DOCSLIB.ORG

Knapp, Michael; Thomas, Jessica E.; Haile, James; Prost, Stefan; Ho, Simon Y

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Knapp, Michael; Thomas, Jessica E.; Haile, James; Prost, Stefan; Ho, Simon Y Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand's extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa Knapp, Michael; Thomas, Jessica E.; Haile, James; Prost, Stefan; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Dussex, Nicolas; Cameron-Christie, Sophia; Kardailsky, Olga; Barnett, Ross; Bunce, Michael; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Scofield, R. Paul Published in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Knapp, M., Thomas, J. E., Haile, J., Prost, S., Ho, S. Y. W., Dussex, N., Cameron-Christie, S., Kardailsky, O., Barnett, R., Bunce, M., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Scofield, R. P. (2019). Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand's extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 134, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026 Download date: 25. sep.. 2021 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 134 (2019) 122–128 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Mitogenomic evidence of close relationships between New Zealand’s extinct giant raptors and small-sized Australian sister-taxa T ⁎ Michael Knappa, , Jessica E. Thomasb,c,1, James Hailec,1, Stefan Prostd,e, Simon Y.W. Hof, Nicolas Dussexa,g, Sophia Cameron-Christiea, Olga Kardailskya, Ross Barnettc, Michael Bunceh, M. Thomas P. Gilbertc,i, R. Paul Scofieldj a Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand b Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK c Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark d Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria e Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA f School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia g Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden h Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia i Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway j Canterbury Museum, 8013 Christchurch, New Zealand ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Prior to human arrival in the 13th century, two large birds of prey were the top predators in New Zealand. In the Ancient DNA absence of non-volant mammals, the extinct Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei), the largest eagle in the world, and Climate change the extinct Eyles' harrier (Circus teauteensis) the largest harrier in the world, had filled ecological niches that are Extinction on other landmasses occupied by animals such as large cats or canines. The evolutionary and biogeographic Island gigantism history of these island giants has long been a mystery. Here we reconstruct the origin and evolution of New New Zealand megafauna Zealand’s giant raptors using complete mitochondrial genome data. We show that both Eyles’ harrier and Haast’s Trans-Tasman dispersal eagle diverged from much smaller, open land adapted Australasian relatives in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. These events coincided with the development of open habitat in the previously densely forested islands of New Zealand. Our study provides evidence of rapid evolution of island gigantism in New Zealand’s extinct birds of prey. Early Pleistocene climate and environmental changes were likely to have triggered the establishment of Australian raptors into New Zealand. Our results shed light on the evolution of two of the most impressive cases of island gigantism in the world. 1. Introduction 15 kg, significantly more heavy than the largest extant eagle, the harpy (Harpia harpyja) at about 9 kg (Worthy and Holdaway, 2002). Haast’s New Zealand’s geographic isolation and lack of non-volant mam- eagle remains have so far only been found in the South Island of New mals has led to a unique avifauna but one that suffered an extinction Zealand. As an adaptation to the mostly forested New Zealand en- rate of ∼50% following human arrival (Worthy and Holdaway, 2002). vironment prior to human arrival, its wings were likely broad but with a Among the most remarkable examples are New Zealand's avian apex limited wingspan of about 2.5–3m (Worthy and Holdaway, 2002). predators, Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei; formerly Harpagornis Haast’s eagle likely preyed on various large moa species, and adaptation moorei) and Eyles' harrier (Circus teauteensis previously referred to as C. to this previously unoccupied niche is thought to have driven the eylesi). Both species have long been recognized as examples of island evolution of the giant body size. gigantism and filled ecological niches that are on other landmasses Eyles’ harrier was a much lighter bird than Haast’s eagle, but with a occupied by animals such as large cats or canines. Haast’s eagle was the weight of ∼3–3.5 kg it was still the largest known harrier in the world. largest known eagle in the world and is estimated to have weighed up to Its wingspan probably reached 2 m. Unlike Haast’s eagle, Eyles’ harrier ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Knapp). 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.026 Received 3 October 2018; Received in revised form 22 January 2019; Accepted 31 January 2019 Available online 10 February 2019 1055-7903/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. M. Knapp, et al. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 134 (2019) 122–128 was also found in the North Island of New Zealand, but evidence of its samples (spotted harrier). Blood samples were collected from captive presence is so far lacking from the far south of the South Island. It likely individuals during routine veterinary examinations and subsamples of preyed on New Zealand pigeon, kaka, kea and smaller moa species these blood samples were used for DNA analyses. The booted eagle (Worthy and Holdaway, 2002). sample came from a bird at the International Centre for Birds of Prey in The two New Zealand island giants were driven to extinction within Newent, United Kingdom. The little eagle sample came from blood the last 700 years, and most workers consider this to be a result of donated from Perth Raptor Care. The spotted harrier DNA was ex- anthropogenic habitat alteration or competition for resources with the tracted from a liver tissue sample provided by the Australian National growing human population (Bunce et al., 2005; Worthy and Holdaway, Wildlife Collection (CSIRO, Canberra, Australia) to Canterbury Museum 2002). (registration number B53083). DNA was extracted from blood and The evolutionary relationships of Haast’s Eagle were resolved by tissue samples using the Qiagen blood and tissue kit, following the analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Bunce et al., 2005). manufacturer’s instructions. DNA was extracted from 10 μL of blood Surprisingly, Haast’s eagles were found to belonged to a group of small from the samples of little eagle and the booted eagle and from 25 mg of eagles, including the Australasian little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides), liver tissue from the spotted harrier. the smallest eagle in the world, and the also small-bodied Eurasian booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). Little eagle weighs less than 1 kg 2.2. DNA sequencing and has a wingspan of 1.1–1.3 m. Booted eagle is only marginally larger. Divergence time estimates suggested that the three lineages di- Prior to sequencing complete mitogenomes, we carried out a pre- verged less than 2 million years ago (Ma), but estimates were based on liminary analysis to identify the Eyles’ harrier’s position and its closest a general avian substitution rate, which is known to be highly variable relative in the global harrier phylogeny (Oatley et al., 2015). For this between lineages (Nabholz et al., 2016). purpose, we amplified a 1027 bp mitochondrial region containing the No genetic analyses of the New Zealand Eyles’ harrier phylogeny genes encoding tRNA-Leu, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), exists. Based on morphological evidence and biogeographic data, tRNA-Ile, and tRNA-Gln in six overlapping amplicons (see supplemen- Worthy & Holdaway (2002) hypothesised that the taxon was a gigantic tary table S1). Each fragment was amplified twice and sequenced in relative of the extant swamp harrier (Circus approximans), an Aus- both directions on an ABI3730 platform. The consensus was called from tralasian native bird. The swamp harrier has arrived in New Zealand all unambiguous sites (i.e. sites for which sequence data from both naturally at some point in the previous 700 years, potentially filling the amplicons were identical). niche of the then extinct Eyles’ Harrier. The five complete mitogenomes presented in this study were se- Here we analyse the mitochondrial genomes of Haast’s eagle, Eyles’s quenced as part of multiple projects with different objectives. Hence, harrier, and their closest relatives to infer a fossil-calibrated phyloge- different approaches were used to obtain the sequence data. For the netic tree. This allows us to reconstruct the evolutionary histories of the little eagle and booted eagle, DNA from blood extracts was prepared for two New Zealand island giants, along with the environmental and high throughput sequencing by the sequencing service of New Zealand biogeographical changes that are likely to have shaped their evolution. Genomics Limited (NZGL) using a TruSeq library preparation kit and following the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequencing libraries were 2. Materials and methods prepared directly from the DNA extracts and libraries were not enriched prior to sequencing. For the spotted harrier, we amplified the complete 2.1. Samples and DNA extraction mitogenome in two long range amplifications using KAPA Long range PCR enzyme with an annealing temperature of 50C and following the A subfossil femur from Eyles’s Harrier was excavated from Finsch’s manufacturer’s recommendations for a thermal profile.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KS2 Tortoise Shapes and Sizes
    TORTOISE SHAPES AND SIZE... ? Not all tortoises look the same. What can you learn about a tortoise from looking at the shape of its shell? Some Galapagos tortoises have Some Galapagos tortoises have domed shells like this saddleback shells like this An adaptation is a feature an animal has which helps it survive. If an animal has a greater chance of surviving then it has a greater chance of having more babies who are also likely to have the same adaptation. In the space below, draw one of our Galapagos giant tortoises. Make notes describing the TASK 1 different adaptations of the tortoise and how those features might help the tortoise survive in the wild. Worksheet 2 KS2 1 ? Not all the Galapagos Islands have the same habitat. What can you tell about the habitat of a tortoise by looking at the shape of its shell? Some of the Galapagos Islands are Some of the Galapagos Islands are smaller and dryer, where tall cacti larger and wetter, where many plants grow. plants grow close to the ground. TASK 2 Of the two tortoise shell shapes, which is likely to be better for reaching tall cacti plants? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Which of these island types is likely to provide enough food for tortoises to grow to large sizes? ______________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Lemurs for Teachers and Educators
    AN INTRODUCTION TO LEMURS FOR TEACHERS AND EDUCATORS WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF AKO THE AYE-AYE The Ako the Aye-Aye Educator’s Guide introduces you to the remarkable world of lemurs. This guide provides background information about the biological concepts conveyed through the 21 Ako lessons. These lessons were created to accompany the Ako books. The Ako book series were developed by renowned primatologist Alison Jolly for students in Madagascar to inspire understanding and appreciation for the unique primates that share their island home. In addition to the books there is also a set of posters which showcase the habitat of each lemur species and their forest “neighbors.” GOALS OF THE AKO LESSONS: • Inspire students to make a positive difference for lemurs and other wildlife. • Promote environmental awareness, understanding and appreciation. • Provide activities that connect students to nature and motivate conservation action. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Each lesson aligns with a specific grade level (Kindergarten-1st, 2nd-3rd and 4th-5th) and one of the seven environmental themes below. Before carrying out an activity, we recommend reading the corresponding section in this guide that matches the theme of the lesson. The themes are: • LOOKING AT LEMURS—CLASSIFICATION AND BIODIVERSITY (PAGE 4) • EXPLORING LEMUR HABITATS (PAGE 10) • INVESTIGATING LEMUR ADAPTATIONS (PAGE 18) • DISCOVERING LEMUR COMMUNITIES—INTER-DEPENDENCE (PAGE 23) • LEARNING ABOUT LEMUR LIFE—LIFE CYCLES AND BEHAVIOR (PAGE 26) • DISCOVERING MADAGASCAR’S PEOPLE AND PLACES (PAGE 33) • MAKING A DIFFERENCE FOR LEMURS (PAGE 40) Lessons can be completed chronologically or independently. Each activity incorporates multiple learning styles and subject areas.
    [Show full text]
  • HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLAN Green Bay and Gravel Island
    HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLAN Green Bay and Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuges October 2017 Habitat Management Plans provide long-term guidance for management decisions; set forth goals, objectives, and strategies needed to accomplish refuge purposes; and, identify the Fish and Wildlife Service’s best estimate of future needs. These plans detail program planning levels that are sometimes substantially above current budget allocations and as such, are primarily for Service strategic planning and program prioritization purposes. The plans do not constitute a commitment for staffing increases, operational and maintenance increases, or funding for future land acquisition. The National Wildlife Refuge System, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is the world's premier system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants. Since the designation of the first wildlife refuge in 1903, the System has grown to encompass more than 150 million acres, 556 national wildlife refuges and other units of the Refuge System, plus 38 wetland management districts. This page intentionally left blank. Habitat Management Plan for Green Bay and Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuges EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Habitat Management Plan (HMP) provides vision and specific guidance on enhancing and managing habitat for the resources of concern (ROC) at the refuge. The contributions of the refuge to ecosystem- and landscape-scale wildlife and biodiversity conservation, specifically migratory waterfowl, are incorporated into this HMP. The HMP is intended to provide habitat management direction for the next 15 years. The HMP is also needed to ensure that the refuge continues to conserve habitat for migratory birds in the context of climate change, which affects all units of the National Wildlife Refuge System.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Translocation As an Alternative Hypothesis to Explain the Presence of Giant Tortoises on Remote Islands in the Southwestern Indian Ocean
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298072054 Human translocation as an alternative hypothesis to explain the presence of giant tortoises on remote islands in the Southwestern Indian Ocean ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY · MARCH 2016 Impact Factor: 4.59 · DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12751 READS 63 3 AUTHORS: Lucienne Wilmé Patrick Waeber Missouri Botanical Garden ETH Zurich 50 PUBLICATIONS 599 CITATIONS 37 PUBLICATIONS 113 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Jörg U. Ganzhorn University of Hamburg 208 PUBLICATIONS 5,425 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Lucienne Wilmé letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 18 March 2016 Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) PERSPECTIVE Human translocation as an alternative hypothesis to explain the presence of giant tortoises on remote islands in the south-western Indian Ocean Lucienne Wilme1,2,*, Patrick O. Waeber3 and Joerg U. Ganzhorn4 1School of Agronomy, Water and Forest ABSTRACT Department, University of Antananarivo, Giant tortoises are known from several remote islands in the Indian Ocean Madagascar, 2Missouri Botanical Garden, (IO). Our present understanding of ocean circulation patterns, the age of the Madagascar Research & Conservation Program, Madagascar, 3Forest Management islands, and the life history traits of giant tortoises makes it difficult to com- and Development, Department of prehend how these animals arrived
    [Show full text]
  • Lemurs, Little and Large
    Lesson Description LEMURS, LITTLE Students practice measuring and learn that lemurs come in many sizes by measuring the length of Bitika the mouse lemur AND LARGE and other lemur species that she encounters on her evening adventure. The discussion focuses on lemur biodiversity (and 2-3rd grade also island gigantism and dwarfism) and the risks and benefits Language Arts, Science. Math of being big and small. Students will know that lemurs come in a variety of sizes and be able to use different tools ● Sets of marked lemur measurement rope and and units to measure them. identification, made using: ● Lemur Fact Cards ● Thick yarn or twine (15 feet long, one per group of ● Measure the length of different lemur species students plus one for the teacher) ● Describe why lemurs are so diverse in size ● Toilet paper, paper towel roll, or similar tube ● Measure lengths using a variety of tools ● Paper clips (8 per group of students ) ● Compare various units of measurement ● Colored tape (to mark lengths on rope) ● Describe why island species are sometimes very ● Masking tape to tape the ends of the large or very small lemur measuring rope to the floor ● Understand complexity of conservation issues ● Menabe-Antanimena Ako Poster i LOOKING AT LEMURS SETUP . Print out one set of Lemur Fact Cards for each rope. Cut out each card and hole-punch the corner. Place a paper clip through the hole. The paper clip will be used to attach the card at the distance representing the length of each lemur depicted. Cut one 15 foot length of yarn for each student group.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Thinking in Biology
    Comparative Thinking in Biology Adrian Currie This material has been published in the Cambridge University Press series Elements in the Philosophy of Biology, edited by Grant Ramsey and Michael Ruse. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Adrian Currie. Acknowledgements I’m grateful to Marta Halina, Sabina Leonelli, Alison McConwell, Aaron Novick, Trevor Pearce, Russell Powell, William Wong and two anonymous referees for extremely useful and kind feedback on draft material. Also thanks to Grant Ramsey and Michael Ruse. Ideas from this element were presented to Exeter’s Cognition and Culture reading group, at Philosophy of Biology at Dolphin Beach 13 and at the Recent Trends in Philosophy of Biology conference in Bilkent; thanks to the audiences there. Many thanks to Kimberly Brumble for the wonderful illustrations. Some of the research for this Element was funded by the Templeton World Charity Foundation. Dedicated to the incomparable Kate. Table of Contents Cats versus Dogs............................................................................................................................... 1 1. Comparative Thinking .......................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Comparative Concepts .................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Two Kinds of Inference ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Does Relaxed Predation Drive Phenotypic Divergence Among Insular Populations?
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.12421 Does relaxed predation drive phenotypic divergence among insular populations? A. RUNEMARK*, M. BRYDEGAARD† &E.I.SVENSSON* *Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden †Atomic Physics Division, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Keywords: Abstract antipredator defence; The evolution of striking phenotypes on islands is a well-known phenome- body size; non, and there has been a long-standing debate on the patterns of body size coloration; evolution on islands. The ecological causes driving divergence in insular crypsis; populations are, however, poorly understood. Reduced predator fauna is lizards; expected to lower escape propensity, increase body size and relax selection Podarcis; for crypsis in small-bodied, insular prey species. Here, we investigated population divergence; whether escape behaviour, body size and dorsal coloration have diverged as variance. predicted under predation release in spatially replicated islet and mainland populations of the lizard species Podarcis gaigeae. We show that islet lizards escape approaching observers at shorter distances and are larger than main- land lizards. Additionally, we found evidence for larger between-population variation in body size among the islet populations than mainland popu- lations. Moreover, islet populations are significantly more divergent in dorsal coloration and match their respective habitats poorer than mainland lizards. These results strongly suggest that predation release on islets has driven population divergence in phenotypic and behavioural traits and that selective release has affected both trait means and variances. Relaxed preda- tion pressure is therefore likely to be one of the major ecological factors driving body size divergence on these islands. adjacent mainland localities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Island Rule and Its Application to Multiple Plant Traits
    The island rule and its application to multiple plant traits Annemieke Lona Hedi Hendriks A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2019 ii “The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of wonder” Ralph W. Sockman. iii iv General Abstract Aim The Island Rule refers to a continuum of body size changes where large mainland species evolve to become smaller and small species evolve to become larger on islands. Previous work focuses almost solely on animals, with virtually no previous tests of its predictions on plants. I tested for (1) reduced floral size diversity on islands, a logical corollary of the island rule and (2) evidence of the Island Rule in plant stature, leaf size and petiole length. Location Small islands surrounding New Zealand; Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell, Chatham, Kermadec, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Norfolk, Snares, Stewart and the Three Kings. Methods I compared the morphology of 65 island endemics and their closest ‘mainland’ relative. Species pairs were identified. Differences between archipelagos located at various latitudes were also assessed. Results Floral sizes were reduced on islands relative to the ‘mainland’, consistent with predictions of the Island Rule. Plant stature, leaf size and petiole length conformed to the Island Rule, with smaller plants increasing in size, and larger plants decreasing in size. Main conclusions Results indicate that the conceptual umbrella of the Island Rule can be expanded to plants, accelerating understanding of how plant traits evolve on isolated islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus on an Island Rule May Hide Morphological Disparity in Insular Plants LETTER Joshua I
    LETTER Focus on an island rule may hide morphological disparity in insular plants LETTER Joshua I. Briana,1 and Nathanael Walker-Haleb,1 The island rule (1, 2) posits that large mainland species case of island gigantism in stature but dwarfism in evolve to be small on islands, while small mainland leaves. However, C. repens is more closely related species evolve to be large. Biddick et al. (3) assess to Coprosma petiolata (4), which appears to repre- the signal of an island rule in plant traits on islands sent a case of island dwarfism in both stature and off the coast of New Zealand, concluding that some leaves, indicating that this process can be extremely plant traits show evidence of an island rule while variable. others do not. We applaud Biddick et al. for their ap- We consider that this variation may represent a plication of the island rule to plants. However, we ob- process of island plants exploring more of trait space serve significant heterogeneity in their data, and while than mainland relatives (5, 6), even in situations of so- analysis on a trait-by-trait basis may reveal an island rule, called anagenesis (5, 7). Analyses of separate traits can it may obscure evidence of island lineages explor- reflect an island rule but hide divergent patterns of ing more of trait space than their mainland relatives. among-trait evolution. In general, we expect that pop- A single plant species may demonstrate consider- ulations colonizing islands will be more subject to drift able variation in growth form, as their data suggest.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Release and Allometry Explain Insular Gigantism and Shape Variation in a Widespread North American Rodent
    ECOLOGICAL RELEASE AND ALLOMETRY EXPLAIN INSULAR GIGANTISM AND SHAPE VARIATION IN A WIDESPREAD NORTH AMERICAN RODENT By Mariah C. Schlis-Elias A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology Austin Peay State University January 2020 Thesis Committee: Dr. Mollie Cashner, Committee Chair Dr. Jason Malaney Dr. Chris Gienger College of Graduate Studies Austin Pe y Document Approval Sheet state ArUniversity Thesis/Dissertation/Research Paper/Literacy Paper/Field Study Last Name: APSU Email: Concentration: Student Agreement In presenting this document in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for a degree at Austin Peay State University, I agree that the library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Permissions for extensive quotation or reproduction of this document may be granted by my major professor or, in his/her absence, by the Head of Interlibrary Services when, in the opinion of either, the proposed use of the material is for scholarly purposes. Any copying or use of the material in this document for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. �ia�f Student�� Date Committee Approval We are submitting this document written by ,,{kyia.b, &kl,:s. - f]1C\.,S, . We have examined the final copy of this document for form and content. We recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the student's degree. Graduate Committee Major Professor og��Q Second Professor O"? �ec.
    [Show full text]
  • An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates
    An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the Greater Antillean primates Siobhán B. Cookea,b,c,1, Alfred L. Rosenbergera,b,d,e, and Samuel Turveyf aGraduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10016; cDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; dDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210; eDepartment of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and fInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Edited* by Elwyn L. Simons, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved December 30, 2010 (received for review June 29, 2010) A new extinct Late Quaternary platyrrhine from Haiti, Insulacebus fragment (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The latter preserves alveoli from toussaintiana, is described here from the most complete Caribbean left P4 to the right canine. subfossil primate dentition yet recorded, demonstrating the likely coexistence of two primate species on Hispaniola. Like other Carib- Etymology bean platyrrhines, I. toussaintiana exhibits primitive features resem- Insula (L.) means island, and cebus (Gr.) means monkey; The bling early Middle Miocene Patagonian fossils, reflecting an early species name, toussaintiana, is in honor of Toussainte Louverture derivation before the Amazonian community of modern New World (1743–1803), a Haitian hero and a founding father of the nation. anthropoids was configured. This, in combination with the young age of the fossils, provides a unique opportunity to examine a different Type Locality and Site Description parallel radiation of platyrrhines that survived into modern times, but The material was recovered in June 1984 from Late Quaternary ′ ′ is only distantly related to extant mainland forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlquist Revisited: History, Success, and Applicability of a Natural History Model
    Carlquist revisited: history, success, and applicability of a natural history model Stephen R. Midway & Anne-Marie C. Hodge Biology & Philosophy ISSN 0169-3867 Volume 27 Number 4 Biol Philos (2012) 27:497-520 DOI 10.1007/s10539-011-9296-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Biol Philos (2012) 27:497–520 DOI 10.1007/s10539-011-9296-9 Carlquist revisited: history, success, and applicability of a natural history model Stephen R. Midway • Anne-Marie C. Hodge Received: 6 April 2011 / Accepted: 17 October 2011 / Published online: 10 November 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract In 1966, island biogeographer Sherwin Carlquist published a list of 24 principles governing long-distance dispersal and evolution on islands. The 24 principles describe many aspects of island biology, from long-distance dispersal and establishment to community change and assemblage. Although this was an active period for island biogeography, other models and research garnered much more attention than did Carlquist’s. In this review, over 40 years of support for or against Carlquist’s principles is presented.
    [Show full text]