17. On 16 August, in the light of the requests the acting President, was sent on 7 August to made by the President of the Assembly, the the European Commission of Human Rights, the Chairman of the Deputies proposed that a meet- Committee of Experts on Human Rights and the ing of the Deputies be convened for Tuesday International Institute of Human Rights. The 20 August. Commission replied. The Secretary General answered the telex to the committee of experts, 18. The Secretary General followed up that pro- saying that the text thereof would be communi- posal and, in the light of replies received from cated to the experts at their next meeting. some delegations, he proposed in a telex dated 19 August that the meeting be held on 21 August. 13. Lastly, on 8 August, the President of the 19. In the meantime, the Secretary General had Consultative Assembly received a telex from received a further telex from Mr Glafkos Clerides, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, President of the on Saturday 17 August, stressing the humani- House of Representatives of Cyprus. In his reply, tarian actions which the member governments of the President of the Assembly said that he had the Council of Europe could take. This telex transmitted the text to the Chairmen of the was photocopied and transmitted to the delega- Political and Legal Affairs Committees and the tions on Monday morning, 19 August. two Rapporteurs of the Political Affairs Com- mittee. The President of the Assembly also re- 20. Yesterday, the Secretary of the Committee ceived communications from the Permanent Rep- of Ministers informed you by telex of the resentative of Turkey which were transmitted to reactions of the various delegations to the pro- these two committees and the two Rapporteurs. posal that this meeting be held today, and also of a communication from the Permanent Repre- 14. The Permanent Representative of Turkey in- sentative of Turkey concerning Cypriot repre- formed the Secretary of the Committee of Minis- sentation. ters on 8 August that in the view of his govern- 21. After this brief review of recent events I ment the Cypriot delegation to the Council of should like, as Secretary General of the Council Europe had lost whatever claim it had before to of Europe, an organisation whose political represent Cyprus. Pending the return to consti- function has been solemnly re-affirmed in recent tutional legality it was not possible for his months, to add a few comments on the Council government to recognise Mr Modinos as Perma- of Europe's action at a time which is particularly nent Representative of Cyprus. The Secretary painful for us all, but does indeed constitute a said that it was not for the Secretariat to take a challenge to the vitality of our organisation. decision as to the constitutional situation of Mr Clerides, but that, as regards the Permanent 22. And above all, it must indeed be admitted Representative of Cyprus, he considered that that the Assembly and public opinion were find- subject to further developments, the status quo ing it increasingly hard to understand the silence ante would be restored when the latter returned of the supreme organ of our institution at a time to his post in Paris. The Secretariat's position when a conflict was having profound effects on was confirmed the next day during a conversa- two of our member states. It was also deeply in- tion between the Permanent Representative of volving a third state, Greece, which for many Turkey and the Secretary General. It should be years was a member state of our organisation added that the United Nations' Secretariat and and could become so again thanks to the recent the Security Council adopted the same attitude change of regime in Athens. Your presence here towards the Permanent Representative of Cyprus and your discussions today remove all ambiguity to that organisation, and the same was true of and confirm me in my belief that your meeting Unesco and perhaps of other organisations. is highly necessary. Although it is obviously clear that the Council of Europe could not con- 15. On 10 August, Mr Modinos resumed his cern itself with specifically military problems, duties as Ambassador of Cyprus in Paris and nobody can deny that the organisation which

- 18 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 each of us serves in his own way can and must hance the consultative character of the Assembly, make its contribution in fields which justify its and, within the framework of the Joint Committee very existence, as is reflected in our Statute which its President awaits with impatience, it without ambiguity, and do so without failing to will be possible for you to give concrete ex- take into account the powers of other organisa- pression to your intentions by prompting the tions. If that were not the case, what meaning parliamentarians to consider the possibility of could we give to Resolution (74) 4 of the Com- political solutions. mittee of Ministers on the future role of the Council of Europe and the motives which in- spired it ? However difficult it might be for the 24. Lastly, and above all, the time has come Council of Europe to settle the Cyprus problem alas to ask ourselves without unnecessary as such, its most elementary task consists in delay whether it is not our organisation's duty solving a number of concrete and painful prob- to take or invite our governments to take the lems or consequences which flow from it on the appropriate initiatives to ease the human suffer- humanitarian level at which we have constantly ing brought to your notice and, as far as pos- affirmed our vocation. Quite apart from the Euro- sible, to make good the material devastation pean Convention on Human Rights, the Council which constitutes the sad aftermath of the will be able to play a specific part which it is situation we have just witnessed. In that con- for you to decide. nection, I shall shortly be able to give you in- formation about possible action by the Special 23. Furthermore, when you drew up Resolution Representative for Refugees, Mr Pierre Schneiter." (74) 4, you clearly expressed your desire to en-

- 19 - APPENDIX III STATEMENT BY THE DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL UNDER ITEM IV OF THE AGENDA, CONCERNING AID TO THE STRICKEN POPULATION IN CYPRUS

The Representatives of Turkey and Cyprus b. to submit as soon as possible to the (as well as other delegations) and yourself, Committee of Ministers a programme of aid for Mr Chairman, referred yesterday and today to the victims of the crisis. It should be noted the very real suffering and the terrible problem that, in this context, once such a programme of the victims of the crisis, the refugees and has been adopted, the discussions between the the wounded in Cyprus, and also to the tragic Special Representative and the Consultative shortage of hospital facilities. Assembly and its Committee on Population and Refugees would enable him and governments to The Secretary General has been aware of mobilise parliamentary pressure groups ; this important aspect of the crisis in Cyprus for the last few days following information received c. to study, as the Special Representative from various sources, and has sought informa- proposes, the conditions under which the Re- tion from the Special Representative of the settlement Fund could provide financial aid for Council of Europe for National Refugees and medium or longer term action. Over-Population about the possibilities of short and medium-term aid. I would remind you, in this respect, that Mr Schneiter is the Special Representative for Mr Schneiter has answered refugee and over-population problems for the Council of Europe as a whole, but the Resettle- 1. That in his view, Resolution (56) 8 of the ment Fund, of which he is Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, setting out the tasks of Governing Body in his capacity as Special Rep- the Special Representative of the Council of resentative, is a partial association of ten mem- Europe, empowers him to act in the name of the ber states of the Council of Europe, 1 and the Council of Europe. The victims of the crisis Holy See and Greece. The Resettlement Fund and refugees in Cyprus, whether they be of has a special purpose to help in solving humani- Greek or Turkish origin, are in fact national tarian problems by providing or guaranteeing refugees. loans. In order to fulfil this purpose, the Fund, in accordance with Article 5 of its Articles of 2. In this case, the Committee of Ministers Agreement, may accept financial contributions ; should instruct the Special Representative : it is also empowered to receive contributions which come within specific aims. It goes with- a. to undertake short-term action which out saying that such contributions may come would consist essentially in contacting the from non-member states of the Fund. other competent international organisations to share the tasks involved. These organisations Projects in which the Fund may intervene are at the present time : must have been approved or guaranteed by the - ICRC (International Committee of the Red government of a member state of the Fund. It is Cross at Geneva), which includes the Inter- therefore necessary that the political problem of Cyprus be solved first in order to be able to en- national Red Cross and the Red Crescent ; visage an effective financial contribution by the - The United Nations High Commissioner for Fund. Refugees who has just been instructed by Mr Kurt Waldheim to co-ordinate aid to Cyprus On the other hand, it would be perfectly at United Nations level ; feasible to envisage in the context of paragraph b above (programme of aid to the victims of the crisis) that the Special Representative be - The Nine, if they decide to give aid to Cyprus instructed to set up, in liaison with governments through their own services ; and parliamentarians, a special fund for Cyprus.

1. Belgium, Cyprus, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Switzer- land and Turkey.

- 20 - APPENDIX IV

STATEMENT BY THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF TURKEY

Mr Chairman, I must warn you from the out- and realities from as impartial a point of view set that I have a rather longish exposé to make. as possible. I believe I should start with the I will try to keep it, as much as possible, rele- most recent events. vant to the points under discussion. I am not going to propose to discuss those aspects of The long-drawn-out conflict between the the problem which do not concern our organisa- Greek Colonels and President Makarios over the tion directly, but I will confine my remarks and fate of the island resulted in the Colonels under- exposé to those points which may help to taking their putsch and ousting Makarios. The illuminate and lead to a better understanding of main issue between the two was as to when the situation for us. I am afraid, for some time Enosis should be achieved. The divergence be- to come, we will be saddled with this issue, tween them did not concern the substance, it namely the question of Cyprus. We should try to concerned rather the modality of application. see what has happened in Cyprus and what is Both of them - President Makarios and the happening in Cyprus in the right context, so Greek Colonels - had the same objective, Enosis. that in future this organisation will be in a posi- Only the Greek Colonels thought that the time tion to bring a constructive and fruitful contri- for it had come, while Makarios had a preference bution to the solution of the problem, for a just first for taking care of the Turkish community on and durable solution of the problem. So, I have the island. Once this stumbling block on the to go back to some extent to the causes of the road to Enosis was overcome, then annexation present crisis and I have to elaborate on them of the island to Greece would be realised much and their unavoidable consequences. As this more easily. This, in his opinion, however, re- organisation claims some competence in the quired time. But the Greek Colonels in Athens legal field, we should then first look into some and their EOKA agents on the island wanted a legal aspects of the question. To consider them quick success. Ever since the military junta is of particular importance for us for a correct came to power in Greece they regretted that they evaluation of our present problem, as it is dis- did not make a simultaneous coup in Cyprus to regard for legality, suppression of constitutional overthrow Makarios, put an end to whatever was rule, violation of treaty obligations that lie at left in Cyprus of constitutional rule and annex the foundation of all the troubles that we face the island to Greece. They were out this time to today. I believe, Mr Chairman, that for a mean- recover what they thought a wasted opportunity. ingful discussion of the Cyprus problem we On 15 July they put their plans into action and should first recall the events of the last days. overthrew the government of Makarios ; they did What has happened in Cyprus ? What was it that not, however, succeed in killing the man who necessitated what some refer to as the Turkish had, in their eyes, now turned into a traitor military intervention and what we so rightly call because he wanted to delay Enosis. Fierce a peace move ? fighting started on the island. Pro-Enosis Greeks fired at pro-Makarios Greeks. The right-arm man To take the matter up from one particular of terrorist EOKA leader Grivas, a man called point, ignoring the past and recent happenings Sampson, was appointed President and head of will be misleading. This will deprive us of a the new government of Cyprus. A professional penetrating and constructive discussion of the killer, the best gun, the tireur d'élite and situation. We should see the present in the light murderer of Grivas whose only real occupation of the past, and prescriptions for the future happened to be terrorism, a man who had twenty- should be made out by taking this fact into five murder charges against him, who was known account. They must be based on realism, fair- as the assassin of British soldiers, their fami- ness and justice. If we are not prepared to do lies and so many innocent Turkish men, women this, then we may just as well not enter any and children, who took pride in writing about discussion of any problem. Therefore it is my them in his own papers, who took pride in the intention to recall first some of the fundamentally fact that during the genocide movements directed important elements and facts relating to this against Turks on the island by the Greek problem. Cypriots, with the help and support of the main- land Greeks in 1963, 1964 and 1967, he had Mr Chairman, I should like to mention forth- murdered Turks indiscriminately. In fact he was with that all that I will be saying in this exposé awarded by the Greek-Cypriot Government can be substantiated by documents and evidence medals for it. He rightly acquired the title of if need be. In any case I hardly need to add any- Turk hater. It was this man that the Greeks ap- thing to the facts, elaborate on them at length or pointed as President of Cyprus. This was done interpret them in detail, as they speak so loudly not only with indirect help and support but also for themselves. Equally I will spare as much as by the active participation of a country who had possible my personal comments or any arguments affixed its signature to the international agree- in defence of the attitude of my government, as ments under which she assumed the obligation it will be seen that the same facts and events of preserving the independence, territorial inte- not only determined it but dictated it. Therefore grity, and the constitutional rule of the country I will simply confine my observations to the facts which they were now out to destroy.

- 21 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

With this movement, whatever legality was that country. These things happened long before left in Cyprus under the Constitution under the Turkish intervention. Constitutional rule was Makarios's administration was swept away. The brought to an end in Cyprus even for the Greek State of Cyprus, as created by international community there. However, Turkey was closely agreements, was brought to an end. This was watching developments. Turkey is one of the not the only consequence of the putsch. The three signatories of the agreements creating entire population of the island was thrown into Cyprus, the United Kingdom and Greece being the a state of peril, and an extremely dangerous other two. Turkey could not be expected to toler- and explosive situation was created for the ate such a flagrant violation of an agreement entire region. It became incumbent upon those which, since the setting up of the Republic of who assumed under the same international agree- Cyprus, she had honoured and to the observance ments the obligation and the responsibility to of which she attached the utmost importance. maintain the independence, territorial integrity Look what Article I of the Treaty of Guarantee of and constitutional rule on that island, to take dated 16 August 1960 says : "The Republic of measures to redress the situation. Action was Cyprus undertakes to ensure the maintenance of needed to send Sampson and his Enosis accom- its independence, territorial integrity and security plices back to their gutter together with their as well as respect for its Constitution." The sinful deeds of the past which had culminated Greek-dominated Republic of Cyprus did not in their last action. Turkey, on the basis of her abide by this. They sold themselves out to treaty rights, undertook her peace operation, Greece by inviting Greek officers, EOKA leaders, whose sole aim was, and continues to remain, and reactivating the integration movement with the safeguard of the independence and terri- Greece. However, this fact was to cost them torial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus and their legality. Their responsibility is indeed the restoration of constitutional rule to the very great. Article II of the same treaty speaks island. about the guarantor powers, guaranteeing the independence, territorial integrity and security Archbishop Makarios himself at the eleventh of the Republic of Cyprus. "Greece, Turkey and hour tried to reverse the wheels. It was he who the United Kingdom undertake to prohibit, as had invited the Greek officers and instructors to far as they are concerned, any activity aimed at come to the island, to build his army, discipline promoting directly or indirectly the union of and organise the trigger-happy Greek gangs with Cyprus with any other state." Greece violated the ultimate aim of finding a radical solution to this disposition beyond all limits. It is Article IV the existence on the island of a Turkish com- of the same treaty that confers the right on the munity. Now he wanted them out. As reported guarantor powers to take measures to redress widely in the world press, Archbishop Makarios such a situation. I shall read Article IV : "In wrote a letter dated 2 July to the Athens Govern- the event of a breach of the provisions of the ment. It is a very significant letter. I hope those present treaty, Greece, Turkey and the United who seem to have a keen interest in this prob- Kingdom undertake to consult together with lem have had an opportunity to study this letter respect to the representations or measures among other documents. Makarios expresses the necessary to ensure observance of those pro- hope that orders would be given by the Athens visions. In so far as common or concerted action Government to EOKA-B to end its activities on may not prove possible, each of the three guaran- the island and says that if EOKA-B is not teeing powers reserves the right to take action definitely dissolved a new wave of murder and with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of violence cannot be precluded. He adds, "I am affairs created by the present treaty", which compelled to describe at length in crudely sin- happens to be and remains the sole aim of the cere language the long-standing, lamentable Turkish intervention. However Turkey, once situation in Cyprus". He confesses that he was again following the same course she has always reduced to a District Governor appointed by the followed to settle international problems in the Greek Government. We can open a parenthesis past, tried to seek as peaceful a solution as here to say that this is what some people are possible of the problem. referring to as the legitimate Government of Cyprus ... This is the status quo ante that they In view of the multi-sided threats to the are aiming at restoring. This is apparently their Turkish community, to her own security and conception of an independent Cyprus. Some now very serious dangers to the peace and stability talk about the Turkish invasion. Cyprus was in- of the region which the Cyprus crisis had un- vaded long before the Turkish army got there. It leashed, Turkey was obliged to assume the was invaded by the Greek army directed by the responsibilities which the international treaties Greek Colonels of Athens. It was invaded not placed upon her. She first sought contact with with the purpose of restoring the independence, the other guarantor power, namely the United the territorial integrity of Cyprus as is foreseen Kingdom. The Turkish Prime Minister personally by the international treaties to which Greece volunteered for talks with the leaders of the also happens to be a party ; it was invaded by British Government. In London he said, "I have Greece in violation of these agreements with come to London open-minded to try and find a the deliberate intention of terminating the peaceful solution, if this is possible". It is un- existence of that state and the independence of fortunate that this did not prove possible. The

- 22 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 concurrence of the British Government could not population explaining that the Turkish inter- be secured for a joint peaceful action to restore vention was a peace move, to benefit both the what was demolished by the Greeks on the Greek and Turkish communities. It was not island. In the meantime, the government of the directed at the peoples of Cyprus. adventurers on the island, with the help of the Greek Government, went ahead to consolidate The developments which had taken place up their position and power. A number of Greek to the first ceasefire leading to the convening planes rushed forces and ammunition to the ac- of a conference in Geneva are known to you all. complices of the Greek Government. So the con- In the Geneva Conference, the three countries solidation of the Greek invasion of the island, agreed on a declaration which was to form the which had been started some time ago, was basis for future negotiations to be held in order accelerated. In the circumstances, Turkey had to establish the State of Cyprus, to determine no alternative but to resort to such means which its new status and to give it a new Constitution. had been rendered necessary by this situation, We should remind ourselves of the salient points in order to arrest these unacceptable develop- of this declaration to which the three guarantors ments which had in them the power to ignite an have affixed their signatures and which they explosion to shake the foundations of the peace have pledged to honour. A ceasefire was agreed. in the region. Turkey sent a military contingent It was also agreed to put the following measures to the island, making her intention by this move into immediate effect : clearly known to all, which was to help restore the constitutional rule, the territorial integrity - to establish a zone to be entered by no and independence of Cyprus, to prevent blood- forces other than UNFICYP ; shed between Greeks themselves and between the two communities living on thé island. We - all the Turkish enclaves occupied by need not go far to see if the Turkish interven- Greek and Greek-Cypriot forces should be im- tion was called legitimate or justified. Members mediately evacuated ; of the Consultative Assembly met on 29 July and adopted a resolution on the subject. That - the exchange and the release of military text happens to be in your files. Reading that and civilian prisoners. text you will see once more that what the Turkish Government did was based on its treaty It was agreed that all these measures were rights and that the action of the Turkish Govern- to be taken before the second round of Geneva ment was rendered inescapable by the unilateral talks to start on 8 August 1974. action of the Greek military dictatorship. Of course, if you are interested you will read more The fact was recognised in Geneva that the in this text than those two points. The Consult- Turkish Cypriots were reduced and condemned ative Assembly thinks that it is about time that to living in enclaves and those enclaves in a fair, lasting and peaceful settlement of which only civilian people lived were occupied Cyprus's problems should be attained. Such a by the Greeks and Greek-Cypriot forces. Other settlement should take into account the legiti- Turkish enclaves asked to be protected by the mate rights of the two communities on the UN forces because Greeks had never ceased on island, not only of one, namely the Greek- the island their murderous activities towards Cypriot community. All these points are made in Turks, women and children, young and old. They the resolution adopted by the Assembly. In the have a special aptitude and taste for it. Kill light of all this, it becomes all the more ironical whomsoever you can lay your hands on. British that while one organ of the same organisation is soldiers and their families in the past ; unarmed urging fair and equal treatment for the two com- and helpless Turkish civilians now. munities, the other organ - namely the govern- mental wing of the same organisation - is allow- None of the undertakings falling upon the ing only the Greek-Cypriot Representative to sit Greeks were fulfilled by the time the delegations in its Committee, without even thinking of giving of the three countries and the representatives of an opportunity to the other community to have the communities met in Geneva on 8 August. its voice heard. The Consultative Assembly never failed to express its unconditional dis- The second round of talks in Geneva made it approval of the subjugation by the Greeks of the obvious that the Geneva Conference did not Turkish community on the island. Here again stand a chance of succeeding. The Greek their conscience makes them observe that what- Government and the Greek-Cypriot administra- ever settlement is agreed upon for the future as tion would prevent it from attaining the objec- regards Cyprus, it should bring an improved tives set out by the Security Council. Let me status granting the security and rights of the quote here what the Turkish Prime Minister said Turkish community. on this point on 14 August 1974, and as was also pointed out publicly by the Turkish Govern- Turkey's move on the island was a move of ment : "The delegations of Greece and the peace. Turkish forces were issued orders not to Greek-Cypriot administration have tried to pre- fire a shot unless they were fired upon. The first vent a serious discussion on the constitutional thing Turkey did was to drop leaflets to the status of Cyprus and have delayed the working

- 23 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 of the conference by claiming that in spite of 14 August that "the objective of this operation the clear mandate of the Security Council resol- is not to destroy the State of Cyprus but to con- ution, the conference was not authorised to take tribute to the rebuilding on a sounder basis of up such matters. They continued treating many that state which was destroyed and to ensure unarmed and defenceless members of the Turkish its territorial integrity. The objective of this community as prisoners and hostages, whenever operation is to bring peace, freedom, and security and wherever they had the power to do so, in to Cyprus. The objective of this operation is to open violation of the provisions of the Geneva end the long-lasting sufferings of the Turkish Declaration, of international law and of human Cypriots and to enable them to live freely on rights. Days after the Geneva Declaration was their own soil in a way befitting humans. When signed and after the second round of Geneva the objectives of this operation are attained, the talks had started, they promised to let the Greeks as well as the Turks on the island will Turks return to their villages, districts and enjoy full security and durable peace." The houses which would be evacuated by the Greek Prime Minister stressed that "our action is not National Guard. But after fulfilling this promise against Greece, or against the Greek-Cypriot to a very limited degree in some localities, they community ; we intend to establish a balanced declared on 13 August 1974, in defiance of the society on Cyprus, which will enable the Turks basic rules of humanity, that they were suspend- and the Greeks to co-operate and prosper under ing the application of this promise and obliga- equitable conditions". tion and were not going to release the Turks they had been holding as hostages. The Greek As is known, on 17 August Turkey, following Government in an official statement issued on the Security Council resolution, once again 13 August described the Turkish forces stationed called a ceasefire in Cyprus. Following the in Cyprus as invaders, in spite of the fact that ceasefire, Turkey's Prime Minister made known these forces acted under the authority of a to the world Turkish aims and objectives as re- guarantor power. In complete disregard for the gards Cyprus. These aims and objectives have Geneva declaration the Greek Government re- not altered. They are to achieve a durable solu- quested their withdrawal as a primary condition. tion of this problem based on fairness and They said that the withdrawal of the Greek units justice. Such a solution will have to be based and officers could only take place after that, on the preservation of the territorial integrity although their illegal status and their objective and independence of Cyprus which should be of making Cyprus a part of Greece by a fait ac- based on more solid foundations. It should give compli are known to the world at large. This equal security and opportunity for the enforce- was still another manifestation of the fact that ment of human rights, opportunities for a better the Greek Government did not recognise the life for the two communities living on the island. validity of the Geneva Agreement. The Greek It should base their relations not at the mercy Government and the Greek-Cypriot administra- of one of them, but on mutual respect for each tion have exerted every effort to invalidate the other's rights and on a spirit of co-operation. decisions of the Geneva Conference and to Cyprus as a whole should be taken off the list obstruct its work. of outstanding dangerous international conflicts, threatening the peace and security of the neigh- bouring countries and of the region. Until such In the circumstances, the ceasefire provi- time as this aim is achieved, Turkey will con- sion could no longer be considered as binding tinue to seek for it and will always have a pre- for Turkey as a guarantor power. Having reached ference for negotiation as a means to attain that the conclusion that there is no use but only harm in maintaining the appearance of continuing aim. My government has already extended a hand to all those concerned to come together a conference which was intentionally obstructed and whose deliberations were unilaterally viol- and start discussions to attain these objectives. ated, Turkey considered it her duty to fulfil by It is in the interest of all of us to take a deeper herself her prerogatives and duties as a guaran- look into this problem, and remind ourselves of tor power and her responsibilities concerning what has happened in the past, of the facts and the independence of Cyprus as well as the rights reasons underlying the present crisis. To serve and security of the Turkish-Cypriot people. It is that purpose I should now like to recall very unquestionable that this new Turkish action briefly some of those facts and past happenings. was as legitimate as Turkey's initial move and If one does not bear them in mind, one may was, as the same conditions still existed on the easily fail to arrive at a correct evaluation of island as on 20 July, inevitable. Therefore the the present situation. second Turkish move was an inevitable and As it is directly relevant to the problems we logical continuation of the first one. The Turkish are facing today, I should like to say a word or armed forces had stopped their operation in order two about the creation of the Republic of Cyprus. that a solution to the problems of Cyprus could As is common knowledge, the Republic of be explained through discussions, and when it Cyprus was created by the Zurich and London became obvious that these explorations were not Agreements. The Zurich Agreement was con- going to yield any results, the Turkish armed cluded on 11 February 1959, between Greece forces resumed their mission". The Turkish and Turkey, and registered their agreement on Prime Minister made it clear in his speech on the basic conditions for an independent Cyprus.

- 24 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The London Agreement was concluded on 19 under the Zurich and London Agreements. We February 1959, between Greece, Turkey, the have acquired a bastion and starting point for United Kingdom, the Greek-Cypriot community further campaigns. From these bastions we shall and Turkish-Cypriot community. This reaffirmed continue to struggle with a view to consummating the agreement reached in Zurich and set out the victory." Which means for them Enosis ! Again principles to be incorporated in the Constitution on 5 January 1962, this time after the conclusion of the future Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus became of the agreements and the establishment of the an independent and sovereign state following new state, addressing the Greek Cypriots, Arch- the signature on 16 August 1960 of two main bishop Makarios said : "the Zurich and London treaties based on the Zurich and London Agree- Agreements form a landmark in the course of the ments. One of them is the Treaty of Guarantee. struggle for union with Greece, but at the same It is called the Treaty of Guarantee because the time they are a starting point and a bastion for signatories have undertaken to ensure the main- further struggles with the object of capitalising tenance of independence and territorial integrity on what has been achieved for further conquests". of Cyprus, and Cyprus undertook not to partici- So this shows how much dedication to indepen- pate as a whole, or in part in any political union dence and personal honesty lay underneath the with any state whatsoever. signature of some of those who gave birth to the independent Republic of Cyprus ! Article 4 of the treaty stipulates the rights and obligations of guarantors against violations On 13 March 1963 he said, "The aim of of Article 1. the Cyprus struggle was not the establishment Treaty obligations are created for specific of a republic. These agreements only laid the purposes ; they are created to be respected and foundations for further conquests". Would you to be observed. Treaty rights are recorded to believe this coming from the President of the make those who violate the treaty obligations Republic who was sworn in to safeguard the respect them. This is how honourable states independence and sovereignty of his country, its understand their treaty rights and obligations. Constitution, and observe the rights and obliga- tions created by international treaties to which Now I come to the major source of the that state is one of the parties ? trouble. That is the Constitution of Cyprus. The Cyprus Constitution formed yet another founda- On 27 July 1963 Archbishop Makarios, in tion stone of the State of Cyprus. Its main another address to the Greek Cypriots said : stipulations were agreed upon in Zurich and con- "The agreements do not form the goal ; they are firmed in London and figure in the two agree- the present but not the future. The Greek- ments known under these names. In Article 181 Cypriot people will continue their national it is stated that the two agreements I referred to course and shape their future in accordance with above formed the annexes of the Constitution. their will." But what will become of the Turkish- Article 182 states that what has been agreed as Cypriot people ? What will happen to them ? Are a basis of the future State of Cyprus in Zurich not they also entitled to have a will of their constitutes the fundamental articles of the Con- own ? He does not dwell upon any of this. He stitution, as they cannot in any manner be modi- simply ignores the existence of the Turkish com- fied, amended, amplified or suppressed. munity on that island, who started living there before even the American continent was dis- Now to have an idea as to what happened in covered and who have been living there for the Cyprus in the course of the three years following last 400 years. He could not care less. the installation of constitutional rule in the island, it is of vital importance to take a brief After the beginning of the Greek onslaught look at some of these basic stipulations and on the Turks on 25 March 1964, Archbishop their application by the Greek-Cypriot dominated Makarios declared : "Union of Cyprus with Government of Cyprus. Although the international Greece is the aim and wish of the Greek people agreements formed an integral part of the Consti- and of myself." On 27 August 1964, addressing tution, and Enosis (i.e. union with Greece) was the new Greek Ambassador to Cyprus, Arch- prohibited under these agreements, shortly before bishop Makarios said : "It is my wish and prayer the creation of the Cypriot State and the con- that you be the last and your term of office in clusion of the agreements, we hear some declara- this capacity be of very short duration, with the tions on Enosis. Archbishop Makarios, address- early materialisation of union of Cyprus with ing the Greek Cypriots on 1 April 1960, five Greece." This reflects their conception of the months before the birth of Cyprus, but after the independence of a country ! On 8 September London and Zurich Agreements laying down the 1964, he said : "The Cypriot people want to foundation stone of the new independent State define their future according to their wish and of Cyprus and while the representatives of the desire, which is to unite with Greece." But the two communities were working together drafting Cypriot people are composed of two communities. the Constitution of Cyprus, said : "The realisa- The Turkish people want to live on an indepen- tion of our hopes and aspirations is not complete dent island, and in an independent state; it is

- 25 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 only the Greek-Cypriot people who wish to be Cyprus with Greece, were represented to the annexed to Greece. What do we do with the Greek Cypriots as public enemy No. 1. This is Turkish people ? How should we take care of the origin of the animosity between the two com- them ? Well the answer proved to be a simple munities, because two communities were not given one : if they do not accept subjugation and a chance to live peacefully, harmoniously, with servility, liquidate them, exterminate them. His respect for each other on the island, because intention is clear. On 1 October 1964, he af- some people had all the time in their mind to ful- firmed : "The real victory will be achieved when fil their ambitions and to register their name in Cyprus will be annexed to Greece without any history as having expanded the Kingdom of concession whatever." Greece. On 4 September 1962, at Panaia village in the course of a sermon, Archbishop Makarios On 27 October 1964, at a luncheon party in preached : "Unless this small Turkish community honour of the visiting Greek Defence Minister, forming a part of the Turkish race, which has Archbishop Makarios said : "Greece has become been the terrible enemy of Hellenism, is expelled, Cyprus, and Cyprus is Greece". Isn't this inter- the duty of the heroes of EOKA can never be con- esting, this amalgamation ? It is almost a chemi- sidered as terminated."EOKA is a terrorist organ- cal reaction ! However, Makarios went on : "I isation, an organisation of murderers, of gangs unshakenly believe that the struggle for Enosis trying to realise their ambitions by means which will be crowned with success soon.'' On 21 are most vehemently deplored by the civilised November 1964, in an interview with Philelef- world. And Archbishop Makarios, a priest, a theros, Archbishop Makarios said : "I am for spiritual leader, is saying that it is their duty to Enosis and shall always stand for it, but it must exterminate Turks ! Unless all the Turks are ex- be genuine Enosis, without curbs and strings." terminated on the island the job of EOKA will This he adds in case a foolish person somewhere never have been fulfilled. This is the man whom entertained the idea of granting some protection some recognised as the legitimate President of a or guarantee to the Turkish-Cypriot people, once country and whose deeds were very seldom, if the island is annexed to Greece. Now perhaps ever, questioned in an organisation like the Coun- we understand more clearly what it was that had cil of Europe, which has taken upon itself the been behind all this. This is what I meant when defence and protection of human rights and human I said that the divergence between the Greek dignity. Colonels and Archbishop Makarios concerned the modality of application. It did not concern This is not all. The Greek side has violated the objective itself. Basically none of them was and unilaterally abrogated certain basic provi- for the maintenance of an independent state, but sions of the Constitution relating to a separate all of them were for Enosis. In his New Year majority vote, the right of veto, composition of message to Greek Cypriots on 31 December 1964, the civil service and the security forces, right to Archbishop Makarios said : "We shall reach trial by a judge of one's own community, and our ultimate aim of Enosis". On 10 January 1965 separate municipalities. They have deliberately in a speech at Kyrenia, which has now acquired misinterpreted them as "excessive rights for its true name of Girne, he declared ''Our Enosis the Turks". None of these provisions was ex- aim is getting stronger every passing day ... The cessive or contrary to any democratic principles. aim of the actual struggle is Enosis." Earlier, on 8 September 1964, he had declared to the It was not the Turks who drew up the Consti- newspaper Apogevmatini : "If I have any ambi- tution of Cyprus, it was an eminent Swiss jurist, tion it is to link my name with the union of in keeping with the traditional Swiss policy of Cyprus with Greece. The expansion of Greece's impartiality and fairness. It is this Constitution boundaries to the shores of North Africa", and that the Greeks attacked. Let me dwell on this a why not to the middle of Anatolia as the Greeks little longer. The separate majority vote require- tried to do in the 1920s "through the union of ment (Article 87) was applicable only to the Cyprus. This is my only ambition for the realisa- enactment of legislation relating to taxation. Its tion of which I shall continue to struggle to my purpose was to prevent discrimination against death." All these are fundamentally important the Turks in matters of taxation, and in the points. All these should be fully considered and manner in which revenue from taxes must be grasped. If that is not done no full understanding spent. As the study of practice will show, the of the problem can be attained and no fair and Greeks did in fact attempt to deprive the Turks just contribution to the solution of this problem of any say on tax law by introducing a tax bill can be made, however earnest and however in the House which they insisted should be en- honest one's intentions may be. acted as a permanent law and not liable to periodic review as normal practice required. With this aim in mind and their policy direc- When the Turkish deputies rejected the bill, the ted at the achievement of that aim, the Greek- Greeks held this action against them as a Cypriot leaders did not give the young Republic Turkish attempt to paralyse the state. of Cyprus a chance to flourish. The Cypriot Turks who had accepted independence as an end The right of veto (Article 50) was not re- in itself, and solidly objected to the union of served to the Turkish Vice-President alone, as

- 26 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 the Greek account tends to suggest; it can be Part II of the Constitution of Cyprus exercised by the President and the Vice-Presi- (Articles 6 to 35) provides adequate protection dent, jointly or separately, over legislation and of fundamental rights and liberties. Nevertheless, over decisions of the Council of Ministers con- it must be pointed out that the Greek-Cypriot cerning security, defence and foreign affairs. administration, in its attempt to usurp the poli- The purpose here again was to prevent discrim- tical rights of the Turkish Cypriots, indirectly inatory and one-sided legislation and decisions. removed certain basic protective measures. For Owing to the Greek majority in the House and in example, with the armed onslaught unleashed the Council of Ministers, the Greek President against the Turkish community in December had no real need for this right. But as the Greeks 1963, it became physically impossible for the openly defied the Constitution, it also ceased Turkish elements of the government to attend to have any meaning or practical use for the their work in the Greek sectors. When fighting Vice-President. The right of veto has remained ceased, the Greek-Cypriot leadership refused to only as a stick in the hands of the Greek propa- accept their Turkish colleagues back, and thus gandists to beat the Turks, and, except in one the Turkish community in Cyprus which had case, it was never used. trust in bi-communality, and thus fairness of a great number of institutions like the courts, the The fixed ratio in the civil service and police, the legislature and the cabinet, found security forces (Article 123 and Article 130). One themselves deprived of this protection. of the reasons for these provisions was that the Turks had agreed, as a concession to the Greeks, The Turkish community which is not a to the creation of a state machinery in which minority group in Cyprus, but one of the co- the latter would be, for all practical purposes, founders of the independence of the republic, in control. The Turks therefore had to make sure has nevertheless been grossly discriminated of a predetermined ratio : 70% - 30% in the civil against by the Greek-Cypriot administration, in service and 60% - 40% in the security forces, of complete denial of fundamental provisions of government jobs to prevent discrimination. part II of the Constitution. For example, Article 6 Another reason was that the participation of of the Constitution states "No law shall dis- Turks in government services in the predeter- criminate against any of the two communities or mined ratio was essential to provide adequate any person as an individual or by virtue of being service to the Turkish community because very a member of a community". Article 3 : The few Greek officials spoke Turkish. This was, official languages are Turkish and Greek. Laws as you will also see, violated. have to be published in both languages in order to be valid. Contrary to this basic legislation, The separate courts (Article 159). In fact the Greek House of Representatives passed the courts were unified, but the judicial system legislation in Greek only, in the absence of gave the Turks and the Greek-Cypriot citizens Turkish members of the Turkish community. the right to have their cases tried by judges Immovable property belonging to the Turks had belonging to their own community. This was a been confiscated, while chances of trial by fundamental principle of justice and natural competent courts in accordance with the Consti- right, given to every citizen. It dates back to tution were denied to Turks through unconstitu- the days of Magna Carta, which laid down among tional Greek legislation. other things that a man should be tried by his peers, in other words by judges familiar with his Article 7 : Every person has the right to life way of life. This right in any case had been and corporal integrity. All Greek armed elements exercised by the communities in Cyprus since who were secretly armed by the Greek leadership Ottoman times. These provisions did not create in order to attack the Turks and who actually conflicts of competence or place any unneces- did so, killed the Turks in thousands and were sary burden on the economy ; the courts were decorated as heroes by the government. The constituted with a minimum reorganisation of number of dead, wounded, maimed and missing the existing judicial services. can be counted in thousands. Separate municipalities (Article 173). These Article 8 : No person shall be subjected to existed before the creation of the republic. The torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment or Constitution merely perpetuated the agreement. treatment. Hundreds of cases have been reported After long years of experience and continuous to the United Nations during the 1963-68 period protest from the Turkish community, even the of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, and British had been convinced that Turkish areas to no avail; no compensation, not even an could never have a fair chance to develop unless apology was offered. they were under mixed municipal administrations. While the Greek Cypriots got the lion's share Article 9 : Every person has the right to a from municipal spending, the Turks received decent existence and social security. No Turk only the crumbs.

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has been given his social security benefits responsible government shun its treaty rights since 1963, except in a very limited number of and obligations and continue to bear this ? I do cases which were taken up by the UN. The not believe, Gentlemen, any of your countries Turkish community has been kept out of the or governments could bear this as long as my social security scheme. country and my government did.

Article 11 : Every person has the right to Article 49 : I have to quote from French : liberty and security. Thousands of Turks who "Les Pouvoirs exécutifs exercés par le Vice- were arbitrarily arrested, beaten and mutilated Président de la République consistent à : know the value of this right ! Article 13 : Every person has the right to move freely throughout the territory of the re- d. opposer son véto définitif aux décisions public, and to reside in any part thereof, subject du Conseil des ministres relatives aux affaires to any restrictions imposed by law which are étrangères, à la défense ou à la sécurité, confor- necessary only for the purpose of defence or mément aux dispositions de l'article 57.'' Et public health. 6 000 Turks of Küçükkaymakli alors, est-ce qu'il a opposé ce veto ? Et quel (Omorphite) and 2 000 Turks of Erenköy (Kokhina) était la situation ? Selon l'alinéa a de l'article areas were not allowed to go back to their houses 50 de la Constitution : "Les affaires étrangères after 1963. Thousands of other Turks lived the comprennent : lives of refugees. So the Turks are condemned to live in enclaves, behind barbed wire, in fact 1. . . .La nomination de représentants diploma- in ghettoes. tiques et consulaires, déjà en service, à des postes à l'étranger et l'envoi en mission extra- Article 14 : No citizen shall be banished or ordinaire à l'étranger d'envoyés spéciaux appar- excluded from the republic in any circumstances. tenant déjà au Corps diplomatique. La nomina- Many Turks are not issued passports to return to tion de nouveaux fonctionnaires diplomatiques Cyprus. All calls for humane consideration fell et consulaires et leur affectation à des postes à on deaf ears. It might be interesting for you to l'étranger, ainsi que la nomination d'envoyés hear that Turkish Cypriots born on the island spéciaux et leur envoi à l'étranger." were not issued birth certificates by the Greek administration, and if they were issued birth These are the rights of the Vice-President certificates by the Turkish community administra- when it comes to nominating representatives of tion, then these were considered as illegal by the Republic of Cyprus abroad. But the Vice- the Greek administration. President was not given a chance to exercise them. If he did, then it was with no conse- Article 15 : "Every person has the right to quences. respect for his private and family life." Not the Turks, once they fell in the hands of the Greeks. Turkey was patient, Turkey put up with all this for years because we are a peaceful nation, Article 16 : Every person's dwelling house we are a peace-loving nation ; the basis of our is inviolable. This is true, but in practice foreign policy is "peace at home, peace abroad". Turkish houses in 103 villages were deliberately We do not want trouble. There is not a single destroyed, bulldozed, so the value of this pro- case that can be cited against Turkey as an ex- tection was very, very clear to the Turkish com- ception to this basic rule which Turkey has ob- munity. served since 1923, the year in which Turkey was proclaimed a republic. The first peace move that We need not go far to find violations of this we made was towards Greece who had assaulted sort. Let us take the Council of Europe. Since and occupied our country, slaughtered our people 1963 not a single one of its documents, not a indiscriminately, men, women and children, old single communication, reached the Turkish com- and young, committed all sorts of atrocities, as munity. They were deprived of all contact with is happening in Cyprus today. After defeating this organisation. The Turkish community did them we accepted them as our bosom friends. So not have a single opportunity of attending any it is this country which was obliged to undertake of its activities. The files of the Secretariat the action which some so misleadingly, to say General are full of protests, reservations made the least, are referring to as the invasion of to this organisation by the Vice-President of Cyprus by the Turkish army. It is nothing but a Cyprus acting on the rights conferred to him peace move, undertaken by a peace-loving nation under the Constitution of that state. But all and its honourable army. Some dare to talk of these fell on deaf ears. How long can any violations by the Turkish army and misconduct decent nation, any decent people put up with of its members. That army happens to be one of this state of affairs ? And how long can a the most disciplined armies of Europe, it is one

- 28 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 of the pillars of NATO. That army would not ference in the internal affairs of the Republic of commit rape. Do not believe this sort of mali- Cyprus, to send it back to the Turkish Embassy. cious and dirty propaganda. Even this insult was taken calmly and with dignity by the Turkish Government. Now I come to the case of the constitutional court. Suffice it to recall that Archbishop But that good will which Professor Forstoff Makarios, at the end of three years' application thought as essential was never forthcoming from of the "Greco-Turkish partnership Constitution", the Greek side, because the Greeks were only had so much success in his efforts to undermine interested in destroying the constitutional the Constitution in order to make the state a rights of the Turks as a first stage in preparation Greek-dominated state, that the President of the for further steps towards the achievement of constitutional court, Professor Ernst Forstoff, in their final objectives. The constitutional court despair had to resign. The constitutional court was established by the Constitution to prevent in Cyprus is supposed to be headed by an out- Greek Cypriots or Turkish Cypriots from infringing sider, so as to make that constitutional court an upon each other's rights. It was a three-man impartial body. But Professor Forstoff could not court, with a neutral member as President, a bear such a situation. He had to resign, he had Greek and a Turk as the other two members. The to leave. The following interview, given by court ruled on constitutional questions in cases Professor Forstoff to an Associated Press involving discrimination and on conflicts be- correspondent, gives sufficient account of the tween the Federal Parliament and the separate background story of his resignation. This inter- Turkish and Greek communal Chambers. There view also constitutes a conclusive answer to was no appeal against these decisions. In his all the Greek charges against the Constitution. first interview mentioned above, Professor In his interview on 27 December 1963, Professor Forstoff also said that he resigned because he Forstoff said "The crisis was the result of was convinced that Archbishop Makarios had no President Makarios's anti-Turkish policy." We intention of abiding by a single one of the are not saying this. Professor Forstoff, an court's decisions. He added that : "The root of eminent jurist, is saying this. He was chosen as Cyprus's tension lies in the move to abolish President of the constitutional court of Cyprus Turkish rights on the island." Is not that reveal- because of his personal integrity and honesty. ing ? And even after all this, some of us are It is coming from an impartial man. He added : prepared to accept the representatives of that "I myself am convinced that if the Government government as representing the Turkish com- of Cyprus had been able to stick to the Consti- munity interests as well. Is not that a sheer tution for five years, most of the problems would mockery ? And if we do that, would this not be have been mastered. I have told Makarios that prejudicial to our sincerity ? The root of Cyprus's time and again." Five years is not much. tension lies in the intention of the Greek Probably this was the danger that they saw. Cypriots to do away with Turkish-Cypriot rights. They said if we stick to this Constitution for "Makarios ordered the administration of munici- five years, then Cyprus will be consolidated as palities to be centralised (I am still quoting a fully integrated, independent and peaceful from Professor Forstoff). Our court rules that state. It is against this danger that they felt this order was unconstitutional and I knew that that they should fight. In a second interview Makarios did not intend to respect the ruling." given again to Associated Press on 5 January What does an honest man do under the circum- 1964, Professor Forstoff said : "Every consti- stances ? He resigns. This is what Professor tution has its peculiar problems. There is no Forstoff did. constitution in the world which has not got its particular difficulties and problems. This is Article 129 : "La République aura une primarily a question of good will. If there is armée de 2000 hommes, dont 60% seront des good will a constitution can be implemented and Grecs et 40% des Turcs. Le service militaire this Cypriot Constitution is capable of being obligatoire ne sera pas institué sauf décision implemented." conjointe du Président et du Vice-Président de la République." I will furnish you some informa- For our part we have far exceeded all the tion as to the strength of the Cypriot army. It limits of good will. We agreed in the inter- reached a strength of 40000 men armed to the communal talks to revise the Constitution, so teeth. Is this in compliance with the Constitu- that mutually acceptable formulae could be tion ? Against whom was that army of 40000 worked out through negotiation. We sat patiently built ? Against whom ? Did they think of defend- for six years bearing many rebukes from the ing themselves against the Atlantic Alliance, Greek side. Archbishop Makarios sent a note to the Soviet Union, Communist China ? The main the Turkish Government containing his demands security of that island lay in its government's and proposals for the modification of the Consti- determination to honour the international treaties tution. The Turkish Government, recognising him guaranteeing its existence, in its will to apply then as the responsible head of state, studied in its Constitution faithfully and its dedication to all seriousness his requests and sent a note to safeguarding its independence and integrity. Not him in reply. Makarios, upon receipt of the note, in its 40000 troops. If they amass 40000 you asked his doorkeeper, after scribbling on a amass 4000000 in the shortest possible time. piece of paper that the Turkish reply was inter- The Turkish contingent under the treaties of

- 29 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 alliance was made up of 650 officers and Cyprus many professional agitators. Cyprus was soldiers. Under the same treaties Greece was still Turkish territory then. They created ultra- entitled to have a contingent of 950 officers and nationalistic organisations to work for the an- soldiers. On the other hand, the Constitution of nexation of Cyprus by Greece. Until that time Cyprus provided that the total number of Cypriot people under Ottoman rule lived peacefully in forces should not be more than 2 000 officers Cyprus. It was the Turkish administration who and soldiers. Now what was it that they did brought to the island the Greek Orthodox Church. instead ? The Greek-Cypriot forces, that instru- It was the Turkish administration who appointed ment of ruthless attack, pressure and intimida- the first archbishop to that church because they tion against the Turkish community, numbered were respectful of the religious beliefs of the tens of thousands. They were led by officers communities. Turks provided all the security who had come from Greece, invited by the Presi- and protection to Cypriots of Greek affiliation, dent of the Republic who had undertaken not to of Greek language and orthodox creed. Look enter into any sort of co-operation of that sort what the Ottoman Empire did and what the under the Constitution and treaties. He himself, Turkish Republic received in reward. These in complete violation of the Constitution, in- agitators worked in villages through specially vited hundreds and thousands of Greek officers. trained schoolteachers and priests sent from He invited at one stage 10000 Greek officers Greece and in towns through the Orthodox Greek and soldiers to the island. Now people are com- Church. Local politicians trained in Athens, as plaining that Turkish forces are on the island. well as schoolteachers and even Greek consulate Would you not agree now that they had to be officials, took part in this "Hate the Turks and there and no other option was open to them ? work for Enosis campaign", which grew as time went by. This is briefly what has happend to the application of the Constitution. In the face of this openly imperialistic fifth-column activity by the Greeks in Cyprus, I apologise that I have had to take the floor the Turks lived in a constant atmosphere of for so long, but I believe that all this should be tension and feared for their lives. As the of some interest to you. Because very few of Turkish Prime Minister said the other day, you have had the possibility or felt the necessity "Where will we find ourselves, if we start look- to follow these happenings as closely as we ing back into history and try to recreate lost did, but now that you seem to be more interested empires." You, the Byzantine Empire and I, the in the Cyprus problem it is better that we see Ottoman Empire. This is what is behind Enosis. the matter face to face and see it in its true They must expand ! The suffering of the context. Now let me come back to this question Turkish community first started because of of Enosis. Enosis and the terrorist organisation openly imperialistic activities. It was only after EOKA which was set up to help achieve Enosis. the major Greek-Cypriot disturbances of 1931 And let me try to give you at this juncture some that the British administration took measures in background information about EOKA. Enosis order to prevent violence and agitation. When agitation was a movement created by Athens for Greece was occupied by Germany in the second its own imperialistic purposes to annex Cyprus world war, thousands of Greek families from the to Greece. This policy was in line with the Greek mainland and from the Aegean islands Panhellenistic expansionism which was pre- escaped to Cyprus and many of them settled viously carried out in Crete, among other places, there permanently. So this can give you an idea with success and with a heavy toll on Turkish as to where the Greek influence predominantly lives. By the way, the people of Turkish origin comes from. According to certain statistics, were in a majority in Crete when the island was during the second world war 80000 Greeks fled annexed to Greece. It would be illuminating for from the islands and mainland Greece and you to know that there is not a single Turk settled in Cyprus. In 1908 the Turks were in a living on that island today. What happened to majority on the island. Of course after that date, them, that is another tragic story. You are mem- life was turned into a hell for the Turks. They bers of an organisation that is keenly interested had to take refuge, seek safety, in all corners in safeguarding human rights. Why not start an of the world. investigation into all this ? That will be very revealing for us, for the community of civilised After the war, agitation for Enosis was re- nations. sumed. Archbishop Makarios, Patriarch of the Orthodox Church in Cyprus, emerged as the Enosis agitation was conducted with con- leader of the movement with the support of siderable success in Crete, especially towards various Greek-Cypriot political groups. The the end of the nineteenth century. At one go campaign for Enosis grew more violent, with 5000 Turks were massacred there before the persistent attempts to smuggle arms from abroad, very eyes of the great powers who had assumed and nationalists and Panhellenists in metro- responsibility for the safety of the Turkish politan Greece raised their voices in encourage- community. Encouraged by its success in Crete, ment. After the failure of the London Conference the Greek Government, after 1878, sent to in September 1955 an atmosphere of terrorism

- 30 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 and planned repression began, this time against a springboard for Enosis. Consequently, a voci- the British. In this the lead was taken by EOKA ferous campaign was restarted with added fero- (National Organisation of Cypriot Struggle). This city, as the Greeks now controlled all the publi- organisation was taking its orders directly from city media in the country including the state Athens and was headed by another notorious radio and television network. figure on the island, the then Colonel Georgos Grivas. During the EOKA campaign in 1958, They gradually worked up a frenzy of hatred 278 Greeks, 142 British, and 84 Turks were against the Turks which came to a head on the killed; 295 Greeks, 684 British and 258 Turks night of 20-21 December 1963, which has since been called "bloody Christmas". They put into were wounded. The Turkish communities scat- tered all over Cyprus were attacked by EOKA effect their plans for a general onslaught on the Turkish-Cypriot community. This meant only and had to take refuge in other areas to save their lives. EOKA started this as an intimida- one thing, a de facto and unilateral abrogation tion campaign to keep Turks under control so of the Constitution and resort to the use of that they could settle their account with the force to bring about Enosis. The legality of the British administration first. Following the inde- regime was severely compromised. They ringed the Turkish quarter of Lefkose with machine gun pendence of the island, all the conciliatory posts and imposed a strict siege around it, efforts of the Turkish community were met by killing every Turk who happened to be in sight. hostility. Those Turks who chose to return to their villages were systematically discouraged The Turks were ousted from all government from doing so. Their wells in Lakatamia and machinery, and those who happened to attend Deftera, for example, were filled in with stones. their offices with great risk to their lives were Bombs were thrown in their houses and the either taken as hostages, such as the Police Greek community resorted to many other methods Commander of Girne district and all his Turkish of terrorism and intimidation with a view to pre- personnel, or were told to go away at gunpoint, venting the resettlement of Turks in their such as the Turkish prison warders in the original places. Now I will give you some ex- central prison or, even worse, some were brutally amples of what has happened. Thirty-five murdered and to this day even their graves re- Turkish communities were attacked by Greek main unknown. Perhaps they will also be dis- Cypriots during 1955 and 1958 by members of covered as more mass graves in Cyprus are un- EOKA campaigning for Enosis. earthed, where the entire population of some Turkish villages was burned. Even today, news- a. Turks had to evacuate their villages to papers are full of these discoveries. which they returned after independence, but In order to illustrate the brutality of the were nevertheless attached by Greek Cypriots a Greek attack I submit the following figures. second time during the savage Greek onslaught of 1963 and 1964 : in the district of Girne, three In 47 villages inhabited by Turks, 526 houses villages, in the district of Magosa, three villages, were completely destroyed, 276 were partly in the district of Lefkose, eight villages and ruined. You can consult the United Nations numerous other Turkish villages from other statistics to verify these figures. 23 shops were districts such as Baf came under attack and reduced to rubble, 55 shops were partly demol- were destroyed. ished, 93 Turkish elementary schools scattered around the island were destroyed leaving 23000 b. Evacuated villages to which Turkish children without schools for a considerable Cypriots could not return. Turks were never time. 27-30000 Turkish Cypriots became refu- allowed to return before or after independence gees. 56000 were left in need of relief. 24000 to most of these villages. In the district of were left unemployed. You are going to consider Magosa there are eight villages to which Turks very soon some humanitarian measures to help have never been allowed to return. Were they the stricken people of Cyprus. You must bear shown other places to go to ? This is a very these figures in mind. pertinent question ; we should ask it and also insist on an answer to it. There are still hun- When the Greek attacks on the Turks of dreds and thousands of Turks having lost all Lefkose were unleashed with the resultant flood their belongings, their homeland, their villages, of murders and destruction of Turkish property, roaming about on the island or living in concen- the rest of the Turks outside Lefkose living in tration camps. This was the Greeks' aim anyhow. villages were cut off by encircling Greek forces. In the district of Lefkose another four villages Armed Greeks went around terrorising Turks in were barred to Turks. In the district of Baf these isolated areas, telling them that their turn another five villages were barred. would come when the resistance in Lefkose was broken down. In fact, Turkish villagers of This attitude of continued hostility dis- Yilmazköy (Skylloura) were attacked and were played by the Greeks was in line with the policy forced to flee with only their shirts on their of the Greek-Cypriot leadership headed by Arch- backs. All their property and houses were ran- bishop Makarios who had declared in 1960 that sacked and destroyed. At Ayvasi (Aios Vassilios) the treaties and Constitution were to be used as armed Greeks annihilated complete families

- 31 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 without sparing the children and the aged. Girls devasted. A report in the Daily Express by Rene of 10 and women of 60 were lined up with the MacColl and Daniel McGeachie recounted the rest of their families and shot dead from behind. happenings of the week in the Cyprus capital in They were then buried in secret places. No one the following terms : "We were the first Western knew what had happened to them until their reporters there, and we have seen sights too burial places were discovered by the members frightful to be described in print, horrors so ex- of the Red Cross. The villages of Matyet treme that the people seemed stunned beyond (Mathiatis), Kotchat and others suffered the tears and reduced to a hysterical and mirthless same fate. As these outrages spread, Turks in giggle that is more terrible than tears." remote areas abandoned their houses and pro- perty and took refuge in safer areas. The Greek- While murder and vandalism reached its peak Cypriot forces destroyed all Turkish property in in the island with mass shooting of Turkish these abandoned villages. villages and wanton attacks on places of worship, out of the three guarantors it was only Turkey They took civilian people as hostages and which came to the rescue of the innocent. Great they dumped them down into such places as Britain stood aside, and Greece actively sup- stadiums, under the sun, without shelter, with- ported the aggressors. Turkish air force planes out clothes, without food and kept their own flew over Cyprus, a warning to Greeks, and only people - for they are Cypriot people, they are that, and only temporarily, halted the mass born there, they belong there - as hostages. They murder and massacre of Turks. claim now to represent in this organisation the interests of those same people. Even one frac- Even in these circumstances Turkey refused tion of what they have done to these people to resort to arms. would be sufficient to deprive them of any legal or moral basis to do so. The message of Arch- The Turkish warning was effective to the bishop Makarios to his people was to force the extent that it induced the Greek Cypriots to Turks to flee from Cyprus. This was issued by agree to a ceasefire under the supervision of a the President himself. The destruction of Turkish truce force and to participate in a conference of property was a part of this plan. More than fifty guarantors and of the representatives of the two million dollars worth of damage was caused to communities called to settle the crisis. property belonging to Turks, and they are not a prosperous community. As a result of all this, The conference was held in London on 15 25 000 Turks who lost their homes were con- January 1964. No positive result emerged from demned to live in tents and caves. The Greek- the conference because the Greek side insisted Cypriot leadership refused to allow them to have on the revision of the basic agreements on building materials to put a roof over their heads. Cyprus in a manner that would leave the Turkish They refused permission. After the shooting community entirely at the mercy of the Greek incident on 21 December 1963 a wave of violence community and, moreover, open the door for immediately spread throughout the island. The Enosis. secretly armed Greek gangs, assisted by the Greek-Cypriot members of the Cyprus gendarmerie Back to the United Nations. The situation and police, attacked Turkish Cypriots in their on the island gravely deteriorated after the homes and in their villages in a ruthless rampage failure of the London Conference. The issue was of murder and destruction. Within four days brought before the Security Council on 15 Febru- more than one hundred Turks, including women ary by the United Kingdom. After extensive and children, were murdered and maimed. deliberations, the Security Council adopted a resolution on 4 March which called upon the Photographs of the murdered Turkish Government of Cyprus to take the necessary children were seen by the world at large. They measures to stop violence and bloodshed on the filled bathtubs with their bodies. Can you island. It also recommended the formation and imagine the other day the Red Cross discovered despatch to Cyprus of a UN peace-keeping force the body of a child, only three years old, with to replace the British truce force and the appoint- thirty bullets in his body ? 30 bullets. Instead ment of a mediator. Then the rest of the story of putting thirty bullets into a child they could and these details are known to you. have used that money elsewhere. They could have killed him with one bullet and used the The United Nations sent an expeditionary rest of the money for other purposes, perhaps force to the island to keep peace and to protect used the bullets for other purposes. This would Turkish Cypriots. But they could not abide by have been more profitable for them. They drew the rulings of the UN peace-keeping forces. crosses on the chests, on the bosoms of the people with machine gun fire. It is this sort of The UN peace-keeping forces succeeded to a thing we have been facing. some extent in de-escalating direct confronta- tion in sensitive areas, in preventing local In a few years 20000 Turks were chased out incidents from developing into major fights, in of their villages and their homes, which were providing useful liaison between the two sides.

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But they were never able to prevent the per- might have been personally right when he said secution of the Turkish Cypriots and violations he did not wish to continue his duties in Cyprus of their human rights ; or the major pre-planned in view of such outrages and the ridiculing of attacks which the Greeks launched against justice and UN authority at the expense of Turkish areas at almost regular intervals. security of life and property of Turks. But very Greece once again smuggled into the island the few people as a community raised their objec- old terrorist chief, now General Georgos Grivas, tion to these atrocities. and then 12000 of her regular troops. Headed by Grivas, the combined Greek and Greek-Cypriot There are hundreds and hundreds of other forces were very active. In 1964 they launched examples that I have in my files which are in another massive attack on a Turkish enclave in front of me. Let me quote one of them as des- north-west Cyprus. In November 1965 they at- cribed by Mr Gibbons, a British journalist : "The tacked the old town of Magosa. In September 1966 tiny Turkish village of Tatlisu (Mari) which lies they attacked the Turkish section of Arcoz just off the Lefhou-Limasol road was destroyed. (Arsos) village in the Larnaka district. In April National Guard armoured cars moved up to the 1967 they attacked Mari, another Turkish village village and for no apparent reason started to in the same district, and in November 1967 they shell it with two-pounders. It was only after launched their reckless and ill-fated attack on four hours of heavy bombardment that the United the Turkish villages of Bogaziçi (Ayios Theo- Nations were allowed into the village." doros) and Geçitkale (Kofhinou) which brought Turkey and Greece to the brink of war. All these On 31 October 1967 the banned Turkish attacks were launched against the express op- leader Rauf Denktash landed secretly in Cyprus. position and in defiance of the UN peace-keep- He was arrested by the Greeks. The legitimate ing force in Cyprus, and in every case they were leader of the Turkish-Cypriot community, chosen only constrained, and the Turks saved from mass by free elections under the Cyprus Constitution, murder, as a result of strong reaction from was arrested by the Cypriot-Greek administra- Turkey. tion. But his dominant personality, of course, saved him and they had to release him. An- If Turkey had not reacted, the job would have nouncing this, the Greeks said they had released been finished off long before. The magnitude of Denktash without trial. Trial implies a crime. crimes committed against humanity in Cyprus The Greeks did not specify the crime committed can be viewed in its proper perspective when by Denktash. But his obvious crime was that he one realises that these atrocities were taking had described too well to the Security Council place in defiance of the UN presence in Cyprus. the true story of Cyprus. The UN Police Inspector Mr Grossa's statement, which appeared in Neue Osterreich of 5 May Grivas once more decided to show his 1964, in Vienna, should be enough to jolt the power. The two communities of the mixed Greek- conscience of mankind everywhere. Inspector Turkish village of Bogaziçi near Larnaka re- Grossa, who served in Cyprus with an Austrian mained segregated because of earlier outbreaks police unit attached to the United Nations com- of fighting. In November Grivas sent Greek mand during a comparatively calm period, said patrols through the Turkish sector, an operation "when we determine the identity of a Greek which had not been carried out for the previous culprit and inform the Greek police, we hear the four years. The Turks objected and the UN were police praise the culprit". This is an Austrian, called in. The Turks explained that Greek armed a member of a UN peace-keeping force and a patrols would cause increased tension ; a few citizen of an independent and honourable coun- months earlier five Turks had been killed by try saying this. "When, at out request, the cul- Greek booby traps. The UN began negotiating prit is arrested, he is set free the next day and with the Turks to allow the patrols to satisfy everyone who witnesses these incidents makes the demands of the Greeks. While the talks fun of us. These are the reasons why we no were going on, Grivas surrounded the village longer wish to continue our duties in Cyprus", with some 2 000 troops and, despite advice to and he he resigned. One of the specific inci- the contrary by the UN forces, started his opera- dents which caused Inspector Grossa to make tions on 14 November. Two police patrols were this statement was the case of a 9-year-old sent to the village and of course the following Turkish boy who was shot dead with dum-dum day incidents started; the patrol served its pur- bullets by the so-called security forces of the pose and started killing outright the civilians. state on 23 April 1964, while he was playing Again they started sending to other towns the outside his home in Lefkou. same sort of patrols, for the same purposes. In an earlier report to the UN Security Council, The Turkish Army during its recent opera- Secretary General U Thant had stated that after tions in the island recovered bayonets which General Grivas had taken over command of the were banned by the Geneva Convention because Greek forces their discipline had improved ! they cause gangrene when they are used on What happened in Bogaziçi (Ayios Theodoros) human flesh. Dum-dum bullets which in 1964 and Geçitkale (Kophinou) proved that the anni- killed a 9-year-old boy are still in common use. hilation of the Turks in Cyprus was being car- Inspector Grossa as an individual UN officer ried out with the approval of the Greek-Cypriot

- 33 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 leaders, if not with the approval of the Greek Now, Mr Clerides so brazenly sends a tele- Government itself. The Greeks, disciplined gram to the Council of Europe and qualifies the Greeks using the words of U Thant, stormed into Turkish peace move operation - an operation the defenceless villages. Hüseyin Batsoli, aged which was undertaken as a result of all I have 90, paralysed and in bed, was machine-gunned said, and I have said only a fraction - as a and burned. Mehmet Emir Sait, aged 34, shot "callous attack" against the Republic of Cyprus. dead, his body soaked in paraffin and set on I have already talked about the Zurich-London fire. Hüseyin Ramazen, 80, and his wife, 70, Agreements. Turkey operated under its treaty lying sick in bed, machine-gunned. Well, so many rights. Turkey intervened in the island to put a atrocities occurred that it is beyond the possi- stop to the sort of adventurism I have been try- bilities of this Committee to give its attention ing to describe, to inter-communal fighting, to to all of them and to hear all the stories. protect the integrity and independence of Cyprus which was endangered, which was placed in The war crisis brought on by the Greek jeopardy in the hands of the EOKA-B Group, attack on the Turkish villages in the Larnaka Greek generals and a conniving administration. district in 1967 is generally regarded as a When Turkey started her military operations she turning point in the general trend of events in made her peaceful intentions known. Those in- Cyprus. In the face of very strong Turkish re- tentions have never been altered and we always action, Greece was compelled to withdraw her wanted to avoid all possible bloodshed if at all troops and remove General Grivas from the possible. If blood was shed, if devastation and island. The Greek Cypriots afterwards removed human suffering resulted from the exercise of some arbitrary restrictions and economic one's treaty obligations, then should we not put blockades which they had been imposing on the the blame on those who made such intervention Turkish community for more than four years and necessary and who created conditions to make announced that they would now accept a "feas- such intervention inescapable. They are respon- ible" solution instead of the "desirable" sible not only for what happened to the Cypriot solution. These developments brought a sem- people and to Cyprus. They are also responsible blance of normality to the island and opened for all the material and human losses Turkey the door for direct inter-communal talks. Inter- and her army had to suffer. Who does enjoy communal talks which started in Beirut on 2 devastation, human misery and suffering ? Tur- June 1968 were exploratory in nature and key has given ample proof over the last ten directed at paving the way for a final permanent years, despite all types of provocations, that settlement of the dispute between all interested she is not for solutions through the use of force parties as envisaged by the UN Security Coun- but for settling problems through peaceful cil. The Turkish attitude in the local talks was means. If those who complain today had a con- that Cyprus should remain an independent science which could be moved by human suffer- republic with a unitary government and that the ing, why then did they not show a sign of its solution should also take into consideration the existence when they themselves inflicted untold realities of the Cyprus situation and ensure suffering on others ? Mr Chairman, I am coming respect for the inherent rights and interests of to an end. Please bear with me for one or two the two national communities within the frame- more minutes. Why did they murder innocent work of the independent republic. Care should children, helpless women, and fill bath tubs also be taken that none of the parties to the with their bodies, mark crosses on their chests settlement should be left in a position to repeat with machine gun bullets ? Representatives of the events of 1963, 1964 and 1967. Were not the Red Cross have a complete file of unbeliev- these legitimate requests ? able atrocities that were committed. Why did they commit all these atrocities ? And why do After almost six years, in 1974 the two sides they continue to commit even worse ones today ? were still divided on fundamental issues, be- Is it such a terrible sin to belong to another cause the Turks wanted independence, integrity, community ? Why did they burn down not only a unitary state, human rights for all and no dis- the houses but entire villages of their com- crimination. This was the reason why the talks patriots, citizens of the same country ; flatten were blocked. Talks were being stalled by the their homes with bulldozers, send them to con- Greek Cypriots, by their insistence on keeping centration camps, leave them without food, the Turkish community in a subjugated state. medicine and shelter, hold them as hostages, Then on 15 July the world was taken aback on carry out summary executions ? What made them learning that a professional gunman in the ser- believe that they had the right to take all sorts vice of Grivas, a man named Nicos Sampson, of measures to expel the members of that com- had been made President of the Republic follow- munity from the life of the state, from public ing a coup d'état planned and carried out with life, and condemn them to economic poverty, to the full connivance, and not only connivance misery, force them to live in ghettoes ? They but active participation, of the Greek military refused to issue birth certificates, I have said junta. this before, to the children born on the island of Turkish parents. Those whose pass- ports expired were not given new passports.

- 34 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

Are we not, Mr Chairman, familiar with customs duties. All the foodstuffs and aid human suffering ? Some say that history repeats materials supplied by Turkey were subjected to itself; it did indeed repeat itself for the Turkish heavy duties. Every year Turkey spent four to community because this persecution of the five hundred million Turkish lira to support the Turks on the island was a constant repetition unfortunate Turkish community on the island, itself year after year. Now Greek Cypriots are and most of it was paid in customs duties, applying to seek assistance from the Council supplementing the revenues of the Greek-Cypriot of Europe. How many times in the past has Government, because nothing spilled over to the Turkey sought assistance for the members of Turkish community from those revenues. They the unfortunate Turkish community living on the must have used a portion of this money for the island who were left homeless and helpless by purchase of the military equipment and ammuni- the Greek aggressors ? It would be illuminating tion they so liberally used in fulfilment of their to study the files of this organisation since extermination plans of the Turkish community 1963 before looking into this matter again. It and against the Turkish army during the last would show the amount of suffering and destruc- operations. tion that the Turkish community had to put up with on the island for the last few years and We sit here as a community of nations who from which they have never recovered. The have taken upon themselves the protection and Greeks enjoyed prosperity, they had no wounds promotion of human rights. We seem to be moved to dress. The Greek Cypriots in those days by the appeal of Mr Clerides, but unfortunately denied the competence of the Council of Europe, very few people's conscience was disturbed denied its competence to deal with these matters, when again and again the Turkish community deprived member countries of the possibility of leaders appealed to the Council of Europe to taking measures to alleviate the suffering of put a stop to cold-blooded murder and the destruc- the members of the Turkish community. Now tion of the Turkish community. Very many they seem to recognise that competence. Would people were aware that the Turks on the island it not be a good idea to suggest to them that benefited from none of those human rights and those first accounts should be settled first ? fundamental freedoms that we claim we stand However, we Turks are better humanitarians for in our member countries. There is not a than that. We want all the wounds to be dressed, single occasion on which the Turks had access we want all the suffering to cease, we want the to the fruits of this organisation. All this went on for years. The only privilege that the Turkish aid to be extended to every stricken individual community enjoyed from the Greek-Cypriot on that island. All I want to say to Mr Clerides Government was that when they reached a point is that this is what happens to one eventually of exasperation and when their human existence when one loses all human decency, lawfulness could no longer bear this suffering and they and legality. They then laughed at the suffering consequently decided to leave the island, they of the Turkish community. Today we Turks are were given free passports and tickets by the concerned not only with the suffering of the Greek administration, on condition that they Turkish community but also with that of the would not come back to the island. How could Greek community and in no less a degree. they, anyhow ? They were not permitted to enter President Makarios did everything in his power the island. to block and delay any external aid to them. It will be of great interest to read the letter he It is the representative of that community wrote to the Special Representative of this which deprived the entire Turkish community of organisation in charge of refugee problems. The the enjoyment of their legitimate rights and letter happens to be among the official docu- fulfilment of their honourable responsibilities ments of the Council of Europe. I can give you vis-à-vis this organisation for all these years, the date of the letter - 11 April 1964 - and you it is this representative some governments are can consult the minutes of our Deputies' 130th now proposing should be recognised as the rep- and 133rd meetings (March and July 1964, res- resentative of the two communities, the Republic pectively) to have an idea as to what happened of Cyprus as a whole - and not only that, but to Turkish appeals because of Greek-Cypriot that he should preside over our Committee. opposition to the Council of Europe's dealing with any humanitarian problems. The sole basis Let us read together a letter Major General of this opposition was that such aid would bene- Sir Alec Bishop wrote to the London Times on fit the Turkish community. At that date the 16 August, following the recent events. The Turkish community, out of a population of gentleman happens to be the former British High roughly 120000 people, had 55000 refugees. Commissioner in Cyprus. He says : "Whilst not Some of them have never returned to their home- wishing to justify the Turkish military operations land, to their birthplaces. Whatever aid Turkey in Cyprus", this is of course understandable, could extend from her limited resources to "with all the suffering which this action must alleviate this suffering of the Turkish community cause, it is only fair to bear in mind the long was subjected to the most severe restrictions. years of persecution by the Greek-Cypriot com- Even for medical equipment the Turkish Govern- munity and their government which the Turkish- ment sent to the island, it had to pay substantial Cypriot community on the island have under- gone."

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"Numerous representations, made by the Defence matters according to the Constitution leaders of the Turkish-Cypriot community, by are a bi-communal responsibility, but Turks the representatives of other governments and by were expelled from the army by the Greeks. All civilians and military officials of the United this shows very clearly with what purpose, and Nations, were largely disregarded." This is the against whom, all this preparation was taken. British High Commissioner speaking, not a mem- An army of 40000 men at times, trained by ber of the Turkish community. hundreds and thousands of Greek officers, non- commissioned officers and instructors. Is this The British High Commissioner, after having what Mr Clerides refers to as his young con- referred to the sustained efforts during 1964 scripts ? All these measures had one ultimate and 1965 of the UN Secretary General to work objective : to finish off the job which was left out in consultation with the governments con- unfinished in 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967, cerned an acceptable solution to the problem of massacre the Turkish community and eventually the constitutional future of Cyprus, points out annex the island to Greece and thereby realise that they were largely wrecked on the rock of the long-standing ambition of Enosis. In 1964 the Greek-Cypriot determination to keep the when Turkey appealed to the world to bring Turkish-Cypriot community in a subservient pressure to bear upon Greek Cypriots to stop position. Well, the reason is evident ; they their genocide against Turkish Cypriots, after wrecked the talks because they wanted to main- dragging his feet for a considerable time and tain the subservient position to which they had claiming that all those atrocities were the reduced the Turkish community in the island. doings of the uncontrollable armed gangs, Anything that would go against that, anything Makarios gave in. The murdering of innocent that would grant human rights to Turks would people ceased, and ceased immediately within not be acceptable to them. So you have at least a few hours. This shows to what extent and the voice of an honest and impartial man. In the with what efficiency these and other murderous words of the same gentleman, "They are now activities were centrally controlled by the undergoing a retribution which extends to others Greek administration. who are entirely innocent". The most unfortunate side of human history and misery is that among Turkey has obtained evidence that arma- those who are really guilty, the innocent also ments manufactured in Turkey for NATO pur- suffer. I will say two more words about the poses and handed over to NATO were used letter Mr Clerides sent to the Secretary General against Turkey in Cyprus during the recent of this organisation on 4 August before I con- military intervention. clude. Mr Clerides speaks of small-arms, Russian, Czechoslovakian small-arms, the collection of Mr Clerides in his address to the Council of which created serious concern even for a coun- Europe says that, against the Turkish army stood 10000 young conscripts with small-arms. try like the United States for the safety of the How big an army was Cyprus supposed to have ? region. As is stipulated in Article 129 of the Constitu- He speaks of young conscripts ; if they were tion, 2000 men, some of it Turks and some of it all young conscripts, who then are those hun- Greeks. Now in complete violation of this dreds of Greek officers and soldiers who have clause, Greeks went ahead and built a substan- fallen into the hands of the Turkish army as tial army. One is driven to shed tears when one prisoners ? If you are curious and you want to reads Mr Clerides's message about the fate of have more information on the subject, then you those innocent children, with their small toys can ask Olympic Airlines ; they may perhaps in their hands, out to play soldiers on the island tell you how many Greek officers and soldiers and then the Turkish army came with all its and how many armaments they flew to the island soldiers' might and squashed them. Anti-tank under the disguise of civilian transportation. weapons, anti-aircraft missiles, heavy artillery, over fifty tanks, innumerable armoured cars, It is bad politics to try to fool the world. personnel carriers of Czechoslovakian make, Very few people would have patience and in- most successful automatic guns, machine guns dulgence vis-à-vis such actions endangering any army would envy. This is what is meant by gravely the safety of their region and of their a collection of small-arms. Three-storey fortifi- country. All of us know that the Mediterranean cations built on the mountain ridges, equipped is the most important lifeline of NATO on which to perfection with all sorts of firearms, bazookas, Western defence is based. Cyprus occupies a heavy artillery which cost the Turkish army the vital strategic position in that lifeline. There- lives of hundreds of its élite soldiers before it fore it was, and is, and it will continue to be in overcame them. Was the building of these pro- the interests of the Western world to stop ad- vided for in the Constitution of Cyprus ? Did venturism and political machinations there. the Turkish community have any knowledge of Turkey with its forty million people seeks her their existence ? 40% of the army is supposed safety in that region. The stability of that island to belong or be composed of the Turkish element. is a major factor in that safety.

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In conclusion, Mr Chairman, I would say considerations and material hopes but we must that one must take into account all these facts give it to the requirements of genuine peace, and events if one wishes to make a realistic equity, humane treatment for all, non-discrimina- and impartial appraisal of the circumstances rion and legality. It is only then that our contri- which led the Turkish army to intervene in the bution will have real significance. If there is island. What should be the ultimaty solution any one of us who believes that lasting peace which would be acceptable to all concerned is and stability and conditions for human happi- indicated by past history. No durable solution ness can be based on anything other than these of the problem can be reached by ignoring that values, then we would be fully prepared to hear history; the island must be given a new status, his views. Turkey once again is extending her so that none of this would happen again in hand for a solution based on these principles. future. This is what Turkey is hoping to attain All we are seeking is "peace at home and peace as her ultimate objective. By confusing issues, abroad". Those who failed to raise their voices by ignoring past sufferings, by introducing into against all these deplorable acts in the past this already complicated situation one's own should now try to make amends by taking the political motivations and short-term gains, one side of justice. To this end I am proposing that cannot contribute to finding a just and durable the Council of Europe member governments, solution of this problem. If the Members of the taking due consideration of what the Consulta- Council of Europe wish to contribute in any tive Assembly said in its recommendation dated manner to the attainment of a durable, fair and 29 July, invite all those concerned to come to- honourable solution to benefit both the Greek gether and deploy all the necessary efforts to and Turkish communities, they must start doing work out through negotiation a just and durable it be condemning the past practices which solution of this problem based on justice and brought us to this point. We should not give equality; a solution which will also reflect the preference to our own political calculations, fundamental tenets of our organisation.

- 37 - APPENDIX V

STATEMENT BY Mr POLYS MODINOS, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF CYPRUS1

Mr Chairman, was appointed as mediator and who is today the Secretary General of the Organisation of Ameri- It is with profound sadness that I take the can States. Mr Plaza fulfilled his mission with floor. It is not my intention to reply point by probity and impartiality. He submitted a report point to the very long speech made by the which was accepted by Greece and by the Turkish Permanent Representative at this Government of Cyprus. It was the Turkish morning's sitting. If we want to do something Government which refused and rejected it. Per- useful, if it is true that it is our duty to pre- haps . . . perhaps we would not be facing this serve the common heritage of civilisation, and I tragic situation today if Turkey had not been so would go even further : if we are to serve Europe intransigent, if, like us, it had accepted the as a whole - and that is the purpose for which mediation of this man of goodwill. this organisation was set up - to serve a Europe which you know as well as I do is in peril, then It has been sought, Gentlemen, to present I believe that we must keep passion out of our the Turkish community as continuously perse- debate and avoid saying hurtful things that we cuted and oppressed. I do not say that the might later regret. It would have been easy for Turkish community has not suffered from the me, if I had wished, to follow the example of anomaly brought about and wittingly perpetuated the Representative of Turkey since, alas, the by its leaders. All have suffered, be they Greeks pages of our history are many; I could have or Turks or the few thousand people of different gone back to the conquest of Constantinople by origin. the Ottomans, I could have invoked the suffer- ings of a long period of slavery and dwelt on I wish, however, to draw your attention to the atrocities committed over the centuries ; I the fact that the census carried out fifteen could have spoken to you of massacres by one years ago showed that there were barely 100000 side and the other; I could have spoken to you Turkish Cypriots, whereas now there are approxi- of wars between the member states of the Coun- mately 115000 in Cyprus. Some days ago cil of Europe, I could have drawn up a gruesome Mr Denktash claimed that the Turkish community list of all the evils and sufferings undergone by had a right to between 30 and 34% of the terri- our peoples over the centuries. tory of the island because, although it repre- sented only 18.5% of the population, it owned I shall not do so. I shall not do so because land corresponding to that percentage. However I realise that around this table we should be fanciful these latest figures, is it really possible inspired by a very different spirit. to speak of oppression of the Turkish community when these people own, use and freely farm a The crisis between the two communities in large part of the island's territory ? Cyprus began in 1963. We all suffered from it. It was acute. As always, small causes produce It was the troubles that broke out in 1963 great effects. The Constitution adopted in 1960 which brought the United Nations Peace Force and the Zurich and London Agreements, con- to Cyprus. In spite of their presence we were cluded by the man who has just now been called subjected to bombing by the Turkish air force to save Greece, had their weak points which in 1964. But I promised you that I would not made them difficult to apply in practice. I shall speak of atrocities, and I shall keep my word. not enumerate the difficulties encountered one For after all, it is not so much the cruelties by one. What is true is that at a certain moment, committed during war that are atrocious, but the actual functioning of the state was halted war itself. by obstruction on the part of the representative of the Turkish community sitting in parliament. I myself was able to note in recent years This friction aroused passion and violence, that outside the two or three enclaves to which hence the consequences you all know and which the Turkish Cypriots voluntarily withdrew, there I need not remind you of, since your chancel- were between 55 and 60 thousand Turkish leries have precise information regarding these Cypriots - these are rough figures - who lived facts. outside these enclaves in the republic. Within the enclaves, patrolled by soldiers, the Turkish This situation led the United Nations to community gradually set up its own administra- intervene. This morning the Representative of tion. It had its own papers, its own radio Turkey mentioned the name of Mr Plaza, who

1. This document amends and amplifies the largely improvised statement made by the Permanent Repre- sentative of Cyprus, Mr Polys Modinos, to the meet- ing held by the Ministers' Deputies of the Council of Europe on 21 August 1974. - 38 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 station, its own courts, thus paving the way by of peace - took the initiative on 18 October 1971 its actions for the separation of the two communi- of suggesting to the parties that his special ties, and bringing it about of its own free will. representative in Cyprus, Mr Osorio Tafall, might take part in inter-community discussions The Government of Cyprus supplied these in order to use his good offices. He also pro- enclaves with electricty, water and telephones, posed that the Governments of Greece and Turkey all services for which the Turkish Cypriots should each appoint a constitutional expert who have never paid anything. They could move would be present at the talks in an advisory freely in any part of Cyprus. They entered and capacity. left their enclaves freely, they carried on trade, but their sentinels placed along the demarcation U Thant's proposal having been accepted, lines prohibited Greek Cypriots from entering the Security Council requested the parties, in their quarters ! You cannot imagine how painful its Resolution 305 (1971) adopted on 13 Decem- it was for me when a Turkish Cypriot, a very ber 1971 : dear friend, whom I met in the street in Nicosia said to me : "Whenever I come to Strasbourg you "to act with the utmost restraint and to con- ask me to your place. Unfortunately I cannot do tinue and accelerate determined co-operative the same in Nicosia - it would be frowned efforts to achieve the objectives of the Security upon ...". Council, by availing themselves in a construc- The Turkish Cypriots farmed their fields, tive manner of the present auspicious climate sold and made use of their crops, and received and opportunities". state assistance, while several tens of thousands of them were working in industries, Thus in December 1971 - and these dates factories and firms belonging to Greek Cypriots. are of great importance - the Security Council I asked an industrialist in Famagusta who had a noted with satisfaction that a climate auspicious canning factory how many Turkish workers he to the success of the negotiations between employed. He answered that out of 300, 120 Mr Clerides and Mr Denktash reigned in Cyprus. were Turkish Cypriots. He assured me that they got on very well with the Greek Cypriots, that These enlarged inter-community talks have they lunched together, talked amicably together continued until recent weeks in a good, even and that throughout those years nothing had cordial atmosphere. Only yesterday, Mr Denktash occurred to disturb their good relations. As you praised Mr Clerides, who was in turn most com- see, Gentlemen, poor people who work in order plimentary about Mr Denktash. to earn their daily bread wish only to live in peace. Great progress was made during these talks to which Mr Osorio Tafall and the two experts A fortnight ago I put the same question in made a positive contribution. Complete agree- Cyprus to one of the magnates of the island who ment had been reached on the membership of the employs several hundred workers. He told me executive and legislative arms and of the that hitherto relations between his workers had judiciary. been of the best and that, for some reason I do not remember, both male and female workers of The representative of the Greek community Turkish origin even received slightly higher pay had agreed that the Turkish-Cypriot community than those of Greek origin. should enjoy the greatest possible local auto- nomy. Solutions regarding the membership of Gentlemen, I am convinced, and I say this "municipal councils" in Greek and Turkish in all conscience, that we could have succeeded, villages, as well as in villages with a mixed by creating a climate of confidence, in bringing population, had been put forward and discussed. about a peaceful solution to the problem of Cyprus. Not so long ago a football match was In order to see the progress achieved it is held in Famagusta between Greek and Turkish enough to refer to the declarations made at the teams. The Turkish Cypriots won and the match close of each meeting. was played in a properly sporting spirit. That was the climate that prevailed in recent years I am not suggesting that complete agreement and which gave me hope that in the end we would was reached. There still remained a very im- succeed in solving our differences and in living portant problem to be settled, that of the extent in peace for the good of the entire population. of local government autonomy and of control over municipal decision-making. These matters While the Security Council was extending affected the structures and the functioning of the stationing in Cyprus of the United Nations the state. However, quite recently - you will Peace Force every six months, the Secretary see why later - we met with marked instransi- General, U Thant - that great and true servant gence on the part of the Turkish community.

- 39 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

But in any case - and I stand by what I have The Cyprus regime was intolerable to said - relations between Greek and Turkish Athens. The policy of non-alignment, the exist- Cypriots were very good throughout recent ence of a Communist Party, the presence in years. No major incident occurred to upset them. parliament of a few freely elected communist When driving in Cyprus, I have myself stopped members, the fact that Archbishop Makarios had at cafés owned by Turks where I was made very been elected by the Greek Cypriots three times welcome. The tens of thousands of tourists who in succession as the President of the republic, visited Cyprus were astonished to see the all this vexed the Colonels who claimed first Turkish enclaves patrolled by soldiers in that grave dangers threatened the security of Nicosia or in Famagusta, while peace and the country, then that the Greek people were not security reigned among the two communities mature enough to elect their representatives. throughout the island. For our visitors, Cyprus They spread rumours that Cyprus would be- was Homer's "blessed" island. come a new Cuba in the Mediterranean, that Makarios must be removed because he was pre- On 21 April 1967 a group of Colonels seized venting the rapprochement between Greece and power in Athens. An iron rule was imposed, with Turkey so necessary to the consolidation of the concentration camps, mass arrests, torture. For eastern flank of NATO. seven years Greece was to know a system of government characterised by martial law, censor- The first attempt on the life of Makarios ship, a ban on political parties and the dissolu- took place on 8 March 1970. It was organised by tion of parliament. Greece, the home of demo- those same dark forces. The men who shot down cracy, was, in the words of Patakos, a clownish the helicopter carrying Makarios were arrested character, firmly "set in plaster". and tried. One year later, on the occasion of the celebration of Easter, he pardoned them. The I am not going now to sit in judgement on organiser of the plot, Yorgatsis, the former the regime of the Colonels. That has already Minister of the Interior, was killed by unknown been done here, since the Greek Government of persons. Some time later Archbishop Makarios the time (not Greece) was obliged to leave the confided to me : "We know who shot at me since Council of Europe in December 1969 when, fol- the people have been arrested and tried, we know lowing the report of the European Commission of that Yorgatsis organised the shooting, but we Human Rights, the Committee of Ministers con- shall never know who gave Yorgatsis the order demned the violations of the provisions of the to get rid of me." Statute of the Council of Europe by that regime. While at U Thant's suggestion enlarged dis- cussions were being held between the two com- That military regime which was kept in power munities, the same dark forces secretly sent by trickery, burlesque declarations and faked General Grivas to Cyprus in September 1971 - referendums was opposed by the great majority the coincidence of the dates is important - to of the Greek people. I am proud that from the organise a secret army with the sole aim of very start I did not modify my conduct for a destroying the republic. This entire subversive single moment. action was carried on under the banner of Enosis. But let me say, Gentlemen, that this military dictatorship, severely condemned by the Council But here, in order the better to understand of Europe, was at first tolerated, later supported my account of the events and their historical and subsequently protected by other countries, development, it is necessary to digress. the biggest ones (why name them ?) on the pre- The Treaty of Alliance concluded in 1960 text that such a regime offered stability and between the Republic of Cyprus, Greece and security. It offered above all naval bases ..." Turkey provided that, in order to protect the independence and the territorial integrity of the Gentlemen, it is no longer the Greek regime, island, a tripartite headquarters be set up to but the dark forces which rule us and endanger which Greece was to contribute a contingent of the peace of the world on which we should sit 950 officers and men and Turkey a contingent of in judgement. Without the support of all these 650 officers and men. so-called "intelligence" services, without the financial and military assistance of other states, Following the disturbances which broke out the government of the Colonels would have in 1963 and the crisis which reached its climax collapsed within a few months. in 1964 with the bombing of the island by the Turkish air force, the two contingents set up And it was then that Athens, with the bless- separate camps, while the Government of Cyprus ing of those dark forces and secret services, set up its own army and the Turkish community waged undeclared, perfidious and criminal war did the same within its own enclaves. In the against the Government of the Republic of face of Turkish threats to occupy the island, Cyprus. the Greek Government in Athens, then headed by Mr Georges Papandreou, sent an armed force of

- 40 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

approximately 10000 men to Cyprus. The crisis Already in January 1972 during the official becoming acute in October or November 1967, visit to France by Mr Nihat Erim, then Prime the Greek Colonels who were then in power Minister of Turkey, with whom I entertained very withdrew their troops from the island. But con- cordial relations - Mr Erim participated in the scription having been introduced for the Greek drafting of the Constitution of Cyprus and was a Cypriots - the Turkish Cypriots doing likewise - member of the European Commission of Human the Government of Athens placed between 600 Rights - I was anxious to see better relations and 650 officers at the disposal of the National established with Archbishop Makarios who, in Guard. my view, was the only one who could guarantee the future of Cyprus. I said and reiterated to It is these Greek officers with the contingent everybody that without Makarios no agreement of 950 men, together with the clandestine bands would be viable. organised by Grivas, who prepared and carried out the coup d'état of 15 July 1974. Plots are always hatched and hidden behind thick screens. And public declarations often Gentlemen, these last two or three years mask shady deals. have been a purgatory for those of us who have Thus the Athens Government played a double held responsible posts. We could feel the game. On the one hand they declared publicly tragedy taking shape around us. We breathed their approval of and support for enlarged inter- the unwholesome air of intrigues and plots. We community discussions in order to find a solu- were aware that Cyprus without Greece did not tion based on the independence, sovereignty exist and at the same time we knew that the and territorial integrity of Cyprus. And on the rulers in Athens were preparing our destruction. other hand under the banner of Enosis, they financed, supported and organised the overthrow All these subversive activities had a single of Makarios. aim : the elimination of Makarios and of the regime established in Cyprus. EOKA-B militants Athens pressed Makarios to make the greatest lay concealed in hideouts, attacked police possible concessions to the Turkish community stations, seized arms and committed acts of and at the same time accused him through its violence - not stopping even at murder - against press, through the three bishops, through the those who condemned their activities. EOKA-B partisans, of betraying the Greek cause ! The tragedy is that the partisans of Grivas - In such a climate, the Turkish-Cypriot com- and Grivas himself - certainly believed that they munity's attitude hardened, its claims increased were serving the cause of union with Greece, and it became exacting and untractable. while in reality they were only the blind instru- ments of those "dark forces". I shall now turn, Gentlemen, to the most recent events which I have lived through, pro- Three so-called "opposition" dailies which mising to restrain my emotion in the face of the appeared in Nicosia labelled Makarios a traitor immensity of the disaster. because he opposed Enosis. Day by day they spat forth venom, they insulted and defamed ... The Government of Cyprus was finally obliged to take strong measures to end sedition. An ambassador from Greece, known to this The safety of the entire population - Greeks and organisation, since it was he who wrote the Turks - required it. Arrests were made and libellous tirade against the European Commis- judgements passed by courts on the perpetrators sion of Human Rights a few days before the ex- of outrages and on conspirators. All these trials pulsion of the Colonels by the Council of were held publicly. Despite the seriousness of Europe, was sent to Cyprus to co-ordinate these the situation the government did not wish to activities. He was the one who did the dirty proclaim martial law. work in Nicosia, handing out appointments, I was in my embassy on Saturday 6 July granting subsidies, giving orders to the bishops 1974, when towards mid-day the telex linking us to dethrone their Archbishop, buying peoples' with Nicosia started up. Archbishop Makarios consciences and threatening those who wavered. was making public the letter he had sent to the head of the Athens Government : I have had occasion, Gentlemen, to deal with the problem of Cyprus for a long time. You "I regret to say, Mr President, that the evil may know that I was called to London by has very deep roots. They reach as far as Mr Karamanlis and Mr Averoff for the conference Athens. It is there that the tree of evil is culti- which was held in 1959. I think I may say that vated and thrives ... To be more precise, I I am well up in this question and that I advo- would say that the Athens regime supports and cated moderation and understanding from the directs the activities of the EOKA-B terrorist beginning. organisation. This explains the participation of

- 41 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 the officers of the National Guard in illegal acts armoured vehicles advanced in three columns, and plots ... Documents recently found on and one occupied the radio station, another headed seized from EOKA-B leaders prove this ... I for the Archbishop's Palace and the third for have no particular liking for military regimes the Presidential Palace. The putschists set up especially in Greece, the birthplace and cradle bazookas behind the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of democracy ... I sensed, often felt, and in one and began to pound the Palace with incendiary case I was almost touched by that invisible bombs. The President was receiving a group of hand from Athens that sought my human exter- young scouts when the first bomb exploded. The mination ..." aggressors apparently committed the mistake of firing on the Palace before the tanks had suc- This long indictment - which is certainly to ceeded in encircling it completely. Makarios be found in the files of your ministries - precipi- was thus able to escape through an unguarded tated events. exit at the bottom of the garden ..." A long-standing, loyal and trusting friend- The putschists stopped at nothing. They ship binds me to President Karamanlis. I met fired on the guards, the police, the conscripts him the very day that Archbishop Makarios's who tried to oppose them. The victims of the letter was published and both of us recognised putsch are estimated at between 300 and 500. that the situation was very serious. We did not More than 1 800 people were arrested and thrown know on what or on whom Makarios was relying. into prison within a few hours. But, aware of the dangers which threatened us, we took the plane, my wife and I, on 9 July for From the account of the events I witnessed, Nicosia. Gentlemen, you will be better able to appreciate and understand the drama that took place in On Wednesday 10 July 1974, Archbishop Cyprus over a few days. Makarios received the credentials of the new United States Ambassador, Roger Davies, who Having imposed their rule by terror, the was to die in such tragic circumstances some military could only find Sampson - and I agree days ago and whose memory I evoke here with with the word the Representative of Turkey used deep emotion. At 11 o'clock that same day I to describe him - to set up as President, Sampson expressed my fears and my anxieties to Arch- and a few of his confederates, a few puppets bishop Makarios. I did the same to Mr Ioannis calling themselves Ministers. Christophides, Minister for Foreign Affairs and to Mr Glafkos Clerides, President of the House - I am proudly keeping the telegram sent me on of Representatives. 17 July by Dimmy Dimitriou, a grotesque charac- ter, relieving me of my office. From all my interviews I gained the im- pression that Archbishop Makarios had been I hope that is not the telegram the Repre- forced by the pressure of events to make public sentative of Turkey meant when he claimed that his letter to the Government of Athens. He knew I had ceased to be the accredited representative he did not have much time left. of the Republic of Cyprus. "Your letter", I said to him, "is bound to In any case, as was to be expected, the provoke a reaction. I am afraid, Archbishop, that Sampson regime was not recognised by any mem- your life is in danger. Why do you go backwards ber state of the Council of Europe or, so far as and forwards between the Archbishop's Palace I am aware, by any country at all, apart from the and the Presidential Palace four times a day ?" Athens Government. He answered : "I accept my fate". However, this man Dimmy Dimitriou, a rich industrialist, told anyone willing to listen to On Monday 15 July 1974 at 8.45 the Cyprus him that he had dealings "with the Americans" radio announced : "Makarios is already dead. to whom he had "offered Cyprus on a plate" The National Guard has taken control to prevent (sic). Reliable witnesses saw Dimmy enter and internecine war and to maintain order ..." There leave the United States Embassy. Nicosia radio followed the usual intolerable slogans which announced on 1 August that Dimmy had had an are the stock in trade of dictatorships, inter- hour's telephone conversation with Mr Kissinger. spersed with military marches. All traffic was I do not know whether that is true but it was not stopped. People had to stay where they were on without some surprise that the press reported pain of being arrested and shot; a complete some ambiguous remarks made by the renowned curfew was proclaimed ... Secretary of State regarding de facto recognition of the authorities in control. It was by pretending that they were carrying out regular manoeuvres that the 650 officers of It is important to note - for this unmasks the National Guard who were joined by the 950 the conspirators' plans - that when Sampson officers and men of the Greek contingent, suc- appeared on the television screen on 16 July it ceeded in their coup d'état. Several tanks and was in order to state :

- 42 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

- that Cyprus remained an independent of Cyprus set out in Article 1 of the present sovereign state ; treaty, recognise and guarantee the independence, territorial integrity and security of the Republic - that the policy of non-alignment would be of Cyprus, and also the state of affairs estab- maintained ; lished by the Basic Articles of its Constitution. - that the rights of the Turkish community Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom like- in Cyprus would be respected and that they had wise undertake to prohibit, so far as concerns nothing to fear from a dispute that concerned them, any activity aimed at promoting, directly or Greek Cypriots alone. indirectly, either the union of Cyprus with any other state or partition of the island." Gentlemen, I would ask you to give me your full attention, because I wish to bear personal Article 4 of the treaty - forgive me for all witness to these facts of great historical im- these quotations - expressly lays down : portance. "In the event of a breach of the provisions Between 15 July, the date of the military of the present treaty, Greece, Turkey and the coup, and 20 July 1974 when Turkish troops United Kingdom undertake to consult together landed at Kyrenia, the Turkish community in with respect to the representations or measures Cyprus suffered no harm ; none of its members necessary to ensure observance of those pro- was interfered with at any time during those visions. five days, nor was the safety of the Turkish community ever threatened. In so far as common or concerted action may not prove possible, each of the three guarantee- I now come to the distressing chapter of the ing powers reserves the right to take action with invasion of Cyprus by the Turkish army. the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs created by the present treaty." On 20 July 1974 the Turkish navy and air force bombarded Kyrenia, a small pleasure-boat The Turkish Prime Minister, accompanied harbour situated in the north of the island, by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, went to spreading death among the civil population. A London on 17 or 18 July 1974 to confer with the powerful army with two or three hundred tanks British Government on the measures to be taken was put ashore. According to the Turkish in pursuance of the above-mentioned treaty. The Government the sole objective of this armed British Government recommended diplomatic intervention was to preserve the independence, channels. The Ankara Government invoked and territorial integrity and security of the Republic took refuge behind paragraph 2 of Article 4. of Cyprus ! It was even claimed that the Turkish army was intervening in order to restore I wonder, though it is only a personal thought, President Makarios ! whether things would not have been different if the Turkish and British Governments had inter- Although I am not fond of legal arguments, I vened jointly. would ask you to allow me to refer to the actual wording of the treaties invoked by Turkey in It is scarcely necessary, Gentlemen, to draw order to demonstrate how world public opinion the conclusions arising from the articles of the has been misled. above-mentioned Treaty of Guarantee.

Under the terms of the Treaty of Guarantee It gave the three guarantor powers a right to concluded between the Republic of Cyprus on intervene - which could indeed have been con- the one hand and Greece, Turkey and the United fined to simple coercive measures - in order to Kingdom on the other hand, the Republic of ensure the independence, territorial integrity Cyprus undertook to maintain its independence, and security of the island, but not a right of territorial integrity and security and to ensure conquest. respect for its Constitution and at the same time not to be a party either in whole or in part Nothing can justify the act of war launched to any political or economic union whatsoever. by Turkey, nothing can justify the napalm Lastly, the Republic of Cyprus recognised that bombs and the repeated violations of the cease- it was not entitled to take part in any activity fire ordered by the Security Council on 20 July, likely directly or indirectly to promote either a the first day of the attack. union with any other country or a partition of the island. Why land 40000 soldiers and 300 tanks, why occupy four tenths of Cyprus territory, if the Article 2 of the treaty stipulates. Turkish Government's intention was - as some diplomatic circles thought at first - to ensure "Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, the island's independence and territorial inte- taking note of the undertakings of the Republic grity ?

- 43 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

If the United States had wanted it, if NATO of Cyprus signed an agreement stipulating, inter had wanted it, if the USSR had wanted it, a few alia, that the areas of the Republic of Cyprus hours of operations would have sufficed to get controlled by the opposing armed forces on rid of Sampson and his accomplices, just as it 30 July 1974 at 10 p.m. (Geneva time) should needed only a few hours for the Athens Govern- not be extended. This tripartite agreement pre- ment to break up and vanish. scribed the security zones, settled the question of enclaves, provided for the reduction of the How is it that the representatives of Turkey armed forces by successive stages, and laid and Greece sitting in NATO allowed this situ- down that further talks would begin in Geneva ation to deteriorate ? Why NATO's silence on 8 August 1974, to be attended "at an early throughout the whole of the subversive action stage" by representatives of the Greek and carried on by Athens against the Republic of Turkish communities in Cyprus. Cyprus ? A stifling and oppressive atmosphere pre- There is a series of questions that are vailed in Geneva as soon as negotiations were worrying me and which I feel I must ask. resumed between the three guarantor powers with the participation of Mr Clerides and - The coup d'état occurred on 15 July and by Mr Denktash. 19 July the Turkish navy was getting under way from its base. It was a military operation on a From the start the Turkish delegation proved big scale. These troop concentrations were not to be uncompromising, demanding and threaten- assembled in four days. The attack on Cyprus ing. It stated that the Turkish army was strong had been prepared several months before. How enough to occupy the whole of the island, that did all this escape the notice of these intelli- Turkey's demands left no margin for discussion gence services, as they are called ? And since and that the "plan" for a federation must be these preparations were known - and logically accepted immediately. For Mr Clerides it was a they must have been - are we not entitled to ask nightmare. the "great powers" what they did to avoid this terrible disaster ? In the bosom of our European At 8.08 p.m. on Tuesday 13 August 1974, family we must try together to find out the truth the Turkish Foreign Minister, Mr Günes, rejected in order that tomorrow we may be able to achieve a suggestion by Mr Clerides that the conference our organisation's aims without needing to be be adjourned for 36 hours, a postponement which distrustful. would have enabled him to consult his com- patriots. We were faced with a veritable diktat, There can be no doubt whatsoever about just as at Munich. Turkey's real intentions. At 1.15 a.m. on Wednesday 14 August, Resolution 353 adopted by the Security Mr Callaghan warned Mr Günes against military Council on 20 July asked all states to respect intervention by Turkey ; at 2.48 a.m. Great the sovereignty, independence and territorial Britain called for an immediate meeting of the integrity of Cyprus. It ordered the parties to Security Council. Mr Callaghan "denounced" cease fire ; it called for immediate cessation of the Turkish Government's decision not to allow foreign military intervention and, among other Mr Clerides a postponement of 36 hours and things, requested Greece, Turkey and the United added that the British point of view was shared Kingdom to engage in negotiations immediately by the United States and the nine Common Mar- to restore peace in the area and constitutional ket countries whose President, at present a government in Cyprus. Frenchman, had approached the government in Ankara (Le Monde, 15 August 1974). The ceasefire accepted by Turkey was con- tinually violated by the Turkish army which in At 4.51 a.m. on 14 August, the Turkish air the space of ten days occupied a large area force resumed its bombardments of Nicosia, around Kyrenia, enabling it to concentrate Famagusta and other towns and villages, 40000 men, a mass of military equipment and spreading death among the civilian population, over 300 tanks. Later events were to prove that destroying hospitals, hotels and non-military Turkey's acceptance of the ceasefire on 20 July buildings, and claiming victims among the was just another piece of trickery. NATO forces, some of whom were burned by napalm bombs. On 25 July 1974 the Foreign Ministers of Greece, the United Kingdom and Turkey met in At the beginning of my statement I said I Geneva in order to organise the situation and would not talk about atrocities perpetrated. In bring it back to normal within a reasonable time the interests indeed of our European family I on a permanent basis in conformity with the shall not produce any list of atrocities. I have international agreements signed in Nicosia on hundreds of them in my files. 16 August 1960 and Security Council Resolution 353. But how is it possible to refrain from des- cribing as an atrocity that brutal attack by the On 30 July 1974 the Ministers of these three army, right in the middle of the negotiations states which are guarantors of the independence when the ceasefire was in operation ?

- 44 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

The Turkish army occupied four tenths of official communiqué broadcast by Radio Ankara the island representing 60% of the country's at 6 a.m. on Wednesday 14 August 1974 dare to economic wealth, drove 200000 people - old speak of "persistent obstruction offered by people, women and children - from their homes Greeks and Greek Cypriots to Turkish efforts and took prisoner thousands of men between 20 to find a solution" ? And is it not intolerable, and 50 years of age, many of whom were trans- when the victims of this fresh aggression were ferred to Turkey and nothing is known about to be counted in thousands every hour, to pro- their fate. claim to the whole world that "Turkey has been forced to act on her own to establish a state of At the Geneva Conference on 13 August 1974, affairs such that the existence, independence the acting President, Mr Clerides, had put for- and territorial integrity of the State of Cyprus ward constructive proposals proving his desire shall no longer be threatened and the rights and to find peaceful solutions and avoid the worst. security of the Turkish community shall be These proposals were as follows : safeguarded"? 1. That the constitutional order of Cyprus At 8.46 a.m. on 14 August 1974, the Security should retain its bi-community nature based on Council unanimously adopted the British resol- coexistence of the Greek and Turkish com- ution calling for an immediate stop to all mili- munities within the framework of a sovereign, tary action in Cyprus and the resumption of independent republic assured of its territorial negotiations. integrity ; This resolution No. 358 was to meet with 2. That this constitutional status should afford the same fate as the earlier ones. the two communities a feeling of complete security following a suitable revision carried Then came the resolution adopted on 16 out with the active co-operation and free con- August 1974 by which the Security Council un- sent of both ; animously declared that it "formally disapproved of the unilateral military action undertaken 3. The coexistence between the two com- against the Republic of Cyprus". munities should be achieved thanks to institu- tional agreements governing the allocation of Over half a million Greek Cypriots together powers and functions between the central with all other Greeks and with them all men government, which would have control over with any conscience who are enamoured of state affairs, and autonomous municipal authori- liberty and justice are now asking what is the ties exercising control over all other affairs in use of Security Council decisions, even if they the areas to be set up in accordance with the are unanimous. provisions of paragraph 5 ; In these precincts of the Council of Europe 4. The structure of the central government whose business it is to guarantee our political would continue to be that of the presidential liberties, I feel it my duty to draw the attention system; of member governments of our organisation to the gravity, the extreme gravity, of the events 5. The Greek and Turkish municipal authori- in Cyprus. ties would exercise their powers and functions in areas containing Greek villages only or The coup d'état brought off by the Greek Turkish villages only, the local authorities military on 15 July 1974 gave the Turkish being empowered to group municipalities to- Government an excuse to intervene in Cyprus by gether. To the same end, villages with mixed invoking the Treaty of Guarantee. Naturally this populations would be placed under the juris- could only be intervention aimed at safeguarding diction of the municipal authorities of which- and ensuring the country's independence. ever of the two communities claimed the majority of the inhabitants ; But on 24 July 1974 the military dictator- ship in Greece was overthrown and Mr Karaman- 6. Legislative control over the respective lis was summoned to take over political power. municipal authorities would be exercised by After seven years of oppression Greece resumed the Greek and Turkish members of parliament, her place in the great family of Western demo- sitting on separate councils set up for the pur- cratic nations. pose. 1 From that moment - and the message sent to Did these proposals not represent a valid Mr Karamanlis by the Head of the Turkish basis for negotiation ? Were they not deserving Government proves this - Turkey was assured of the 36 hours' postponement asked for by that the Cyprus problem would have been fairly Mr Clerides to enable him to submit the Turkish solved by negotiation. With Karamanlis, Mavros, "plan" to his compatriots ? How could the Averoff and Pesmazoglou, with a democratic coalition government in Greece, all fears for the 1. These proposals are made known for the first time future of Cyprus and the safety of the Turkish by authorisation of President Clerides. The original community there were banished for all time. text is in English.

- 45 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

How is it then that the most murderous The delegation of Cyprus is not the only attack, the most brutal military operation, was one to ask these questions. They are asked by undertaken by Ankara on 14 August, at the risk all lovers of liberty, all who believe that con- of destroying the Karamanlis Government ? spiracies and secret underhand dealings en- danger world peace. The truth should be known once and for all. We hoped and believed that war between Can it be true that some "dark forces" had European nations had been banished for ever. been at work organising the coup d'état in We must sadly acknowledge that our organisa- Nicosia under the banner of Enosis whilst at tion has failed, since one of our member states the same time making preparations for the whole has been able to attack one of the smallest and of the northern part of the island to be occupied weakest with impunity. by Turkey ? Mr Vedovato, the distinguished President of Are we not entitled to know why Washington our Parliamentary Assembly, has requested that did not strongly condemn the military rulers in the Joint Committee be convened urgently at the Athens and Nicosia, just as-it did not firmly level of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. We do not condemn the operations on 14 August 1974 ? oppose that request. All efforts and proposals designed to restore the independence and terri- To these questions must be added others, torial integrity of Cyprus are welcome. But we equally disturbing. are fully aware that it is not in the Council of Europe that it will be possible to find a politi- How is it that the troop concentrations on cal solution to the Cyprus problem. The Security the Turkish coast escaped the watchful eyes of Council exercises powers conferred on it by the NATO ? And why did NATO take no action in Charter of the United Nations. It has the heavy these tragic circumstances ? responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, and for this purpose it has clearly During the seven years of military dictator- defined powers. ship, the Permanent Representatives and Foreign Ministers of Greece and Turkey were meeting But in the Council of Europe, where the regularly round the same table at NATO. How flame of democracy still burns, let us realise is it that the Turkish Foreign Minister did not the immensity of the moral and physical disaster ask his Greek colleague - a very experienced into which the people of my country have been diplomat but one who nevertheless placed him- plunged. With every hour that passes men, self in the service of the Colonels - why Athens women and children are dying. was undermining Makarios's power and why it was financing the Enosis movement ? Can it be In a press conference held on 20 August true after all that plans for splitting up the 1974, the acting President of Cyprus, Mr cleri- island had been discussed between them at the des, said that he was willing to resume negotia- same NATO table ? tions, provided that they were not conducted under any threat or diktat. He asked that dis- Then there is another question, this time placed people should be allowed to return to addressed to the leaders of the USSR. Why the their homes, that hostilities should cease en- abstentions in the Security Council ? Why did tirely and troops should be withdrawn, and that they not insist on the Turkish forces being with- just solutions should be adopted which would drawn, why did they not act even outside the at last enable the two communities to live in United Nations to preserve the neutrality of peace. Cyprus ? That, my dear colleagues, is the wish that I too express from the bottom of my heart.

- 46 - APPENDIX VI ITEM III.A : FOLLOW-UP TO THE REQUEST OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY TO CALL AN EMERGENCY MEETING OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE

VERBATIM REPORT l OF THE SECOND INTERVENTION OF THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF TURKEY UNDER THIS ITEM

Thank you, Mr President. As I have pro- fact that agriculture is less productive and in- mised you before tea-break, I will try to make dustry brings more prosperity. There are more my intervention as short as possible. I have al- striking situations in other countries, even in ready expressed my opinion that nothing is to our own countries which show that the greater be gained through polemics, accusations and part of the agricultural land belongs to a much counter-accusations. I entirely agree that we smaller fraction of the population. The entire should leave passion aside and try coolheadedly agricultural land in the United States belongs to to seek solutions for our problems. I myself and 12 or 13% of her population. The Turkish my government see a lot of merit in this ap- Cypriots owned much more land in the past. It proach. And to the extent that I am allowed and is normal that farmers should have a greater encouraged to do so, I will not deviate from that right to a greater portion of land. There are other course in this Committee during our deliberations. and much more lucrative activities such as in- But in this Turkey should not be left alone ; we dustry on the island from which the Turkish should concertedly deploy our efforts in that population has never had an opportunity to direction. derive any benefit or to be given the means to set up her own. Should we consider it enough Having said this, I cannot help but seek that they are employed as workers in other your permission to say one or two words about factories ? Definitely not. certain points raised by the representative of the Greek-Cypriot community in his last exposé. The Greek-Cypriot Representative has talked about the Turkish community's defence He has brought a lot of illumination to the measures in such a manner as to imply that the developments by giving us a first-hand account Turkish community created these defence facili- of what happened in the course of the days im- ties before the Greek community had taken mediately preceding the Turkish peace move steps to arm themselves. I would simply like and especially the beginning of the coup d'état. to state that the Turkish community created He added certain other points reflecting the these truly insignificant defence measures, views of the administration that he represents. drawing solely on their own limited resources, Well, those might also have their own value. using their own young people, equipped with But we are not in a position to judge. They give obsolete weapons, whose only true strength was the Greek-Cypriot version of the events. It is their morale. You have already heard some facts regrettable that we do not also have the possi- about the Greek-Cypriot army and its first-class bility to listen to a representative of the Turkish and well-stocked arsenal. The Turkish community community, so that we have the means to reach resorted to these steps long after the Greek an unbiased view of the situation. I hope that community had started arming themselves. It that opportunity will also be found before we was the United Nations who acknowledged the reach our conclusions or arrive at a stage of necessity of allowing the Turkish Cypriots to concrete action. I will go one step further and have their own defence measures in view of the express the hope that the time will quickly come indiscriminate attacks on Turks coming from when full constitutional rule will be restored in the Greek community. Cyprus and then we will have only one legiti- mate representative from that country speaking Ambassador Modinos has mentioned the to us, representing on an equal footing the name of Mr Karamanlis and his assuming the interests of the two communities. responsibility of government in Greece. Prime Minister Karamanlis stands in very high esteem Mr Modinos mentioned some figures. He said in Turkey. In fact it was during his previous that the Turkish Cypriots, while representing prime ministership that a solution to the Cyprus 18% of the population, owned 40% of the agri- problem was worked out. If those who were lead- cultural land. Turkish people on the island are ing our governments in 1959 and who succeeded farmers. All of us know that farmers own larger in settling the Cyprus question then, did not portions of the land. This does not change the have the great capacity, the statemanship to rise to such occasions, if they did not have faith in Turkish-Greek friendship and co-opera- 1. A resumé of this intervention appears in pages tion, the Cyprus issue, instead of being brought. 6-7 of these Conclusions.

- 47 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974 to a solution, would have brought the two Mr Modinos pointed out that no one had nations to war long ago. Now we come almost recognised the Sampson Government. Well, it is to the same juncture. It remains to be seen if interesting to study the reactions during the the same statemanship, perspicacity, spirit of first two days of certain governments to the conciliation and co-operation will be shown Sampson regime. In any case it is not expected again. from any decent government to recognise such regimes. It is true that in the course of its short The Turkish people as a whole and the life the Sampson regime did not have the possi- Turkish Prime Minister in particular were among bility to harm the Turkish community to a the first who felt a very great happiness when great extent, because he had his account to they learned that Mr Karamanlis and his old settle first with the Greek community. We know colleague, Mr Averoff, had resumed key respon- that in the Greek community itself there are sibilities in the Greek Government. I should genuine Cypriots who want to retain their island like to read to you one or two lines from what for themselves. They want to have a happy life our Prime Minister immediately wrote on 23 July on that island. They want to maintain their to Mr Karamanlis upon his installation as Prime independence. It was to those that the attention Minister in Greece. Mr Ecevit said "I have of the Sampson regime was first directed. We are strong hopes that development towards estab- not so naive as to rely on the good will and lishing a democratic way of life in Cyprus as mercy of a man who proved to be a professional well as in Greece will facilitate closer co-opera- killer. You do not wait until the murderers come tion and friendly relations between us, for we to your door and shoot at you before you take shall be speaking the same political language". the measures to defend yourself against them. Mr Ecevit added that from the day it took office Because he had given us ample proof of his it had been the sincere desire of his government intentions in 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967, we did to start a friendly dialogue and co-operation in not need further proof as to his intentions this all fields with its neighbour and ally Greece, and time. that he had strong hopes that as an experienced statesman who could appreciate the value of Military actions, as we all know, have their close and healthy relations between Turkey and own rules. You have to take at times some un- Greece for both countries and for world peace, popular measures to make your military opera- Mr Karamanlis would respond to this desire. What tions effective and achieve their purpose. But the Prime Minister of Turkey wrote in his letter many outsiders acknowledged in all honesty and reflects the never changing feature of Turkish impartiality that the Turkish armed forces re- foreign policy. Ever since we set up our republic stricted such measures to the absolute minimum. we have been strong and staunch believers in the They had no intention of bringing any damage, necessity of maintaining close co-operation and material or otherwise to the island when they friendly relations with Greece. If the relations started the operation, but unfortunately condi- between the two countries could not mature into tions on the island proved it necessary. a state that the Turkish nation has always wished for, Turkey can hardly be blamed for it. An observation is made to the effect that Nevertheless we should not lose our hopes; Turkey landed substantial troops on the island. that day may also come. Well Cyprus was supposed to have an army of 2000. They had an army of 40000. When you Once again, when Mr Karamanlis assumed have an army of 40000 this is what you should power, our Prime Minister extended his hand. expect. The key to the solution of our problems in that region lies in the realisation of this co-operation They were supposed to have light arms. and understanding between Turkey and Greece. They had heavy arms. When you have heavy This is a necessity for both nations. It is a arms you are bound to face heavy arms. Had destiny for the two countries. This is how we Cyprus obeyed the Constitution and remained see the matter. This is what we believe in, and within constitutional limits as regards its armed this is what we have always worked for, and we forces, then Turkey would have been very justly will spare no effort to obtain. Let us hope we blamed by world opinion for having landed more will have your support and co-operation in this, troops on the island. The Turkish peace move and let us hope that those governments who started with a very limited number of men, of have a real interest in the region will not block the order of five or six thousand. But conditions the way to the creation of a solid basis for this on the island necessitated the landing of further Turco-Greek friendship and co-operation by taking troops. Turkey had not realised before the opera- some such initiatives that can only be justified tion that the whole island was turned into a by their own interests. If they help this cause, fortress. So we were obliged to land more in the long run they will also benefit from this troops. friendship.

- 48 - Conclusions of the 234th meeting of the Deputies - 21 to 22 August 1974

Mention is also made of the structure that We are accused of abandoning the Geneva the treaties had built and the necessity of pre- Conference. Here again I have a very brief serving that structure. It is further said that observation to make. The Geneva Declaration partition was also outlawed in the Constitution was concluded on 30 July. The second Geneva of Cyprus. We agree with all that. It was our Conference was convened on 8 August, and heartfelt desire and sincere hope for years that between 30 July and 8 August certain measures that structure would be preserved, but they them- were agreed to be taken. I have recalled some of selves did their best to destroy this structure. them today reading from the text of the Geneva I believe I have recalled quite a number of Declaration. If the intentions were sincere, if cases and furnished sufficient explanations to the intentions were to find a solution to the illustrate how this structure was destroyed by problem, those measures should have been the Greek side on the island. Some argued that taken. When the Turkish delegation arrived at that structure was not viable, if it proved to be Geneva for the second round, the situation was not viable. The reason is that it was not given that none of those undertakings were imple- a chance to live. Certain elements which I con- mented. Another five days were lost on proce- demned here had their own motivations to destroy dural matters without the substance being this structure. It has to be rebuilt now. Let us entered into. Well, what would you do under the hope that when it is rebuilt, this time it will be circumstances ? How come that the problems a much more viable one and all the harmful that proved to be unsolvable during all those destructive influences and elements will be days would have been solved if 24 more hours removed from the scene. The people of Cyprus were accorded ? All of us are familiar with will be given the opportunity to seek their own these kinds of tactics. We did not agree and we happiness and prosperity. could not agree with it. They should not have been employed in the first place if the intentions With your permission I will go a step back. were sincere and constructive. It is true that military operations sometimes in- volve loss of life. It is not one-sided and we This is all I wanted to say in connection have also lost quite a number of soldiers. It is with what we have heard from Mr Modinos. I most unfortunate that soldiers who were trained believe I do not need once again to elaborate on and equipped to defend the freedom and inde- other points which I covered to some extent in pendence of our country and the Western world my exposé this morning. I should like to reiterate under international treaties had to be sacrificed my hope that we will direct our attention to in the island. We did not do this just to please constructive work and put aside, as has been ourselves. We were forced to do it. They are suggested and agreed by all of us, all the responsible for it also. Some 4000 Greek passion when we deal with this issue. Cypriots have lost their lives. Thousands of Turkish Cypriots have also lost their lives in Thank you, Mr Chairman. the last ten years. They still continue to dis- cover bodies. The losses the Turkish people suffered since 1963 will reach figures which will appal all those who really have a human interest in the matter.

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