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La Place De La Lettonie Dans La Diplomatie Française (1918-2018) Jérémy Delaplagne

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La Place De La Lettonie Dans La Diplomatie Française (1918-2018) Jérémy Delaplagne La diplomatie des confins : la place de la Lettonie dans la diplomatie française (1918-2018) Jérémy Delaplagne To cite this version: Jérémy Delaplagne. La diplomatie des confins : la place de la Lettonie dans la diplomatie française (1918-2018). Science politique. 2017. dumas-01892083 HAL Id: dumas-01892083 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01892083 Submitted on 10 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vous allez consulter un mémoire réalisé par un étudiant dans le cadre de sa scolarité à Sciences Po Grenoble. L’établissement ne pourra être tenu pour responsable des propos contenus dans ce travail. Afin de respecter la législation sur le droit d’auteur, ce mémoire est diffusé sur Internet en version protégée sans les annexes. La version intégrale est uniquement disponible en intranet. SCIENCES PO GRENOBLE 1030 avenue Centrale – 38040 GRENOBLE http://www.sciencespo-grenoble.fr UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Institut d’Etudes Politiques Jérémy DELAPLAGNE LA DIPLOMATIE DES CONFINS La place de la Lettonie dans la diplomatie française (1918-2018) Année 2016-2017 Master : « Politiques et pratiques des organisations internationales » Sous la direction de Franck PETITEVILLE et Sylvie LEMASSON LA DIPLOMATIE DES CONFINS La place de la Lettonie dans la diplomatie française (1918-2018) Jérémy Delaplagne Sous la codirection de Franck Petiteville et de Sylvie Lemasson Année 2016/2017 MASTER POLITIQUES ET PRATIQUES DES ORGANISATIONS INTERNATIONALES INSTITUT D’ETUDES POLITIQUES DE GRENOBLE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Madame Odile Soupison, ambassadeur de France en Lettonie, pour sa bienveillance tout au long de mon stage. Son exigence constante ainsi que son souci du détail m’ont beaucoup appris durant ses six mois et m’ont permis de découvrir les multiples facettes du métier de diplomate. Loin de me décourager, vous avez fait naître une vocation. Je vous réitère toute mon admiration. Je remercie vivement Sophie Hubert, première conseillère à l’ambassade de France en Lettonie, qui a été une tutrice de stage exceptionnelle. Sa confiance et sa disponibilité ont joué un grand rôle dans la réussite de ce stage au sein de la chancellerie diplomatique de l’ambassade. J’ai hâte de rejoindre le ministère pour travailler à nouveau à vos côtés. Je vous dois beaucoup. Un grand merci à Ludovic Rousseau, Jean Vaury, Eugène Borissov et Katrina Lerhe pour leur aide au cours de ces six derniers mois. Je vous suis reconnaissant d’avoir pris de votre temps pour répondre à mes multiples questions sur le fonctionnement de l’ambassade, son histoire ou encore la vie du ministère. Vous êtes des éléments essentiels au bon fonctionnement de cette ambassade, pour laquelle vous donnez tant. Travailler à vos côtés fut chaque jour une réelle fierté. Je tiens aussi à saluer tout le personnel de l’ambassade : Inese, Vineta, Victor, Olga, Vitali, Florent, Audrey, Aivars, Eriks, Helena, pour leur gentillesse. Même si nous ne parlions pas toujours la même langue, ça a été un plaisir de vous avoir comme collègue au quotidien. Mes plus sincères remerciements à Marc, Antoine, Ahmad et Ayrton qui n’ont pas cessé de me soutenir dans l’écriture ou la relecture de ce Mémoire. Vous savoir présents m’a été très précieux malgré les milliers de kilomètres qui nous ont séparés ces derniers mois. Je vous souhaite le meilleur dans vos projets à venir. Ma gratitude également aux autorités lettones du ministère des Affaires étrangères, du Protocole d’Etat, ainsi qu’aux autorités françaises et à l’ensemble du corps diplomatique. Malgré mon statut de stagiaire j’ai toujours bénéficié d’un accueil remarquable. Merci enfin à Reina, pour ta maturité et ta volonté rares. SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 4 SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 6 PARTIE I – D’INCONNUE A ALLIEE : UN SIECLE DE RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES FRANCO-LETTONES ................................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPITRE PREMIER – LE ROLE DE LA FRANCE DE L’INDEPENDANCE DE LA LETTONIE A L’OCCUPATION SOVIETIQUE (1914-1989) ................................................................................................. 17 CHAPITRE II – LA RENAISSANCE DES RELATION BILATERALE FRANCO-LETTONES APRES LA FIN DE LA GUERRE FROIDE (1989-2004) ..................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPITRE III – DE L’INTEGRATION AU RESEAU DIPLOMATIQUE FRANÇAIS A LA COOPERATION BILATERALE A PART ENTIERE (2004-2018) ............................................................................................... 38 PARTIE II – UNE COOPERATION A L’ECHELLE DE L’EUROPE ET DU MONDE ..................... 49 CHAPITRE IV – LA LETTONIE DANS LE PROJET EUROPEEN DE LA FRANCE .......................................... 51 CHAPITRE V – LA LETTONIE : UN PARTENAIRE PARFOIS DIFFICILE ..................................................... 63 CHAPITRE VI – LA PLACE DE LA LETTONIE DANS LA DIPLOMATIE GLOBALE DE LA FRANCE ............. 78 PARTIE III - SOCIOLOGIE DES RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES FRANCO-LETTONES .......... 89 CHAPITRE VII – COMMENT LES RELATIONS PERSONNELLES FAÇONNENT-ELLES L’ACTION DIPLOMATIQUE ? ........................................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPITRE VIII – L’AMBASSADE DE FRANCE EN LETTONIE ................................................................. 102 CHAPITRE IX – L’AMBASSADE : UNE STRUCTURE SOCIALE PARTICULIERE ....................................... 112 CONCLUSION GENERALE ......................................................................................................................... 125 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................................................ 129 RESUME ..................................................................................................................................................... 136 5 INTRODUCTION Lieu d’influence et de confluence, de rencontre et d’affrontement, d’idées et de pratiques, d’ouverture et de rejet, l’espace baltique fait face à plusieurs paradoxes. Pendant longtemps cet espace a été un point de contact et de rivalités entre civilisations nordiques, slaves et germaniques avant d’être un point de tension idéologique pendant la guerre froide, mais aussi un lieu d’échange et de passé commun à travers la ligue Hanséatique. Aujourd’hui encore, l’espace baltique n’échappe pas à la contradiction : lieu d’ouverture et d’intégration via le Conseil de l’Europe, la mer baltique peut être considérée comme la mer intérieure de l’Union européenne depuis l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique et les élargissements successifs. Pourtant, cet espace est dans le même temps à la marge, aux frontières géographiques et économiques de l’Union européenne. Si le développement de la coopération régionale et des politiques communautaires en fait une zone en voie d’homogénéisation, l’espace baltique demeure un lieu fracturé entre mémoires et histoires, entre grandeur passée et indépendance retrouvée. Ces paradoxes ont renforcé la structuration des rapports de force et de coopération de cet espace autour de la question identitaire, profondément liée à la recherche de sécurité. Cette obsession pour la recherche permanente de sécurité et l’affirmation constante de l’identité induisent un déséquilibre entre les pays et les peuples de la région autour des questions de territoire, de ressources, de démographie et d’influence. Faisant de chacun de ces pays tout autant un partenaire qu’une menace potentielle. Enchâssée entre l’Estonie et la Lituanie, la Lettonie fait partie intégrante de ces trois pays baltes situés aux confins de l’Europe, dont l’étude en France a longtemps été réservée aux voyageurs, aux artistes et aux initiés. Entre monde russe, germanique et nordique, ils sont liés par un même instinct de survie mais sont pourtant loin de se ressembler. L’Estonie, par sa culture et sa langue appartient à la famille finno-ougrienne au côté des voisins finlandais, quand la Lituanie et la Lettonie disposent d’une langue et d’une culture proprement balte héritée de la branche linguistique indo- européenne. Si l’Estonie et la Lettonie partagent un large pan d’histoire commune et le même engouement pour le protestantisme, la Lituanie est résolument catholique après avoir longuement résisté aux croisades teutoniques. Sa christianisation en fait ainsi le dernier territoire chrétien d’Europe, en 1387. C’est pourtant leur histoire commune du XXe siècle qui est
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