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SUMMER 2007 - Volume 54, Number 2 Features Billy Mitchell, the 3d Attack Group and the Laredo Project Roger G. Miller 4 Wakes of War: Contrails and the Rise of Air Power, 1918-1945–Part I: Early Sightings and Preliminary Explanations, 1918-1938 Donald R. Baucom 16 “Bring Me Men ^ and Women:” The Integration of Women into the United States Air Force Academy Allison Gawlinski 32 “In Recognition of Their Unique Record:” Tuskegee Airmen Awarded the Congressional Gold Medal Alan Gropman 46 Book Reviews Eye of the Viper: The Making of an F–16 Pilot By Peter Aleshire Reviewed by Robert A. “Cricket” Renner 52 From POW to Blue Angel: The Story of Commander Dusty Rhodes By Jim Armstrong Reviewed by Stu Tobias 52 Preemptive Strike: The Secret Plan That Would Have Prevented the Attack on Pearl Harbor By Alan Armstrong Reviewed by John F. O’Connell 53 Rockets and People, Vol. 1 By Boris Chertok & Asif A. Siddiqi, eds. Reviewed by Carl J. Bobrow 54 Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Conference 2004 Final Report By James R. Craig Reviewed by Curtis H. O’Sullivan 54 Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency By William J. Daugherty Reviewed by Curtis H. O’Sullivan 54 History of Rocketry and Astronautics: Proceedings of the 31st History Symposium of the IAA By Donald C Elder and George S. James, eds. Reviewed by James A. Painter 56 War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World By Frank J. Gaffney, et al Reviewed by Robert Oliver 56 Tactical Reconnaissance in the Cold War: 1945 to Korea, Cuba, Vietnam and the Iron Curtain By Doug Gordon Reviewed by Marshall Michel 57 Rattler One-Seven: A Vietnam Helicopter Pilot’s War Story By Chuck Gross Reviewed by Herman Reinhold 57 Why Air Forces Fail: The Anatomy of Defeat By Robin Higham and Stephen J. Harris, eds. Reviewed by Robert Oliver 58 SAS Zero Hour: The Secret Origins of the Special Air Service By Tim Jones Reviewed by Stéphane Lefebvre 59 Sky Walking: An Astronaut’s Memoir By Tom Jones Reviewed by Herman Reinhold 59 Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century By W. David Lewis Reviewed by Anthony E. Wessel 59 Beyond the Age of Innocence: Rebuilding Trust Between America and the World By Kishore Mahbubani Reviewed by David J. Schepp 60 That Others May Live: USAF Air Rescue in Korea By Forrest Marion Reviewed by Darrel Whitcomb 60 Korea: A Lieutenant’s Story By Robert C. Mathis Reviewed by Scott A. Willey 61 The Mighty Eighth in WW II: A Memoir By J. Kemp McLaughlin Reviewed by Stu Tobias 62 Atlas: The Ultimate Weapon By Chuck Walker with Joel Powell Reviewed by Rick W. Sturdevant 62 Battling Tradition: Robert F. McDermott and Shaping the U.S. Air Force Academy By Paul T. Ringenbach Reviewed by Alan Gropman 63 Departments Books Received & Coming Up 64 The President’s Remarks 66 Letters, News, and Reunions 68 History Mystery 72 COVER: The Tuskeegee Airmen in Statuary Hall of the U.S. Capitol. (Photo courtesy of the White House.) The Air Force Historical Foundation The Journal of the Air Force Historical Foundation Summer 2007 Volume 54 Number 2 Publisher Alfred F. Hurley Editor Jacob Neufeld Technical Editor Robert F. Dorr Air Force Historical Foundation Book Review Editor 1535 Command Drive – Suite A122 Scott A. Willey Layout and Typesetting Andrews AFB, MD 20762-7002 Richard I. Wolf (301) 736-1959 Fax (301) 981-3574 Advertising Tom Bradley E-mail: [email protected] Circulation On the Web at http://afhistoricalfoundation.org Richard I. Wolf Officers, 2006-2007 Board of Directors, 2006-2007 Col Kenneth J. Alnwick, USAF (Ret) President/Chairman of the Board and Lt Gen Richard E. Brown III, USAF (Ret) Chair, Executive Committee Lt Gen Russell C. Davis, USAF (Ret) Air Power History (ISSN 1044-016X) Lt Gen Michael A. Nelson, USAF (Ret) CMSgt Rick Dean, USAF (Ret) is produced in March, June, September, 1st Vice Chairman Lt Gen Marvin R. Esmond, USAF (Ret) Gen John A. Shaud, USAF (Ret) and December by the Air Force Historical Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, USAF (Ret) Foundation. 2nd Vice Chairman and Chair, Development Committee Brig Gen Alfred F. Hurley, USAF (Ret) Maj Gen Silas R. Johnson, Jr., USAF (Ret) Maj Gen Silas R. Johnson, Jr., USAF (Ret) Treasurer and Chair, Finance Committee Prospective contributors should consult the Lt Gen Timothy A. Kinnan, USAF (Ret) GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS at Lt Gen Richard E. Brown III, USAF (Ret) Mr John F. Kreis the back of this journal. Unsolicited manu- Chair, Membership Committee Maj Gen Charles D. Link, USAF (Ret) Maj Gen Charles D. Link, USAF (Ret) Lt Gen Michael A. Nelson, USAF (Ret) scripts will be returned only on specific Chair, Services Committee Mr Jacob Neufeld request. The Editor cannot accept responsi- Maj Willard Strandberg, Jr., USAF (Ret) Gen John A. Shaud, USAF (Ret) bility for any damage to or loss of the man- Chair, Technology Committee Maj Lawrence Spinetta, USAF uscript. The Editor reserves the right to Lt Gen Timothy A. Kinnan, USAF (Ret) Maj Willard Strandberg, Jr., USAF (Ret) edit manuscripts and letters. Publisher Col Jere Wallace, USAF (Ret) Brig Gen Alfred F. Hurley, USAF (Ret) Col Darrel Whitcomb, USAF (Ret) Address Letters to the Editor to: Secretary and Executive Director Col Tom Bradley, USAF (Ret) Contributing Members Air Power History P.O. Box 10328 Contributing Members The individuals and companies listed are contributing Rockville, MD 20849-0328 members of the Air Force Historical Foundation. The e-mail: [email protected] The individuals and companies listed are contributing Foundation Directors and members are grateful for members of the Air Force Historical Foundation. The their support and contributions to preserving, perpetu- Correspondence regarding missed issues Foundation Directors and members are grateful for ating, and publishing the history and traditions of or changes of address should be addressed their support and contributions to preserving, perpetu- American aviation. ating, and publishing the history and traditions of to the Circulation Office: American aviation. 2007 Air Power History Lt Col (Dr) Robert S. Barmettler, USAF (Ret) P.O. Box 151150 2006 Mr and Mrs Lawrence Benson Alexandria, Virginia 22315 Lt Col and Mrs Maynard Y. Binge, USAF (Ret) Lt Col and Mrs Maynard Y. Binge, USAF (Ret) Telephone: (301) 736-1959 Col and Mrs Tom Bradley, USAF (Ret) Maj Gen and Mrs Richard T. Boverie, USAF (Ret) Fax: (301) 981-3574 Gen Michael J. Dugan, USAF (Ret) Mr Joel K. Caulton e-mail: [email protected] Dr Alfred F. Hurley (Brig Gen, USAF (Ret)) Gen and Mrs John T. Chain, Jr, USAF (Ret) Lt Col Donald S. Lopez, USAF (Ret) Brig Gen and Mrs James L. Crouch, USAF (Ret) The Honorable Hans Mark Maj Gen and Mrs David W. Miller, USAF (Ret) Advertising Col Joseph A. Marston, USAF (Ret) Gen James P. Mullins, USAF (Ret) Col Kenneth L. Moll, USAF (Ret) Lt Gen and Mrs Michael A. Nelson, USAF (Ret) Tom Bradley Mr and Mrs Jacob Neufeld Lt Gen William R. Nelson, USAF (Ret) 1535 Command Dr--Suite A-122 Col Helen E. O’Day, USAF (Ret) Col Helen E. O’Day, USAF (Ret) Andrews AFB, MD 20762-7002 Maj Gen John S. Patton, USAF (Ret) Mr William L. Shields (301) 736-1959; fax (301) 981-3574 Gen John A. Shaud, USAF (Ret) Col and Mrs Charles B. van Pelt, USAF (Ret) e-mail: [email protected] Gen W. Y. Smith, USAF (Ret) Mr Timothy W. Tibbets CORPORATE SPONSORS Copyright © 2007 by the Air Force Col George R. Weinbrenner, USAF (Ret) Historical Foundation. All rights reserved. Platinum Level ($20,000 or more) Periodicals postage paid at Lexington, VA Lockheed Martin Corporation 24450 and additional mailing offices. Gold Level ($10,000 or more) Postmaster: Please send change of Silver Level ($5,000 or more) address to the Circulation Office. Bronze Level ($1,500 or more) 2 AIR POWER History / SUMMER 2007 From the Editor It took more than sixty years for the Tuskeege Airmen to gain the recognition they right- ly deserved for their splendid combat performance as members of the Army Air Forces in World War II. In an historic ceremony at the Nation’s capitol—on March 29, 2007—the President of the United States presented Congressional Gold Medals and saluted the 350 sur- viving airmen “in recognition of their unique record.” Dr. Alan Gropman, an authority on the integration of the United States Air Force, attended the ceremony and wrote the article describing this momentous event. See our cover photo and pages 46 to 51. Yet another wrong made right is described in Cadet Allison Gawlinski’s account of the integration of women into the U.S. Air Force Academy, beginning with the Class of 1980. Placed in the context of the 1970s campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment, Cadet Gawlinski describes the trials and tribulations of women seeking admission to the Academy and then adjusting to coeducational life there. In addition to documentary research, she inter- viewed several of the principal participants. See pages 32 to 45. In a future issue, we hope to follow up this story with an article on how the first female cadets fared in their Air Force careers. In “Wakes of War: Contrails and the Rise of Air Power, 1918-1945,” Dr. Donald Baucom demonstrates that the condensation trails first noticed in World War I were not merely an “object of curiosity,” but also “an element of air combat.” Here he presents “Part I: 1918-1938,” taking the story through to the end of the Spanish Civil War and an air combat pitting a German Bf 109 against a Soviet I–16 fighter.
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