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The Dynamics of Sprouts Generation and Colonization by Macrofungi of Black Cherry Prunus Serotina Ehrh

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The Dynamics of Sprouts Generation and Colonization by Macrofungi of Black Cherry Prunus Serotina Ehrh Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2018, Vol. 60 (1), 34–51 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2018-0004 The dynamics of sprouts generation and colonization by macrofungi of black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. eliminated mechanically in the Kampinos National Park Katarzyna Marciszewska1 , Andrzej Szczepkowski2, Anna Otręba5, Lidia Oktaba3, Marek Kondras3, Piotr Zaniewski1, Wojciech Ciurzycki1, Rafał Wojtan4 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Botany, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, phone: +48 22 5938026, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland 3 Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland 4 Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Dendrometry and Forest Productivity, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland 5 Kampinos National Park, Tetmajera 38, 05-080 Izabelin, Poland AbstrAct The experiment conducted in the Kampinos National Park since 2015 is aimed at investigating the relationship be- tween the dynamics of black cherry sprouting response and the type and term of implementation of the mechanical elimination procedure. It also identifies macrofungi colonizing trees undergoing eradication. Three treatments, basal cut-stump, cutting (height: ca. 1 m) and girdling, were performed on 4 terms: early and late spring, summer and win- ter. Each variant was conducted within two plots, and applied to 25 trees, to 600 trees in total. For two consecutive vegetation seasons, sprouts were removed approximately every 8 weeks with the exception of winter-treated trees. Qualitative data were analysed, that is, the number of trees with and without sprouts at subsequent controls, and at the end of the second season, except winter-treated trees. Initially, almost 100% of the trees cut at the base and cut high responded by sprouting. The share of trees without sprouts gradually increased during the following vegetation season, from 3rd to 5th repetition of the sprouts removal, depending on the variant of experiment. Girdling contributed to a delay in sprouting. The effectiveness of procedures, expressed as share of trees without sprouts at the end of the second vegetation season, ranged widely (12%–84%), and depended statistically significantly on the date of the treatment. The effectiveness was higher for treatments done in early (average 68%) and late spring (average 74%), as compared to those done in summer (average 35%). Mycological research concerned 600 trees, including those treated in winter, without sprouts removal. Occurrence of 26 taxa of macrofungi was confirmed on 25% of trees; most of them having wood-decaying properties. Chondrostereum purpureum was most frequent, colonizing 9% of trees. Impact of plots varying soil moisture on succession and rate of fungi colonization, and on sprouting response dynamics requires further research. © 2018 by the Committee on Forestry Sciences and Wood Technology of the Polish Academy of Sciences Received 17 November 2017 / Accepted 18 January 2018 and the Forest Research Institute in S´kocin Stary The dynamics of sprouts generation and colonization by macrofungi of black cherry… 35 Key words eradication – girdling, sprouting, stump cutting, invasive plant, macromycetes, soil C:N ratio, wood decay fungi IntroductIon (Van den Meersschaut and Lust 1997; Annighöfer et al. 2012), just like in the case of black locust in Germany The ability to generate sprouts in response to mechani- (Böcker and Dirk 2007). After the first growing season cal damage or extremely unfavourable growth condi- of the experiment in the KPN, it was proved that, in- tions is part of life strategy of some woody plants. This deed, stem girdling significantly reduces the sprouting property, important from a biological point of view and capacity of the trees, expressed in number, length and sometimes used for forest renewal (Del Tredici 2001; dry weight of sprouts, as compared to cutting. However, Vesk and Westoby 2004), becomes a significant obsta- this method is not fully effective, as the majority of trees cle when there is a need to eliminate trees identified by generated sprouts (Otręba et al. 2017). In turn, cutting humans as unwanted. In the forestry experience, clear- stem at a height of approximately 1 m above the ground ance of ‘unwanted’ trees in the course of treatments, as a way to reduce the sprouting capacity of black such as early or late cleaning, is a long-established pro- cherry is applied in practice in several Polish national cedure (e.g., Johansson 1992; Andrzejczyk and Milews- parks: Bory Tucholskie, Kampinos, Roztocze, Wigry ki 2017). In recent decades, the scope of cleaning treat - (Namura-Ochalska and Borowa 2015; Krzysztofiak and ments has expanded and now includes the elimination Krzysztofiak 2015; Tittenbrun and Radliński 2015). The of trees of foreign origin from forests. results obtained by us in the KPN have evinced that Nowadays, black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. (Pa- this procedure reduces the sprouting capacity of black dus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh.), an invasive anthropophyte cherry to a small extent, which is statistically significant characterized by a high sprouting capacity, is among only in the case of the length of generated sprouts, when the alien species unwanted in the Polish forests (e.g., compared to the basal cut-stump (Otręba et al. 2017). Marquis 1990; Closset-Kopp et al. 2007; Halarewicz Lack of natural enemies is widely considered to 2012). As the species is wide spread in Europe, includ- be one of the sources of success of invasive species in ing Poland (Vanhellemont 2009; Tokarska-Guzik et al. their new homelands including black cherry (Halare- 2012; Bijak et al. 2014), many activities are undertaken, wicz 2012). However, little research has been devoted especially within protected areas, that are aimed at re- to the relationship between black cherry and its po- ducing its occurrence (e.g., Najberek and Solarz 2011; tential enemies within secondary range. Until today, Tittenbrun and Radliński 2015). The methods used to in Poland, there have been no dedicated studies on eradicate unwanted plants are most often based on field macrofungi occurring on the wood of this anthropo- experience and not on the results of extensive research. phyte. The few published mycological data relating Starfinger et al. (2003) noted that attempts to remove to the host species/substrate were usually provided black cherry undertaken without thorough knowledge broadly for the genus Prunus or Padus (e.g. Wojewoda and analysis are yet another mistake, just like the prior 2003; Karasiński et al. 2015). Fungus Chondrostere- intentional introduction of this species. um purpureum is an exception as it is used in Western The experiment, launched in 2015 in the Kampi- Europe for biological elimination of undesirable de- nos National Park (later referred to as KPN), consist- ciduous species, including black cherry (e.g., Van den ing of mechanical elimination of black cherry (Otręba Meersschaut and Lust 1997; de Jong 2000; Roy et al. et al. 2017) is intended to find answers to the question 2010). However, there are known observations, includ- on how the technique and the time of implementation ing those in the protection district Rózin of the KPN, of the treatment may reduce the sprouting capacity of where spontaneous occurrence of wood decaying black cherry. Researches conducted in Belgium and fungi was confirmed (Namura-Ochalska and Borowa Italy show that among the mechanical methods of black 2015). Therefore, in the second season, we expanded cherry elimination, girdling renders the best results our experiment to include research on macrofungi as Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2018, Vol. 60 (1), 34–51 36 K. Marciszewska, A. Szczepkowski, A. Otręba, L. Oktaba, M. Kondras, P. Zaniewski, W. Ciurzycki, R. Wojtan a natural factor, potentially accelerating dying of the Laboratory tests of soil samples were carried out eradicated black cherry trees. using the methods commonly implemented in soil sci- In this paper, we present the results of the experi- ence (Van Reeuwijk 2002). Particle size distribution was ment testing various methods of mechanical elimination determined using the Casagrande method, as modified of black cherry in the KPN after two growing seasons. by Prószyński, and designation to texture classes was The aim of our work is to find answers to the following made in accordance with the Polish Soil Science Soci- questions: How long, in spite of the removal of sprouts, ety (2009). Organic carbon (Corg) content was deter- do cut or girdled black cherries retain the ability to re- mined with the method of combustion at 900 °C using generate? Does the dynamics of black cherry sprouting carbon analyser Shimadzu 5000A; total nitrogen (Nt) capacity depend on the type of treatment of mechanical content was determined with the Kjeldahl method using eradication and the time of performing thereof? What Kjeltec-Tecator analyser; pH in water and 1M KCl were macrofungi colonize black cherry that has been delib- determined with the potentiometric method using soil erately mechanically damaged? Is there a relationship to solution ratio of 1:2.5; hydrolytic acidity (Hh) was de- between the type and term of mechanical treatment
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